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A GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS, ANALYTICAL TABLES,
SILUSTRATED BY A FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA, WHICH EMBRACES DESCRIPTIONS
AND
OOMPRISING
AND TEE
NATURAL ORDERS,
OF MORE THAN NINE-TENTHS OF THE INDIGENOUS FLOWERING
PLANTS OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES.
be
Se
re.
By HY R. NOLL.
oeuvre
Philadelphia:
UIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO, AND COMPANY.
LEWISBURG: 0. N. WORDEN, PRINT.
SS RS ER PN ES RR SS aE ES
Entered according to Act of Congress by
se HENRY R. NOLL,
in the Clerk’s Office of the district Court of Western Pennsylvania.
M. EVERHART,
B.
West Chester, Pa.
aoe tA hots Peek
Not to be loaned on any condition.
Ae ik
Turs volume has been prepared expressly as a convenient
“POCKET MANUAL for young. Botanists as well as for those
Me; more aiiaced inthe science. It contains a copious Glossary
of Botanical Ter wee Maral tical 1 Tables and the Natural Orders,
illustrated by a Flora of Pennsylvania, in which are dasenpell
_all, or nearly all, the indigenous and na stand flowering
and filicoid plants of our State, together with some of the
more commonly cultivated exotics of the gardens; arranged
according to the Natural System now so generally : adopted _
in femnieal works. But, in order to secure ae ite advanta-
ges of the Linnean Bern and to render analysis as simple
as possible to the beginner, I have given a synopsis of a x
genera, arranged under the respective classes aud orders of
that system, describing the more prominent characteristics of
each, with a reference to the number of the page where the
genus and species are fully described in their respeetive
orders, in the body of the work.
In preparing the glossary, analytical tables, and arranging
the natural orders my principal authorities have been “ Gray’s
Botanical Text Book,’ and a work by the same author enti-
tled “Botany of the Northern United States’’—both American
works of the highest merit. With few exceptions I have
adopted the nomenclature of the “‘ North American Flora’
of Torrey and Gray, for our native and naturalized plants
(so far as that flora now extends), and for our eultivated
exotics, the nomenclature of the “ Prodromus’’ of De Can-
_ dolle, regarding these, as they truly are, standard works.
In describing the genera and species together with their
locality, I have consulted Beck’s “ Botany of the United
—sshC—™
o
ee PREFACE.
States north of Virginia,’ Doctor Darlington’s “ Flore
Cestrica,” Wood’s “Class Book of Botany,’ Gray’s “ Botany
of the Northern United States,” and Barton’s Botany and
Flora.”
Such as this flora is, I now submitit to the public. That
it will be found free from errors, I hardly expeet. I have,
however, prepared it with much eare and study, haying devoted
untiringly to the study of botany, for several years, and to
the preparation of this work, all the hours of leisure which
my occupation as a mechanic permitted me to enjoy. In
conclusion I have only to ask of those who may discover
special imperfections in the work, or who may be able te
suggest additions important to be made, with descriptions of
genera and species indigenous to our State not deseribed in
the present work, to communicate their suggestions to me,
and should another edition be ealled for, I shall endeayorte
rectify its imperfections to the best of my ability.
R. NOLL.
Lewisspure, Marcu, 1851.
———
-seidacmamul Figg
BOTANICAL ANALYSIS.
1. “The application of the rules of Systematic Botany
to the natural plant, in order to ascertain its affinities, place,
name, &c., is called botanical analysis.
2. In order to be in a proper state for this kind of ex-
amination, plants should be in full blossom, and fresh, that
is, not withered or decayed. A good lens is requisite for the
examination of the minute parts of the structure, or of the
flower.
3. The analysis of plants is a constant object of purs iit
with the practical botanist. Without this exercise, the
study of authors will be of little avail. A more accurate and
useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes,
by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of
the dried, than by committing to memory the most elaborate
descriptions found in books. During the flowering month,
the learner will often in his walks meet with plants in blos-
som, with which he is yet unacquainted. And he whois duly
interested in his pursuit, will by no means fail to seize and
analyze each specimen while the short hour of its bloom may
Jast, and to store his memorywith the knowledge of its names,
habits, and uses. Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, he
will have grown familiar with nearly, or quite, every species
of plants in his vicinity.
4. Let us now suppose the pupil in possession of a
specimen of an unknown plant in full blossom. In order,to
‘study it by the aid of authors, a point immediately requisite
is itsname. Now, having learned by examination the organ-
ic and physiological structure of the flower, leaves, stems, &e.,
the experienced botanist, who has at his command the char-
acters of all the Natural Families, will at once determine to
which of them the plant belongs.”
5. But this is not to te expeeted of the pupil who is
supposed to be yet, in 2 measure, unacquainted with the char-
acters of the orders. He must be guided to the place which
his specimen holds in the classification, by a longer course
[*
OT Sip RS Eade e
IN
of inquiry and comparison. For the assistance of the learner,
therefore, and for the convenience of all, I have added a ful
series of Analytical Tables, in which the genera described in
this work are arranged under the Classes and Orders of the.
Linnean Artificial System.
OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLAN TS:
6. Students in botany should give an early and per-
severing attention to the collection and preservation of as
many species of plants as they can procure. The advantages
to be derived from such collections are great, and will afford
an abundant compensation for all the labor required, either
in refreshing the memory by reviewing them, or in institu-
ting a more thorough examination at one’s leisure.
7. Such a collection of specimens of plants, preserved
by drying under pressure between folds of paper, is termed
a Herbariwm, or by the more significant title Hortus Siccus
(dry garden).
8. A complete specimen consists of one or more shoots,
bearing the leaves, flowers, and fruit, and in some cases, asin
herbaceous plants, a portion of the root should also be preserved.
9. Specimens intended for the herbarium, should be
gathered, if possible, im a dry day, and carried either ina
close tin box, about 20 inches long and 38 or 4 in diameter,
or in a strong portfolio, containing a.quire or more of firm
paper, with afew sheets of blotting paper to receive the
delicate plants. They must bé dried under a strong pres-
sure, but not so as to crush the parts, between dryers com-
posed of 6 to 10 thicknesses of paper, that will absorb
moisture, which should be changed once or twice a day, un-
til all the moisture is extracted from the plants—a period
which varies from 3 to 10 days. All delicate specimens
should be laid in folded sheets of thin and smooth bibulous
"paper, and placed between the dryers, and so transferred en-
tire, from time to time without being disturbed, until per-
fecitly dry.
10. Many plants prepared by the above method, will in
most instances retain their colors almost as perfect as when
first gathered, yet some plants, especially those of the en-
dogenous structure, such as the Narcissus, Iris, &c., are
very hard to dry so as to retain their coloring. I have
found the following method to answer a yery good purpose :
ABBREVIATIONS.
he
treat the specimens as above directed, and leave them in the
papers for 1 or 2 days, then place them between several
thicknesses of dry blotting paper, and pass over them with a
hot iron, at intervals from 1 to 5 minutes, until dry, taking
eare to shift them into dry paper as soon as the paper around
them becomes moist.
334. The dried specimens are nextto be arranged in
their respective genera, orders, and classes, properly labelled
with the names, locality, &c., and laid either in separate or
double sheets, or each species fastened with glue, or other-
wise on a half sheet of good white paper.* These can he
eollected in folios sufficiently large to contain each natural
order, or artificial class, and labelled accordingly on the out-
side, received into the compartment of a cabinet, with close
doors, and kept in a sufficiently dry place.
= T have found the following mixture to answer a very good purpose for fasten-
ing plants. Take of Gum Arabic 1 ounce, Izinglass 1 ounce, dissolye them in
4 pint of water by boiling over a gentle heat, after which add 1 ounce Tincture
of Camphor, incorporating them well by shaking; then spread some of it on a
plate of glass large enough to receive the specimen intended to. be fastened, lay
it on the glass, pressing it down so as to receive a coating all over the under sur
face, then transfer it to the paper where it is to be fastened, cover with 1 or 2
thicknesses of dry paper and pass over it with a hot iron until dry..
PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES
OF AUTHORS.
Adans. Adanson.. Geert. Geertner. Nees. Nees yon Esenteck..
Agh. Agardh. Ging. Gingins.. Nutt. Nuttall.
Ait. Aiton. : Gmel. Gmelin. Pall. Pallas.
Arn. Arnott. Good. Goodenough. Pay. Payon.
Bart. Barton. Grey. Greville. Pers. Perscon..
Benth. Bentham. Grise. Grisebach.. Poir. Poiret.
Berl. Berlandier. Gron. Gronovious. Ph. Pursh.
Bernh. Bernhardi.
Brongn. Brongniart.
Big]. or Bw. Bigelow.
Boehm. Boehmer.
Bong. Bongard.
Br. Brown.
Cass. Cassini.
Cay. Cavyanilles.
Chay. Chaviennes.
Darl. Darlington.
DC. De Candolle.
Desf. Desfontaines.
Desy. Desyauax.
Dew. Dewey.
Dill. Dillenius.
Duh. Duhamel.
Endl. Endlicher.
Ehrh. Ehbrhart.
. Ell. Elliot. -
Engel. Engelman.
Forsk. Forskahl.
Brel. Freelich.
Hedw. Hedwig.
Hoffm. Hoffman.
Hook. Hooker.
Huds. Hudson.
Jacq. Jacquin.
Juss. Jussieu.
Lam. Lamarck.
Lamb. Lambert.
Lec. Le Conte.
Lindl. Lindley.
L’Her.. L’Heritier.
Linn. Linnzus.
Lk. Link.
Lehm. Lehman.
Mart. Martius.
Mentz. Mentzel.
Michx. Michaux.
Mill. Miller.
Mirb. Mirbel.
Mitch. Mitchell.
Moench. Moenchausen.
Muhl. Muhlenberg.
Reem. Reemer. - _
Raf. Rafinesque.
Rich. Richard.
R. Br. Robert Brown.
Salisb. Salisbury.
Schw. Schwenitz.
Schk. Schkuhr.
Scop. Scopoli
Ser. Seringe..
Sm. Smith.
Spr. Sprengel.
Sulliv. Suilivant..
Sw. Swartz.
Tayl. Taylor.
T. & G. Torrey & Grag.
Torr. Torrey.
Tourn. Tournefort.
Traut. Trautvetter.
Vaill. Vaillent.
Wahl. Wahlenberg.
Walt. Walter.
Willd. Willdenow.
Ce en ee
¢
|
GLOS
SARY
BOTANICAL TERMS.
A, and ana, in composition; destitute of;
as Apetalous, without petals.
Abnormal; ditferent from the customary
structure.
Abortion; an imperfect developement of
any organ.
Abortive; not arriving at perfection.
Abrupt; terminating suddenly.
Abruptly-pinnate; a pinnate leaf, with no
terminal leaflet.
Acaulescent; stemless, apparently with-
out astem.
Accessary; additional, or supernumerary.
Accumbent; lying against any thing; ap-
plied to the radicle when it lies against
the edge of the cotyledons.
Accrose ; need]e-shaped.
Achenium ; a small dry indchiscent peri-
carp.
Achlamyeous; without calyx and corolla.
Acicular; bristle-shaped.
Acine, (Acinus); each separate grain of a
ecllective fruit, Jike the raspberry.
Acoty'eclonous; destitute of cotyledons.
Acrogens; growing by the extension of
the point.
Aculeate; prickly.
Acuminate; ending in a curved, tapering
point.
Acute ; sharp, not rounded.
Ade!phia; a fraternity.
Adherent; stickimg fast, or growing fast
to, as adnate..
Albumen; the farinaceous, flcshy or hor-
ny deyosit around the embryo.
-Alburnum.; sap-wood.
Alternate; not opposite.
Alveolate; having cells like a honey-comb.
Ament; 2 crcewded syike, with scaly
bracts.
Amentaceous; having amentr.
Amorphous; having no Cefinite form.
Amplexicaul; clasping the stem.
Anastomose; applied to brancking vesre!s
which inosculate, or unite again like
net-work.
Anatropous; inverted.
Ancipial; 2-:dged.
Andrzcit m; the staminate system.
Androzynous; having staminate and pis-
tillate flowers distinct.
Androus; refers to stamens.
Angiospermous; the seeds in a pod.
Angulate; having angles or corners.
Annual; living or enduring but one
year.
Annular; having the form of a ring.
Anomolous; not according to rule or sys-
tem.
Anophytes; vegetables composed of pa
renchyma, alone.
Anterior; same as inferior; applied to se-
pals, petals, or other organs which in —
axillary flowers lie rext the bract, or
outward.
Anther; the knob-like body, mostly borne
on the flament.
Antheridia; applied to minute cylindrical
sacs or sterile fowers, of cryptogamoug
plents.
Apetalous; destitute of petals.
Apex; the summit end, or point.
Aphyllous; without leaves.
Apocarpous; having the carrels distinet.,
Appendiculate; furnished with appenda-
Appressed; lying flat against.
Approximate; growing, or situated near
each other. e nah
Aquatic; growing ratcrally in water, OF:
wet placcs. 2 He
Arachnoid; resembling a spider’s web.
Arborescent; tree-Jike.
Arcuate; curved or kent Jike a bow.
Areolx; little spaces, cheamscribed by
meshes. ~
Arid; dry or parched.
Aril, or Arillus; a loose coating cf somo
kincs of secd.as the mace cf the nutmeg..
Aristate; having awrs.
Armed; having thorns or prickles.
Articulated ; jointed. r
Ascen¢ing; rising from the ground ob-
liquely.
Assurgent; rising in a curre from a de
elined base. ‘ ;
Atienuaic; tapering gradually until i
kEecomes siencer. t
Auriculate: hcving rounded appendages
at base, like cars. P :
GLOSSARY.
1X
Awn; aslender bristle-like process, com-
mon on the chaff of grasses.
Axil; the angle between a branch and a
stem or leaf & branch, on the upper side.
Axis; a central stem, or any centre
around which parts are arranged.
Baccate ; berry-like.
Banner; the vexillum or upper petal in
a papilionaceous flower.
Barbs; stiff hooked hairs.
Bark; the external covering of the
stem.
Beaked ; tipped with a terminal process,
like a bird’s bill.
Bearded ; beset with bristly hairs.
Bell-shaped ; companulate.
Berry; a pulpy valveless fruit, in which
the seeds are imbedded.
Bi; in composition, twice, as—
Bicarinate; 2 keeled.
Biennials; 2 yearly.
Bifid; 2 cleft.
Bifarious; 2 ranked-
Bifurcate; 2 forked.
Bilabiate ; 2 lipped.
Binate; in twos, twin.
Bladdery; thin and inflated.
Blade; the expanded surface of a leaf.
Bloom; a fine powdery coating on certain
fruits, &c., as the plum.
Brachiate, pairs of branches, spreading
nearly at right angles.
Bracts; floral leaves.
Bracted, or Bracteate; having bracts.
Branchlets; small branches or subdiyi-
sions of branches.
Breathing pores; stomato.
Bristles; stiff hairs, straight or hooked.
Bulb; a subterranean bud.
Bulbous; bulb-bearing, or bulb-like.
Bullate; as if blistered.
Caducous; falling off very early.
Czespitose ; growing in turf or tuft.
Pola ; spurred.
Calyciform; cup-like.
ae with an accessary outer ea-
yx.
Calyptra; the cap or hood of the sporan-
gia in mosses.
alyx; the outer floral envelope.
Cambium; the soft layer between the
bark and the wood.
Campanulate; bell-shaped,.
Campylotropous; a curved ovule.
Canescent; becoming white or hoary.
€apillary or Capillaceous; shaped like
a slender thread or strong hair.
Eapitate; in heads.
Capitulum ; a head.
Capsule; a dry and indehiscent pericarp,
usually opening by valves.
Carina; a keel.
Carinate; keeled.
Carpel; a little fruit, usually a partial
pistil, or element of a compound pistil.
4
Carpophore; the central axis supporting
the fruit in the umbellifere.
Cartalaginous; hard and tough.
Caruncle; a protuberance or appendage
at the hilum of a seed.
Caryophylaceous ; a flower like the pink,
Caryopsis; a grain, as wheat, rye, &c.
Catkin; see Ament.
Caudate ; having a tail-like appendage.
Caudex; a stem or trunk.
Caulescent; having a stem.
Cauline; attached to the stem.
Cell; a hollow cavity. The cavity of an
ovary or pericarp.
Cellular tissue; a tissue composed of
small bladders or vesicles.
Centrifugal Inflorescence; the flowering
of a cyme.
Centripetal Inflorescence ; the flowering
of a corymb.
Cephalous; headed, or head-bearing.
Cernuous; drooping or bending down.
Chaff; the thin covering of the seeds of
grasses, &c., or the fiower bracts in
compound ffowers.
Chalaza; the points of union of the coats
and nucleus of a seed.
Channelled; hollowed out like a gutter.
Chartaceous; with the texture of wri-
ting paper.
Chlorophyll; the colored parenchyma of
leaves.
Cilia; hair-shaped appendages.
Ciliat2; fringed with hairs on the mar-
gin.
Cinereus; ash-gray.
Circinate ; coiled or rolled up intoa ring.
Circumcissile; cut romnd, opening trans-
versely.
Circumspection; the general outline.
Cirrbous; having tendrils.
Clasping ; where the base of a leaf part-
ly surrounds a stem.
Class; the highest division of plants in
a system.
Clavate; club-shaped, larger at one end.
Claw ; the lower narrow end of a petal,
by which it is affixed.
Cleft; partially split or divided.
Climbing ; ascending by means of ten-
drils, leaves or aerial roots.
Coadunate; having united bases.
Coarctate ; pressed together.
Coccus; a separable carpel of a com-
pound carpel.
Cochleate; coiled spirally, like a snail-
Collateral ; side by side. [shell.
Colored; any hue but green.
Columella; a solid axis of a pod.
Column; the stamens or stamens and
pistils combined.
Coma; afull tuft of hairs.
Commissure; the face by which 2 car
pels cohere.
Complete flower; having both floral en-
velopes.
Complicate; folded up upon itself.
GLOSSARY.
Compound; a whole formed of similar Depressed; fiattened from above. *
parts.
Compressed ; flattened lengthwise.
Conduplicate; folded together so that
the sides are applied face to face.
Cone; acollective fruit.
Confluent; running together.
Ccnzlomerate; clustered into a mass.
Conjugate; in pairs.
Connate: united at bas
Connectile ; the prolongation ofa filament
supporting the lobes of an anther.
Connivent; converging together.
Contorted; twisted.
Convolute; rolled up intoa cyl:
Cordate; heart-shaped.
Coriaceous; leathery or parchment-like.
Cormophytes; stem growing plants.
Corm; a solid bulb.
Corneous; horn-like in texture.
Corniculate; bearing a small horn.
Cornate; horned.
Corolla; the inner fioral enye slope.
Coronate ; crowned.
Corrugated; wrinkled.
Cortex; the bark.
Cortical; having bark or arising
the bark.
Corymb; an umbel-shaped raceme.
Costate ; ribbed.
Cotyledons; seed-leaves.
Creeping ; running along the surface, or
just under the surface of the ground.
Cremocarp; the-seed-like double ‘fruit of
Umbelliferse,
Crenate; having round notches or teeth.
Crenulate ; finely crenate. :
Crested or Cristate; having an appen-
dage like the comb of a cock.
Crown; the pappus or coma on seeds.
Cruciform, in the shape of a cross.
Cryptovamia; flowerless plants.
Cuccullate ; hooded.
‘Cucurbitaceous; gourd or melon-like.
Culm; the stem of the grasses.
Cuncate or Cuneaform; wedge-shaped.
Cupule; the cup of an acorn.
Curvinerved; leaf-nerves arising from a
prolongation of the petiole, instead of
the base, 98.
Cuspidate; with a sharp rigid point.
Cyathiform ; cup-shaped, top-shaned and
Cymbiform; boat-shaped. [hollow.
Cyme; an umbel-like centrifugal inflo-
rescence.
nder.
from
Decandrous: with ten stamens.
Deciduous; falling off.
Declinate; turned to one side.
Decompound; several times divided.
Decumbent; lying on the ground.
~ Decurrent; prolonged below the insertion.
Decussate: crossed, in pairs alternately
Deflected; bent back. [erossing.
Dehiscence; natural opening of capsules.
Deltoid; having a triangular outline.
Dentate; toothed.
Denticulate; with small tceth.
a
See Strobile.
Dextrine; a soluble form of starch.
“Di, in composition : two, as—
Diadelphous; having the filaments in two
parcels.
Diandrous; haying two stamens.
Dichlamydeus ; haying both calyx and
corolla.
Dichotomous; 2-forked.
Diclinous; when the stamens and pistils
are in separate flowers.
Dicotyledonous; having two cotyledons.
Didymous; double or twinned.
Tidynamous; 2 long and 2 short sta. ~
mens.
Diffuse; spreading widely and loosely.
Divitate; finger-shaped. B
mnous; having 2 pistils.
Dimerous; in twos.
Dicecious; having the stamens on one
plant, and the pistils on another.
Dipetalous; of 2 petals.
Diphyllous; of 2 leaves.
Discoi ds resemblino’a disk.
Disk ; the whole surface of a leaf, or Cer
tre of a compound flower.
Dissected; deeply gashed.
Dissepiment; a partition.
Distichous ; in two opposite rows.
Distinct; unconnected.
Divaricate ; widely: spreading. .
Diverbige ; spreading out. ‘
Divided; severed in two or more parts.
drous ; with 12 stamens,
; borne on the back.
su ture; outer seam of a carpel..
y ying short, soft hairs.
Drupe; a pericarp, with a hard stone
covered by a sarcocarp, as the Plum,
Cherry, &e. | Fl
Drupaceous; bearing drupes.
Duets; membraneous vessels or tubes,
which do not unroll spirally.
Duplicate; doubly.
Duramen ; heart-wood.
:
%* .)
E, Ex, in composition;
as— q
Ebracteate; destitute of bracts. ,
Eared; having lobe-like appendages
Echinate; be set with rigid prickles
Elators; ‘spiral threads. in the theex
Liverworts.
Elliptical; longer tham wide, réunlnel at
each end. «
Elongated; longer than usual.
Emarginate; with a notsh at the apex.
Embryo; the future plant, contained in
the seed. .
Emersed; rising out of the water.
Endocarp; the inner coat of a fruit.
Endogen, Endogenous; inside growers,
increasing by internal accretion>.
Endostome; orifice of the outer coat of
the nucleus.
Enneandrous; haying ni
Ensiform; sword-shapeds
Entire; even-edged.
des‘it ate
a
stamens.
ee ed
Fertile; applied’to pistillate flo
| Free;
A DP kgicinril.- lasting put a day.
_ Epicarp; the outer skin of a fruit.
Epidermis; cuticle, outer skin.
GLOSSARY.
Fruit; the seed with its enclosing peri-
carp.
Frutescent; woody, or becoming woody.
Epigynous; growing on the apex of the acoso falling away very early.
ovary.
Epipetalous; growing on petals.
Epiphytes; plants growing on other
plants. Air plants.
Episperm; Testa, outer coat of seed.
uniculus; foot-stalk of the ovary or
seed.
Funnel-shaped; a corolla with a tube,
and 2 gradually expanding limb.
Furecate; forked.
Equitant ; opposite leaves infolding each Furrowed; marked with longitudinal
-other, so as to alternately overlap each
other’s edges.
Erose ; unequally sinuate, as if gnawed.
Etiolated ; blanched.
Exalbuminous; seed without albumen.
Exogens; outside growers, increasing by
external accretions.
Exostome; orifice of the inner coat of the
nucleus.
Exotic; plants belonging to a foreign
country.
-Exserted; projecting out beyond the ori-
_ fice
Exstipulate: destitute of stipules.
Extrorse; turned outwards.
Falcate; shaped like a scythe or sickle.
Farinaceous; mealy.
Fascicle; a contracted cyme.
Fasciculated; in bundles or fascicles.
Fastigiate; fiat- -topped, applied to a clus-
\ a Favose; honey-combed.
[ter.
Feather: the plumose crown of seeds.
Feather-veined; with the yeins
feather.
Fibre; any thread-like part.
Filament; that part of a stame
ports the anther.
Filiform:; thread-like.
Fimbriate; fringed.
Fissure; a cleft, or split.
Fistulous; hollow like a reed.
Flabelliform ; fan-shaped.
1; lax, or limber.
whip-like.
De
nately. 3
ase; covered with loose cottony tufts.
relating to a flower.
S; the separate small flowers of a
er or head.
; Floriferous: bearing flowers.
Flower ; the stamens and pistils, and
their envelopes.
Foliaceous: leaf-like in texture.
Foliate ; with leaves.
Follicle 3 a one-valyed pericarp, dehiscing
longi y: bd
Foramen; the sm ure in the coats
of a seed. *
Foveolate: pitted.
Fovilla; the fine dust in the pollen grains.
not adherent to any other organ.
Frond; stem and leaf confluent together,
—— plants.
bl
channels
Fusiform ; spindle-shaped, like the Rad
ish.
Galea; a helmet, the upper lip of a labi-
ate corolla.
Gamopetalous; having one petal.
Gamosepalous; having one sepal.
Geminate ; in pairs.
Genera, genus; idealassembiages of near-
ly related species.
Geniculate; bent at a very obtuse angle.
Germ; the ‘er owing point of a bud.
Germination; the swelling of a seed and
_ the evolution of its embryo.
Gibbous; swollen or enlarged at one side.
Glabrous; smooth.
Gland; a small collection of tissue produ-
cing a secretion.
Glandular; furnished with glands.
Glaucous; covered with a whitish, fine
powder, or bloom that rubs off.
Globose; globular, round like a ball.
lomerate; densely clustered.
Glomerule; smail heads forming a glume.
Giume; the scales or bracts surrounding
the stamens and pistils in the grasses.
Gluten; a tenaceous principle found im
some seeds.
Granulate; in the form of grains.
Gymnospermous; naked-seeded plants.
Gymnospermia; an order of Bidynamia.
Gynecium; the pistillate sys on of &
flower.
Gynandrous; when stamens ae seated
on the pistil.
lick, and containing a firm “ynaphore; a special stalk of the ovary.
ious; bent or curved right and left Habitat; the situation where a plant na
turally ¢ grows.
Hairs; hair-like appendages to plants.
Halbert-shaped, hastate.
Hastate; shaped like a halbert.
Head; fiowers collected in a rounded
form.
Heart-shaped; cordate.
Heart-wood; duramen, the inner layerg
of a stem.
Helmet; the upper lip of a labiate flower.
Hemicarp; half a cremocarp.
Heptandrous; having seven stamens.
Heptagynous ; having seven styles.
Herb; any plant not haying a woody =
stem.
Herbaceous; not woody y-
Herbarium; a collection of dried planés.
Hesperidium ; an orange, or similar fru
Heterogamous; a compound flower, with
ee ee
xll GLOSSARY.
the disk flowers perfect, and the rays Jointed; separating across by an articw
ligulate and pistillate, or neutral.
Heterotropous; see amphitropous.
Hexamerous; a whorl of six parts.
Hexandrous; having six stamens.
Hexagynous: haying six styles.
lation.
Juga; pairs.
Keel; the lower petal of a papilionaceous
corolla.
Hilum ; the scar or mark on a seed, left Keeled; furnished with a projecting ridge
by the detachment of the funiculus.
Hirsute; clothed with soft hairs.
Hispid; bristly, beset with stiff hairs.
Hoary; whitish from a scaly mealiness.
along the under side, like the keel ofa
oat.
Kidney-shaped; reniform, much hollowed
at one side, and rounded at the ends.
Homogamous; all the flowers of ahead Knot; a node or swelling joint.
alilxe.
fe ee having the same direction Labellum; the lip-formed petal in orchi-
as the body to which it is attached.
Hooded; curved suddenly at the point.
Hybrids; crosses between allied species.
Hypocrateriform; salver-shaped.
Hypogynous; stamens arising from be-
low the ovary.
Icosandrous ; having more than ten sta-
mens inserted on the calyx.
imbricated; lying over each other with
recularity, so as to break joints. |
_ Imperfect; wanting stamen or pistil.
Incised; irregularly and sharply cut.
Incumbent; leaning upon, the radicle
resting against the back of one cotyle-
don.
Incurved; bent inwards.
Indefinite; too numerous to be counted.
Indehiscent; not opening naturally.
Indigenous; being a native.
Induplicate; having the edges bent or
rolled inwards.
indusium; a thin membraneous cover-
ing, applied to the scale on the thecex
jn ferns.
Inferior; towards the base or root.
Inflated; enlarged, as if dilated by air.
Inflexed; incurved.
Infiorescence; the mode in which flowers
are arranged on a branch.
Infracted; bent at so acute an angle as
to appear broken.
Infundibuliform ; funinel-shaped.
Innate; when an anther is firmly at-
tached to the apex of a filament.
Insertion; the point of attachment or
union.
dous flowers.
Labiate ; having lips.
Lacerated; torn, cut into irregular seg-
ments.
Laciniate; slashed, deeply and irregyu-
Jarly cut.
Lactescent; milky.
Lamella; a ‘thin plate.
Lamina; a broad plate or expansion.
Lanate, Lanaginous; woolly.
Lanceolate; shaped like the head of @
spear.
Latex; the proper juices of plants.
Lactiferous tissue; the series of vessels
carrying the latex.
Lateral; at the side.
Leaflet; one of the small leaves of a come
pound leaf.
Leafstalk; petiole.
Legume; a pod, a two-valved pericarp.
Lenticular ; resembling a double conyex
lens.
Liber; the innermost layer of bark.
Lignin; a vegetable principle found in
woody fibre.
Ligule; an appendage shaped like @
strap.
Ligulate;
row.
Liliaceous; having a corolla like a lily.
Limb; the spreading part of a petal ofa
monopetalous corolla.
Line; the twelfth part of an inch.
Linear; narrow and long.
Lineate; marked with lines.
Lips; the pieces of a 2-labiate Clee
corolla.
strap-shaped, long and nat
Interfoliaceous} between the insertion of Lobes, Lobed: rounded divisions.
leaves.
Interncde;
joints.
Interrupted ; when organs of a different
size are interposed in a series.
Interval; the channel on a cremocarp
between the ridges.
Tntroduced ; not originally a native.
Tntrorse ; turned outward.
verted; when a part is in an opposite
direction to other similar parts.
Involucel; a partial involucre.
Involucre; a whorl of bracts to an umbel
or head.
the space between nodes or
Loculicidal ; the dehiscence of the com-
ponent carpels of a compound fruit, by
the dorsal suture.
Loment; a jointed Ricks
Lunate ; cent shape
Lurid ; of a dull, Sones hue.
Lyrate: pinnatifid, having the upper reg-
ments largest.
Mammilar; conical, with aroundcd apex:
Marescent ; withering—persistent.
Margin; the circumference or cdge.
Mealy ; ‘covered with a white powcer.
Medullary rays: the silver-grain of wood.
Isomerous; equal in the araee of Membrancus, or Mcmbrapaceous; the
parts.
texture or thinness’ of membrane.
GLOSSARY. 109
Mericarp; half a cremocarp, a fruit of Nucules; little nuts, or nut-like fruits.
an umbelliferous plant. Nut; a onecelled, and one-seeded fruit,
‘Mierepyle; foramen or scar of ancvule. arising from a two or more-celled and
Midrib; themain ribofaleaf,extending seeded ovule.
from’ the base to the apex. Nutant; nodding, partially drooping.
Mitriform; having two terminal divisions,
like a mitre. Ob; a particle, which, when prefixed to
Monadelphous; stamens united in one any other term, denotes the inversion
set. of the usual position.
Monandrous; having one stamen. Obconic; conic, with the apex downward.
Moniliform; necklace-shaped. Obeordate ; reversed heart-shaped.
Monocarpous; bearing but one fruit, or Oblancco!ate; with the widest part above
bearing but once. the middle, and tapering gradually to
Monochlamydeous; when the calyx =“ the base.
is present. Oblique ; not symmetrical, one side as
Monoclinous; haying the stamens and it were cut off obliquely.
pistils in the same flower. Oblong; much longer than broad.
Monocotyledonous; having but one coty- Obovate; ovate, with the narrowest por-
ledon. tion at base.
Moniecious; having stamens and pistiis Obovoid; inversely oveid.
in differemt flowers, but on the same Obsolete; when a part is obscure, end as
plant. if worn away.
Monogynous; having but one style. Obtuse ; blunt, rounded.
Monopetalous; where the coroila is of Obsolute; where one margin of a leafin
@ne piece. the bud is exterior, the other interior.
Monophyllous; oneleafed. Ochrea; a cylindrical stipule.
Monosepaious ; calyx in one piece. Ochroleucous; whitish-yellow, cream-
Monospermous; one-seeded. ~ color.
Mucronate; haying a rounded end. Oetandrous; having eight stamens.
Multifid; many- -cleft. Octogynous; haying eicht styles.
-Maltipartite ; many-parted. Offset; a lateral branch. terminated by
Multiple; anumber containing another a clusterof leaves, anid capable o- tak-
Rumber several times without a re- ing root.
imainder; as 9 is a multiple of 3. Oleaginous; oily, affording oil.
Mouricate; having short rigid excrescences. Opercular; opening by a lid fixed at one
Muticous or Matic : ; pointless, zywolegs. side,
Mutilated; mot produced in a perfect Operculum; the lid or covering of the
‘form. : theca in mosses.
Opposite; standing directly against each
Naked; wantins a covering analogous other on opposite sides of the stem.
> — -
to that of other species. Orbicular; having a circular outline.
Napiform; turnip shaped. Ort hotropous ; ; where an oyule is turaed
Natanxt; swimming, floating. from its original direction.
Navicuiar; boat-shaped. Oval; longer than broad, the sides cury-
Neck ; the crown of a root; the upper ing regularly from end to end.
part of the tube of a corolla, Ovary; the germ or base of the pistil;.
NRecterifereus; bearing honey. the young state of a pericarp.
Wectary ; the part of a flower secreting Ovate; egg-shaped, fegg.
honey. Ovoid; haying the outline of an entire
Needle-shaped; linear, rigid, tapering te Ovule; the incipient form of a seed, con-
@ point. tained in an evary.
Nervyed; having rib-like fibres. _ :
Nerves; parallel veins or rib-like fibres Palate; a large obtuse projection which
extending from above the base to the closes the threat of a personate flower.
apex. . Palesze; achaiy bract to a fioret in gome
Retted; having reticulated fibres. compound flowers.
Neuter or Neutral; having neither sta- Paleaceous; chaffy.
mens nor pisiils. Palm: bes divided so as to ressmble the
Node; a knot or joint, theprojectionfrom band and fingers.
which le aves arise. Panduriform ; fiddle-shaped.
Nodding; inclining to one side, partly Panicle; an irregnlarly- branched raceme.
drooping, Pani cled or Paniculate ; ee jn the.
Rodi; nodes, knots joints. form of a paniele.
Nodose ; having many nodi or joints. Papitlionaceous; buttery shaped; a form
Normal: recular in structure. of an irregular polypetalous coroila.
Nucamentaceas; producing nuts. Papillose; pimpiled, having fleshy pre-
Nucleus; kernel, the subianee of @seed tubderancds. { Sowers.
or ovule. Pappus; the seed down in compound
J
Parasitic; drawing support from another
plans.
Parenchyma; common cellular tissue in
@ soft state.
Parietal; arising from the inner wall of
an organ.
Parted; divided almost to the base.
Partial; particular. not general.
Partition ; a dissepiment.
Peetinate; divided like the teeth of
comb.
Pedate; fincly palmate, like the foot of
& bird.
Pedicel; a partial or secondary flower-
stalk.
Pedicillate or pedicelled; bav¥ing ox be-
ing supported on a pedicel.
Peduncle: a flewer-stalk. [duncle.
Peduncled or pedunculate; having a pe-
Pellicle; a very thin stratum or coat.
Pellucid; transparent, pervious to light.
Peilucid-punctate: having punctures ad-
mitting the passage of light.
Peltate; shield-like, having a stalk or
support in the water.
Pancilied or penciliate; ending like a
painters pencil or brush.
Pendulous; hanging down.
Pentagonal; having five corners cr angles.
Pentazynous; having five styles.
Pentandrous; having fiye stamens.
Pentam:-rous; a whor! ef five parts.
Pspo; an indehiscent fleshy, or internal-
ly pulpy fruit, formed of three united
catpels.
Perennial; lasting from year to year.
Perfoliate ; where astem perioraies a leaf.
Perforate; having hotes and dots, av if
pricked.
Perianth; fioral envelopes.
Pericarp; the fruit sced case.
Peridium.; a spore-case.
Porigonium; a perianth.
Perigynium : a sac enclosing the evary.
Perigynous; inserted around the erary.
Perisperm; the albumen.
Periztome; the fringed border of the
theea in mosses.
Permanent, persistent ; remaining for a
long time,
Personate ; masked; a form for a labiate
flower.
Petal; the colored leaf of a flower.
Petaloid; resembling a petal.
Fetiale; the fact-stalk of a leaf,
Petioled or petiolate; with a petiole, not
sessile.
Retielwtle: the foot-stalk of a leaflet.
Phanogamous or phanerogamous; hay-
ing visible stamens and pistils.
Phyliodium; a leaf formed of a dilated
petiole.
Pilose; hairy, having slender hairs.
Pinnal; the leaficts or divisions of a
pinnate leef.
Finnate; a leaf is pinnate when the Icafé
jets are arranged in two rors on the
gide of a cammon peticie; winged.
GLOSSARY.
Pinnatifid; cut-winged, where the lamina’
ow each side of a petiole is deeply cleft.
Pinnules; the leafiets or sub.livisions of
a bi-tri er multi-pinnate leaf.
Pisiform ; formed like peas.
Pistil; the central organ of flowers com-
posed of style, stigma and ovary.
Pistillate; having pistils only.
Pith; the central spongy substance in
the centre of plants, composed of cel-
lular tissue.
Placentz; the line or body to which
the ovules are attached.
Plaited; folded in regular layers.
Plane; fiat.
Plicate; folded like 4 fan.
Piumose; resembling a feather, fringed
with hairs.
Plumule; the incipient ascending axis.
Poculiform ; cap-shaped.
Pod; a pericarp of two valves; it may
be a Legume or Silique. [ovary.
Fodosperm; funiculus, footstalk of am
Pollen; the granules or dust contained
in anthers. i
Pollen tube; a -minute tube projected
from a pollen grain.
Pollinia ; masses of pollen.
Polydelphous; having stamens united
in more than two sets.
Polyandrous; having many stamens at-
tached to reeentactle.
Polygamo-dicecious: having perfect and
imperfect fiowers on distinct plants.
Polygamous; having perfect or staminate
and pistillate fiowers, or ali these kinds,
Polygynous ; havinz many siyles.
Polymorphous; changeable, assuming a
yariety ot forms.
Polypetalous; having many petals.
Polyphyllous; having many leaves, ap-
plied to the calyx.
Polysepalous; having many sepals.
Polyspermous; having many seeds.
Pome; a pulpy or juicy fruit, formed of
a juicy or fleshy calyx; enclo-ing the
carpels.
Porrected; extended forward.
Proefoliation: vernation. the arrange-
ment of a leaf in a bud.
Proefloration; zestivation, the arrange-
ment of the floral envelopes ina bad,
Premorse: as if bitten off.
Prickle; a sharp appendage of the bark,
not connected with the wood.
Primine; outer coat of ovute.
Prismatic; having several parallel fe&é
sides.
Process; & protuberance or projecting
part.
Procumhent: lying on the ground.
Freliferous: where leaves or flowers arise
from otbers.
Prostrate; lying on the ground.
Protruded; projecting out, exserted.
Pruinose; corerered with a frostlike
meal.
Pscudopinnate; felaely a imperfectly pla.
GLOSSARY.
lil
fate, not resolving at any time into
seperate leaflets, as the the Pea, Yetch.
Puberulent; coyered with a minute pu-
bescence.
Pubescence; 2 general term for the hairy
covering of plants.
Pubescent; hairy, haying heirs of any
kind.
Pulp; the soft, juicy, cellular substance
found in berries and similar fruits.
Pulverulent; powdery.
Pulvinate; cushion-like.
Functate; dotted.
Punciiculate; haying minute dots.
Pungent; sharp-pointed, or prickly at
the apex, acrid. 4
Putam=n: a nut-shell.
Pyramidal; tapering upwards.
Pyriform ; pear-shaped.
Pyridium; a capsule with a transverse
cehiscence.:
Quadrangular: fourcornered.
Quadrifarious: in four rows or directions,
pointing or facing four ways:
Quadrifid; four-cleft.
Quaternate ; four icgether.
Quinate; arranzed in fives.
Racems; «an inflorescence having the
flowers supporied on pedicels along.a
rachis.
Racemose; flowering in racemes.
Rachis; the axis of inflorescence; or the
general petiole in pinnate leaves.
' Radiant or Radiate; diverging from a
common centre, furnished with rays.
Radieal; proceedizg directly from the
rcot.
Kadiele; secondary roots, rootlets.
Radicating; sending out roots at the
nodes or joints of the stem.
Bameal; belongirg io the branches.
_ Rementa;: the scales or persistent remains
of leaves or other parts of the plant.
Ramentaccous: covered with ramenta.
Rumose; branched, branching.
Raphe; the ridge or part econnceting the
hilam and chalaza. ;
Raphides ; minute crystals in the cellu-
lar tissue.
Ray; tbe outer florets of a compound
flower...
_ Receptacle; the base on which the paris
of fructification are seated.
Reclined or reclinate; inclined down-
Reeurved; bent downwards. {wards.
Reduplicate> with tie edges-folded or
turned outwards.. .
Refiexed; bent backwards.
Regular; having the parts equal and
uniform; as the divisions of the calyx
or corolla.
‘Remote; distant.
Reniform; kidney-shaped.
Bepand; spread, haying a curved or
sinuous Margin.
Replicate; bent back on itself.
Replum: a persistent plasentas, or mar
_ gin in certain seeds. -
Resupinate ; inveried:
Reticulate; netted.
Retrofies ; bending im Various directions.
Retrorse or retfersely; turned backwards.
Retuse; when an apex is slightly indent-
ed or hollowed out. .
Reversed; bent back towards the base.
Revolute; relied backwards.
Rhoizoma; a horizontal subterranezn
stem. ;
Rhombeidal; oval, but comewhat angu-
lar at the middte.
Rhomboiad; when the midrib of a leaf
sends off marked lateral ones.
Ribs; parallel ridges or nerves extend
ing from near the base to the apex.-
Rigid; stiff, inflexible.
Rimose ; full of chinks or clefts.
Ringent; grinning;-applied toa form of
labiate flowers.
Root; the descending axis of a plant.
Rooting; sending. out lateral roots.
Rootlet; a secondary root or fibre.
Rosaceous; having a corollalike a rose.
Rostrate; beaked.
Rostellate; with a small beak..
Rosulate; arranged in the form of a
‘Rotate; wheel-shaped. -[rosette.
Rugged or Rongh; eovered with small
asperities.
Rudiment; a term applied to an organ
that is imperfectly developed.
Rufescent ; becoming reddish-orange or
Trusty.
Rufous; reddish-brown or rust-colored.
Rugose; wrinkled, having small foids or
elevations.
Rugolose; finely wrinkled.
Ruminated; when the albumen. has #
wrivkled or folded appearance.
Runcinate; pinnatifid, with the divi-
sions pointing backwards.
Runner; ashoot producing leaves and
roots.at the end.
Saccate; having or. resembling a small
Sagittate; arrow -headed. {sac.
Salver-shaped; a monopetalous coroilo,
with a flat spreading limb.
Samara;an indehiscent, winged pericarp.
Sap; the watery fluid absorbed by the
spongioles of a plant, and affording it
nourishment.
Sapwood; albumen, the outer layer.
Sarcoecarp; the fleshy or pulpy coat of a
pericarp, between the epicarp and exe
carn.
Sarmentose; a running shoot, rooting at
its joints.
Scabrous; reugh.
Scales; thin membraneous processes, at
tached to the cutiele, &c.
Scandant; climbing usually by tendrils.
Seape; 4 radical peduncle, or flowe
stem.
Scarious; dry and membraneous..
112
GLOSSARY.
Scattered ;
ranged.
peenioe, lateral shoots or offsets from the
roo
Scorpoid: an unilateral raceme, which
is revolute before expansion..
Scrobviculate; pitted.
Scutellate ; sh aped like a target or shield.
Secund ; turned to one side, one-sided.
Secundine; the second coat of the ovule.
Seed: the matured result of fecundation,
and designed to reprodtce the species.
Segments; the parts into which a corol-
la, calyx, &c., are divided.
Semi; half.
Semi-bivalved; half divided into two
valves.
Sepaloid: like sepals, not petal-like.
Sepals; the leaves of a calyx.
Septicidal; when a pericarp opens by
the opening of the ventral sutures,
and a division of the dissepiments.
Septiferous; bearing a septum.
Septifragal; when the dissepiments re-
main attached to the axis, separated
from the valves, as in the loculicidal
dehiscence.
Septum; a partition.
Sericeous; silky, covered with soft short
hairs.
Serrate; having teeth like those of a saw.
Serrulate ; when serrate teeth are again
serrated, it alsomeans finely serrate.
Sessile: where any organ is destitute of
a stalk or support.
Seta; a bristle.
Setaceous; bristle-like.
Setiform; formed like a bristle.
ge bristly, having bristles or stiff
airs.
Sheaths; the prolongation of a leaf,
bract, &e., down a stem, s0 as to cn-
elose4t.
Sheathed; embraced by a sheath.
Shea thing; 3 Surrounding by a cenvolute
base.
Shield-shaped ; shaped like an ancient
shield.
Shining: glossy, smooth and polished.
Shrub; a small plant with a woody stem.
Sickle-formed ; much curved, with sharp
edges.
Silicle; the pod of a plant of the order
-siliculosa.
Siliculosa; an order of Tetradynamia
having pods almost as broad as long.
Siligue; the pod of a plant of the order
siliquosa.
Siliquosa; an order of Tetradynamia,
haying the pods much longer than
broad.
Silky; clothed with soft and shining ap-
pressed hairs.
Simple; undivided. [sions.
Sinuate; having rounded shallow inci-
Sinus; a rounded incision in the margin.
Smooth ; having an even surface.
Solitary ; single.
irregularly and thinly ar-
Sorus; a cluster of sporangia in ferns.
Spadix: an elongated spike, covered by
a spathe or modified bract..
Span (measure); 9 inches.
Sparse; scattered.
Spathe; a kind of sheathing bract, s
spadix or single flower.
Spatulate: shaped likea spatula.
Species: the lowest division of plants:
Spermoderm; testa, outer coat of seed.
Spike; flowers arranged on an elongated:
rachis, with very short, or no pedicels.
Spikelet: a division of a spike.
Spindle-shaped; fusiform.
Spine; a thorn, connected with the wood...
Spinose; bearing spines.
Spiral vessels: membraneous tubes, hay-
ing internally a spiral fibre or fibres.
Spongioles; the extremities of root fibres.
Sporangium; the case containing spores.
Spores; sporules ; the organs serving as
“seeds in Cryptogamous plants.
Sporidia ; membranecus cases containing
spores in the Fungi.
Sporogens; parasitie plants, having flew-
ers, but propagated by spores.
Spur ; a process from the ealyx or corol-
la resembling a cock’s spur.
Equamose; Bealy. [scales.
Equamellate; bearing small narrow
Squarrose; ragged, scales or leaves stand-
ing out from a common axis.
Stamens; the fecundating organs of
plants.
Staminate; having stamens only.
Standard; banner, the upper petal of &
papillionaceous flower.
Stellate; star-like, spreading out in &
radiate manner.
Stem; the ascending axis of a plant.
Stemless; unprovided with a stem.
Sterile; a staminate flower.
ba 2 ; the terminating organ on &
pistil.
Stipe ; the stalk of a fern, fungus, or of
Stipellate; having stipelles. [a pod.
Stipelles; a stipule of aleafiet. —
Stip itate ; haying a stipe:
Stipulate: furnished with stipules.
tipule; a leafy appendage or leaflet, at
or near the insertion of the petiole..
Stolon; a rooting branch or shoot.
Stomato; pores in the epidermis.
Striate ; streaked with longitudinal lines..
Strigose; clothed with shert, rigid, ap-
pressed hairs.
Strobile; a cone, a kind of ament with
woody scales, each of which is an open
carpel.
Strophiole; an appendage at the hilum
of some seeds. :
Struma; a cushion-like swelling, a pro--
tuberance at the base of the carpel of
some Mosses.
Style; that part of a pistil between the:
ovary and stigma; it is often absent.
Stylopodium ; the thickened base of some
styles.
GLOSSARY.
113
Suberose; cork-like.... .
Sub-, a "qualifying prefix, es noe
somewhat; as: -
Sub-coriate, somewhat heart-shaped, subd-
rotund, somewhat round.
Submersed; under water.
Subterraneus: growing beneath theearth.
Subulate; awl-shaped, tapering toasharp
Succulent; juicy, pulpy. [point.
Sucker ; a shoot..
Suffruticose; slightly shrubby ; smaller
than a shrub.
Suicate; grooved, marked with deep lines.
Superior; a calyx or corolla is superior
when itis inserted. on the upper part
of an ovary.
Supra-axillary; appearing above an axil.
Sarculose ; producing suckers.
Suspended; an ovule hanging directly
downwards.
Sutural; belonging to a earpel.
Suture; a scam at the meeting of two
parts, the line of dchiscence of 2 cs
§;mmetrival; when paris are im th
normal proportions.
Syncarpous; several carpels uniting in
one ovary.
Syngenesious ; anthers united in a tuhe.
Synonymes; names of the game meaning
Tail; a filiform process affixed to a soed.
Tap-root; aconical root.
Tegnum; the inner covering of a seed.
Tendri!; an appendaze by which a ciimb-
ing plant suppor rts itself.
Terete; cylindvical or taperin
round,
Terminal; proceeding from the apex.
Ternate; in threes, throe-fold.
Testa; the outer ¢oat of & seed.
Tetradynamous; having 6 stamens, 4of
whi-h are longer than the others.
Tetragynous; having 4 styles.,
Tetramerons: in fours.
Yetrandria; having 4 stamens.’
Thalamus; a name for the receptacle of
the flowers.
Thallophytes; stemless, leaficss. flowerl-ss
' Bhallus; the frond of Hepaticse. [plants.
Thecze; aspore-case.
Thorn; a spine or short process ‘rom the
woody part of a piant.
Throat; the orifice of a calyx-tube.
Thyrsus; a condensed panicle.
Tomentose; woolly with short dense
haira.,
Toothed > having salient points not di-
rected towards the apex of the leaf.
Top-shaped: inversely conical.
Tortuous ; irregularly bent or twisted.
Torus; @ receptacle.
Transverse; crosswise.
Tree; a large woody plant.
Triadelphous; having stamens in three
sots.
Triandrous; ea: three stamens,
Tribracteate; with three practs.
Trichotomous ; eens
2, but
Tridentate; three-toothed.
Trifid; three-cleft.
Trifsliate ; three leaves togethor.
Trifoliolate; three leaflets tozethor,
Frigonous; 3-augled, 3-sided,
Trigynous; having three st¥les,
Trimerous; a. whorl of 3 parts.
Triquitrous; sharply 3-angled, the 3
sides concaye.
Tripinnate; 3 times pinnate.
Triternsate; 3 times ternate.
Trophosperm; a synonyme for the pla-
centa.
Trumpet-shaped; tubular, dilated at the
apex.
Troneate; as if cat of transversely.
Tube: ths unived part of a calyx or
corol}
Tuber; a . thick and fleshy subterranean
stem of no regular form.
Tubercies; small knobs. or tubers.
Tubereulate; warty.
Tunicated ; coated.
urbinate; top-shaped.
* murgid : swollen, thick.
Twining; ascending spirally
Two-ranked; rows on opposite sidas.
Umbel; aninflorescence, where the fow-
er-stalks diverge from: the game point
in a radiated manner,
Uimbellats; bearing umbe’s.
Umbellets ; secondary or partial umbels,
Umbilicate; depre e-g2d in the centre.
Umbilicus , the hilum of a seed.
Umt nates bossed.
U narmel; destitute of spines, prickloa,
; hooked. [&e.
ibs; small plants with woody
ae rt
a
stems.
Unduiate; wavy.
Unguiculate; claw-like; having a claw.
Unguis; the claw of a petal.
Unilateral ; one-sided.
Urceolate; urn-shaped.
Urticle; 2 small bag or sac, & caryopsis
which does not adhere to the seed.
Vagina; a sheath.
Vazinate; sheathed.
Valvate; having valves.
Valves; the pieces of a pericarp, which
seperate naturally on ripening.
Variety; a plant differing from the type
of the species in minor particulars.
Vascular plants; plants with spiral ves-
Vaseular tissue. [sels.
Vaulted; arched, as the upper lip in,
some fab! ate dowers,
Veins; the rabs of leaves.
Velutinous: velvety, closhed with a close,
soft. and dense pubescence.
Vv elvety ; ; as velutinous.
Venation; distrioution of veins in a
Venose ; veiny. [leaf.
Ventral suture; the suture opening to.
the axis of the flower.
Ventricose ; inflated ; swelling ont,
114 GLOSSARY.
Vernation; the arrangement of leaves
in the bud.
Verucose; warty. ‘
Versatile ; lying horizontally.
Vertical; at right angles with the earth.
Verticel; a whorl.
Werticellaster; a whorled cyme.
Verticellate; in whorls, bearing whorls.
Vescicular; bladdery, having bladder-
like cavities.
Vexillum; the standard of 2 papillina-
ceous corolla..
-Villous or Villose; clothed with long and
soft shaggy hairs.
Virgate; wand-like.
Viscid ; clammy, glutinous.
Vitte ; oil-tubes, longitydinal eanals in
the substance of the fruit of Umbeli-
Ufsrous plants, containing aromatic oil.
Voluble; twining.
‘Wand; a small twig, along rod.
er ig obovate with straitish
sides. :
Wheel-shaped; when a corolla has a
spreading limb and a very short tube.
Whorl; flowers er leaves surrounding
the stem in numbers.
Wings; lateral appendages to leaves, &c.,
also the tio site petals in a papillione-
ceeus flower.
Wood; the solid part of plants, compesed
of cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral
vessels, &c.
Woody tissue; cells with firm and thick-
ish walls, drawn out into tapering or
slender tubes.
Wooly; clothed with long matted hairg
ANALYTICAL TABLES.
BEING A
Synopsis of the Genera described in this work, according
to the Linngan Artificial System.
WITH REFERENCES TO THE NATURAL ORDERS AND PAGE.
CLASS EL MONANDRIA.—1 Stamen:
Orpen I. Monoaynta.—1 Pistil..
* Flowers not glumaceous. ,
PAGHS
Wirrvuris.—Perianth adherent to the ovary, the border entire. Stamen insert-
ed on the edge of the calyx.— Aquatics with entire leaves in whorls, and
srtnute flowers.
Canna.—Perianth unequal, scarcely lip-shaded. Stamens petaleid, only one
with half an anther on its edge.— Herbaceous tropical planis with trans--
verse parallel veined leaves and showy flowers. 862.
** Flowers glumaceous (Sedges).
HomicarpHa.—Perianth none. Style 2-cleft—Low tufted annuals with bristle-
like leaves at the base, and manyflowered spikes. - s9F
Species of Cyperus, Eriophorus, and Fimbristylis. Cyperacee- 8o5-
Oper IL Draynra.—2 Styles.or sessile stigmas.
* Flowers not glumaccous.
€aLLitRicHE.—Filaments slender. Styles 2; awl-shaped. Fruit 4lobed; 4-celled,
naked.— Leaves opposite, entire. Sle:
Burrum.—Calyx 3 to 5-parted, becoming juicy and berry-like in fruit—Leaves
triangular or halbert-shaped, simuate-toothed.. 229
** Flowers glumaceous (Grasses).
€inna.—Spikelets.1-fiowered, in a large compound terminal panicle. Stamen
_ Opposite the 1-nerved upper palez. 41¥
UnioLa.—Spikelets several-flowered; very flat, coriaceous.—Tujted from ea
ing rootsiocks.
ANDROPOGON.— Spikelets 114-flowered; in-pairs. Panicles siky.. . =
SONS Lr re —_— ee
" ese
116 CLASS II.
CLASS II. DIANDRIA.—2 Stamens:
Orper. I. Monoeynra.—l Siyle or Stigma:
* Flowers with only. a calyx ; not glumaceous. |
Praxinus.—Calyx small, t-cleft. Fruit a samara or key.— Leaves pinnate. 295:
** Flowers with a calyx and corolla.
* Corolla polypetalous (of seperate petais).
€Hronantues.—Petals 4, long and linear. Stamens very short. Style very
short, with a notched: stigma.—Shrubs with while flowers in drooping
recemes.
€mcBA.—Petals 2; inversely heart-shaped... Stamens slonder.— Herbs. Leaves
opposite. Flowers whitish in racemes. 116
** Corcila monopetalous (one-petalled), regular.
Exeustrim.—Calyx 4toothed. Corolla 4lobed, funnel-form. Stamens on the
tube of the corolla. Styte very short, with a 2-cleft stizma.—Shrubs
with simple entire leaves and smail white flowers in thyrsoid panicles. 264.
Srrinca.—Coroila salver form, with the limb cleft into 4 deep obtuse spreading
secments. Stamens short, included within the tube. Capsuie 2-celled —
Oricnial shrubs with simple entire leaves, aad white, lilac, or purplish
Fragrant flowers...
JasuInumM.—Calyx tubular 5 to 10-cleft. Corolla salver-form, with a long tube
and a fiat 5 to 10-cleft. limb—Bushy or climbing shrubs, with opposite
compound leaves and white or yellow flowers.
*** Corolla 1-petalled, 2-lipped or irregular:
pe ; ] §
+ Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolia.,
VeronicaA.—Calyx parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with a 4-cleft spreading
border, the 2 lower sezments mostly narrow. Capsule obcordate or wvb-
tuse.—Herbs with blue flesh-color or white flowers. Bid
EEPTANDRA.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, with a 4-lobed:
border. Stamens and pistilsat length much exserted.—erbs with most-
ly whorled leaves and white flowers in terminal racemes.
G@RatiorA.—Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included. Style dilated or 2-lipped at
the apex.—Low herbs with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1flowered
peduncles. 2
Tnysantavus.—Calyx 5-parted. Upper lip of the corolla short, 2-lobed. Sterile
stamens 2, inserted on the throat and protruded.—Small smooth herbs. 24k
Hemianruus.—Calyx 4toothed, equal. Coroila 2-lipped, the upper lip very
short. Style short. Capsule globular, 1 celled.—A small annual, with
crowded opposite leaves and minute flowers in their axils.
DPiaNTHERA.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped. Amthers 2-celled, the.
cells placed one lower down than the other.—Herbs growing in water,
with narrow entire leaves, and purplish fiowers..
++ Stamens inserted on the corolla or at its base..
@arTatPa.—Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corrolla bell-shaped, swelling, with an ir-
regular 5-cleft border. Sterile filaments 2 er 3—Trees with large heart
shaped leaves, and white flowers in terminal panicles.
OCrRICULARIA.—Calyx 2-parted. Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip
projecting. Stigmas bilabiate.. Capsule globular, 1-celled.—Immersed
aquatics, with dissected leaves, and erect scapes, bearing yellow or purplish
flowers.
4% * Corolla more. or less 2lipped. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla,
t~
ve
CLASS IFT. 117
Style 2-lobed at the apex. Fruit 4 little seedlike nutlets, umedanes the style
in the bottom of the calyx. See Class 14. Didynamia.
#** Flowers glumaceous (Sedges)..
3 PAQR.
OYPERACEX. Species of Cyperus, ees Riyneespora, and Seleria.. 395
Oxper If. Dicynra.—2 S%yles or sessile Stigimas.
* Flowers not glumaceous.
BurrumM.—Petals none. Calyx berry-like or fleshy. 289
AnxycHrsA —Petals none. Calyx of 5 sepals. Seed ie 54
ELATINe.—Petals and sepals2 or 3. Secds several. 46.
** Flowers glumaceous (Grasses).
ANHOXANTHUM.—Lateral flowers each of 1 awned pales, neutral; the perfect
one 2-androus.— Panicle contracted cr spike-like.
GRAMINE®. Species of Leersia, Brachyeytrum, and Glyceria.. 468.
Orpen IT. Taigynza.—3 Svyies or sessile stigmas.
SPERGULARIA—Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Capsule l-eelled, many-seeded.—
Leaves fleshy. Flowers small, reddish. 3E
€LASS Li. TRIANDRIA.—3 Stamens.
Orper I. Monoaynra.—l style or sessile stigma.
* Corolla 5- lobed or parted. Leaves reticulate-veined.
Fepra.— Border of the calyx 3 to 6-teothcd and persistent or obsolete. Corolla
tubular. 5 lobed, regular—Stems jorking. Leaves opposite. Flowers
small, whitish. 154
“ e Ee .
** Perianth 6-parted. Leaves paraliel-veined.
* Fiowers issuing from a spathe.
Fais.—Divisions of the perianth alternately refiexed. Stamens under the 3
larse petal-like stisrmas— lowers large, blue, white and yeliow. 36S
SIsyRINCHivM.—Drrisions of the perianth equa!, spreading. Stamens monodel-
phous. Style short, with 3 stigmas.—Leaves gras:y. Fiowers mostly blue. 390
ParDANTHUS.—Perianth regular, 6-parted. Filaments thread-like. Stigma
straight or incurved.— Flowers yellowish, spotted with red. 37
Crocus.—Spathe radical. Perianth funnel-form. Stigma 3-cleft, convolute,
erested.— Bulbous exotics, with white, yellow, blue and purplish fiowers. 370
Tiexmia—Perianth lobes oblong, upright-spreading, the alternate ones the
broadest. Stamens monode!phons: filaments uuited into a long tube.
Style filiform —Bulbous enotics with yellow and red spetted flowers. rity
HgteraNtTHerRaA.—Perianth salver-form, with a slender tube. Stamens dissimi-
lar.—Creeping or floating herbs, with kidney-shaped leaves, and biue or
white flowers. sol
ScHOLLERA.—Perianth salver-form. Stamens similar. with arrew-shaped an-
thers.—A water plant with linear leaves, and yellow flowers. 362
** Flowers not spatheceous..
Oommetrna—Calyx and coroila, separate, irregulaz. Stamens sometimes 6.
Stigma, single—Flowere blue ox white. 392
ss.
Tis . CLASS Tv.
PAGE.
Xrnis.—Calyx and corolla separate, irreguler. Stigmas 3.— Flowers yellow, t#
a terminal dense head.
Juncus.—Perianth 6-parted. entirely clumaceous, regular. 339
¢ NATURAL ORDER CYPERACE®.—Proper perianth none, or bristle-like ;
the 3 stemcns and single style invested in an- imbricated perianth of
giumes instead cfacalyx. Fruit i-seeded.—Zeaves parailel-veined. 206
OxnpeR IT. Diaynta—2 Pistils.
Anyetsa.—Caly= 5 parted, greenish. Styles very short. Utriele l-seeded.—
Ficwers smali, wivite. 54
¢ NATURAL ORDER GRAMINE YW Grasses with i asually Rollo ow stems. closed
at the joints, and alternate 2 ranked parailel-remed leayes.—Stigmas
Seathery or huiry. es
Orper TT. Trigynra.—3. £istals.
TELLARIA.—Calyx 5-parted. Potals 5, 2-parted. Capsule 1-celled. 61
Moriueo.—Caiyx @parted. Petals none. Capsule 38-celled, 3-valved, many-
seeded: 53
Lzcuis.—Calyx 3-sepaled 1, w ith Z outer bracts or s@pals. Petals 3i inconspicu-
ous. Sty te searcelyany. Stigmas3. ——Flowers & INCON=PiCwUous, greenish OF’
purplish. 41
PRospin Aca.—Cal ue -tube 8 sided, with a 3- parted limb. Fruit long 3-angled,
3-cclled, 3-seeded, nut-like.—Ayuatic herds. 11F-
CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA.—4 Stamens, equal imlength.
c is e an
Orper I. Monocynra.—l Pistil.
sy: 7 , Re WTA Se tea marae 3p).
orota 4-petalled. Leaves reticulate-veined.
Connus.—Calyx-limb minute, 4-toothed. adherent to the ovary. Petals obiongz
sprealing. Drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded.— Shruds or herbs, with white flowers. 144
Lupwicta.Calyx 4-lobed. Petals +, equal. obcordate, often small or wanting.
Cansule 4-celled, maay-seeded.— # lowers oflen yellow, or apetulous. 15
**® Ovroila l-petalled ; 4-parted or lobed. Leaves reticulate.
+ Culyx free from the ovary.
BarrontaA.—Calyx 4 parted. Corolla deeply 4 clef& notgland-bearing. Stamens-
short. Capsule 4-ez! iled, many seeded —Leaves scale-like. Flowers small q
yellowish-white. 287
@poLtarta.—Calyx of 2 spreading leaflike sepals: Coroia-tubular-bell.shaped,
4-cleft. ‘Stine 2lipped.—Piunt purplish green. Flowers whitish or
purplish. 289
Prantaco.—Calyx 4 ( Save 3)-parted.. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, with a reflexed:
border. Stameus mostly very long. Capsule 2-celled, opening trans-
versely.— Leaves rudical, ribbed. _F lowers whitish, in a bracted spile. 224
Eryrarn#s.—Calyx 4 or 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with a slender tube
and 4 or 5-parted limb.—Leaves opposite. Flowers rose purple or reddish,
cymose. 286
+ + Calyz adherent to the ovary or its base.
Beprotis—Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel- form, salver-form, or-
wheel-shaped, the limb 4-parted. Stigmas 2—F lowers blue or purplish,
single or clustered. 153
CLASS IY. : 119
; : PAGE,
‘Mirreasiia—Flowers united in pairs. Calyx 4toothed. Corolla funnel-form,
4-par spreading, bearded insite. Ovaries united.—Trailing herds.
Plowers rose-colored or whitish. Berries red, edible. 152
Carnarantaus.—Calyx small, 4-cleft. Coro!la tubular. slender, 4 toothed.
Style much exserted; stigma capitate —Shrubs with opposile lexves, and
white flowers in a dznse globose head. 182
BPresacus.—Corolla tubular, 4cleft, nearly regular. Stamens inserted on the
corolia. Fruit i-seeded, crowned with tine calyx.—Coarse hers, with op-
posite connate leaves, and bluish or wiitish flowers in large oblong heads. 158
*** Oprolla 4 or 5 parted, or none. Culyx tor 5-parted.
Beasioss.—Tavolucre many ieaved. Calyx oie ‘d, with long bristly divisions.
Corolla tubular... Filaments much exserted.— leaves oppositz. lowers
durk purple pirk or wiitish in heads. 158
Iann24.— Calyx S-cleft. Corolla narrow, b-ilshiped, nearly equaily 5 lebed.
Stamens unequa!l.—d trailing evergreen with rove colored fiowers in pairs. 148
SanGuisoRBA.—Calyx constricted at the throat. ficbed, with 2-or 2 scaies or
bracis at the base externally. Petals none.— Leaves unequal’y pinnte.
Fiowers small, in close spiked heads. tol
Lycercu—cCorolla tubular, the throat closed with the beards of the filaments.
Stamens often 5. Berry 2-celled—<Airils somewi.at cl.mlirg, wih
greenisi-pir gle jiswers. 234
Hooxruc s—Sepals + or 5. united al the bas Petals+ or 3. reunded, spread-
ing. Stamens very short, i aserte “a ao the upper face of a flat £ or 5-an-
@ied disk — Shrubs witi 4 sided branches. 73
*#*=%* Floral envelope consisting ef a single petal-like peri-
anith. Leaves parallel-veined.
BMiLAcINA. Sec. MAl\ntuemumM.—Perianth epreading. Stamens4. Berry 2-
celled.— Flowers racemed, white. : 375
Gaontius —Flowers on a cylindric spalix. Perianthito6-s>palle]. Stamens
4 to 6.— Flowers yell ow, Uithe summit of the scape. Sp ithe radical, S47
BemPLoicanpes.—Spathe booded, shei)-form, pointed, Snadix roundish, covered
with flowers. Periaut# deeply 4-parted. Style tangled —Fetid herds,
with iurze veiny letves, and nearly sessile spathes. 346
Oapver IIL Diarynra.—2 —Pistils.
* Oorvlla polypetalous.
Wamasietis —Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamns 8, the 4 alternate with the pe-
tals. fertile. Capsu:e nut-likxe, 2-celled—SAruds, or sniull trees, wita
yellow flowers. - : isi
** Corolla monopetalous.
Gatiuu.—Calyx miaute, ttoothed. Corolla 4-parted. rotate. Stamens short.
Frnit 2- -lobed, 2 seeded.— Slender herbs, with 4-angled siems, and small
jiewers. : 151
CruseuTs.—Corolla bell shaped, 4 or 5-cleft. Stamens 4 or 5., Capsule 2celled,
2 to +-sceeded.—Lea/jiess, yellowish or reddish herbs. 73
G@extax A—Corolla funnel-form. spuriess. Capsulel-secded. Stamens 4 or 5.
Capsuie many seeded. — Herbs. 257
#
Orper iV. Terracynra.—4 Pistils or sessile stigmas.
~ _* Pistils seperate, free from the calyz.
ee.
120 CLASS V.
AL
Poromoeztox—Calyx 4sepalled. Stamens nearly sessile. Fruit 4 “eattelehle”
Aquatic submersed herbs, with small greenish fe as» on a@ spike, rising
above the water. = 351
Ti1L=ZA.— Sepals, petals, stamens, and als Sor 4. Carpels 3 or 4.—Smail
tufted herbs. 1%
* * Pistils combined into one, free from the calyx.
Eaaina.—Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Capsule 1-celled, several-seeded.—
Small mailed herbs. 53
Itsx.— Calyx and corolla 4 or 5-parted. Stamens and sub-sessile stigmas 4 or
5.—Trees or sirubs with spinose-dentate leaves.
CLASS V.. PENTANDRIA.—5 Stamens.
OrpER- 1. Monanpnria.—lL Pistil.
* Oorolla 1-petailed, regular.
tT BORAGIN ACE %.--Herbs, chiefiy rough-hairy. with atternate e entire leaves, and _
symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx. a regular o-loved corolla, the
stamens inserted on its tube,and a deeply 4-lobed os esse lh in
fruit 4 seed-like nutlets.
1. Ecrium.—Corolla obliquely irregular! naked in the throat. Stamens un-
equal exserted. —-Flowers cyanic. Z 266
2. Lrcoris.—Corolla regular, funnel-form, with a curved tiube, : and with 5 cb-
tuse hairy scales in the throat.— Flowers bkue. 266
8. SymMPaytTumM.—Corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped, 6-toothed; the throat closed
with 5 awl-shaped scales.— Flowers white and pink. 266
4. Qnoswopium.—Corolla oblong or ovate-tubular, with erect or converging
lobes, and a naked throat. — Flowers yellowish-wiite, in spiked racemes. 267
5. Litaosrrracm.—Corolla funnel-form, open.. Stamens included.—F lowers,
white or yellow, in leafy-bracted spikes or racemes.
6. Myosoris.—Corolla salver-form, short, the throat half closed with obtuse
scales. Stamens included on short filaments.—Flowers small, blue or
white, in naked racemes. 26
7. Moerrensia.—Corolla tubutar-bell- forma, elongated, with a wide spreading
border: scales none.—Smooth hearts, with showy purplish-blue or nee,
Jicwers, in terininal rucemes ov clusters. 269
8. Ecuincsrermum.—Corolla salver-form. Nutlets prickiis-siresipase nial
hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue fiowers in bracled racemes.
9. CyNocLessuM.—Cerolla funne]- -form, the throat clesed with 5 obtuse scales.
Nutilets prickly all over.—Coarse herbs with white or purplish flewers,
mesily ta panicled racemes.
10. Boraso.—Corolla wheel-form, with acute segments, the throat closed with
5 rays.— Rough herbs, with blue flowers, in 1-sidc d clusters. 278
11. Ancnusa.—Corolia funnel-form, vaulted ; tube straight, orifice closed with
5 prominent seales. Stigma emarginate — Exotics, herbs with-cyante -
Jlowers. 279
12. Putmonaria.—Calyx prismati ce, 5-angled. Corolla funnel-form with a eyl-
indric tube; orifice hairy in 5 lines alternating with the stamens.—2e-
otic herbs, with yxostly biue jiowers. 271
tt UYDRCPHYLLACE#.—He ‘Ths, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate and
eut-lobi d or compound leaves, regular 5-parted and 5-androus blue or white
flowers, in one-sided cymez or racemes which are coiled from the apex
when young.—-Style 2-cleft.
“GLASS YV. _ XEV
. % PAGE.
1. HypropHyttum.—Corolla bell-shaped, the tube with 5 longitudinal ap-
pendages. Stamens exserted. Ovary bristle-hairy—Herbs with petioled
271
pinnately or palmately veined leaves, and cymose clustered flowers.
2. PHaAcertsA.—Oorella open-bell-shaped. Capsule 4-seeded, the 2 placentz
linear.— Hairy herbs, with divided leaves and usually pale-blue flowers in
forked racemes. — : /
8. CesmantHus.—Corolla broadly-bell-shaped, without scales. Ovary 1-ceHed,
' hairy above.—F lowers white or pale-blue, in long bractless racemes. 273
4. Evroca.—Corolla broadly-bell-shaped. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded.— Flowers blue or white. 273
56, Nemopama—Calyx 10-parted, the alternate lobes reflexed. Corolla flat-
bell-shaped. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Capsule 4-seeded.—
flowers blue or white. 278
++ 7 POLEMONIACEZ.—Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-
parted flowers, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style. Stamensoften un- _
equal or unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla. 274
1. PuHiox.—Calyx somewhat prismatic, the segments erect Corolla salver-
form, with a curved slender tube; the stamens unequally inserted in its _ ‘
tube.—F lowers pink, purple, or white. 274
PozemoniuM.—Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped-rotate, with
a short tube.—Leaves pinnate. Flowers blue or white, in nearly braciless
corymbs. 276
3. Gr1a—-Corolla somewhat funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted on the inner
side of the corolla tube.—Leaves alternate, pinnatifid. Flowers blue,
several-flowered, in capitate clusters or panicles. 276
és
4. Tpomopsis.—Calyx tubular and membranaceous. Corolla funnel-shaped,
the tube much exserted. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. e
Leaves finely pinnatifid. Ilewers orange, scarlet or reddish, in clustered
panicles 277
+++} CONVOVULACES.—Twining or trailing herbs, with alternate entire or
lobed leaves and regular 5-androus flowers.. Flowers usually large and
showy, opening but for one day. Stamens inserted into the base of the oe
corolla. 2:
4a. CanysteciA—Calyx 5-parted, enclosedin 2 large foliaceeus bracts. Cerel-
la belil-shaped-funnel-form, 5-folded, the border obseurely 5-lobed or en-
tire. Stigmas 2.—Zeaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped. Flowers white
or light-rose-color, on axillary, selitary peduncles. 277
2. ConvuLvuLus.—Calyx naked. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, with a
- spreading nearly entire border. Stamens mostly included.— flowers
white, pink, blwe and purple. 278
8. QvuAmociit.—Sepals 5, mostly mucronate. Corolla tubular-cylindrical.
Stamens exserted.— Leaves often pinnatifid. Flowers white, yellow, orange
and scarlet, delicate. 279
4. Cuscura.—Plant yellow or reddish, with thread-like naked stems and smail
seales in place of leaves.
+4444 SOLONACEA.— Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants, with alternate
leaves, regular 5-parted flowers on bractless pedicels, and the fruit a 2-
celled (rarely 3 to 5-celled) capsuleor berry. Corolla plaited or infolded.
Stamens mostly equally inserted on thecorella. Style and stigma
simple. 280
4. Nucortana.—Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or
salyer-form, mostly with a long tube. Capsule 2-celled.— Acrid herbs,
with white flowers, tinged with.green or purple.
2. Datura—Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, with a large
_ and spreading 5-toothed plaited border— Rank herbs, with large and
t showy flowers. 231
(oe +
xXvi CLASS Y. ee
PAGE,
8. Hyoscyamus.—Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla some-
© what irregular, with a 5-lobeil plaited border. Capsule 2-celled opening
‘by a lid.— Rani herbs, with lurid flowers. 281
4. Nicanpra.—Calyx 5-parted, 5- angled, at length bladdery and inclosing
the 3 to 5-celled dry berry.— S: nooth herbs. nog 252
5. PHAYsalis.—Calyx 5-cleft, at length enlarzed and bladdery, and qneloving
the 2celled berry. Corolla spreading bell.shaped.— Flowers greemish- _
yellow. _ ‘ . 282
6. ScranomM.—Calyx 5 to 10-parted, spreading in fruit. Cerolla mostly wheel-
shaped, with a very short tube. Stamens exserted, converging around
‘the style. ig bs or shruds. 283
7. ATROPA. Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-Shaped. Berry globose, 2
celled, situated on the calyx.— Lexotics, with pale blue flowers. - 284
8. Lrowu— Galyz 2 to 5-cleft, short. Corolla tubular, with a mostly 5-lobed
spreading limb, the orifice closed with the beard of the filaments. Sta-
mens tor 5, exserted.— SArwds, somewhat climbing. — 284
9. Capsicus.—Corolla wheel-form, with a very short tube. Fruit a juiceless
berry, 2 to +celled, many-seeded.— Azrbuceous or sirubiy plants, pervaded,
by a hot punyent principle. 284
10. bzercunta.—Calyx-tube short, with a 5-cleft leafy limb.- Corolla iunnel-
form, with a cylindric tube, the limb in d unequal plaited lobes.— Axotic
herbs, with showy flowers. _ 285
t+ittt} PRIMULACEZ.—In part herbs, usually low, with perfect regujar
fiowers,’ the stamens inserted opposite the lebes of the corolla on its
tube, and a 1-celled ovary, bearing several or mauy seeds. 226.
1. Paimuta—Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-
shaped. Stamens inciuded. — Stemless herds, with the leaves in a cluster
From the root.
2. DopocaTHEON.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions refiexed.- Corolla 5-
parted, reflexed. Stamens exserted, united. Style exserted.— Smooth
herbs, with clustered radicul leaves, and debicute white or purplish flewers .
in a terminal umbel. 22
5 3. LysrmacHiA.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla witha very short tube, and 5-parted
limb. Filaments often united into a ring at base.— Herbs, with axillary
or racemed yellow jlowers.
4. AwnaGawis.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheci-shaped, with scareely any tube,
5-parted. Flame snts hairy. Capsule globose, the top falling off like 2
lid, many-seeded.— Small spreading procunbent herés. Leuves opposite
or wiorled. 2
§. Samorvus.—Calyx 5-cleft, the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Co-
rolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with sterile laments in the sinuses.—Sinooth
herbs, with small white jlowers in racemes. 229
6. Horronta.—Calyx 5-paried, with linear divisions. Corolla salyer-shaped,
with a short tube. — Aquatic herbs, with pectinate immersed ieicoaty and
white flowers. 229
+tT T7777 CAMPANULACE X— Herbs, with a milky juice, alternate - Jeayes,
aud scattered flowers; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped. Stamens
free from the corolla, distinct. Stigmas 2 or more.
1. CampanvLa.—Corolla bell-shaped, or rarely nearly rotate, Stigmas 3 to 5.
Capsule 3 to 5-celled, opening by lateral yalves.— Flowers spicate or axit-
lary, blue or white. 208
2, SpzcuLaris.— Corolla -wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Filaments hairy. Stigmas 3.
Capsule prismatic, 3-celled.— Low herbs, with blue or white flowers. 202
CLASS V. XXVvVil
* * Oorolla \-petalled, regular or irregular.
TT tT ++7 + CAPRIFOLIACE, in part. Shrubs or rarely herbs, often twining,
-with opposite leaves, no ‘stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2 te-
_ d-celled ovary. Stigmaslto4, Fruita berry, drupe or capsule. “116
1. Lonrcera.—Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular or funnel-form. often swelled
at the base, irregularly or nearly regularly 5-lobed.. Stigma capitate..
Berry several-seeded.—Ciimting or erect shrubs. Lzuves often connate. 145
8. Dirnyi1a.—Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, nearly regular. Capsule oblong.
2-celled, 2-valved.—Low upright. shr ub, with vellowt-h fowers. 146
"3. ‘Trrosreem. —Calyx-lobes 5, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, swelled
atthe base, scarcely longer than the ealyx. Stigma capitate. lobed.—
Coarse hairy herbs, with the leaves connate around. the stem. 147
4, SympHorIcAnPus.—Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, nearly regularly.
4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla.
Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded.—Shzubs, with small whitish flowers in short
spikes on clusters. 14
Vinca.—Corolia salver-form. contorted; border 5-cleft, the tule oblique; orifice
5-agled.—Upright or trailing shr ubs.. 230
BMieavnis.—Perianth funnel-forny with a coutracted'tube, free from the ovary;
limb plaited, entire, deciduous. Stigma globose.—Showy exotics, with
opposite leaves, and wiite, red, yellow, “and var tegated ficwei's. 302
Mesyaaturs.—Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla short-funnel-form, with a spreading
equally 5-lcbed linth, hairy-within. Stigma f or 2lobed. Capsule 1-
celled.—Leaves 3 atthe summit... Flowers reddish, racemed. 288
EnytHr#A,—Calyx 4 or 5-paried. Corolla funnel-form, with a slender tube,
and 4 or 5 parted limb. Amnihers after flowering sp‘rally twisted. Cap-
sule linear, 1 cr 2.celled.—Low herbs, with rose, purple, or reddish cymose
flowers. 286
Sappatra.—Calyx 5 to. 12-parted. C orolla rotate. 5 to12-parted. Stamens 5 to
12. Anthersat length revolute. Stigmas 2, spiral. Capsule 1-celled.—
Herbs, with slender stems and handsome flowers. 285
Gent1ana.—Calyx 4 or 5-ceft. Corolla 4 or 5-lobed. regular, with folds on the
sinuses or fringed on the throat or margins. Style short or none. Stig-
mas 2.—F lowers solitary or cymose, showy. 287
Spi@cl4\.—Calyx 5-panted, persistent, with slender lobes. Corolla tubular-
funnel-form, 5-cleft atihe summit. Style slender, hairy above. Capsule
short, twin.— He bs, with showy flowers in spies or 1-sceded cymes. 154
Virpascum.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, rotate, the
lobes ncarly equal. Stamens often hairy, the anterior longer. Capsule
globose, many-:ceded.— F lowers in spikes or racemes. 225
AzaLIA —Calyx 5-parted, often minute. Corolla fnnnel-form, 5-lobed, slightly-
irregular. Hilaments long, exserted, and usually declined, as well as
the long style. ~=Upright shrubs, with showy Jlowers, in umbelled clusters. 216
Losrita.—Calyx 5 cleft. Corolla irregular, cleft on the upper side, 2-lipped:
lover lip 3-cleft; upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes. Anthers cohering:
and scmewat curved. Stigma 2-Jobed, Capsule 2-celled, taaniyy -seeded.
F lowers blue, white or red. 206
CLINTONIA.—Calyx, corolla. and stamens nearly as in Lobelia. Capsule silique-
form.—Procumbent herbs, with minute leaves, and axillary solitary flowers. 207
** * Flowers 5-petalled, regular.
Guawiesi Calyx 2-leaved, or 2-parted. Petals emarginate or obtuse. Sta-
mens inserted on_ the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft.— Small fleshy:
herbs, witha pati of” opposite lenges, and g.loose. racemeof white.or reddish
flowers. 56
XXViil, “ase pais
eS : : “PAGE.
_ CxLasTrus.—Calyx minute. Petals sessile. Stamens on the margin of a cup-
shaped disk.. Pistil on the disk. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect, en-
Fs by a pulpy scarlet aril. ee or twining shrubs, with. alternate
Evonyacs. pie 4:or 5, united atthe base. Petals 4 or 5, ded; spread-
ing. Stamens very short. Style short or none —Shi 8, with 4-sided
branches, and green or dark purple flowers. 73)
»
CaanoTavs.—Calyx 5-lobed._ Petals hood:form, on slender claws. Filaments
’ elongated: Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe.
Shr ubby planis, with white flowers in little wmbel-like clusters. 434
IreaA.Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, free from the ovary. _ Petals lanceolate, much
longer than: the calyx and stamens. rles 2, united —A shrub, with
white flowers tn sinuple spicate racemes. pares 129
KKK: Howers 4.07 5-petalled,, regular. Fruit a drupe or
berry.
Vitis.—Calyx 4 or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, cdtierthi at the: “apex, deciduous:
Stigma simple, sessile.. Berry 2-celled, 1 to 4:seeded. gh! climbing
by tendrils, with fragrant greenish flowers. ves
AMPELOPSIS.—Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5, concave, spreading. Stiomas
capitate—Shrubby creepers, with digittate or cordate leaves, and i
clusters of flowers. TS
RAAMNUS.—Calyx urn-shaped, 4 or 5-cleft, Petals 4 or 5, shorter thaz. the
sepals, sometimes very minute or wanting. Stamens4ord. Style 2 to-
4-cleft.— Small trees om shrubs, witir minute flowers. 73
Rises.— Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, for 5-parted. Petals4 or 5, small, in-
serted into the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 2,
distinct or united. Shr aad often with prickly branches. pre mostly y ie
edible. 119:
HepEraA.—Calyx 5:toothed. Petals 5,dilated at the base. Berry 5-seeded, sur-
rounded by the permanent calyx.—Ezoiic shrubby, climbing or erect
plants, with simple evergreen leaves, and greenish flowers. 145:
* EX Mowers 2, 4 or 5-petalled, irregular. Seeds 1m. ae
capsule. ,
VioLta.—Sepals 5, auricled at their base. Petals 5; unequal, the larger one:
spurred at the base, the 2 lateral equal. Stamens: approximate, fila-
ments distinct. Anthers connate. Capsule 1-celled, 3-vyalyed.—Zow.
herbs, with preity flowers on:angular, solitary peduncles. ov
Sotza.—Sepals not auricled. Petals unequal, the lowest one 2-lobed and some-
what gibbous at the base. Capsule somewhat 3-seeded.— lowers green-
ish, viv the axils of the leaves. O27
IMPATIENS. —Sepals 5, the lower one spurred, the 2 2 upper united so as to appear
like one. Patals 2, unequal-sided and 2-lobed. Stamens short. Stig-
mas 5, united. Capsule bursting elastically —erbs, with smooth succe-
lent stems, with tumid joinis.. 643
KKK KK Howers witha single corolla-like perianth:.
AR | P
GomANDRA.—Perianth bell-shaped or urn-shaped, the limb 5- Gleft, persistent.
Anthers adhering to the lobes of the perianth by a tuft of thread.—
Herbs, with alternate oblong and sessile leaves, .and.greenish-white flowers,
in terminal or axillary cymes... 3102
GOMPHRENA—Bracts 5, colored, the 3. outer ones Keeled: Sepals 5, villous.
Disk cylindric, 5-toothed. Utricle 1-seeded.— Flowers in globose bracts. 302:
OxrLosta.—Sepals 8 to 5, colored. ‘Stamens united: at gia by a. 2 ted, disk.
Style 2 or 3-cleft “— Ornamental exotics,
CLASS Vv. xxix
va Psas.
Oxper If. Dieynta.—2 Pistils or sessile Stigmas.
* Corolla 1-petalle.
GanTIANA.—Culy x - 5-cleft. QOorolla £ or 6-eleft, usavly with intermoliats
plaited folds, apyeniased at the sin1ies. Style short or none: stigmas.
2, persistent.—Bitler hards, wt solitary or cy nase showy jlow:rs. 237
Cuscuta.— Whole plant y-low or red iish, with filifrn naked stems, and smal
scales insteal of leives. : Zid
Aposcynom.—Calyx 5 parted. Corolla boll-shtp21, 5 cleft, the base furnished.
with 5 triansular scales, alternatins with the lobes. Aathors arrow-
shaped, adhering to .—Prants with milicy acrid juice, opposite
entire lerves, and sma Low 7s.— Apocynac:e. 283
+ ASOLEPIADACE.E.—P'ants
leaves, regular &- nerous fy
~ with the stigm., and cohes
lobes, with or without an incurved born rising from the base of each. 239
2. Gonouonu3.—Corolla rotate, 5-partel. Crown a gmail wavy-lobel ring. Pol-
len-mirses 5 pairs.—Tw.ning, sarudoy or heroacevus plants, with greenizs
~ . raG ; . *
er purplish jiowers. - 223
~ ** Corolla 5-petalled.
eat : Be e :
Wsvciska—Oalyx bell-shaped: coherent with the ovary below. 5-cleft. Petals
5, small, entire. Capsule with 2 beaks, l-cetled—J2irhs, with round
heart-sleiped sadical leaves, and greenish-white or purplish fsowers. 17
Panax.—Polytamous. Culyx-teeth obsolete. Styles 2 or 3. short. Fruita 2
BS 4 ¥ Zi yses 4 :
or 3-c-led, and 2 or 3-se dd drape, often fleshy.— Leaves p ulm tte'y co.n-
pound. Flow2rs wiite, in a sing’e simple umdel on a lony pedurcte. 143
+f UMBSLLIF OR B—H rbaceous plants. with ho oy stema, alternate, mostly
eomp) ind leav:s, with their pxtio’es expanded yr sheathins at the bass.
Flowers in umbe's. Fruit cous:sting of 2 coherent carpels. 131
* Toner face of the seed flat or nearly 809.
%. Hypzecoryus.—Flowers small white in simp’e umbe's or clusters. Fruit
orbicular, flattened. —Zeuves roundish, or kidaey-form. Has
2. Craniz1s.—Flowers few, in simple involuerate umbels, white. Fruit glo-
bular, with red vittee.—Leaves linzar, fleshy. 132
3. Sanrcvna.—Flowers in irregular or compound umbels, greenish or yellow-
ish. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles.—Leaves palmately lobed or
f , 123
parted.
4. Daucus.—Flowers in concave umbels, white. Fruit smooth, the carpels
strongly winged on the back and on the edge-— Leaves finely 2 or 3-pin-
nute or pinnutifid. 133
5. HsRractzum.—Flowers white, the marginal somewhat radiant, in large flat
umbels. Fruit broadly wing-margined.—Leaves 1 or 2 ternately com-
pound.. Tet
6. PasTINACA.—Fiowers yellow, in large flat umbels. Fruit wing-margined.—
Leaves pinnately compound. 124
7. ARcHANGELICA—Flowers greenish or white, in perfect umbels, with a many-
leaved involucel. Capsule 3-ridged on the back.—Lewves 1 or 2 pinnately
compound. 134
8. THasprum.—Flowers yellow or dark purple. Fruit elliptical or cvoid: eap-
sule 5-winged.—Leaves 1 to 4ternately compound. 185
9. Y1z14.—Flowers yellow, in perfect umbels. Fruit oval or somewhat twin,
5-ribbed.— Leaves dissected. 136
K2*
—-%
=<— —_ CLASS V. Oe ane
PAGE.
10. CicuTa. —Flowers white, in perfect umbeis.. _Fruit: sub-globose, twin.—
Leaves pinnately or ternately compounds 13 6
ii: S1um.—Flcwers white, im perfect: wmbels: Fruit ‘ovate globose. —Zeaves
simply pinnate, with serrate leaflets. «AST
-
12: CryProrenra -—Flowers ene in compound umbels, with very sunequal
_ rays. Fruit obleng—Leaves 3-parted. “
= oN | Azcursera. —Flowers white. Fruit broadly eee ves of 3 109
linear or lanceolate lzeflets.. 188
e BUPLEURUM.— Flowers yellow. Fruit omnis oblong.—Leaves sinnley entire. 188
CU. LTIVATED EX OTT CS.
15. Carum—Flowers whi te,in perfect umbels, with ¥ various jnvolaeres. F ruit
oval, laterally compressed, — Leaves di ssectcd, : 138
16. APIUM. —Flowers white, in perfect umbels. Fruitroundish, laterally com-:
pressed.—Leaves pinnate y dissected.
i. PrwpryarzaA—Flowers white, in compound eaves without involueres.
Fruit ovate, ribbed, with convex intervals — Leaves pianately many-
parted. 9%
18. Faxtcutrm.—Flowers yellow, in perfect umbels, no invelucre. Fruit-
elliptic-oblong.— Leaves biternately dissected. 133~
Sass : >. oo. . 3
*# Inner face of the secd- hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins inyolute.
“19.. Crzrcrryiitm.—Flowers mostly white, in diffuse few-flowered umbels.
Fruit lincar-oblong—Leaves bi or tri-ternate, with incisely cleft or toothed :
segments. . 140°
29. Osxornniza—F lowers white. Invoelucre and inyolucels few-leaved. Fruit
linear oblorg, engled.—Leavres large, 2 or 3-ternaiely compound. 14¢¢
21. Cenitm.—Flow¢rs white. Invelucre 3 to 5-leazed. Fruit ovate, fattened
at the sides.—Leaves large, obcompeund.. be
#% % Scecds ineurved at base and aper.
22. ERIGEFIA— Flowers while.ina leafy braetcd compourd umbeél. Fruit twin: -
carpels nearly kidney-form —Leaves 2 or &-ternately divided. 14is
28. CcRIArcrim.—Flowers white, unilateral. Fruit globose—Zeaves Lipin-
Nate. ;
*** Flowers with a singlé corolla-like perianth. .
Cnencrovrew_Perianth 5-parted, partially enveloping the fruit. Utricle thin,
membranacccus.—Leaves vetiolkd, triangular or rhomboid. . ftige
sessile, in small clusters. A | 2988
Uimvs.—Perianth bell-shaped. Fruit flat, winged, 1-seeded.—Tvrees, with rough’
leaves, and gurplish or yellowish flor: ers in lateral clusters preceding the
leaves. 3117 |
CELTIS —Foly camovs. Perianth 5 to 6-yartcd, persistent. Fruit a globular
drupe. with thin flesh.—TZvecs or larye shrubs, with Denies leaves, and
greenish axillary flowers. 312”
’ ScLERANTEUS.—Utricle in the calyx tube: stamens on its throat. —Homely little e:
weeds, with clscure greenish clustered flowers... 55x
- Porzecxty.—Stamens 4 to 9. Styles. or stigmeas2 or 3. Achenium lenticular.
Herbs, with jointed stems. — 3
BeTA.—Perianth 5-parted. Styles very short, erect, with acute stiemas. Seed.
reniform, embedded in the fleshy perianth.— Stems furrowed. Flowers -
green in spikes or paniculate racemes. . 800)
#
ee
oe
aia es Aaa CLASS VI. > at
PAGS
Cee, “Tercyn1a.—3 Sy ‘yles or sessile Stiynvas. .
* Corolla 5 petalled. utes
Ruvs. Calyx sraall, 5-parted. Potala 5, ovate, spreading. Drnpe, dry, hairy, .
1-celled, 1- seeded. —Shrubs, sometimes climbing by rooting: tend¥ils- CT
SeApHYLeA.—Scpals 5, oblong. Petals 5, with short claws. Sages iaflated,
s 3-celled, few-seeded: = Sir ubds, with opposite pinnate leaves (gos
SPERGULARIA.—Capsule 1 celled. many-seed ed:—Low. herbs, with fleshy opposite
leaves and small reddish flowers. - BS
Hypericum.—Capsule 1-celled, ae ee with entire dotted leaxes -
and yellow flowers. i 445
** Corolla 1- -petalled, 5. parted.
Vinvayvu.—Galyx.-5-toothed; persistent.’ Corolla rotate. spreading. Fruit a
1-celled, 1-seeded drupe— Shrubs, or sroull trees, with simple leaves und
white flowers in flat cymes. : 149%
Saupucus.—Corolla urn-shaped. Fruita foe -like juicy drupe. containing 3
seeds.— Swbby plants, with pinnate leaves, and numerous white flowers in
cymes. 148.
‘Orper IV: Térracynra.—t Syles or sessile Stiymas.
Paryassta.Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. St-rile stamens clustered at the
base of the fertile. Stigmas 4, sessile — flowers solitary, terminuting the
long naked scapes. ~ ARS
DROSERA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft... Petals 5.. Styles 3 to 4, atic 2-parted.—Low
aquatic hert be with theleases clothed-with ae ish gland-dearing bristles. 42.
oul
Caen Y. Pent Ny OF
ARALIA. —Calyx with the margin very short, S-tootled. Petals 5: spreading...
Barry d-eelled.—Low trees, shrubs or jeer be with 2. or 3-ternately or pin-
nately compound leaves. 142°
ANU. —Capsule sub-zlobose, 19-valved, 16-eclled:—Herbs, with simple and
sessile leaves, und blue or yellowish flowers. - 6r-
Sratics.—Calyx fumnel-form, 5 toothed. Petals 5, united at“base.—Saltimarsh
plants, with thick radical leaves, and smali flowers, in a compound corymb. 225°
o feat
Agmerts.—Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 5-anzled.. Petals 5, nearly distinct.—
Leaves mosily-tinear, radical. Flowers rose-colored, ona simole scape: 225-3
ZANTHORIZA.—Sepals and petals hypozynous, distinct. Follicles membranaceous,
re compressed, 1-seeded — Leaves pinnately divided. Flowers dull purple. 112
GL ASS VI. HEXANDRIA.—6 equal Stamens. .
Geass E. eeeneere a Pistil.
P * Flowers with both. coulyse and: corolla. Leaves reticulate--
_ veined.
BsrBeris.—Sepals 6, mostly with 2 bracteoles at the base. Petals’ 6, with 2
glands upon their claws. . Berry 2 or 3-seeded.— Shrubs, with yellow wood. 16%
LeontTicr.—Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, with a-scale at-base within.
Style short. Seeds naked on.their thick seed-stalk, resembling drupes.
Herbs... LTy
=
XXxii ‘CLASS VI.
Frer51a.—Sepals 3, lonzer than the 8 petals. Style 2-cleft. Ovaries 3. tuber:
culate——A smal aquut:, with pinnately divided leaves.
Paivo3—Fiowers most! y dice ious « or porlyzamouz. Cilyx minute + to 6-toothed.
Corolla swm2what rotate, mostly 6-parted. Fruit a fdrape, w.th 4 to 6
seeds. —Shrubs. : 222
G1xaNDRopsi3.—Sepals 4, spreaiinz. Patalz 4, irq Pol liazar-oblong,
raised on a long stip:.—Lzuves digittate. Flowers racemed.
Crome —Petals 4, minute or rowlish. Stamens 4to 6. Pod sessile or stipi-
tate —Leaves simple or digittite. Fiowers purplish.
** Perianth in two rows. Lzaves parallel-veined.
FRaDESCANTIA,—Calyx 3-learved. Petals 3. Pilaments bearled. Capsule 2 o7
3-celled.— Leaves keeled. Flowzrs purple rose-color or w Vite. 333.
CowMeLryNa—Flovers irregular. Stamens un7q22), 3 of thom fertile, one of
which is bent inward: 3 of ae sterile and smaller: flaments naked.—
Stems branching. : 322.
*** Blowers with a simple corolla- like ) ertanth: Leaves
parallel-veined.
+ LILIACEH —Hi-rbs, with parallel-nerved sessile or sheathinz } leqves. regnlar
perfect fowersa, with a petal-like 6-m-:rous perianth free from the 2 or
3-celled ovary. Anthers attached by a point. Style single: stigmasimple
er 3.lobed. 37t
* Fruit a few seeded berry, 2 or 3-celled.— Nut bulbous.
1. AsPaRAGuS.—Pcriarth 6-parted.—Stems much branching. Leaves tiiread-litke
or bristle-form. 374
2. Potyaonatum.—Perianth tubular. 6-cleft, bearing the stamens above the
middle.—Flowers axillary. greenish. 75
$3. Ssizactna.—Pcriauth 4 to 6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne on the:
base.—F lowers white. in aterminal raceme. 3
4. Cxitont,: —Perianth 6-parted. bell-shaped the stamens at the base of the
segments.— Flowers greenish, unbeiled, 378
5. CoNvALLAniA.—P erianth 6-paried, round. bell-shaped. Stamens diyergent.
Flowers white, fragrant, in asingle rank. : 377
+* Fruil a few to many-seeded capsule, 3-celled.— Not bulbous.
6. Hsmorocarits.—Perianth fannel-form, lily-like. Stamensdeclined. Seeds
globular, black.— Leaves linzar, keeled. Flowers yeliow or 7 eddish. rie 4
7. Fonkrta.—Perianth funnel betl-shaped, 6-parted. Stamens declined. Seeds
very numerous, flat—Leaves more or less heart-shaped. Flowers white
or bluish on, bracted seapes. 378.
8. AspHODELUS.—Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves covering the ov-
ary. Capsule globular, many-seeded.— Exotics. 378:
+ Root bulbous.
& ORNITHOGALUM.—Style 3-sided.—Leaves linear, radical. Flowers ie
white. 378
10. ALtIuM—Flowers umbelled from a spathe —Strong-scented herbs, with most-
ty radical leaves. 379
ti. HyacyntHus.—Perianth sub-globose or bell-shaped.— Exotics. F lowers
mostly very fragrant.
#2 PoLyanreus.—Perianth funnel-form, inearved. Filaments inserted into
the throat. at -cleft.—Ezotics. Flowers fragrant, vii 381
OLAssS Va. — XXXili
PAGE...
eee Fruita many-seeded 3-celled loculicidal capsule. putbouie
13. Iauiem.—Perianth funnel-form or bell- shane colored.—Stem leafy. Flow-
. ers large and showy. 381
14.. ERYTHRONIUM. —Capsule obovate- ilanguladiotetres 2, smooth, sheathing
the base of the 1-flowered scape.. 282"
15. FRiTTmi1artaA.—Perianth bell-shaped, with a broad base and necteriferous
cavity above the claw ofeach segment.—Flcwers showy, but ill-scented. 353
16, Ty1rPa.—Perianth bell-shaped. Stigma thick.—Leaves radical. Flower?
showy, solitary, on a scape. ; 3838.
++ Not bulbous. ;
17. ¥YucoaA.—Perianth globular or bell-shaped. Stylenone. &ceds flat.—Lver-
green herbs, with thread-margined leaves and numerous white jlcewers, in
‘a terminal panicle. Biers
+} AMA RYLLIDACE.—Chiefly bulbous a nd scape-kearing Herbs, with linear
flat radical leaves, and regular. 6-and rous flowers, mostly issuing from
aspathe. ” 865:
¥. AmAryiris.—Perianth 6-parted, petaloid.. St amens inserted in the throat
of the perianth.— Flowers solitary, issuing Jrom a1 cx 2-leaved spaihe. 365.
2, AGAve—Perianth tubular-funnel-form, 6-parted.—Leaves mestly thick and
jieshy, whorled around the base of the, scape. 368:
3. Hypoxis.—Spath 2-leayed.—Leaves grassy, lincar. Ficwers yellow on slen-
der scapes. 366:
* Cultivated exotics.
4, GALANTAUS.—£erals 3, concave. Crown of 8 small cmargirate petal-like
ecgements —Eliuer white, arrearing in early spring. 38!
5. Naprcissus.—Perianth with 6 regular spreading scgments. Crown mon-
ophy)lus, bell-form, salver- -foim or with the tube funnel-form. Stigem a,
3 parted.—F lowers yellow, straw-color er white, issung from. a witherin g.,
spathie, 266:
6. Lrvcouum.—Perianth regular, 6-parted, with equal spreading segments.—
Flowers numercus, white, issuing from a terminal spathe. 3CT
UVULARIA —Perianth inferior, deeply 6-parted, erect; segments with a necter-
- iferous cavity at base. Filaments very short, growing to the linear an-
thers. Capsule, 3-angled or3 lobed.—F lower § pale yellow, nostly solitary. 384.
PROSARTES.—Perianth 6-le aved, hell-shaped-spreading.. Stigmas short. recurved.
Berry oyoid, painted, 3 to 6- “seeded, red.— F lewers greenish- yellows termi-
nal, droming. 3&5
STREPTCPUS.—Perianth 6-leayed, bell- uke at the base, the 3 inner sepals
keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, 1 or 2-pointed, longer than the filam ent.
Flowers small, axillary, on thread-like peduncles. 386
Averris.—Perianth cylindrical, tubular-bell-shaped, rough-wrinkled-on the.
outside, 6-cleft at the summit. Style aw} -shaped, Seleft at the apex.
—Leaves spreading clustered. Flowers whitish, in a slender spiked ra- ae
CON es. 36%
@rontipM.—Spadix cylindrical. covered with flowers. Perianth of 4 to 6-tr un-
cate, concave sepals. Utricle 1 sceded.— Aquatic herbs, with a yellow
spadix. - 347.
PonTEDERIA.—Perianth inferior, 6-cleft; 2-lipped, the fleshy persistent:base inclo-
sing the 1-seeded fruit. ‘Anthers.ai val, blue.—Aquatie: pick with violet-
blue flowers.
_ Acorus.—Spathe leaflike. Spadix cylindric, covered with sae Sepals 6,
distinct, concave. - Utricle 1 to few-seeded.—L'ungent aromaticherbs.. 347,
a > ie ke a ae er ee
XXXIV (ASS: WHO.
; ble.
*
*** Perianth single, glumaceous. _ Grass-like herbs.
Lvuzvuta.—Perianth 6-leaved. § tiemas 3. Capsale 1-celled, 3-seeded.—Leaves
. linear, equitant. Flowers in a simple ruceme. . “3889
> z: te =¥F ; 1 5 7 F -
Orper IT. Dicynra.—2 Styles or sessile stigmas.
PoLYGoNUM.—Sepals 5. Fruit lenticular.—Siems jointed. Flowers small. 303
Oxver ILL Trieynra.—3 S*yles or: sessile stiymas.
* Perianth 5 or 6-parted, petal-like. Leaves netted-veined.
PoLYGoNtM.—Sepals 6. Achenium triangular.— Stems jointed. Flowers small. 303
Rcmex.—Perianth 6leaved, the 3inner somewhat colored. Achenium _trian-
gular.—Coarse herbs, with greenish flowess: — - 306
Sx1L,x.—Perianth deciduous.—Shrubs or rarely herbs, often pricily. 372
** Perianth 6-parted.— Leaves paraliel-veined.
{t MELANTHIEA.—Herbs with acrid poisonous properties. Stems simple-or
rarely panicled. Perianth mostly persistent or withering away, the di-
visions mostly distinct. 386
* Flowers polygamous. <Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped.
4. MeLanratum—Perianth serments somewhat heart-shaped: with 2 glands >
at the base, and the stamens on the long claws.—Flowers cream-Color.
racemose.
5. Vrratrem.—Pcrianth free from the ovary. the divisions obovate or oblong,
longer than the stamens—Leaves pluiied, 3-rankcd. Flowers receme-
panicled. :
= * Flowers perfect, racemed.or spiked, be
6. AMIANTHEMUM.—Perianth free fiom the ovary, the divisions separate and.
contracted at the base. Anthers Keart-shaped. Styles fliform.— Flow-
ers handsome. 387
~T
. Her.ontas.—Perianth of € spatulate-oblong sepals. Anthers roundivh-oval,
blue. Styles revolute.—Leaves lonceolate. Flowers pale-purple, in w
- =e
short dense raceme. on a naled scape. 38
4} TRILLIACEZ#.--Herts, with simple stems. whorled net-veined leaves and
rather lange terminal mostly solitary trimeraus flowers. 373
1. Trii1wumM.—Sczals 2, lanceolate, spreading. Petals 3; larger.. Berry 3 sided,
=-cell, d.——Lew herbs, with a sin ple stem bearing at the top a whorl of 3
lreadly ovate leaves, and a terminal large flower. 373
2. Miprora——Terianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 petals.-_Stem simple, with
a whorl of 5 to 10 leaves neur the middle and unother of 3 smaller ones
near the top. 374
4 77 JUNCAGINES.—Marsh-Lert s. with petiolalike Jeaves, without a blade,
and the grec nish yerianth consisting of 3 petals and 3 sepals. 2
1. Trieiccnin.—fepals and petals nearly alike, ovate, concave. Anthersoval}
cn short filaments. —Flewers small, greenish, in a spil.ed raceme. 52
2 § cHEUCHZERIA.—£eyals and petals oblong, spreading. _Anthers linear.—
Leaves grass-lil.e, sheathing the simple stem. Flowers few, in a logse ra-
ceme, with sheathing bixictss.
CLASS Vif. AND VII. , , | ¥xx9
f PAGE.
OE Piers with neither cally n nor corolla. Leaves
neiveined. F
Saururvs.—Flowers white, in a Nera spike. 1-flowered — Aquatic.
Leaves heart-shaped. : 313
ORDER XUL. Potyeynta.—Many pistils.
ALISMA. —Sepals 3, creen. Petals 3 Aquatic herbs, with radical ribbed leaves,
and smati white or reddish flowers in a branched panicle. ¥ 36
CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA.—7 Stamens.
F
TRIENTALIS.—Calyx-deeply 6 to 8-parted. Corolla deeply 6 to 8-parted, spread-
ing.— Leaves whorled at the summit. Flowers jew, white, on solitury
: peduncles. 227
Mscues.—Caly= bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals 4 rarely 5, more or-lé3s une-
qual, with claws.— Trees or shruds, with 5 to T-folizte izaves. 71
Orpzr II—IV. Di-Terracynta. — Styles or stigmas 2 to 4.
PoLtyconeM.—Sepals colored, most’y 5. Ovary 1-celled.— Stems jointed. 393
_Utuus.—Filaments long amd siender. Siyles2,short. Fruit al-celled 1 seeded
samara, winged all aroun d— Frees. sil
Savrukvus.—Ovaries 3 or 4. Calyx and corolla none.— Aquatic herbs. 313
CLASS VILL. OCTANDRIA.—8 Stamens.
OrpER I. MonoGyntia.
* Corolla polypetatous, free.
JsrrsRsoNIA._Sepals 4. Petals $8. Stigma peltate——Scape simple, 1-flowered. 17
- Hrroritys—Sepals 4° or 5-colored- - Petals 4or5, fleshy.— Purasitic tawny white
herds.
*® Corolla of 4 pet als.
¥ Peials on the summit of the adherent calyx-tube.
Rusxti.—Calyx-tube urn-shaped, narrowed at the apex, witha 4-cleft limb.
Petals obovate. Anthers long, cuarved.—Leaves 3to 5-nerved. Flowers _
cymose, purplish. Vi
Epinopiem.—Calyx-tube 4 sided, the limb 4-parted. Anthers short, fixed by
the middle- Stigma often with 4 spreading lobes. : Seeas crowned with
a tuft of hairs.— Herbs, with nearly sessile leaves. 113
| CxoTssrs—Calyx-lobes 4, reflexed. Anthers mostly linear. Sigua, 4lobed
or capitate — Herbs, with mostly yellow flowers.
GauRs.—Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, with a 4-cleft reflexed
limb. Petals somewhat unegual.— Flowers rose-color er white.
+} Petals unequal.
CARDIOSPERMUM.—Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest. Petals 4,each with an emar-
ginate scale at ‘the base. Stamens unequal. Style trifid-—-Cluimbing
herbs, with biternate leaves. 70
** * Corolla monopetalous.
+ Flowers with a corolla-like perianth .
# THYMELACE%.—Shrubs, with acrid and yery tough bark, entire leaves,
.pnd perfect flowers.
é
CLASS IX. AND X. _
nt iti; 7 PAGE.
1. Drmca—Perianth colored, tubular-funnel-shaped, the border wavy or eb-
scurely toothed. Stamens long and slender. Drupe oval.—Flowers light
yellow, preceding the leaves. m ‘ 863.
; 2. Dapane.—Perianth 4-cleft, marescent; limb spreading. Drupe 1-seeded.
; He : tc shrubs, with the leaves from terminal buds and the flowers from ‘ni
e ++ Flowers with both calyx and corolla. <3
Oxxco s.—Calyx superior, 4-cleft. Corolla 4-parted, with long revolute
_ divisions. Anthers tubular, 2-parted.—-Slender trailing shrubs, with
evergreen leaves. : : 212
f ee * v4 g : .
Me sta.—Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Corolla 4-cleft, globose. Cap-
‘sule 4-celled, 4 valved.—Heath-like shrubs, with evergreen leaves. 216
Vacorntuu.—Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-toothed. Corolla ovoid, bell- —
shaped, urn-shaped or cylindrical.—Shrubs. ae te
Tropx0LuM.—Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, colored, spurred. Petals £ ord, unequal. Fruit
-3 indehescent 1-seeded nuts.—Straggling or twining herbs, withapungen&
juice. a aclu 2 OO
Acer.—Polygamous. Capsule a double samara.—Leaves opposite. 69
Crper Il. Dicynra.—2 Pistils or sessile stigmas.
Aczr.--Calyx 5-lobed, or 5-parted. Petals5or more. Stamens6to8. Samara '
2-winged unitelat base, 1-seeded.—Trees, with siinple palmately-lobed
leaves, and mosily polygamous flower s. ; a ice
U.tmus.—Capsule a single 1-celled samara.—Tr ees, with allernate leaves. 311
OrpeErR III. Triagynrta.—3 Pistils.
CuRYSOSPLENIUM.—Calyx 40r 5-cleft, colored. Capsule inversely heart-shaped,
many-seeded.—Low her bs, with fleshy leaves, and small flowers. 129
Po.ygonuM.—-Perianth mostly 5-parted, petaloid. Achenium triangular or
lenticular.—Her bs, with jointed stems and small flowers. :
CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA.—9 Stamens.
308
OppER I. Monoaynta.
+LAURACEX. Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and
clustered flowers. -_ * 307
Orpver III. Triaynra.—s3 Pistils.
RueuM. Perianth colored, 6-sepalled, persistent. Stigmas multipid, reflex-
ed. Achenia 3-angled. Flowers fasciculate, in racemose panicles,
CLASS X. DECANDRIA.—10 Stamens.
OrpER I. MonogynrA.—1 Style.
* Flowers polypetalous.
+ Flowers irregulas (mostly papillionaceous.) - Toe
_
Baptista. Petals 5, nearly equal. Legume stalked in the persistent calyx.—
Herbs, with palmately 3-foliate eaves, and racemed yellow or blue flowers. 93
XxXxvil
; «SLABS X.
PAGE.
Cznois.—Petals with claws. Stamens unegual.—TZrees, with simple round
heart-shaped leaves and rose-colored flower s. .
Cassti.—Petals 5, unequal. Stamens unequal, 3 lower ones longest.—Herbs,
with abrupt pinnate leaves and yellow jiowers. —
+t Flowers regular or nearly so.
Decopen.—Petals and stamens on the tube of the calyx. 5 stamens very long,
the alternate ones shorter.— Hz7 bs, with opposite or whorled leaves and:
azilary clustered flower s. ee. welts
CieTaRA.—Corolla of 5 distinct petals. Style slender. Shem _ Capsule 3-
celled, 3-valved. —Shrudbs, with alter nate leaves, and white flowers. 215
Gopum.—Stamens-5 to 10, exserted. Capsule 5-celled, 5-yalyed.— Low evergreen
shrubs, with white flowers. ’
Prz0La.—Petals conyerging. Filaments awl-shaped. Style.long, mostly de-
clined. Stigmas 5.—Low.snioolth evergreen herbs. Leaves roundish.
Flewers in a raceme. 219
CurmaPaina.—Petals widely spreading. Filaments dilated and hairy in the
mddle. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a broad 5-crenate
stigma.—Hvergreen herbs, with fragrant white or purplish flowers, co-
xy mbed or umbelied.
Gsaramium in Class.Monodelphia, Order Decandria.
tTt Leafless herbs destitute of green.
Hyvopitys.—Corolla of 4 or 5 distinct petals. Stamens 8 to10. Siigma disk-
39
like — Flowers racemed. ai;
Moworzopa.—Corolla of 5 petals. Ant hers short.—A white herb, with.a single
fiower. 22:
** Corolla monopetalous.
Vacaxstum.—Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4or 5 toothed. Corolla ovoid, bell-.
shaped. urn-shapec, or cylindrieal, 4. or é-clef*.. Style erect, longer
than the stamens. Berry giov0se.—Shkruds or under-shrubs, wilh while or
reddish flowers. 210;
GauitTareia.Corolla evoid-tubular, the limb with 5 small revolute lobes.
Berry globular, red.—Spicy evergrecn low herbs, with white flowers. 212:
ErigzaA—Corolla salver-form, with a 5-parted border, and a long tube, villous
within.— Trailing everg7 cen herbs with pale rose-color ed frugrant flowers. 213.
AxpRromEeDs.— Corolla ovoid-eylindrical. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seed-
; ed.—Shrubs, with racemed or clustered flowers.. 218;
Ruopora —Corolla irregular and 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-lobed or 3-cieft, the __
lower 2parted. Stamens declined.—A shrud, with pale purple flowers. 213
RuopopexnDz0n.—Corolla mostly bell-shaped.. Stamens and: style mostly de-
ciined.— Shrubs, with glossy evergreen leaves, and large showy Jlowers, in
terminal corymbs or clusters. 2
Eatura.—Corolla between whee}-shaped and: bell-shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 de-
pressions, which hold*the anthers. Style straight—Hvergreen shrubs,
trith showy flowers in umbel-like eorymbs: 21
Pramospora—A leafless purplish-brown herb, destitute of green. Corollaovate-
urn-shaped, 5-toothed —Flowers in a raceme. 22
“
Onpzr Il. Dicynra.—2 Styles or sessile Stigmas. |
EixyDRANGRA.—Marginal flowers often sterile and radiant. Petals ovate, sessile.
Stamens 8 to10,slender. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded, opening by &
hole between the 2 persistent styles.— Shrubs, with opposite paieled leaves
ss and numerous flowers in compound cymes.. ;
" EXxvili CLASS XI.
PaGz. :
SAXIFRAGA. —Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5,entire, with short claws. Capsule
ba — Herbs, with cluster ed root-leaves, and yellow white and greenish
wens.
Mrretta.—Petals 5, inserted into the calyx, slender, pinnatifid—Slender herbs,
with round cordate leaves, and small greenish and white fiowers.
| Tuneua—Petals 5, with claws, entire, inserted into the calyx. Stamens long *
ated: —Eerbs, with radical cordate leaves and white flowers.
—Calyx funine, 5-toothed. Petals 5, with long claws. Capsule
7 yblong, 1-celied, 4-toothed at the apex. — Flowers cymose clustered.
; a tubular, with scaly bractlets at the base. Petals 5, with
ws.—Ornamental plants, with very showy and fragrant flowers.
oh —Sepals 5, united below in an-induratedcup, inclosing the 1-seced-
ed utricle.—Homel) Yy weeds. —
Orver III. Taraynra.—3 Pistils. ss
Srtzwu.—Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, with elaws, mostly crowned.
at the orifice; limb bifid. Capsule 3-celled at base, ope ning by 6 teeth at
the top. — Flower: S solitary or ti cymes.
Sterianra.—Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, 2-parted. Capsule Leelled, 3 or +
valved. Small grass-like herbs, with white fiowers in forked. cymes.
AzeEnaria—Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 6, entire. Capsule 1-celled, 3-yalyed.—
Flowers white, hs &2
be
OrpDER V. PENTAGYNIA.—9d, Pistils..
Lycanis.—Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Petals 5, with claws,
limb slightly cleft —Cwoila sometimes crowned. 50
CrrastivM.—Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, bifid or. emarginate.—F lowers white,
in terminal cymes. si
SpercuLa.—Calyx. 5-parted. Petals 5, entire.—Leaves im whorls. Flowers
white, cymose. 64
HMoiiveo.—Sepals 5, united at base. Styles short.—Homely herbs, with 9 Sie :
late leaves and small white solitary. flowers. 6s
@xaLis.—Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens unequal, more
or. less. monodelphous.—Her bs, with leaves of 3 inversely heart-shaped
filets. : é3
SepvuM.—Sepals and petals 5, rarely 4. Carpels 5, many-secded, with a little
scale at the base of each.—Thick-leaved herbs, with cymose flowers. 125
PEgNTHORUM.—Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5,or none. Carpels 5, united at:
the base-into a 5-beaked, 5-celled capsule—Upright herbs, with sini 5
green flowers. 126
PortuLacca —Sepals 2, adherent to the bass of the capsule, which oe by &
64.
ow Sik herds.
OrpeErR X. Decaaynra.—10 Pistils.
Purrotacca.—Perianth 5-ieaved. Berry depressed, 10-eelled, 10-seeded. 203
CLASS XL DODECANDRIA—12 to 19 Stamens.
OxpER L Monoeynta.—l Pistil.
PoLamista.—Sepals 4, distinct, spreading. Petals 4, unequal, with clawa—
Strong-scented herbs, with digittate leaves. at
ire
—
CLASS XII. “XxXxIx
» % oat ; ‘PAG.
* Petals 5 to9. (Stamens sometimes 6 to 20.) |
PopoPHYLLUM.—Sepals oval, caducous, Petals 6 to 9, obovate, concave. Berry
_ _. large, ovoid, 1-celled.— Leaves 2, 1-sided, palmately lobed. 16
Heupsonta —Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stigma simple. = Bly heath-like smal
shrubs. Flowers small, bright yellow. 41
Lresta—Calyx 8-sepalled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals. Petals 3. Stamens
to 12. Stigmas 3. Capsule 8-celled, 3-valved.—flowers very ~ x
greenish or purplish. AL
Porronacca.—Calyx 2-parted. Petals 4 to 6, equal. Stamens8 to 20, ‘Style
mostly 5-cleft—Fleshy herbs. ~
TaLinum.—Sepals 2, evate. Petals 5. Stamens 10 to 30 inserted with the petals
into the torus. Style filiform, 3-cleft.—Fleshy herbs.
Cupnsa.—Calyx tubular. Petals very unequal, 6-or-7. Stamens in 2 sets. _
Stigma 2-lobed.— Herbs, mosily ee 118
“* * Corolla monodelphous.
SappatiA._Calyx 7 to 1l-paried. Corolla 7 to 11-parted, wheel-shaped.. Style
2parted. Capsule 1-celled.— Flowers showy. 285
AsarntM.—P erianth bell-shaped, with a 3-parted limb. Style united, bearing
6 radiating crested stigmas at the apex.—Leaves kidney-shaped.
Oxper II—VI. Di-Hexacynta.—2to6 Styles or Stigmas.
Hrpzricum.—Petals 5. Styles 3 to 5. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.—F lowers
yellow.
Eopra.—Sepals 5. _ Pétals 5, oblong. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 to 15) in 3 parcels.
Styles 3, distinct.— Flowers purplish.
Resepa.—Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, unequal, often cleft. Stamens 10 to 40,
turned to one side.—Flowers very small.
CLASS Xf. ICOSANDRIA.—More than 10 Stamens
placed on the calysx.
KATURAL ORDER ROSACES. 96
+ AMYGDALEZ.—Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous.
Style terminal. Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit)—Trees or shrubs, with simple
leaves, the bark exuding gum. 96
1. Prounvus.—Drupe oval or oblong, covered with a glaucous bloom, the stone _
- flattish, smooth, 2:edged—Small trees. 96
2. CrEasus.—Drupe globular, without a bloom; stone round, smooth.—TZrees _
or shrubs. _
%. PezrsicA—Drupe very fleshy, tomentose or smooth; stone somewhat com-
pressed, acute, rngosely furrowed and perforated on the surface.—Small
trees. 98
4. AmyepaLus.—Stone perforate and furrowed, arate, compressed, one edge
acute, the other broad, obtuse.—Shrubs, with reddish flowers. 99
_¥+t ROSACEZ proper.—Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing
them inthe tube. Pistilsfew tomany. Fruit achenia or follicular. 99
* Pistils mostly 5, forming few-seeded follicles in fruit. Style terminal.
6. Spirza.—Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish, equal. Carpels 3 to 12, dis-
‘tinct.—Shrubs or herbs, with white or rose-colored flowers. 95
_Guzenta.—Calyx tubular, bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5 linear-lanceolate.
~ Stamens 10 to 20. Carpels 6, distinct. Saget with 3-foliate incised leaves _
‘i ge whitish flowers. 108
Ry ea a PAGE,
sa F ils mostly numerous, forming seed like ach enia 0 or little drupes in fruit.
7, Aon sIA.—Petals 5. Stamens 12 to 15. Styles 2. Achenia 2% invested
ha gabe er ey with yellow flowers. 101
8 Saxaursons. =o Petals none. Stamens 4; — Her’ with une
innat o> 104
9. Porrrrum. —Flo ious. Calyx-limb 4-parted. Stam to 30.
‘ ire filiform.— unequally pinnate. 102 .
My: Guum.—Calyx 5 cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. ‘Style long, persis-— .
tent. Achenia hooked.—Leaves pinnate or lyrate. : 102
11. Wa.psternta.—Calyx 5-cleft. Petals5 to10. Stamens many. Styles 5 to
8.—Low herbs, with 3 to 5-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers
on bracted scapes. 03
‘12. Darmarpa—Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger eieiat
toothed. Stamens numerous. ‘Styles 5 to 8.—Low herbs, with creeping
and tufted Ses, payed tale ‘heart-shaped leaves and white flowers. 1038
merous! inserted into the border of the disk. Style
4 Fr uit composed of many pulpy carpels, aggregated on
le—Half shrubby plants, armed with prickles.
14. Rosa ees urn-shaped, fleshy. Pistils numerous, inserted on the
hollow receptacle that lines the calyx-tube — Prickly shrubs, with edda-
‘pinnate leaves, and showy mostly red and white flowers. 105
‘*** Colyx open and flattish. Stamens and pistis numerous. Frutt of dry
‘achenia, or immersed in the juicy receptacle.
PoTENTILLA.—Receptacle flattish, dry. Calyx 10-cleft. Petals 4 or 5—Herbs ,"
or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or eymose flowers. 483
-FRAGARIA.—Receptacle enlarged and juicy’in fruit, bearing’ the minute achenia
over its surface.—Low herbs, with runners, raGical 3-foliate leaves, and
white fiowers.
‘+++ POME Z.—Calyx-tube thick aud fleshy in fru it (forming a pome) includ- —
‘ing and cohering with 2 to 5 ovaries.—-Trees or shrubs, with alternate
simple or compound leaves. _-
15. Craracus—Stamens10 to 15 or many. Styles 1 to 5. Carpels “Tong in
fruit.— Thorny trees or shrubs. Flowers mostly white, in corymbs. - 108
16. AMALANCHIER.—Stamens many. Styles 5. Pome 8 to 5-celled—Small trees
or shrubs, with ie tes serrate leaves, and white flowers in’racemes. 1
“47. Pyrus.—Stamens numerous. Styles 2:to 5. Carpels thin in fruit, 2-seed-
ed.—Trees or shrubs, with simple or pinnate leaves, and white or "reddish
Jlowers in cymose corymbs. 109°
_ 8. CypoytA.—Stamens many. Styles 5. Pome 5-carpelled.—Shrubs, with _
sstmple leawes, and mostly solitary flowers. 111
Orprr I—V. Mono-PentaagyniaA.—1 to 5 Pistils.
‘OPUNTIA.—Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals. Style with numerous
erect stigmas.— Stem composed of flat and broad fleshy Joints, bearing
~clusters of bristles or spines. 119
Dzcopen —Calyx short, 10-toothed, 5 teeth longer and spreading.—Leaves
whorled or clustered. Flowers axillary, purple. 11
“CupHea.—Petals 6 to 7, unequal. Stamens 12, in 2 sets.—Lcaves uae
entire. 113
- Warycantaus.—Calyx-lobes imbricdted in many rows, colored, leathery] :)
fleshy. — Shrubs, with dull-purple Fragrant Sowers.
‘SF! . "4 Pp: ra. "st ‘
ae ———E—
“chass 3 XI POLY ANDRLA.—
Tiida —F sathery, eigbular, by abortion 1 ce ed,
eet XU.
Many Stamens
iy €
serted on the receptucle.
as Orpen I. Monoerynra.—l
r 2 seeded. —Trees,
HELIANTHEMUM aes 5, the 2 outer Snalloe es s, wi 2 yellow ‘flowers,
AcT#A.—Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 te 8, spatulate. Berry many-seed. ‘Stigma
depressed. — Leaves lernutely divided. Flowers w. Lite, racemed. aa
oj ening only in sunshine. ‘
Pistil.— Hy - ¢? is
“Cixcnrtea. —Petals 3 ~ 8, spatul:te, emelJ, en claws, 2-horned at the apex.
SaRRACENIA.—Petals and sepals 5. Style umbrella-shaped. —Leaves pitcher-
Syupiza.—Sepals 4. Petals numerous. Stigma surr
Pistils 1 to 8, forming dry follicular carpels i in fruit. —Plowers white m7
long slender rucemes.
~shaped, inflated. Flowers large, en a scape. Mar
“Aquatics, with showy wiiie or rose-colored Sragrent fl
-Nupwar.—Sepals 5 or 6, concave, colored within. Petals numerous, small and
P
ete. Stigma discoid, with permanent rays.—Zeaves floating.
‘lowers yellow. e
Pam psrpavs. —Calyx 4 or 5eparted. Petals 4-or 5-petailed. Style 4-cleft.
Capsule 4-celled, 4-valyed.— Shrubs. with opposite leaves, and white flowers.
19
130
ET PAPAVARACE®. —Herbs, with milky or colored juice, alternate simple orf
divided leaves, and regular flowers with wecip eee sepals. Flowers soli-
tary on long peduncles, never blue. Sepals 2 or 3, falling off when the
flower expands. Style short.
SANGUINARIA.—Sepals 2. Petals 8 to 12, in 2 series —A low herb, with
thick prostrate rootstocks, filled with scarlet ‘juice.
Meconopsis:—-Sepals 2,hairy. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 to 6,radiating.—Herbs,
nuith a yellow juice, and pinnatifid lea vés.
ARGEMONE.—Sepals 3. Petals 4 to 6. Stigmas 4 to 6, radiate—Herbs, with
pricily spines and yellow juice.
Caztiponium.—Sepals 2, smooth. Petals 4. Stigma 2-lobed. = tenes, with
britile stems, and yellow juice.
PaPAver.—Sepals 2, concave. Petals4,. -Stigma sessile, united in a flat 4
to 20-rayed crown.—Exoties.
EscHscno.tzia.—Sepals 2, cohering by theiredges. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 to
‘7, sessile. — Glauceus herbs, with 2 to 3-pinnatifid leaves, with near seg-
ments, and yellow flowers.
‘See Hudsonia, Pcdophyllum, Portulacca, Talinum, Hypericum, Reseda and
Cuphea i in Class-Dodocandria.
‘OnpEr II—XIII. D1-Poryoynta.—2 to many Styles
Stigmas.
ay RANUNCULACE ®.—Herbaceons plants, occasionally climbing, with usually
a.
palmately or ternately lobed or divided leaves, with ‘half clasping
petioles.
Ciematis.—Calyx 4 (rarely 5 to 8)-sepalled, colored, pubescent. Achenia
numerous, bearing long plumose tails.— Fer ennial vines, with mostly com-
“pound and onposite leaves.
- AneMoNE.—Sepals 5 to 15, petal-like, colored. Achenia mucronate.—Herbs, —
wih radicalleaves, a Qor 3-leaved imvolucre, and-whitish flowers.
re
Be Sok
~
\™ -
shi CLASS XIII.
PAGE.
8
Hepatica.—Involucre 8-leaved, resembling acalyx. Petals 5 to 9, disposed —
in Zor3 rows. Carpels many, without awns.—Leaves all radical, 8-
lobed. Flowers blue or whitish, simple. ‘
“4. TRALICTRUM.—Sepals 4or more, petal-like. Achenia 4 to 15, dry, tipped by
the stigma or style—Herb3, with 2 or 3 ternately compound leaves, and
white or greenish flowers. «
z)
. Ra KUNCULUS.—Sepals 5. deciduous. Petals 5, or rarely more, with a little
_- seale at the base inside. Carpels numerous, in a globose or cylindrical —_
head.— Herbs, with mostly radical leares, and yellow flowers. 4
6. Hyprastis.—Sepals 3, ovate. Carpels berry-like, numerous, in a globose |
head.—A low herb, with a single radical leaf, a simple hairy stem 2-leaved
near the summit, and « single greenish-white flower. : T
wT.
CaLtas.—Calyx colored, with 5 to 10 roundish sepals. Pistils 5 to 10.—
Smooth herbs, with round heart-shaped or kidney-form leaves, and yellow
Jlowers. 7
$8. Tarortus.—Sepals 5 to 15, petaloid. Petals 6 to 25, small, Hnear. Pistils _
many.—Leaves palmately parted. Flowers large, solitary and terminal. 8
°§. Coptis.—Sepals 5 to7. Petals 5 to 7, small, hooded. Péstils 3 to 7 on slen-.
der stalks.—Low smooth herbs, with radical leaves, a long yellow rhizoma
and wiite flowers. 8
10. Aquitrera.—Petals 5, longer tan the,5 deciduous sepals, spurred, tubular.
Pistils 5, with slender styles— Herbs, with 2 or 3-ternately compound leaves,
and large, showy, nodding flower s. 8
11, Ds_pnintcm.—Upper sepals spurred. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair
terminating in a tubular spur, enclosed in the calyx-spur.—Flowers blue,
white, red or purple. g
12. AconituM.—Upper ‘sepals hooded, recieving the 2 long-clawed petals.—
Leaves pelmaie or digitate. 10
18. Acrza and 14 Crnciruea in Order I. ZantHoRIzA in Class V, Order V.
16. H eLtepornus.—Sepals 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Petals 8 to 10, very
short, tubular, 2-lipped. Stigmas3to10. Follicles 3 to 10—Flowers
large, nodding, greenish,
12
“® Cultivated exotics.
L7. Pzonta—Sepals 5, unequal. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, mostly chan-
ged to petals. Stigmasdouble. Ovaries 2 to5.—Flowers largeand showy,
terminal. 12
18, Aponis.—Sepa Is 5, appressed. Petals 5 to 15, with naked claws. Achenia
in a spike, pointed with the persistént style—Leaves finely divided.
Flowers mosily red. _ : Pel
‘19. NiceLta.—Calyx:of 5 colored sepals. Petals 5, 3-cleft. Styles 5.—Leaves in
many linear subulate segments. , 13
“++ Styles 2 to 5.— Herbs, or shrubs. ¢
HypzricuM.—Sepals 5, more or Jess united. Petals 5. “Capsule ‘membranace-
ous.—Leaves opposite, entire, punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers ydldw. 44
Ascyrum.—Sepals 4, the 2inner ones much smaller. Petals 4—Lew plants, -
with pale black-doited leaves and vale-yellow flewers. 46
Asimina—Sepals 3, united at the base. Petals 6, in 2 rows, inner ones smal-
lest. Pistils few forming large oblong pulpy frait-——Shrubs, with dull _
colored axillary and solitary flowers. ~ < 15
RasrpA—Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens turned
to one side.— Herbs, with very small flowers. 5
+t t Styles numerous.
Maenor1a.—Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6 to 12, in concentric series. Stamens
distinct, with short filaments and long anthers.—Trees or shrubs, with _
large frayrant. flowers. . 13
CLASS XIV. xis
» a PAG#..
LIBIODENDRON.—Sepals3, caducous. Petals 6, in 2 rows, forming a bell-shaped
corolla. Carpels imbricated in a cone.—Large trees, with showy flowors. 14
Brasenta.—Calyx of Sor 4 sepals. Petals 3 or 4. Carpels oblong, acuminate
1 to 2-seeded.— Aquatic herbs
» with floating centrally peltate leaves, and
solitary axillary flowers. 7 WwW
Nztumpium.—Calyx petaloid, of 4 to 6 sepals. Petals numerous. Carpels nu-
merous. Seeds large, round.— Aquatic herbs, with peltate fleshy radical
leaves, and very large yellowish-white flowers. ae 13
CLASS XIV. DIDYNAMIA.—4 Stamens, 2 longer than
. the other 2.
Onper. I. GymMNospermia.— Seeds apparently naked..
¢ LABIATZ.—Herbs, with square stems, opposite
aromatic or strong-scented
leaves, and a more or less 2-lipped corolla. sis 2
* Corolla with the border nearly equally 4 or 5-cleft.
1. Isantavs.—Stamens 4, nearly equal. Corolla 5-lobedi— 4 clammy herd,
with pale blue flowers. *
2 Mentua.—-Stamens 4, distant. Corolla 4-lobed; lobes spreading.— Aromatic
herbs, and small pale-purplish flowers in close axillary whorls. 259
3. Lycopus.—Stamens 2. Corolla 4-lobed; lobes spreading.—Leaves sharply
toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers white, whorled.
4 Oxzicganum.—Stamens 4, Corolla 4-lobed, the upper lobe or lip erect.— -
Flowers purplish, crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes... 251
*£ Corolla evidently .2-lipped.
6. CoLtinsonta.—Calyx 2lipped. Corolla elongated, the pendent:middle lobe
of the lower lip much longer than the others ;lacerate-fringed. Stamens _
2, much exserted.— Flowers yellowish. 282
6. Hepzoma.—Calyx 2lipped; the lower lip 2-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla
flat, the lower equally 3-lobed: Stamens 2, erect, exserted.—Leaves
small. Flowers pale blue, ane
T. Cunma—Calyx equally 5-toothed. Upper coroHalip flattish, the lower
somewhat unequally 3-lobed.. Stamens erect, exserted.—F lowers small :
white or purplish, in corymbed:cluster's.
8. Buernitta—Calyx short 2-lipped, the 3 teeth of the upper lip awned. Cor-
olla dilatedsat the-throat, the lips oblong. Stamens 2:—Flowers pale “
bluish-purple, crowded inaxillary and terminal globose whorls. 253
9.
MownarDs.—Calyx tubular, 5-toothed: Corolla-lips linear, the upper invol-
ving the filaments. Stamens 2:—F lowers large, showy, ina few capitate
whorls. 253
10. Satvia.—Calyx and corolla strongly 2-lipped. Stamens 2.—F lowers usually
large and showy. 254
©¢* Stamens 4, the upper pair longer.
11. CeRDRONELLA.—Stamens all: ascending. Upper lip of the corolla flattish,
the threat much enlarged.— Sweet-scented herbs, with pale purplish flowers. 255
12. Nepeta—Stamens all ascending. Upper corolla-lip more or less concaye
or-vaulted: Anthers mostly approximate.
13. DracocepHaLuUM.—Stamens all ascending under the upper lip. Upper calyx-
tooth largest, ovate. Bracts awn-toothed.
‘14. LopaanrHus.—Stamens diverging, exserted, the upper pair curved dowzr--
_ ward, the lower ascending.— Flowers small, crowded in terminal spikes. 2565
99% Samens4, the lower pair longer.
>
xliv CLASS XIV.
i Re:
15. PrcNANTHEMUM.—Calyx nearly equally. 5-toothed, naked in the throati— —
Flowers whitish or flesh-colored. 257
15. Tarmus.—Calyx 2-lipped; woolly in the throat. Corolla short, sligh tly 2.
lipped.— Low mostly diffuse herbs, with small leaves. 25:
€S*** Slumens ascending in pairs, under the vaulted upper lip.
17. Cumopopium.—Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, more or less 2-lipped, 5-toothed.
Upper corolia lip filattish— Flowers purplish, in capitate whorls. 253-
18. Mezissa.—Calyx naked in the throat, 13-nerved, 5-tocthed, more or less 2-
lipped.— F lowers whitish, in loose one-sided clusters. ;
19. PruneLLA.—Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate, 3-toothed, flat. Upper
corolla-lip arched.— # lowers violet or jlesh-colored, in clusters of 6. ’ 259-
20. SCUTELLARIA: —Lips of the vaulted calyx entire. Upper corolla lip-arched,
entire —Bitier herbs, with axillary spiked or racemed flowers, mostly blue. 259°
21. Parsostecia.—Calyx 5-toothed, inflated-bell-shaped after flowering. Upper
lip of the inflated corolla somewhat spreading.— Flowers large and showy,
Jlesh colored or purplish, in crowded spikes. ‘ 26%:
22. Lamium.—Calyx 5-nerved, 5-toothed. Throat of the corolla inflated, lateral
lobes truncate or with a tooth-like appendage.— Decum bent herbs, wth
azillury whorled clusters of purplish flowers. 261
33. Lzonurvs.—Calyx 5-nerved, 5-toothe4, the teeth awl-shaped, rigid or spine-
like.— Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves. 2é1
2%. GaLzopsis.—Calyx 5 to 10-awned, with.5 spiny pointed teeth. Throat of —
the corolla inflated.— Herbs, with spreading branches. 262
25. Stacuys.—Calyx 5 to 10-flowered, 5-toothed.— Herbs with 2 to manyflowered
whorls, approximated in terminal racemes or spikes. 262°
26. Marrcsium.— Calyx tubular, mostly 10-toothed. tamens in the corolla-
tube.— Whitish woolly biiler her: bs, with whitish flowers. 2C3.
ee ees Stamens curved, ascending and much longer than the corolla.
27. Trionostz3sA—Cal yx unequally 5-cleft. Corolla-limb unequally 5 cleft; the i"
lobes declined.— Herbs, somewaat clammy, with blue flowers. 253.
25. Tsvcrium.—Calyx equally or unequally 5-toothed. Corolla
between the & upper lobes, the stamens exsertet | from the ¢
downy.
aw
CULTIVATED EXOTICS.
29. Ocruum.—Corolla inverted or sub-bilabiate, the 4 upper lobes nearly equal.
Exterior filaments with a process at their base. - 264:
30. LayeNDULA—Calyx tubular. nearly equal.—Shrubdy odoriferous plants, .
with narrow rigid leaves and:small white flowers. 264
51. Rosrmarinus.—Calyx ovate-bell-shaped.—An erect evergreen shrub, with
bright blue flowers, axillary and terminal.
32. Satorrsa —Calyx 5- toothed, tubular 10-ribbed.— Leaves numerous, small
narrow. Flowers pink-color ed, in axillary cymes. 265:
33. Hyssorsus.—Calyx 5-toothed.— Foliage delicate. Flowers bright biae, in one-
sided cymes.
tt YERBEN ACE Z.—Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves and a more or less
2-lipped irregular corolla. Fruit dry or ceapecee 18 nena sp
when ripe into a 1 to 4-seeded nutlets. 247;
L Versenwa—Calyx 5-toothed, tubular. Corolla tubul: en cu oe salver-
form, the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. § lender.— Herbs,
with mostly alternately spicate bracted flowe: es bractea. or
corymbed. ae og ur
3. Puryma.—Calyx and corolla 2lipped: Style slender. Fruit Leelled, 1
seeded.— Flowers small, purplish or rose-color, opposite. — 248
3. Liepra.—Calyx and corolla 2lipped. Fruit 2-celled, Zeseeded.—-Heads of.
Jicwers on axillary ped Se 242.
a ig 4 am es
;
. :
>
ae PS hs ae
ty CLASS XIV. xly
OxpEr II. AnGriospeRMrA.— Seeds in a distinct capsule.
PAGE.
+SOROPHULARIACEZ. —Chiefly herbs with the wbanens inserted on the
tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla. Fruit a.2-celled
and usually many- -seeded capsule or pod. Style single. 235
2. Linarra.—Calyx 5-parted. vUorolla tubular, with a palate, and a spur at
the base on the lower side. Capsule opening by 2 chinks.— Herbs.
3, ANTIREINUM.—Calyx 5-sepalled. Corolla gibbous (not spurred) at base, the
' throat closed by the prominent palate. Capsule opening by 3 pores.—
Flowers showy, ia leasy terminal racemes.
* Stamens 4, with s 5th rudimentary seale or sterile filament.
4. ScRoPHULARIA.—Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with a short ‘bordér.
Flowers greentsh-purple. in loose cymes, forming a terminal panicle.
5. Coxunsra.—Coroila de eeply Zlipped, gibbous on the upper side, ‘the middie —
lobe - the lower lip keeled-sac-shaped, inclosing the stamens.
6. : Castowz.—Corolla tubular, inflated obove, the moutha little open. Anthers
woolly.—Leuves opposite, serrate. Flowers white or purplish. 237
7. PzntstTemMON-—Oorolla tubular, often‘enlarging above. Sterile filament
jong, bearded or naked.—Plewer's showy, in thyrsotd panicles.
** Stamens 4, withouta rudimentary fifth,
§. PavzonstA.—Corolla-tube long declinate, enlarged above-—An ornamental
tree, with very large leaves, and. purplish flowers.
9. D:eirauis.—Corolla bell-shaped, ventricose, it in 5 subequal lobes.— Flowers
large, in showy racemes. 239
16. Mrmuxnus.—Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. drole tubular, the upper
lip erect or re fiexed-spreading, the lower spreading, 3-lobed.— Herbs, with
square stems, aud handsome jiowers on solitary aaillar y. peduncles. 239
W1. Merpzstis—Calyx &parted, unequal, the upper divisions ‘broadest ‘and
often ipnsest Corolla short.—Prostrate or creeping. 240
+ Lobes of the corotla Slat and open.
A.—Corolla open beli-shaped, &-cleft.—Small and creeping Feeshy |
herbs, with single flowers.
18. Bucanera.—Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a straight or
curved tube.— # lowers blue, in.terminal bracted spikes.
19. Gzrarpia.—Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. Corolla enlarged -above.— Flowers
showy, purple or yellow, often in racemes or spikes. 244
- $F Upper lip of the tubular corolla erect, arched, including the 4 stamens.
20. CASTILLEJA.— Calyx cleft: down’the lower, and often also on the upper side.
Lower corolla-lip very smail.—Leaves entire or cut-lobed, the floral ones
colored red or yellow. 245
21. ScmwaiBEA.—Culyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth smallest.—
Flowers dull yellow, in a loose spike. 246
22. PsepicunsRis.—Pod -ovate or sword-shaped.—Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers in
terminal spikes, ae or purplish. 24
23. Metampyrrum.—C: 21
yellowish, rei ed, qcilldry. 247
** * Trees, shinten or herbs often twining or climbing.
Tacoma —Calyx pell-shaped, 5-too thed. Corolla fannel-form, &-lobed, sli: zhitly
irregular. Capsuie long an @ narrow.—Trees or shrubs often elim ng
with digittate or. pinnate | leaves.
Manrysn. —Calyx S:cleft. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, Capsule at length
with 2.long hooked horns.—Leaves subcorddts. Plowerslarge, racemed. 233
Mm Ow
CLASS XV.
t a PA
DipreRicaNTaus.—Corolla funnel-form, the spreading limb nearly — )
and equally 5-cleft. Anthers arrow-shaped.— Flowers blue or purple,.
clustered. 234
“THUNBERGIAW—Calyx double, 5-cleft, with 2 bracts. Corolla bell-shaped, with
an inflated tube, and S-lobed limb.—Ezetic climbing herbs, with ‘showy
axillary flowers. 235
*#** Herbs destitute of green foliage.
Epipgecus.—Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile,
; with the corolla minute and not expanding.
CoNoPuo.is.—Flowers in a dense spike, scaly throughout. Ccrolla ventricose,
2-lipped. Stamens protruded.
APHYLLON.—Flowers solitary on naked peduncles orsca‘pes. Corolla tubular.
Stamens incl uded. rw 2a
‘CLASS XV. TETRADYNAMIA.—6 Stamens, Pe ate
and 2 short :
~
OrpvErR I. Sinicurosm.—Pod short aad broail.
: 1. Tauaspr. 2. CApPsELLA. 3.-ER1opa@na, page 25. 4. Lipipium. 6. CAMELINA.
: 6. COCHLEARIA pace 26. ;
, Bid CULTIVATED EXOTICS.
7. AtyssuM. 8. Lunaria. 9. Iperis,.page 27. 10. Isatis, page 28.
‘Order IT. ‘Srrrqvesm.—FPod mostly long and narrow.
‘11. Dentarrs.—Silique ‘narrow-lanceolate, with the long style. mie wih @
Jew dirided leaves, and white-purple flowers. 28
_ 12. BarparFa.—Pod 4-:ngled, and somewhat 2-edged.—Leares lyr ately Pi
natifid. Flowers yellow. 22
12. Nasrtrtium.—Pod nearly terete, linear-oblong and curved upwards like
asilicle. Seeds small, Ariel arly 2-rowed in each cell, maryiniess.—
Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flow? s, and pinnate or
pinnatifid leaves. (The generic description on page 29 is wrong.) 29
44, Arapis.—Ped linear, plane; seeds in a single row in each cell—F lowers
white. , 30
15. IopanrHus.—Pod linear, elongated, terete. Style thick.—Flowers violet-
purple, in panicled racemes. i)
46 Canpamine.—Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically. — Flowers
sg avhite or purple. Bly)
s - 17. SystmpriumM.—Pod terete or rather 4 to 6-sided.—Flowers small, white or :
yellow. : 31
18. Erysimum.—Pods columner, 4-sided.— Flowers yellow. 32
19. Sinapsis.—Pods nearly terete, ‘with ashort beak. —Leaves lyrate, aati d
or incised. Flowers yellow. 32
220, “RapHANus.—Pod elongated, transversely many-celled. — lowers yellow: or
‘purplish. ; "83
21. CurmantHus.—Pod terete or compressed. Stigma 21obed or ‘Cnpitahee ss
‘Flowers fragrant showy, pale-purple or orange-yeliow. ; 33
~
CULTIVATED EXOTICS.
22. Hesperts:i—Pod 4-sided, Zaedged or suib-terete. Stigmas forked. — Flowers
purple. 34
23. Marrarora:—Pod terete. — Herbaceous or shrubby plants; clothed with a
pubescence.
24, Brassica.—Pod sub-compressed.—F lowcrs. yelloul.
CLASS XVL AND XVII. xlvii
CLASS XVL MONODELPHIA. —Filaments combined.
. ; un one set:
ORDER Tv TRiIi-PENTANDRIA.—<3. to. 5- Stamens Un
> Ts a Ogmeabet.
PAGE.
TigRmra. —Spathe 2-leaved, keeled, 1-flowered. Perianth 6-parted with oblong |
segments. Stamens 3: filaments united into a long tube. a
lar ge, very evanescent, yellow and red. 370°
RA.—Calyx 5-parted, eolored, the theoat crowned with a double or
t nle fringe. Petalsd or neue: Stamens 5. their filaments situated on
he stipe of the ovary. .Stigmas 3:—Climbing herbs or shrubs, with
almately lobed leaves. 121
Eqrcem.—Sepals, petelz and styles 5. Capsule 5 to 10-celled. 6b
Ouprr X. Decanprrs.—10 Stamens in one set.
Geraxrum. = ‘Sepals and petals 5. rezular- Stamens ail easile, the alternate.
ones longer, and with scales at the base.— Peduncles 1 i; 2,.0% 3-fldwered. 62:
GxZALIS.—Sepais and:petals.5.. Styles 5.—Zeaves mosily 3-foliate- - &
STYLOSANTHUS, page 88. TspPHRosié and AMORPHA, page 90. Lupinus, page 98.
y Ay
Orver XIII. Poryvanpria.— Many Stamens in one set.
+ MALVACE #. —Herbs or surubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular
ae ,With numerous stamens, monodel phous ins column. Pistils "
seyera E
1. Matya. page 57. 2. ALTHEA. s* Husiscvs, page 58. 4: ABUTILON, page 52.
5. Spa, page 60..
“CLASS XVII. DIADELPHIA. — Fil aments in 2 sets.
i»
ORDER VL HEXANDRIA.—6 Stamens.
FPFUW ARTACE E.—Delicate smooth herbs, with compound dissected leaves,
and irrezular flowers, with 4 somewhat waited petals. a.
i. Dy centri.—Sepals 2, small. Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred an
stemiess perennials, with simple scapes. 23 -
2. Corrpirts.—Corolla l-spurred at the base, deciduous. Style persistent.
Fruit a many-seeded pod.—F lowars in racemes. 23.
3. ApDLuUMTA—Corclla heart shaped, persistent, 4-lobed at. the apex — ad climd-
_ -trg ve. ‘ ; 24
4 Fowspis—Oorolla t-spurred: Fruit small, globular. 24
ORDER Vill. OcTANDRIA.—S8 Stamens in. 2 sets.
PoLtygata.—Sepals 5, persistent, 2.of them urn-shaped and colored. Petals 3
to 9, united oe ap esaens, the lower one Keel-form. 76
ORDER ‘X. Decanprra.—10° Stamens in 2 sets (mostly.
| 9 and 1).
MINOS #.Herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees, with alternate mostly
npound leayes, and papillionaceous flowers. Pistil single. Fruita »
ume, 77
xlviii — CLASS. XVII.
* Herbs with abrup tly. pinnate leaves, the common leaf-stalk produced inte &
tendril or bristle.. Feduncles axillary. -
1, Victa—Style bearded round tHe apex, or down the anterior side. maT
2. Lataygus.—Style bearded on the posterior side, flattened. 18
3. Pisum-—Legume oblong, tumid, many-secded. 80
4 Crcer.—Legume turgid, 2-seeded.— Flowers white. 80
ba
Faspa—Legume large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid.—Herbs, 8 sincere
tendrils. 80
** Twining or trailing plants, with edd-pinnate leaves of 2 to evenly —
destitute of tendrils.
6. Paaskonus:—KeefF spiral. nies 3-foliate, stipellate. * “81
7. Av1os.—Keel incurved, at length twisted. —Leaves 5 to T-foliate. . 82
8. GaLactia.—Calyx 4-cleft.—Leaves pinnately tri-foliate. > =
9.. CzntTRosema.—Calyx short, 5-cleft, with 2 bracteoles.. Peduncles few-flow-
exed.—Leuves pinnately-tri-fcliate.
10. AmpuicarPa.—Calyx 4 or 5-toothed. Ped uncles many-fowered. —Learves y
pinnately sri-foliate. 83
i. Wistanra.—Calyx bilabiate. Wings and keel sickle-shaped. — Twining
shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves, and blue flowers in racemes.
***Tegume separating into 2 te several lseeded joints. Leaves 3 to many-
pinnate.
12: ESCHYNOMENT. —Stamens equally diadelphous (S:andis). Legume several-
- jointed.— Leaflets numer ous.. 84
13. Hzprsarust.—Legume with many joints.— Leaves odd-pinnate. Bt
4. Desmopivm. —Stamens mostly diadeiphous (9 and 1). Legume seyeral-
jointed.— Leafists 2. Flowers purple or purplish. : 85
15. Lzspzpzza.—Anthers uniform. Legume of a single 1-seeded joint, ova! or
roundish. — Leaflets 3. i ST
KG: STYLOSA. NTHUS.—Stamens monodelphous; anthers of 2 forms. Legume L
or 2 jointed.—Leaflets 3. 83.
***€ Herbs, shrubs, ortrees, not, twining, climbing or tendril- tvaire £-
Tj. AstRacaLvs.—Legume: partly or quite 2-celled.—Herbuceous or shrubby.
aw Iraves odd-pinnate: 59
‘18. Rosiw1a.—Style bearded:—Tees-or shrubs, with prickly spines pinnate ey
and showy racemose ficwers. 89
19. TepHRosia.— Stamens monodelphous or rcarcely diadelphous.— Sing hadry
fends, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white and purplish Slowers.
29. AmorPHA.—Stamens monodelphous merely at the base. Petal ore.—
Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves. *
21. TriFoLiuM.— Flowers in dense heads.— Leaves trifoliate.
22. Msuotus.—Flowers in spiked racemes.—Leaves pinnately trifoliate.
23. Mzpioaco.— Flowers racemed or. spiked. Legume more or less. spiral.—
Leaves tri foliite.
24. CRoTALARIA.— Legume inflated, oblong —Leaves.simple. Flowers _yellore.
25. Lurinus.—Stamens m onodelphous.——Leaves palmately 5 to 15-foliate.
***** Stamens distinct. Corolla truly papillionaceous..
28. ee stalked in the persistent calyx, inflated Leaves 3-
oliate
27. CRROW.— Trees with simple rounded heart-shaped leaves.—Flower 6 rose-
- CLASS XVIII. xlix
CLASS XVIIE SYNGENESIA.—5'Anthers united in «
tube. “ure
‘a PAGS..
Gs. The plants of this class, with a féw-exceptions, Have 5 anthers united into
asingle tube. The flowers are in: heads inserted upon aicommon re-
ceptacle, which is surrounded by an involucre; being usually known as
Compound Flowers. They form. the Natural order Composite. __ 155
¥ TUBU LIFLIR.E.—Corolla of the perfect or disk flowers, tubular, regular. the
r limb 5-cleft or lobed; the ligulate or ray-flowers when present either
pistillat> only or neutral (with neither stamens or pistils), and occupy-
ing the border. 156
* Heads discoid (without ray-flowers) ; the flowers all alike,.
perfect tubular; branches of the style slender thread-forny
or bristle-form. ;
* Flowers violet or purple.
VerNonti, page 156. Kucpyantopss, page 156: :
** Heads discoid or radiate; branches of: the style much
elongated, obtuse or club-shaped.— Leaves mostly opposite.
* beke without ray-flowers. Flowers all aiike, tubular, blue, purple or whitioh:
nv yellow.
Diatais. page 157. Kr-va, p. 158. Sfikints, p. 158. Conocntniom, p. 158.
Eeeatoriw™, p. 159.
i: Heads ratiate (with ray-flowers); flowers dissimilar}; or Gitecious purplish
yellow.
Norzpoemt. p. 161. Tussraco. p. 171.
*** Heads radiate, rarely disenid ;. branches of the style:
more or less flattened and Hnear:—feecrves newstly alternate..
* Pals radiate: rays white; rellith, blue or purple, very rirely yellow.
7Tav.—ifeats maay-flowered. | Disk yellow, often changing to purple. 162:
GALATETEA. p. 156." Estazrox. p. 147. Dpiopapous. p. 16385 Bo:ronra, p. 1692.
; Szriqcarpes, p. 169. CaLvistepaus. p. 170. Dawu, p. 170.
** Heads radiate ; rays yellow, rarely whitish. a
; Sel : F
Soirpaa) —ID-ads few. or many-flowered, small.—Flowers expanding in the _
autumnal montrs.. We
Carysopsi8.— Wf -adsnveny-flowered:— Flowers large, golden yellow, terminating
the branches. l¥
‘IyxcLi.—tfeads mady-flowered; large.— Leaves large.. 174
Eorpta.—li2als many-fowere, small, with minute flowers.. 175
** = Tfeads discoid; flowers purplish.
Pivcraet.—Heads many-‘lowered; in corymbs..
*** * Weads radiate or discoid; branches of the style
linear, hairy or hisped at the apex, which is either truncated.
or produced in a conical or elongated appendage.
| * H-ads ratiate; flowers yellowish or greenish; sometimes monccious. .*
Poryav1i.—eaves opposite, larze.
_ §:ceatom.—Hfeads large, with yellow flowers.
E Anmrosta.—Ueads moneecious, the fertile at the base. and the sterile at the top
of the-spikes.—Coarse weeds, with loted or dissected leaves, and incon-_
‘a eo fineers. i,
7 Mm* .
175.
i ee XVII.
PAGE. Re
aan .—Fertile and sterile flowers occupying different heads on the same
plant. the fertile clustered: below; ‘the sterile in short spikes or racemes
abore.—COcarse planis.:
* * * * * Heads radiate or rarely discoid ; -the disk flowers
always perfect and fertile ; receptacle chaffy ; ; anthers black
ish, without tails at the base.—Leaves mostly opposite.
* Rays conspicuous, mostly large.:
Hs110Psis, p. 179. Ropsecsia, p. 179. LePacwys, p. 180. Hz.iaNTHUS, p. 180.
** Rays yellow, or orange-colored, rarely red, white or purple, or sometimes< —
wanting:
Gonzopsis, p. 182. Zinnra, p. 183. Tagurzs, p. 18k ActryomeRIs, p, 1$4..
BIDENS, p. 185. WsRBESSINA, p. 186.
+ Pappus composed of several distinct chaff scales.
“
Hzzienium.—Leares- decurrent: on: ths angled. stems.—Heads terminating the
by anches. 182
*** Roys-white:. Leaves much dissected:
Marvra; p.187. ANTHEMIS, p..187. ACHILLEA, p. 188, LEUCANTHUMUM, p. 188.
PYRETHEZUM, p. 189.
¥** Ornamental exotics, with white, yellow, red and purplerays. Leaves lobed:
(>?)
CuRYSANTHEMUM, page 189:
kx ae’ Eads mostly discon, fertile or heterogamous; .flowers-yellow or whitish. .
+ Leaves bipinnate or finely dissected. '
TanAcvetTuMm, p. 189.. ARTEMISEHA, p. 190.
+7 Leaves entire, white woolly:.
GNAPHALIUM, p.191. ANTENNARS, p. 131.. Finago, p, [922
*#k ee Heads mostly discoid. Puppus soft and axillary. Ztaves mostly al-
ternute.. Flowexs-whitish or yellow, rarely scarlet.
BREcHTHITES, p. 192°- CAcatia, p.103... Sznisio, p.194 Amyrca, p. 195..
%* es ** Weads ovoid, discoid, rarely. radiate, homoga-
mous: (rarely dicevious), heterogamous, with the marginal’
flowers in a- single -series:
_* Flowers mostly purple, blue or whitisy; ay yellowish: eaves often caverns
with sharp prickles.
JENTAURBA, p. 195. Crasium, p. 196. Ouarenate: p.., 198. Dara, p. 198
Cnicus, p. 199. , :
** Exotics with yellow, orange, or rarely white or purplish flowers.
GALENDULA; p. 199. CARrTHamus, p. 199. XERANTHEMTM, p. 200.
+} LIGULIFLOREZ.—#lowers all perfect, with liguiate (strap-shaped) Sota
throughout. Page 200\.
* Branches: of the style slender; obtuse, uniformly. eee
Herbs, with a milky:juice, and alternate leis VES
* Flowers blue, or purplish: .
€xrcsoR1UM; p- 200. Muieeprum, p. 204. TRacoroaon, p..205. CaTanancge, p. 206..
** Flowers yellow. Leaves radical, tyrate, toothed or pinnatiail.
“Kater, p. 201. Crnrata, p. 201_- Lzontoren, p. 20h Taraxicum, p. 203..
*** Flowers yellow; or rarely whitish or purplish: Stems leafy, more or les3=
CanTHia, p. 201. Hrrracium, p..202. Nasvxts,:p. 202.. Laercca, p; 204. Son-~ -
CaS, p. 200. oer Me p: 202. , ;
CLASS XIX. a?
Oxper: I. Monogynta:—F lowers separate, not compound.
Vronace®,—Flowers per ouss irregular: Style club-shaped. : ri vu
Impatiens.—Flowers polypetalous, very irregular. Stigma sessile: ie ae
Loperra.—Corolla monopetalous, irregular. Style 1. 206°
ApocyNoms—Corolla monopetalous, regular; Sttgma 1! Qgtye
€LASS XIX. GYNANDRIA.— Stamens situated upow
the style or colunen above the germ.
OrpERS MonanpriA and DrAnprra.
PORCHIDACE.¥.—Perennial often stemiJess herbs. with simpie parallel-yei nea
entire leaves, and irregular’6-mcrous flowers. Et Wo)
I. Amtker single.
5 Pollen cohering in definite (4) waxy masses, without any connecting tissue ox
tail-like prolongation.
+ Plants green and with leaves. Scpals spreading 3 dip flu.
’ a - .
i: Muyrcrostyrus.—Lip arrow or hcartstiapcea? Column minute, round. 256%
2. Liparis.— Lip entire, dilated. Column elongated, margined aftae apex. 356-5
+ 7 Plants tawny or purplish, nearly lea fiéss.
3. Coratornizs.—Lip witil'a spur or projection at the base adherent to the ;
oyary.. Anther terminal. 357~
4; Apuiacrrom: —Lip spurless, free, raised on aclaw. Amnther rather lateral 857°
*%* Poller coheriive jasdefiaite-(2 to-4) waxy muaases, furnished with an elastic
prolongation. J*unts green.
§. TipULARIs:-—Lip long-spurred wnderneath.— Flowers raceme.’ , . goex
*+# 2 Pollen cohering in very numerous grains which are collected on a cobweb--
like tissue into 2 large masses and afixed*to the-gitinds of the stigma.
6. Orchis.—Anth¢rcells contiguous and parallel. Glands of the stigma con-
tinued ima littié. pouch firmed of a fold orthood of the stigma. 258.
7.. GymnapdoniA.—Anther-cells contiguous and parallel; glands naked. B50-
8. PLATANTHERA—Anther-eells widely seperated at the base: glands naked. 2595
*** Pollen powdery. in numerous: minute and angled loosely. cohering. graina~
(forming 2 or 4°masses). Avnther tersridal, forming a lid over: ‘the ebigmaa..
7 Pollen-masses 4, angled.
9. AReETHUSA.—Lip bearded, united at the base to.tie linear column: Ships
TT Potlen-masses 2.
10. Pcgonta:—Lip more or Jess crested, free. Column club‘shaped> 361
id, Catopogon.—Lip: bearded; stalked, posterior. Column incuryed. 3k:
+t7 Anthers more or less parallel, with the stigma or column erect.
12. Sprrantass.—Lip nearly entire; channelled, pointless, aseending. 392°
YS. GoopyeRa.—Lip entire, inflated sacike below, strap-pointed. 362
Tt. Listerts.—Lip flat; spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed.. - 3G3-
II:, Anthers 2. Be:
bS. Cyrpripepius.—Lip infiated, eee ms 262:
ORDER: ¥. Penranperai—d Stamens situated: upon. the
| : : Shyles.
AMSCLEPIADACEZ.— Calyx and corolia regudar, hypogynous: 2995
on a u“ “ae
eee
q
Se ee ae oe he a ae
hii “CLASS XX. mir
: LONER eR Para,
. Oxper VI—XIL. Hex-Potyaypara. ?
ARIITOLOCHIACER.— Calyx episynous: corollanone. Fruit 7-celled. _ 297
@LASS XX. MOVGEILA.—Stanens and Pistils in seperate
lowe rs on the same Piant.
Orpen I. Monanprais.—t Stamen:
Esunx \—Flowers bursting from the side of a floating frond. 3d
ZANNICHELLA.—Flowers axillary, sessile; the fertile of 2 to 5-pistils—Sub
merved aquatics, > 300
Ecraorsit.—Flowers in a cup-shaped involacrsa. Fert#e flower solitary, cen-
tral, on a long peduncle. Styles 3, usually Zelett. Ovary 3 celled. 315
OrpER II—IIL Di-Trranpria.—2 to 3s amens.
PonosreMuM.—Stamens affixed toa ecomman pedicel. Stipmas ses -sile, recurs ed. alt
* Stamens agsrezated in a common: spike or-head:
Typsa.—Flowers all in a spike, itermixed with down. 318
Spiegantum.—Flowers in heads, naked, the fertile bracted: Feb 83]
aed Stamens_in the axils ot brasts,
Carex.—Achenium lenticular or triangular, inclosed@*im a sac. 403°
Scierii.—Achenium globular, crustaceous or Bony, naked: 402
ee inclosed'in cartilaginous glumes, sunk in ‘the joints of the 19
spike :
#F* Siaminate flowers in aments. q
Couproxti.—Nitlets 1 under each-bract of the burr-like catkkin.—Low shrubs.
Leaves pinnatifid. 227.
SHEET Siaminate flowers in.remote spikes.or panicles. Leaves parallel-veined.
%:4.—Styles very long, filiform, pendulows. >" doe
- Corx.—Staminete flowers in. remote spikes.. Style 2 parted? . 433
Orper LV. TetTRANDRIA.—4 o7 sometimes 8 Stamens,
* Tees or shrubs. Fertile flowers in ameits- or spikes.
BztvuisA.—Stiezmas 2. thread-like, be:oming a broadly winged and scale- like
nutlet or snvallsamara: - ~32F
AiNvs.—Sterile-aments. long-and droopitg: Scales of the ament thick and
woody in fruit, coherent below and persistent. o2
Ivrus.—Style.2. Achenium ovate, compressed; eovered’ by the sueculént
berry-like calyx.. fei
Baovussonett1\.—Pistillate aments. globose. Ovaries. honor fleshy, club. —
shaped. Style lateraf. 835
Macturi.—Ovaries numerous, forming a compound globose fruit. composed of
1-seedd, compressed, wedge-form:carpels. Style 1, filiform: 336
Bouxvs.—S8terile flowers: calyx 3-leaved. Pctals 2. Fertile flowers: calyx 4-
sepalled. Petals 3. Styles 3.—Evergreen shruds,. f 818s.
* Herbs. fs
Urntices.—Herbs (often stinging) with nese juice, and flowers in spikes,
heads or panicles. Stylo single or none soy
> i
' CLASS XX. liti
: os tee Ae pcan!
Amaranrnus.—Calyx dry anal acarious.. Styles 2 or 3, fillform. Utricle open-
ing all round, 1-seeded.— F lowers spike-clustered.
** Aquatic herts.
” Mygiopryttum —F lowers apiked. Stamens 4 or 8. Sepals and petals adherent
» to the 4velled nutlet — Aquatic herbs.
Exi0cs vion.—Sepals and-petals ies. Capsete S-celled, 2seeded. Stigmasa 2.
Leaves linear, — 80k:
OnperR V. PrEntanpRra.—) Stamens.
AMARANTHUS.—Calyx dry and scarious.—Coarse weedy herbs, with minute spilce-
clustered flowers. 200
Orper VI. Hexanpris.—6 Stamens.
Zigants.—Staminate and piatiliate flowers in 1-flowered spikelets in the samo
genicks. —Large and ofien Reed-like water -grasies. cS
>
OnDeE VII. Potyanpara.—Winy Slamens.
BIQUIDAMBER.—Styles. 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, several-seeded.— 7Trces.
Leaves deep'y 5 to T-lubed. 333
Pratanus.—Sty!o 1. Nutlets clap-s Pied, 1- celled, 1 1-seeded.— 7} ess. Lecves
palmately-loded. i Bet
** Staminate flowers mostly in aments. Trees or shrubs.
#CUPULIFER A .—Trees or shrubs with alternate straizht-veined leaves, dc-
cidupus stipules, the sterile Mowers in aments or clusters, and the fertile
solitary or cluatered, furnished with an inyolucre which forms a cup or
covering to the 1-celled, l-seeded nut. 320
* For tile Alowers scattered or few ima cluster.
1. Quercus—Involucre 1-flowered, of many imbricated small scales, forming
& cup around the base of the acorn. 320°
522. CasTaNEA.—Involucre 2 or-3-flowered, forming a prickly burr, inclosing 1 ‘
| tos leathery nuts, opening by i valves. - 853
3. Fagus.—Involucre 2 flowered, somewliat prickiy, 4-valved, inc! losing 2
sharp!y 3-angled nuts. 52k
4 CoryLus.—Inyoluere 1 or 2-flowered. formed of 2 or 3 gpl acales,
which become leafy, much enlarged and cut-torm at the apex, inclosinz ~
a bony nut. Seed
®* Fertile flowers ciustered in a kind of Ament.
5. Carpinus.—Involucre a seperate open leaf. 325
6. OstRrA.—Involucre a bladdery bag, 1-flowered: 325:
¢ ¢{ JUGLAN DACE H.—Trees with alternate unequally pinnate leaves. Fruit
a kind of dry drupe with a . bony endocarp (nut-suell), containing a
large 4-lobed seed. ai3
+ +7 Stamens IZ to many.—erbs. c
C2enaTOPAYLLUM.—Calyx herbaceous. Achenium horn a herbs, with
whorled finely dissected leaves, 313.
Saqirraria.—Sepals and Sh 3; free.—TLeaves mostly sagittate. Flowers -
whitish. : 35d
+ f+ + ARACEX.—Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound
leaves, and with .he flowers crowded on a spadix, usuaily surroundd
‘By aspathe. Derry l-celled - S45
* Spadizx surrounded by a spathe. 2
. Anwe—Flowers.naked, coyering the base only.of. the spadix. 243;,
“en YY De ee
Meerew +:
|
liv CLASS EXT.
PAGE.
2. PELTANDRA.—I'lowers biabed covering ue mt spalix; -spathe Ae aad.
convolute.
& CaiLta.—Flowers mostly perfect, naked, covering the spedix; -spathe-open ‘
and spreading.—Leaves heart-shaped long- pitiatege 7
Oxper VIII. MoNoDELPHtA. —~ Stamens united by ‘thet
jilaments.
PHYLLANTHUS.—Stamens 8, much united. Stigmas 6. Capsule Slobed, 3- _
celled; 3-seeded. ‘ . 317:
Acunypaa—Stamens 8 to 15, united‘at the base. Styles3, cut-fringed: © — 317
PopostzMuM.—Stamens 2, rarely 3. Styles or stigmas 2.—Aquatics, growing
on siems.. ‘ Bld
Ricivuy.—Stamens numerous. Styles 3, 2parted—Herbs. with peltaie-palmate
leaves, sid
* Flowers naked in the axils of scales, forming anents.
* CONIFER ©.—Trees or shrubs, with resinous juien, and mostly with: ever-
green subulate or needle-shaped leaves. 3e3*
3, Prvus.—Leaves in-clusters of Z ‘to-5-im-a:sheath, persistent. 389°
2: Axsrzss.—Leayes all scattered, hee . 346
8. Lantx.—Leaves many in a cluster, deciduous. ceiue? Soe
* Fruit consisting of a colored strobile or sort of drupe»
4 Uouja—kRKruit of few imbricated oblong scales.— Leaves scale-like, closely
tmbnicaiéd on the flattened branches. 2 3
5: Curgessus—Fruit of several shield-form thickened scales united in @
woody one.— Leaves scule-lite or aw!-shaped, appressed. ’ 342
TaxopIuM.—Fruit as in Cupressus.— Leaves linear, 2-ranked, deciduous. 543
eI
Taxus.—Ovnile erect; encircled at the base by an annular disk, which forms
a berry-like cup around the seed:—Zeuves 2-ranked® persistent.
Orpen IX: SyNn@EnEsta.— Stamens conneeted by y their
i3'y anthers.
* Fruit an achenium..
XANTHIUM.—Staminate and fertilo flowers in seperate involucres, Vas Jatter a
2eelled. br Gyr. 17S.
AngeRost4.—Staminate and fertile flowers in seperate involueres, the latter nut.
like, 1-celled. Sia
** Fruita fleshy carpel (Pepo).
Cocurnirace”.—Ilerbaceous; mostly sucenlent- vines with tendrils. and al- .
ternately palmately veined leaves. Fruit a pepo, more or less succulent. 12%
iI. Stcyos. 2. Ecnrnostynos. 3. Wenotmera, page 122. 4. Miemorprca, 6. Cu-. -
cusis3, page 123. 6. Lagenaria, 7. Cucursira, page 124.
GLASS: pecs DIGOLA.— Stamens and Pistilsin seperate
flowers and on diffe rent plants.
@Orper T—V. Mono. PeNTANDRIA. — Stamens 1 fo 5.
* Stamens 1.
Naias.—Flowers axillary, sessile, without a per wie —Submersed eect . S50:
. m ‘ eae et
¥ . tye *. P
CLASS: X XI. ly
a a PAGE.
_ Stamens 2, sometimes 1 to aia
Sajax. eerie and fertile Pit in amenta, naked. Stamens 1 to 6.—
Lrees or shrubs. 323
Fraxrus.—Calyx small, 4 cleft. Style single. Fruita 1 te 2 seeded samara.—
Lvees, with pinnate leuves. : 298
_ *** Stamens 3or 4. :
Vatwewerts.—Capsule cylindrical, 1-colletl, many-eeeded. Stamens mostly 3. _
Submersed agu tics, with long gruss-like leaves. 365
CAREX, ACHENIUMinasac © 408
WVa3scumM.—Anthers sessile om the calyx-lobes. Berry l-celled, 1-seeded.—A yel-
lowtsh green parasitic plint, “Sit
*EE* Stamens mostly 5 (sometimes 4.)
Neeuwdo.— Fruit a double samara.— Shrubs. Leaves compound. 70
Biynica.—Fruit'e dry “drupe. ‘Flowers:in short.araents. Filaments-2 to 8,
somewhat united. Sirubs. ~ 325
Uatica. —Fruit anachenium. Flowers spiked or panicled.— Herbs. 337
Pr ‘ULARIA—Style 1. Fruit pear-like, 1-celled, l-seeded.—A low straggling, .
SuTY
Nyssa—Fruit an oval or oblong berry-like-drure, ‘with a grooved endocarp. .
—Trees, with smooth and shining leaves. 308
Canxanixex.— Calyx oft sepal folding
nd the achenium.— Er eet or twining
herds, with a watery juice ag
Acnipa.—Calyx 3 to 5-sepalled. Achenium 3 to 5- angled, erustaceous.— Herbs.
Leaves linceolate, acwminute. 292
MANTHOSYLUM.—Sepals 5, petal-like. Pistils 3 to 5. Carpelsthickish, 2-valved. *
Seeds black and shining.—Sragrant shrubs. 66
Prema. -Pet.1s3to 5. Stamens 3 tod. Stigmis 2. -Fruit a 2-celled samara,
wages all aronnd.—Surubs with 3 to 5-fuliate leaves. F G7
_- ORDER HI): Hexanpria.—6 Stamens.
Romex.—Achénium 3-angular, covered by the inner sepais.— Sour herbs. ‘ ‘307
* Climbing or twining. \ -
‘SMiLax.—Perianth of 6 equal sprealing segments. Stigmas 3, thick. Berry
1 to 3-seede l.— Shrubs or rurely herbs, climbing by ‘tendrils on the petioles. 372
Droscorzs.—Capsule 3-celled, 3-w ingéd, 3-seeded.— Climbing herbs, awith more or
less he wr E-shsped lexves. ati
** Herbs, with pur allel-veined radical leaves.
Came Liti~em.—Pcrianth of 6 persistent sepals. Styles 3, linear-club-shaped.
-Anthers yellow=-Flowers yellowtsh-whiie, tia long slender raceme. 3s
eer
@aper VIL. ‘Ocr-PonyanprRia.—8 to many stamens.
~* Flowers with calyx and corolla.
-MEnNIEPERMUM.—Sepals and petals 4 to8; distinct. Drupes 1 to 4.— I ge ic or
climbing shrubs. -Leaves.putmate or pellute. 15
fe, dius regular: : petals none.
fF LAURACE.E.—Aromatic trees orshrubs, with alternate leaves. Caly x petal-
like, parted. Stamens 9. -Drupe free.
1. Sassarzas. —Drup2 eveid;sepported on a fleshy club-shaped pedicel.— Trees. 308
2. Benzo1n.—Drupe eboveid, the stalk not thickened. Shrubs. 308
*** Calyx and corella none.
Boe, —Flowers in ments. Stamens 8 to 40, Capsule l-celled—Ires, with
more or less heart-shaped leaves. 332
bog ik oF lowers with a span ve tanth. Y
= 1
Upora.—Spathe bifid, 1- flowered. Stamens 9, 4of them taicrion Submerged
Aquatics. - 354
Ozpexn X. MoNoDELPHIA.—S‘amens united by their jula-
ments.
* Flowers in a tind of short ament: ‘ovules naked on the
scales. Evergreen trees or shrubs.
Taxvs.—Scales empty at the base of the naked cup*shaped berry. ae ‘344
Junipenvs.—Scales of the fertile aments 3 to 6, forming asort of drupe. . 33
CLASS XXII... POLYGAMIA.
*® Stamens 1 to3. Flemers glumaoeous.
Gsauines.—Nos. 45 ANDRCOPCGON. 42 Pantcum. 46S )rauuie.
|
.
4
** Stumens 2. Flowers with a calyx or naked.
Faaxinus.—Fruit a 1 to 2-seeded samara.—rees. Leaves pinnate. 228.
CaLLiTRicuE.—Fruit nut-like, 4-lobed, 4-celled, 4-seeded. ‘ $14
*** Stamens 3 to &. ;
CHENOPODIACEZ.—Calyx herbaceous, inclosing the achenivm. . 3 298
Uixvus.—Samara rounded, ‘broadly - sringed. Calyx 4 to S-cleft— Trees. on
CELTI3. —Drupe free from the 5 to 6-parted calyx. Styles 2.—Zrees or large
shrubs. 312
Nys6a.—Drupe coherent with the ealyx-tube. Style 1~ Trees, with smooth and
shining leaves. 369
BnovussoNETIA.—Style lateral. Cvraries keecming fieshy, clubshaped, promi-
nent.— An ornamental exouc:irce, witit downy en tire or loved leaves. 835
Guxpitscmra.—Sepals, petals and stamens 3 to 5.—-Trees, with twice pinnate
leaves. F
Panax.—Petals and stamens 5. Styles-2or 38. Fruit.a 2 to3-eceded drupe.— -
Fier bs, with paimately compound leaves. 1
Witis.—_Ber ry 2-celled, 4 sceded. Stamens 4 to 5, opposite the petals:—Shrubs,
climbing by tendrils. 74
Prinos.—Stamens mostly 6. Corolla rotate, usually ¢-parted... Fruit.a-drupe
with 6 smooth nutlets.—SArubs.
Nemopanturs.—Calyx.a minute ring. Petals 5, oblong linear. Stamens ‘5.
Stigmas 3 or 4, sessile. Fruita globose red berry.— Shrubs. "223
Pre.ea—Samara winged all round, orbicular, 2-celled.—Shrubs. €7
MeisntToium.—Stamens 6, on the claws of the 6-parted perianth, ; Styles:3.—
Leaves parallel-veined.
VeraTrrm.—Stamens 6. Styles 3.—F iowers dull colored. 687
$+*t* Stamens 8 to many.
DiospyRus.—Berry 4 to 8-celled, 4 to 8-sceded. Stamens 8 and 16,— Shrubs or
trees: 223
Unora.—Ovary l-celled. -Stamens 9. -Spathe 2clef:, axillary, 1-flowered:—
Submerse@ aquatics. ;
ihe
FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA.
ee
SERIES I.
> =
PHANOGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS.
PLANTs composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre, ducts,
and spiral vessels, bearing proper flowers, with stamens and
pistils, and producing seeds which contain an embryo, radicle
and cotyledons.
Crass 1—EXOGENS OR DICOTYLEDONS.
SreMs composed of distinct bark and pith with an inter-
vening layer of woody fibre and vessels, increasing in diameter
by the annual deposition of new layers between the old wood
and the bark, which are arranged in concentric zones and
traversed by medullar y rays. LEAVES mostly with reticula-
ted veins, and falling off by an articulation. Spars and
PETALS in fivesand fours, and very rarely in threes. EMBRYO
with two or more cotyledons.
SuB-cLAss 1.—ANGIOsPERMOUS EXOGENS.
OVULES produced in a closed ovary, and fertilized by the
action of pollen through the medium of a stigma. EMBRYO
with two cotyledons.
Division 1.—PoLyperaLous ExoGEns.
Floral envelopes consisting of distinct petals and sepals.
“Orpen 1, RANUNCULACER.— Crowfoot Family.
Herbaceous plants, occasionally climbing—rarely shrubs, with an acrid coloriess
juice, and usually palmately or ternately lobed or divided leaves, without andes, alter-
nate, with half-clasping petioles.
L
ee ee ee ee ee a eo
2 - RANUNCULACER. | ere re
3 to 15 (sometimes ee or absent. a hypogynou | STAMENS indefi t
ber, distinct, rarely few, hypozynous. PISTLIS numerous. Fauit,
or seedlike achenia,-or berries, 1 to several seeded. SzeEps solitary or se
tropous, with a minute embryo and fleshy albumen. he a
CLEMATIS. Linn. Virery’s Bower.
Gr. klama, a tendril; climbing by tendrils, or twining petioles. -
Catyx 4 (rarely 5 to 8) sepaled, colored, pubescent. Px-
TALS none, or shorter than the sepals. _ FILAMENTS numer-
ous. ANTHERS linear. ACHENIA numerous, in a head,
bearmg the persistent styles in the form of long plumose
tails — Perennial vines climbing by the leafstalk ; stems some-
what woody ; leaves mostly compound and opposite.
1. C. Virainiana, L. Common Virgin’s Bower.
Siem cinbinz; leaves ternate; leaflets cordate, ovate, acute, coarsely toothed or
lobed ; flowers often diccious, paniculate.
A common hardy climber in hedges and thickets, flowering in July and August.
Flowers white, num2rous, borne in panicles on axillary peduncles. Sepals 4, oval,
oblong, obtuse. rut! furnished with long plumose feathery tails:
eee Viorna, L. Leather Flower.
Stem climbing; leaves p'nnately divided; segments-entire, or 3-lobed, ovate, acute ¢
floralones entire. Culyx companulate; sepals very ih:ck and leathery, acuminate,
connivent, reflexed at the apex.
Woods; June, July. Stem 10 to 15 feetin length, cylindrical, pubescent, purple,
finally shrubby. Leaves opposite, pinnately decompound, consisting of S—1i2 leaf-
lets. Flowers axillary, purple, wegidinie. on peduncles ©—6 inches long, with a pair
of small, simple, cntire leaves near the middle. Fruit with very plumose tails,
from 1—2 inches long.
ATRAGENE, DC., Inyolucre none: Sepals 4: petals several, minute. ~
3. C. veRTICILLARIS, DC. Whorl-lcaved Virgin's Bower.
Stem climbing by the leaf-stalks; Zeaves in fours,.ternate; Leaflet; stalked,
ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped; Peduncles
i-flowered; Sepals very large, acute.
A handsome climber in highland woods and rocky hills, rare, sometimes cultiva-
ted... May, June. Stem ascending trees 10—15 feet by means of its twisting petioles.
From cach of the opposite buds in spring there arise two ternaie leaves with long,
stalked Lezflets, and a peduncle which bears a bluish-purple flower. Sepals thick 1
inch or more long and nearly % wide. F laments about 24, outer ones (petals) —
dilated, spatulate, tipped with imperfect anthers.
2. ANEMONE. Linn. WInpD FLOWER.
Gr. anemos, wind; because the flowers are supposed to open when the wind blows.
Srpats 5 to 15, petal-like, colored. Prrausnone. Sta-
MENS numerous, much shorter than the sepals. OVARIES
many, free, collected into a roundish or oval head. Invo-
LUCRE remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves. ACHE-— ‘
"RAN UNCULACES,
=r) nate. — Herbaceous perennials sith radical leaves,
2—8 leaved involucre at the base of the flower-stalks, and
ish frowers,
1,- A. nemoRosA, L. Wood Anemone, ~
Stem low, simple, smooth, 1-flowered. eaves ternate; leaflets undivided, or with
the middle-one 3-cleft, and lateral ones 3-parted, incisely dentate, those of the invo-
lucre similar, petiolate. Sepals oval or elliptical.
Var. guinquifolia D C, Lateral leaves of the involucre 2-parted to the base.
Margin of woods. Apriland May, A delicate vernal species. Stem or scape 4—8
inches high. Flowers 1 inch in diameter. Sepals 4—7, white or purplish. Carpels
15—20, oblong, with a hcoked beak.
2. A. Prennsytvanioa, L.
Stem dichotomous; leaves 3 to 5 parted; segments 8-cleft, lobes oblong, incisely
toothed, acuminate; involucre 3-leaved; tnvolucels 2-leaved, wil sepals 5, obvate s
-earpels hairy, in a globose head.
Shores and rocky places. June, August. Stem 12 to 18 inches high. Spishers 1
to 144 inch in diameter, Lorne on a naked peduncles, _ Sepals white and membrana-
ceous.
a. A. weetucce L. Dhimble Weed.
ions ternate; segments oval-lanccolate, 3-cleft, acuminate, cut serrate, the lateral
2parted, those of the involucre similar; sepals 5, acute; peduncles clongated ;
carpels densely wooly, in an ovo-d oblong head.
Wocds and meadows; common. June, August, Stem 20 to 30 inches high ; the
upright peduncles 6 to12 inches long, lowers 34 of an inch in diameter. Sepals
greenish-white, silky beneath, 2 narrower than the others./ruit woolly, in heads
one inch long.
3, HEPATICA. Willd. Liverwear.
Gr. hepar, the liver; from a fancied resemblance of its leaves.
_ Invotucrs 8 leaved, simple, resembling a calyx, 1-flow-
ered. SEPALS petaloid 5—9, disposed in 2 or 3 rows. Ova-
RIES many. CARPELS” without awns.—Leaves all radical,
heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the
year ; the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers
single, on hatry scapes.
1. H. rrinosa, Willd. Liverwort, Liverleaf.
_ Leaves cordate, 3 to 5 The lobes entire.
Var.1, Obtusa, Pursh. Leaves 3-lobed ; eSioe tis obtuse,
Var. 2. Acuta, Pursh. Leaves 3 to5 lobed; lobes spreading, acute.
Woods and rocky places; common. This neat little plant is one of the earliest
harbingers of Spring. April and May. Perennial. The root consists of numerous
fibres. Flcwers generally blue, but frequently er and white: becoming
poate i cultivation.
4, THALICTRUM. sy Mrapow RwvE.
Sepats 4 or more, petaloid, greenish, caducous. PETALS
none. AcuEentA 4—15 dry tipped by the stigma or short
a
en ee ee ee a eT
4 RANUNCULACEE.
style, grooved or ribbed, or inflated. SxEDs suspended.
Perennials with 2—3- aaa compound leaves ;. the divisions
and the leaflets stalked. S'lowers in corym tae or pomieles ; ;
often polygamous.
* Stem-leaves jorming an involucre at the summit like Anemone; root tuberous ;
stamens shorter than the peialoid calyz..
1. T. anEMoNOIDES, Michx. Rue Anemone.
Root tuberous; radical leaves biternate; leaflets subcordate, 3 toothed ; floral leaves
petioled, resembling an involucre ; flowers few, in asimple umbel; petaloid calyx 8
to 10 leaved. Anemone thalictroides, L
Woods. Apriland May; common. Apretty plant; the flowers resembling those
of Anemone, but the fruit that of Thalictrum.. Stems or scapes 4 to 8 inches high ;
often seyeral frem.one root. lowers white or purplish, linchin diameter. Sepais
twice as long as the stamens.
** Stem-leaves scattered, 3to4 times compound ; root fibrous; stamens longer than
the sepals.
2. TT. Cornuti, L. Meadow Rue.
Stem-leaves without general petioles, decompound; leaflets roundish-obovate or
oblong, 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; glaucous beneath, with the nerves
searcely prominent; peduncle longer than the leaves. /#Jlowers in very compound
large panicles; dioecious or polygamous; carpels nearly sessile, acute at each end,
strongly ribbed, twice as long as the style. :
Wet ground. June and July. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branching. Zeoves very
variable in form, deep green above, paler glaucous smooth or pubescent beneath.
Filaments slightly club-shaped ; anthers oblong. .
3. JT. pioicumM, L. Karly Meadow Rue.
Leaves all with general petioles; decompound, very smooth; leaflets rounded,
and obtusely lobed, glaucous beneath; flowers in compound panicles, dioceious or
polygamous; peduncles as long as the leaves; carpelssoblong, sessile, strongly
ribbed.
Banks of streams. April and May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers white or
purplish. #ilaments much longer than the sepals. Anthers yellowish.
4. T. rucgosum, Ait. Mugose-leaved Meadow Rue.
Leaves superdecompound; leaflets prominently veined beneath, cuneate-oborate
and ovate-oblong, 3-labed at apex, the lateral ones often entire; — mostly
dioecious, rather crowded ; filaments filiform.
Along shaded swampy rivulets; common. Juneand July. Stem3to5 feet high,
branching, striate smooth. Zeaves pinnately decompound. Flowers in rather
crowded panicles. Sepals white, elliptic oblong, small. Carpels oboyoid-oblong,
acute at each end, beaked with the persistent atyle.
Obs. This may proye to be only a variety of T. Cornuta, to which it bears much
general resemblance. Prcf. HooKeER considers them not specifieally distinct.
5. RANUNCULUS. Linn. Crowroor. Burrercur.
Lat. rana a frog; the aquatic species growing where frogs abound.
SEPALS 5, deciduous. PrTAts 5 (rarely 10), witha little
scale or nectary at the base inside. SrAMENS and ovaries _
numerous. CARPELS ovate, somewhat compressed, pointed,
RANUNCULACE. 5
J in a globose or cylindrieal head.—Herbaceous an-
nual or perennial plants. Leaves mostly radical, though
cauline at the base. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed,
yellow, rarely white.
a
* Petals white, claws yellow ; carpels transversely rugose-striate.
1. R. aquarizis, L. White Water Crowfoot.
Stem floating, filiform ; Zeaves all submersed, divided into capillary diverging seg-
meuts; petals obovate, longer than the calyx.
Ponds and flowing water. June—August. Ratherrare. Stem 1 to 2 feet high,
slender, weak, round, smooth, joiated. eaves dichotomously divided into numer-
ous hair-like segments, roundish in outline, and 4%4tolinchindiameter. Plowers
small, white or yellowish.
** Flowers yellow: leaves undivided: earpels smooth, ovate, collected into a round-
ish head : perennial,
2. KR. Fuammuna, L. Spearwort.
Stem declinate ; leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, subentire,
lower ones petiolate, upper ones nearly sessile; peduncles opposite to the leaves.
Ditches and swamps. July—Sept. Stem 1to 2 feet long, more or less decumbent,
rooting at the lowerjoints. Leaves 3 to 6 inches in length, 14 to 1 inch wide, entire
or with a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit. lowers solitary, of a gelden
yellow color, on peduncles 2to 3 inches long. Whole plant yellowish green.
3. R. peprans, L. Creeping Crowfoot.
Stem creeping, slender, jointed; joints 1-flowered. Zecaves linear or lanceolate,
entire, lower ones tapering into petioles.
Gravelly or muddy banks of rivers and ponds; common. June—August. A
- slender, delicate species. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, round, rooting at the joints.
Leaves fleshy 4 to 1 inch long, mostly narrow and acute at oneend. Flowers yel-
low, small, borne on axillary peduncles. Fruit yery smooth.
*
4. R. pustiius, Poir. Puny Crowfoot.
Stem slender, erect, or decumbent; leaves petioled; lower ones ovate, roundish,
or subcordate, entire and sparingly toothed; upper ones linear-lanceolate, obscure-
Ty toothed, scarcely petioled; pedicels opposite to the leaves, solitary 1-fiowered ;
carpels smooth, with a minute, blunt point.
Wet grounds. June—August. Stems 6 to 12inches high, branched. Flowers
small, pale-yellow, on long peduncles. etais 1 to 5, often 3, scarcely longer than
the calyx. Stamens 5 to lv.
*% Leaves divided.
5. KR. azvortious, L. Smail-flowered Crowfoot.
Smooth ; stem simpie or branching; radical leaves, petiolate, cordate-orbiculate,
erenate, sometimes 3-parted; stem-leaves ternate, 3 to 5 cleft, with linear-oblong
nearly entire segments; wpper ones sessile; sepals longer than the petals, refiexed ;
carpels in a globular head, tipped with a very short recurved beak.
Woods and wet grounds. May and June. Per. Stem a foot high, simple or
branching, smooth. Leaves variously dissected, mostly smooth, 14 to 114 in. in
diameter, on petioles 3 tod inches long; lower ones pedate. Flowers small, yellow.
6. R. sceneraAtus, L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot.
‘Smooth; stem branched; lower leaves 3-parted, segments lobed, petioled; stem-
L*
ee ae ae
eaves 3lobed, lobes ‘oblong, linear, entire or crenately incised; sepals, poss) ON
carpels small, numerous, in cylindrical heads. eviews
Wet ditches. May—August. Per. Stem a foothigh, thick and hollow. Plowers
small, numerous, pale yellow. Head sometimes an inch in le h. Juice
som b ngtl very
7. R. REPENS, L. Creeping Crowfoot.
Stem branching from the base; leaves ternate ; leaflets wedge-form, 3-lobed incisely
dentate; central one petiolate; pedwncles furrowed; calyx pilose, spreading; petale
obovate, larger than the spreading calyx; carpels with a straight point —_——
Imargined. ©
Moist or shady ho May—August. Per. Very variable insize, ccmuennesiens
to flower by upright stems 1 to 2 feet high, increasing by long runners. Flowers
“Iniddle size, bright yellow. Petals often ‘emarginate. Leaves hairy on the veins,
dark green. JPctioles long, hairy.
>
8. R. PEnNsytvanicus, L. Pennsylvanian Crowfoot.
Stem erect, and with the petioles covered with stiff spreading hairs; leaves ternate,
villous, segments subpetiolate, acutely 3-lobed, inciscly serrate; calyz refiexed,
rather longer thau the small petals;. carpels pointed, with a short straight beak,
collected into an oblong head.
Wet places: common. July and August. Per. Stem 1 to 8 feet high, usually
much branched. lowers small, pale yellow. Carpels viscid, nearly allied to the
next species, but distinguished by its oblong heads of carpels, shorter style, and
much smaller flowers.
9. R. ursprpus, Mich. Hairy Crowfoot.
Stem ereet, branched, and with the petioles eovercd with stiff spreading hairs <
leaves ternate er 3-parted; leaflets or segments acutely lobed; pubescence of the.
pedicels appressed ; calyx hairy, at length reflexed ; carpels in a globose head, mar--
gined, compressed, smooth; style short and straight.
Wet grounds. June—August. Per. Stem 18 inches high, very hairy. Zewer
leaves on long petioles; upper cnes nearly sessile; /eafets nearly ali petioled, d-cleft
or 3-parted, alternate at base. Flowers numcrous, jarge, bright, yellow.
10. R. REcURVATUS, Poir. Wood Crowfoot.
Stem erect and with the petioles clothed with speading hairs; leaves S-parted,.
hairy; segments oval, subinciscd, the lateral ones 2-lobed; calyx reflexed; petals
lanceolate; carpels crowned with a sharp, hocked etyle.
Shady woods and damp places. May—July. Pcr. Siem 12 te 15 inches high,
sparingly branched, oftcn dichotcmcus at the summit. Zower leaves somewhat
ovate at kase, cn petioles 2 to 6 inches long which are: heathing atkase; upper ones
subsessile and 8-parted quite to the tase. Flowcrs small, pale yellow, on short
peduncles. Whole plant pale green.
11. R. Fascrcuraris, Muhl. Karly Crowfoot.
Stem erect, branched, clothcd with.appresred hairs; leaves on long petioles, pu-
bescent, pinnately divided, the lobes oblong, obovate, pinnatified; calyx villous,
spreading, ehcrtcr than the petals; carpels orbicular, crowncd with a slender subu-
late style, collected into a subglebose head.
Woods and hille. AprilandMay. Per. Foct a fasicle of fleshy fibres. Stem 6to
12 inches high. Radical leaves on petioles 3 to8 inches long, so divided as to appear
almost pinnate; wpper ones 3-parted, nearly sessile. Flcuers large; petals yellow,
cuneate-cbovate, with a scale at the base as broad as the transparent claw.
12. R. suxzosus. L. Bulbous Crowfoot. -
Stem crect, airy, bulbous at the base; leaves ternate, or quinate-pinnate; ino fins
3 to5 parted; segments trifid or incised; peduncles sulcate; calyx reflexed, hairy;
carpels tipped with a very short beak; collected into a very globose head.
rere. woe So
RANUNCULACEZ. si “f
3 pastures. Introduced from Europe. May Aino Per. Stem
9 to 151 s high, hollow, thickened at the base into a sort of bulb. Zeaves
if eieniate. Petals deep yellow and shining, 5 to7 cuneate-oborate,some-
Rimes obeordat date. Flowers more than an inch broad. ;
13. R. acris, L. Buttercups Crowfoot.
Hairy; stem erect; leaves 3 to 5 parted; the divisions all sessile and 3-left or
parted; their segments cut into linear or lanceolate crowded lobes; peduncles terete,
mot furrowed; calyx spreading, hairy; petals obovate, not longer than the spread-
_ img calyx; carpels roundish, smooth, compressed, terminated by a short, recurved
beak.
Meadows and pastures ; common. Introduced from Europe. J une—Aug. Per.
Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. JZeaves 1 to 3 inches in diame-
ter. Flowers large, golden yellow, shining; becoming double by cultivation. Gar-
den Buitercups.
6. HYDRASTIS. Linn. Yettow Roor.
Gr. hudor, water; from its growing in moist places.
SEPALS 3, ovate, petaloid, caducous. PETALS none.
STAMENS and ovaries numerous. CARPELS berry-like, nu-
merous, aggregated in a globose head, terminated by the
style, 1—2 seeded.— A low perennial herb, sending up in
early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow root-stalk, a
single radical leaf, and a simple hairy stem which is 2-leaved
near the summit, and terminated by a single greenish-white
flower.
1. H. Canavensis, L. Yellow Puccoon, Golden-seat.
Leaves rounded, 2 to 6 inches wide, palmately 3 to 5 lobed; lobes acute, doubly
serrate.
Rocks, woods, northern sides of hills; rare. May. ChesterCo., Darl. Lancaster
©o. Abundant along theAlleghenies. Flcwer solitary,on a peduncle about 1 inch
Jong. Sepals fieshy, pale rosecolor. Fruit fleshy purplish, aboutthe size of a large
raspberry. The root affords a juice of a fine yellow color, used by the Indians for
staining skins and clothing.
7. CALTHA. Linn. Marsu Maricoxp.
Gr. kalathos, a basket; in allusion to the form of the flower.
Cauyx colored, with 5—10 roundish sepals, resembling
petals. PxTALS none. STAMENS numerous, shorter than
the sepals. Pistrns 5—10 withno style. FouLicLEes com-
pressed, spreading, many seeded.— Smooth perennials with
round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large leaves, and
showy yellow flowers.
1 C. pauusreis, L. Marsh Marigold, Golden Cowslip-
Stem holiow, furrowed ; leaves cordate, round, or kidney-shaped, crenate; flowers
large, pedunculate; sepals broad oval.
Swamps and wet meadows; common. April and May. A beautiful plant with
; RANUNCULACER,
large flowers of a golden yellow in all their parts. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, ereet,
somewhat. succulent, dichotomously branched above. Leaves large and spice
Used asa potherb in Spring.
2. (. FLABELLIFOLIA, Pur. Fan-leaved Marsh Marigold.
Stem procumbent, many-flowered; leaves dilated-reniform; lobes widely spread-
ing, coarsely and acutely toothed; peduncles, axillary, solitary-flowered ; sepals
obovate; capsules uncinate.
Sand spring on Pokono mountain. Pursh. July and ree em a foot high.
Flowers yellow, middle sized. Allied to C. natans found in C and in Siberia.
8. TROLLIUS. Linn. Gtose FLOWER.
Germ. trot or trollen, globular; alluding to the form of the flower.
SEPALs colored 5—10—15, deciduous, petaloid. Prats
)—25, small, linear, tubular at base. STAMENS numerous,
much shorter than the sepals. Pistrns many. FOoLLicLEs
numerous, sub-cylindric, sessile, many-seeded.— Smooth per-
ennials with palmately parted leaves, and large solitary
terminal flowers.
iy LAX US, atieh. ““Aieeicnn Globe flower.
Leaves palmate, deeply cleft, cut dentate; sepals 5, oben spreading; petals 15.
to 25, shorter than the stamens, inconspicuous.
Deep swamps and wet grounds; rare. May—July. Stem a foot or more high.
Flowers terminal, large, yellowish, or orange colored. ollicles about 10, erowned
with the persistent style.
This is the only American species. Probably often mistaken for a species of
Ranunculus.
9. COPTIS. Salish. Gozp Turan.
Gr. kopto, to cut; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the leaves.
Sepats 5—Y, colored, petaloid, deciduous. Perats 5—7
small, cucculate. Stamens numerous 20—25. Pistirs 3—
7, on slender stalks. Fotitictes 3—7, membranous, 4—8
seeded.—Low smooth perennial herbs with radical leaves, and
@ long, slender, creeping rhizoma.
1. C. TrIFortA, Salish. Gold thread.
Leaves 3-foliate; leaflets wedge-shaped, obovate, obtuse, toothed or obscurely 3
lohed ; scape 1-flowered; petals much smaller than the sepals.
Swamps and boggy places: common. May—July. Stem subterranean, exe
ly creeping, golden yellow, bitter and tonic. Zcaves evergreen; scape 4 to 6 inches
high, slender, bearing a single white, starlike flower.
10. AQUILEGIA. Linn. Cotumsine.
Lat. aquila, an eagle; the spurs or nectaries resembling the claws of that bird.
Separs 5, regular, colored like the petals. Prrats 5,
with a short spreading lip, produced backwards into long,
RANUNCULACE.. 9
tubular spurs, ‘much longer than the calyx. Stamens 30—
40. Pisrits 5, with slender styles. Fonnicnes 5, erect,
many seeded. — Perennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves,
the leaflets lobed, Flowers large and showy, terminating the
branches, nodding.
1. A. Canavensis, L. Wild Columbine.
Smooth ; divisions of the leayes 3-parted, rather obtuse, incisely dentate; sepals
somewhat acute, a little longer than the petals; spurs straight; longer than the
limb. Styles and stamens exserted.
A beautiful plant growing in rocky place’; common. April-—-June. Stem1to 2
feet high, branched aboye. Flowers terminal, nodding, scarlet without and yellow
within, 1 to2incheslong. Fruit upright. More delicate and graceful tham the
cultivated. A. vulgaris of Europe.
9. <A. VULGARIS. Common Garden Columbine.
Stem 1 to 2 feet high, leafy, many flowered; leaves nearly smooth, glaucous, biter-
nate ; spurs incurved. Flowers purple; becoming double by cultivation, and vary=-
ing in color, through all shades from purple to white. June.
41. DELPHINUM. Linn. Larxspvr.
Gr. delphin, & dolphin ; from the shape of the upper sepal.
SEPALs 5, “aap colored ; the upper one produced inte
a spur at the base. Prrats 4, irregular, the upper pair ter-
minating behind in a tubular, necteriferous spur, enclosed in
the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws. Sra-
MENs numerous. Pisrirs 1—5, mostly 3, forming many
seeded follicles in fruit.— Showy herbs with ‘palmately cut or
divided leaves.. Flowers in terminal racemes, blue, red, or
purple: never yellow.
1. D. azurzum, Mich. Azure Larkspur.
Pubescent or nearly snipatt Stem erect; leaves 3 to 5 parted, many cleft, lobes
linear; racemes erect; petals shorter than the sepals, densely bearded at the apex;
flowers on short pedicels; spur ascending.
Woods and uplands; rare. May. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, sometimes
softly pubescent. Flowers large, blue and whitish.
2. D. EXxXALTATUM, Ait. Tall Larkspur.
* Stem erect; leaves fiat, 3 to 5 cleft beyond tbe middle; lobes wedgeform, 3-cleft at
the apex acuminate; lateral ones often 2-lobed; raceme erect; spur straight, as
long as the calyx; capsules 3.
Rich soil: Western parts of the State. June and July. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet
high. Lower leaves 4to5 inches broad, Flowers of a brilliant purplish blue, borne
on panicled wand-like racemes; many-flowered.
3. D. tRicorne, Mich. Three-horned Larkspur.
Leaves deeply 5-parted, divisions 3 to 5 cleft; segments linear, acutish: petals
shorter than the sepals, lower ones 2 cleft, densely bearded inside; spur ascending,
straight, as long as the calyx; carpels 3, spreading in fruit,
Uplands. W. Penn. dich sll ag: Per. Min 6418 inte
Foundish in outline, on long petioles. Hacemes loose, 6 to 12 flowered.
4. D. consotma, L. Common Larkspur. ie
divaricately branched: flowers few. ss se racemes;
Stem eréct, smoothish,
pediedls longer than the bracts: carpels smooth. Annual. N:
Flowers blue:
5. D. cranpiriorum. Large-flowered - Darl
Zzares palmate, many parted; lobes linear, distant; pedicels 1
bracts; peiais shorter than the calyx. ‘A superb perennial species f
Flowers double, or single, in racemes; dark brilliant blue,tinged with purple
6. D. exatum. Bee Larkspur.
Leaves downy, 5-lobed; lobes cuneate at base. trifd. cut dentate: spur infiexed.
Native of Siberia. Siem 5 to 6 feet high. Flowers blue, and at a distance re-
sembling a bee in form.
12. ACONITUM. Linn. Wotrssane.
Gr. akone, a cliff or rock; in allusion to its place of growth.
Sepats 5, very irregular, colored, upper one vaulted, larger
than the others. Prrats 5D, the 3 ‘lowes ones minute, often
converted into a sac or short spur at the summit. Sryzes
3—5; Foriictes 3—5, many seeded — Perennials with pal-
mate or digitate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal spikes.
1. A. uncrnaTuM, Linn. American Monkshead.
Siem slender, weak, climbing, with diverging branches. - Leaves palmate or3 tod
lobed, with ovallanceolaie, cut dentate divisions; helmet obtusely conical, rostrate;
spur inclined, somewhat spiral. :
Mountains and rich shady soils along streams; rare. August. Stem 5 to 6 feet
long, supporting itself upon adjacent bushes. Leaves leathery, dark green, 4t03
inches wide. Flowers large, purple, 3 or 4 near the summit of each branch.
2. A. BECLINATUM. Gray.
A white flowered species; is doubiless to be found in our mountains.
13. ACTAEA. Jinn. BaAnE-BERRY-
Gr. akie, the elder; on account of its resemblance to that plant.
Serars 4—5, deciduous. Prerats 4—8, spatulate, ungui-
culate. Stamens numerous, dilated above; anTuers 2-lobed.
Pistits single; stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruira
many-seeded berry. Skreps smooth, flattened, and packed
horizontally in 2 rows.—Peren nials with ternately divided
leaves, and thick terminal racemes of white flowers.
1. A.Rupra. Willd. Red Baneberry.
Leaves twice and thrice ternaie ; raceme hemispherical; notices eluate
the stamens; pedicels of the fruit shorter than the peduncle. Berrizs ovoid, oblong,
shining red, many-seeded.
RANUNCULACE,
li
Rocky woods. May. Stem about2fect high. Leaves very large when full grown.
pit white. Berries red in racemes 3 to 4 inches long ; pedicels slender, 1 inch
ong. — '
2. A. auBa. Big. White Baneberry. Cohosh.
Leaves twice and thrice ternate; raceme oblong; petals equal to the stamens, -
truncate at th e apex; pedicels of the fruit as large as the peduncles. Berries few-
seeded. .
Woods. May
of white flowe
long, 14% thick
in A. reer,
14. CIMICIFUGA. Linn. Buapanr.
Lat. cimex, a bug, and fugo, to drive away.
Plants 1 to 2 feet high, bearing 2 compound Jeaves, and a cluster
. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, half as wide. FRaccme 1 to 3 inches
t length purple. Berries milk white tipped with red, smaller than
Serats 4—5, falling off soon after the flowers expand.
Perars 3—8, spatulate, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex.
SraMENs numerous. Pisrirs 1—8, forming dry follicular
carpels in fruit; carpels 1—8, many seeded. Style, short.
—FPerennials with ternately divided leaves, and white fetid
flowers in long slender racemes.
1. ©. racemosa. Ell. Black Snakeroot.
Lewes tornately decompound; leaflets ovate-oblongz, incisely tcothed; ‘racemes
very long; petals 2, fotked,slender; style 1; capsule follicular, dry, dehiscent, ovate.
Rich woods: abundant. July and August. Stems 3 to 8 feet high, terminated.
with long, panicled racemes of white monogynousflowers. Petuls 4 to ¢, smal).
Stamens about 100. Laceme plume-like, 6to0 12 inches long, ccé knotted, medi-
cinal.
2. ©. Americana. Michx. American Buglane.
Smooth. Leaves triternate, segments ovate, terminal one wedge-form at the base;
8-parted, or 3-cleft and incised; petals concave, sessile, 2-lobed,. necteriferous at
pase; pistils 3 to 8; seeds flat, scaly.
Hich mountains. August. Sfem sto 6 fect high, Flowers smaller than in C.
racemosa; iva long panicle of racemes, /llicles mostly 5, abruptly beaked, 6 to 8
seeded.
15. ZANTHORIZA. Linn. Ye~row Roor.
Gr. zanthos, yellow, and riza, a root.
Catyx deciduous, 5-sepaled.. Prraus 5, of 2 roundish
lobes, raised on a pedicel. Sramuns 5--10. Ovaries 65—
15, beaked with the styles, 2-3 ovuled. Fotiictes membra-
naceous, compressed, 1 seeded.i—A low plant with shrubby
shoots: stem and bark yellow and bitter. Leaves pinnately
divideg: Flowers polygamous, dull purple, in compound
droopiny-acillary racemes. a
‘1. Z. armrouia. L’Her.
Leavés pseudo-pinnate or ternate; leaflets 5, sessile, incisely lobed and dentate;
BM SAA RT.
WHS! ome aTIIR pA.
ki geen
3s - £2" 4 Seen
12 RANUNCULACES.
Banks of shady streams in mountainous districts. Apriland May. Per. Stems
chastered 1 to 3 feet high. Racemes many flowered. Flowers purple. Fullicles
spreading 14 inch long.
16. HELLEBORUS. Adans. HELiLEpore.
Gr. helien, to cause death; and bora, food; on account of its
Sepats 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Prrats 8 to 10,
very short, tubular, 2-lipped. SrameEns numerous. St1e2as
3 to 10, orbicular. Fontrctes 3 to 10, slightly cohering at
the base, many seeded. Sreps eiliptical—Perennials, with
coriactous, divided leaves, and large, nodding flowers.
1. H.viripis. L. Green Hellebore.
Smooth ; radical leaves pedately divided. Stem leaves few, palmately parted
nearly sessile; peduncles often in pairs; sepals roundish, ovate, acute. A Huropean
plant, naturalized. Stem abeut 1 foot high. Flowers large, pale green, appearing
in early spring. March and April.
CULTIVATED EXOTICS.
17.. PASONIA. Prony.
Sepaxs 5, unequal, leafy, persistent. Perans5. Sramens
numerous, mostly changed to petals by cultivation. Ovaries
2to5. Sryte none. Sriemas double,'persistent. FoLiicLEs
many seeded—Perennials with fasciculate roots; biternate
leaves ; and large, showy, terminal, solitary flowers.
1. P.orrrcranatts. Common Peony
Stem erect, herbaceous; lower leaves bi-pinnately divided; leaflets ovate-lanceolate,
variously incised. Fruit downy, nearly straight. Native of Switzerland. May
and-June. This splendid flower has long been cultivated in every part of Europe,
and in this country. The double red variety is the most common. The whit is
truly beautiful.
2. P.ausirrona. White-flowered Peony.
Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, smooth. ollicles recurved, smooth.
Native of Tartary. Whole plant dark-shining-green, and smooth. Flowers white,
fragrant, smaller than the last. Calyx brown, with 3 green sessile bracts at base.
Varieties numerous, with single and double white and rose-colored flowers.
3. P.Mouran. Chinese Tree Peony.
Stem shrubby; leaflets oblong-ovate, glaucous, and somewhat hairy beneath;
terminat-one 3-lobed ; ovaries 5, distinct, surrounded by a very large disk. Native
; China. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. JZeaves large, on long stalks. Flowers very
large, fragrant, and always doubled in cultivation. Disk very large.
18. ADONIS. Linn.
Sepats 5, appressed. PxrTauts 5—15, with naked claws.
MAGNOLIACES. . 13
Acuenta ina spike, ovate, and aeinted 9 with the hardened,
persistent style.
A. autumnatis. Pheasant’s Eye.
Stem branching; leaves pinnately parted, withnumerous linear segments. Flow-
‘ers crimson, 5 te led. Carpels crowned with ‘a very short style, and collected
into an ovate 01 lindrical head. Annual.
‘e a _*
fOho NEGIEA, As. ickinns
Caryx of 5 sepals, colored. Petazs 5, 3-cleft. Sryzes
5. Capsutes 5, follicular, convex.—Annual European
herbs, with leaves in many linear and subulate segments.
1. N. Damascena. Fennel #lower.
_ Leaves twice and thrice pinnatifid, as finely cut as those of the fennel. Flewers
in a Jeafy involucre, terminal, solitary encompassed and overtopped by-a circle of
leayes divided like the rest, white or pale blue, sometimes double; anthers obtuse;
Carpels 5, smooth, 2-celled, united as far as the ends into an ovoid-globose-capsule.
-A hardy annual of the gardens. June—August.
2. N. sativa. - Nutmeg flower.
Stem slightly furrowed, erect, branched. eaves divided’as in the last, with the
‘divisions much more linear. Flowers naked, terminal on the sammits of the
branches. Anthersobtuse. Capsule with hard short points. From Egypt. June
-—September.
ORDER a. MAGNOLIACER.
Trees or shrubs with the leafbuds sheathed by membrancous stipules; alternate
zoriaceous, entire leaves, marked with minute transparent dots, and solitary, lar; e,
gperfect, showy, often fragrant flowers.
‘SEPALS 3 to 6, deciduous, colored. PETALS 3 to 27 in several rows, bypogynous,
imbricate in estivation. SrAmens indefinite, distinct, hypogynous, inseveral rows
-at the base of thereceptacle. OvAriesSnumerous; style short; stigmasimple. Frure
‘either dry or succulent, consisting of numerous carpels, arranged upon an elonga-
ted axis. SEEDS solitary or eoperal, 3 ‘attached to the inner suture cf the carpels.
Bark aromatic and bitter.
. 1. MAGNOLIA. Linn.
In honor of Prof. Magnol, a French botarist.
Serats 3, deciduous. Prrazts 6—12, in conceniric series.
Stamens indefinite, distinct, with short filaments and lonz
anthers, opening inwards. Pisrits agoregated and cohering
in a mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-
like fruit; each carpel opening’on the back at maturity, from
which the seeds are suspended, when mature, by a long slen-
der funiculus.—A magnificent genus, consisting mostly of
farge trees, with luxuriant foliage, axd large fragrant flowers.
al
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14 we ANONACE:.
. 1. M. enauca, L. Swamp Laurel. Sweet Bay.
Leaves oval, glaucous beneath, petiolate; flowers 9 to 12-petaled ; petals obovate,
tapering to the base ; cone of frwit small, oblong. ‘eae
Swampy places: southern parts of the State. Julyand August. Ashrubor free
10 to 20 feet high, with a smooth whitish bark. Flowers terminal, on thick ing
cles, white, 2 to 3 inches broad, very fragrant. Leaves yery pale beneath.
2. M. acuminata, L. Cucumber Tree. ~~
Eeaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath; petals . to 9, oblong,
somewhat obtuse; cone of fruit small, eylindrical.
Rich damp wocds. Juneand July. A noble forest tree 60 to 90 feet hick? per-
fectly straight. Zeaves thin, 5 to10 inches long. Flowers 5 to 6inches in cianiceer,
biuish, or yellowish-white, glaucous externally 4 Cones: of Ef reit 2 to 3 inches leng
when green resembling a young cucumber. > ne
3. M. Umprezia, Lam. Umbrella Tree.
Leaves deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, acute, silky when young; sepals 3 reflexed ;
petals 9, ovyal-lanccolate, acute, the outer cnesreflected; cone of fruit large, conical,
oblong.
Mountain woods; rare. May and June. A small tree with irregular branches,
Leaves 16 to 20 by 6 to 8 inches; often appearing whorled at the apex of the flower-
ing branches, in the form of an umbrella. Flowers terminal, white, 7 to $ inches
in diameter. Fruit 4 to 5 inches long, of a fine rose color when ripe.
4, M. Frazert, Walt. Frazer's Magnolia.
Leaves deciduous, spatulate-obovate, auriculate at the base; Seba 3 spreading ;
petals 9, oblong attenuate at the base.
Allegheny mountains, head waters of the Susquehanna, (Pursh); rare. April
and May. A fine tree 30-to 40 feet high. eaves 8 to 12 inches long, mostly green
and smooth on both sides, or slightly ‘glaucous beneath, somewhat rhomboid; auri-
cle narrow, rounded. Flowers about 4 inches in diametcr, pale greenish-white.
Fruit oyal-oblong, rose-colored. Torr. & Gray.
2. LIRIODENDRON, Linn. Turrr Tree.
Gr. leirion, a lily; dendren a tree.
SEPALs'3, caducous. PETALS 6, in 2 rows, making a
bell-shaped corolla. CARPELS imbricated in a cone, 1 to 2
seeded; seeds attenuated at apex in a scale.—Larye trees
with showy and fragrant flowers.
1. L. Tuurpirera, L. Tulip Poplar.
Leaves alternate, 3 lobed, (the middle lobe truncate); flowers large, solitary, with
2 large caducous bracts at the base; sepals obovate-oblong, spreading, and at length
falling off; petals lance-obovate.
Woods throughout the State. June and July. One of the largest trees of our
forests ; 50 to100 feet high, from 2 to 3 feetin diameter. Zzaves dark green, smooth,
on long petioles. Flowers 4 to 6 inches in diameter, greenish yellow, stained with
reddish orange below the middle. There are two varieties: one called Yellow
Poplar, which is highly valued for cabinet use; Hickory Paplar, which is distin>
guished from the other by its less furrowed bark and toughc?, whitish wood.
ORDER 38. ANONACEE.
Trees or shrubs with naked buds and no stipules ; alternate, entire, simple-feather-
veined leaves, large, sontary, axillary, green or brown flowers, and an acrid ar omatig
fetid bark.
MENISPERMACE2. : GED
Sgpats 3 to 4, persistent, usually partly cohering. PETALS 6, in 2 rows, valvate,
hypogynous coriaceous. STAMENS indefinite, densely crowded, covering a large
hypogynous disk; filaments short; anthers adnate. QOvaRies- numerous, closely
_ packed; styles short; stigma simple. Fruit dry or succulent, consisting of a
_ Bumber of carpels in a mass, sometimes fleshy or pulpy. SEEDS anatropous.
PEP WEIMINA, Adans. Pabaw.
Name from Asiminies, of the French colonists.
"Surars 3, united at the base. Prraus 6, in 2 rows,
spreading, ovate- oblong; inner ones smallest. STAMENS
numerous in a globular mass. - Prstrus few, forming large
and oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits —Shrubs or small
trees, with alternate entire leaves emitting an unpleasant odor
when bruised, and dull colored axillary and solitary flowers.
1. A. tRInoBA. Torr &é Gr. Papaw, Custard Apple.
Leaves oblong, crenate, a acuminate, and with the branches smoothish; jlowers
on short peduncles; outer petals roundish-ovate,-3 or 4, as long as the calyx.
Banks of streams. Along the Susquehanna. April and May. A smail tree, 10 We
to 20 feet high. lowers solitary, lateral, appearing in advance of the leaves, dark
brownish purple, 1 to 2 inches wide. Fruit about 1 inch thick, and 3 inehes long,
evoid-oblong, 8-seeded, yellowish, fragrant, eatable, ripe in October.
Orpen 4.. MENISPERMACER.
Shrubs twining or elimbing, with palmate or peltate, alternate, entire, simple leaves ;
having small, usually polygamo-diecious flowers in panicles or racemes + sepals and
petals confounded in one or several rows, each of which is composed of 3 or 4 parts ;
deciduous.
STaMENS distinet or monodelphous, equal to the number of the petals and opps
site to them; or 8 or 4 times as many. ANTHERS adnate. OVARIES usually-
solitary, sometimes 2 to 4 each with one style, distinct, or-rarely united. FrRuiT a
a@rupe, elobose-reniform. SzEDS bent into a creseent or ring; embryo curved like
the seed; albumen sparing.
MENISPERMUM. Linn. Moons&ep.
Gr. mene, the moon; sperma, sced; from the crescent form of the seed.
SEPALS and PETALS arranged in fours, 2 or 3 rowed.
STERILE Fu. stamens 12 to 20. Ferrite FL. pistils 2 to
4. Drupe berried, roundish, reniform, with a single lunate
nut or seed.— Sterile and fertile flowers often dissimilar.
1. M. Canapense, L. Moonseed.
'_ Stem climbing; leaves peltate, the petioles inserted near the base, roundish cor-
date, obtusely angled, mucronate; panicles axillary ; petals 4 to 8 small.
Banks ofstreams. July. Root Per. Stem round, 8 tol2feet long. Leaves 4to5
inches in diameter, generally 5 angled, smooth, pale beneath, on petioles 3 to 5
inches long. Flowers in axillary clusters, small, yellow, tinged with purple,
Berries black, resembling grapes.
Yar. lobatum, has the leaves lobed.
- or ee, = y
ase oti apna a at Somer eh ih aie sy ee
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16 BERBERIDACE..
‘ OrpER 5. BERBERIDACEER. Se
Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, exstipulate, simple or compound; with solitary,
racemose, or panicled flowers. SEPALS 3 to 6,imbricatedin 2 rows. CoroLLa hypogy-
nous. Prtais1 to3 times as many as the sepals, and opposite to them. STAMENSas
many or twice as many as the petals, and opposite tothem. Ovary solitary, 1-celled,
simple; style rather lateral; stigma orbicular. Fruit a berry or capsule. SEEDS one
or few, attached to the bottom.of the cell, or many attached to a lateral placenta.
1. BERBERIS, Linn. BARpBerry.
Arabie Berberis; name of the fruit..
Sepats 6, mostly with bracteoles at the base. Pretazs
6 with 2-glands upon their claws. Stamens 6; jilaments
flattened ; anthers 2-lobed; lobes on opposite edges of the
connectile style. Stiema circular, depressed. Frurr a 1 to
& seeded berry. SEeEps erect, with a crustaceous integument.
—Lfine hardy shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark.
1. B. Canapensts, Pursh. American Barberry.
Branches verrucose-dotied, with short triple spines; leaves spatulate-oblong,
remotely serrate with somewhat bristly teeth ; racemes sub-corymbose, fone toes >
petals emarginate; berries sub-globose or oval.
Allegheny mountains. May.. Leaves alternate at base but nearly sessile, margin
errulate with 6 to 8 distant mucronate teeth. Racemes 5 to 8 flawered, nodding:.
Flowers and fruit as well as the leaves smaller than in B. vulgaris.
2. B. vuuearis, L. Common Barberry.
Leaves scattered on the young shoots of the season, mostly small, and with sharp-
lobed margins, or reduced to sharp triple spines; simple, closely serrate, with
bristly teeth; acemes many-flowered, pendulous; pefals entire; berries oblong.
Roadsides and fields. Native of Europe, naturalized. Apriland May. A shrub
4to 6 feet high. JZeaves alternate, 1% to 2inehes long, 4 as wide. Flowers in
pendulous racemes, pale yellow. Stamens irritable, springing violently against the
stigma when touched. Berries red, very acid. The bark of the reot dyes yellow.
2. PODOPHYLLUM. Linn. May Appre.
Gr. pous, a foot; and phullon a leaf; the leaf resembling a web-foot.
SEPALS 38,. oval, obtuse, caducous. PETALS 6 to 9, obo-
vate, concave. STAMENS 9 to 18, with lmear anthers.
StigMA large, sub-sessile, peltate, persistent. Burry large,
ovoid, 1-celled, somewhat fieshy, not dehiscent. SEEDS nu-
merous. —Low perennial plants, with creeping rootstalks, and
thick fibrous roots.
1. P. peniarum, L. May Apple. Wild Mandrake.
Flowering stem erect, 2-parted, bearing 2 1-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near
the inner edge, palmately lobed; jlowerless stems terminated by a large, round, 7
to 9 lobed leaf, peltate in the middle like an wmbrella ; flower solitary, in the fork
of the petiole, pendulous.
Woods: common. May. Stem afoot high. Flower white, 2 inches in diameter.
Fruit ovoid, 1to2Zincheslong; ripein July ; yellow, with the flayor of the straw berry-
ek ia
CABOMBACE. 7
8. JEFFERSONIA. Bart. Twin-Lear. ’
In honor of Thomas Jefferson.
SEPALS 4, colored, deciduous. Prats 8, spreading, in-
euryed. STAMENS g, with linear anthers. SrigMa peltate.
CAPSULES obovate, stipitute, semicircularly dehiscent. SrEps
many, arillate at the base.—Perennial smooth plants with
matted fibrous roots, and simple naked, 1-flowered scapes.
1. J. pipayiia, Barton. Twin-lea/.
Scape 8 to 14 inches high; leaf binate, petioled; jlower terminal, solitary; eap-
sule large, coriaceous; seeds shining, oblong.
A singular plant, floweringin May: notcommon. Rhizomahorizontal. Petioles
radical, bearing at the top a pair of binate leaves, placed base to base, and broader
than they are long, ending in an obtuse point; glaucus beneath. Scape as long as
the petioles. Flowers large, white. Capsule opening, half round, with a persistent
4. LEONTICE. Linn. Lion’s Foor.
Gr. leon, a lion; the leaf resembling in outline a lion’s foot.
« SEpAts 6, naked without. Prrats 6, bearing a scale at
the base within. STAMENs 6, opposite the petals. PisTins
gibbous. Sryzteshort. Sriacma minute. Ovary bursting
at an early stage by the pressure of the 2-erect enlarging
seeds, soon withering away; the spherical seeds naked on
their thick seedstalk, looking lke drupes; the fleshy integu-
ment blue, the solid albumen horny.
1. L. reauicrroipes, L. Pappoose-root. Blue Cohosh.
Smooth; lower leaf triternate; upper one biternate; leajiets oblong ovate, and
cuneate-obovate, mostly 3-lobed at the apex; flowers paniculate; peduncle from the
dase ofthe upper peticles.
Rocky woods. May. Per. Stem 1 to 2 fect high, round, 2-parted, one of which
4s a 3-ternate leafstalk, the other bears a 2-ternate ‘lest and a racemose. panicle of
peceniah flowers.
OrpER 6. CABOMBACE®.
Aquatic planis with floating, entire, centrally peliate leaves; and solitary. axillary
Jiowers. SEPALS 3 to 4, colored inside. Psrats 3 to 4, alternate with the sepals.
STAMENS definite or indefinite; ANTHERS innate. Pistits 4 to 18, forming Iilttle
clubshaped indehiscent pods, tipped with the indurated style; stigma simple.
‘SzEps globular pendulons.
BRASENIA. Schreber. Water SHIELDS.
Catyx of 3 to4 sepals. Prrats 8 to4. Sramens 18
‘to 36. CarpELs oblong, acuminate, 1 to2 seeded. Peren-
mal herbs.
M*
18 NELUMBIACEEH AND NYMPH ZACER.
1. B. penrata, Pursh. Water Shield. Water Target.
Ieaves alternate, long petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating on the water,
smooth and shining above; flowers on long, slender, axillary peduncles, floating on
the surface.
Lakes and ponds. Often in company with the white water-lily. June and J aly.
Whole plant covered with a viscid jelly. lowers purple, one inch in diamete.
OrnpeR 7. NELUMBIACEE.- Say pialte BEANS.
Aquatic herbs with peltate, fleshy radical leaves, arising from a - prostrate yiicomex
FiLowers large, solitary, on long erect scapes. Sepats4to 5. PETALS numerous, ~
oblong, in many rows. STAMENS numerous, arising from within the petals, in sey-
eral rows; FILAMENTS petaloid; ANTHERS adnate. PisTiLs distinct, numerous, form-
ing acorn-shaped nuts, and separately imbedded in cavities of the enlarged top-
shaped receptacle.. SEEDs solitary, filled with the large, highly developed embryo.
NELUMBIUM. Juss. Sacrep BEAN.
From the Ceylonese name, Welumbo.
CaLyx petaloid, of 4 to 6 sepals). PETALS numerous.
CARPELS numerous. SEEDS large, round, solitary.—Peren-
nals. ; 7
1. N. tureum, Willd. Water Chinguipin.
Leaves orbicular, alternate, centrally peltate, very entire; anthers with a linear
appendage.
Rivers and stagnant waters: abundant in the ditches of meadows bordering the
Delaware, below Philadelphia. June. TZeavesa foot. or more,in diameter. Pedum-
eles very jong, more or less scabrous. Flowers 5 to 10 inches in diameter, yellowish-
white. Seeds eatable.
.OrpER 8. NVMPHRACER.— Water Lilies.
Aquatic herbs, with round or peltate floating leaves, and solitary showy flowers from
a prostrate root-stalk. SEPALS and PETALS numerous, imbricated, gradually passing
into each other. SrpaLs persistent. PrtTats inserted upon the disk surrounding the
pistil. StTaMENS numerous, inserted above the petals into the disk; FILAMENTS
petaloid; anTHERS adnate. Duisx large, fleshy, surrounding the ovary more or less.
Ovary with radiating stigmas. Fruir many-celled, indehiscent: SEEDS numerous,
attached to the spongy placentz and enveloped in a gelatinous aril.
1. NYMPHAA. Linn. Water Liny.
Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water Nymph.
Separs 4, at the base of the disk. PETALS numeross,
inserted on the torus at its base. STAMENS numerous, grad-
ually transformed into petals. STI@MA surrounded with rays.
PERICARP many celled, many seeded, depressed, globular, —
covered with the bases of the decayed petals. — Loraine
with showy white, rose-colored, or blue flowers.
SARRACENIACZ. 19
1. N. oporata, Ait. White Pond-Lily.
Leaves floating, orbicular-cordate, very entire; nerves and veins prominent;
stigma 16 to 30 rayed; rays incurved.
Ponds and sluggish streams. Susquehanna. June, July. One of the lovliest of
flowers; possessing beauty, delicacy and fragrancein the highest degree. Rhizoma
thick, in mud where the water is from 1 to 5 feet in depth, sending up leaves and
flowers to the surface. Leaves 4 to 6 inches in diameter, dark shining green above,
eleft at the base quite to the insertion of the petiole. Sepats colored within. Petals
very delicate, 1 to 2 inches long, white tinged with purple. Filaments yellow.
Flowers 3 to 4 inches in diameter, very fragrant.
29. NUPHAR. Smith. Yentow Warer Livy.
‘SEpars 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within. PrTans
numerous, small and stamen-like; ; compactly inserted with
_ the stamens into an enlargement of the receptacle at the base
of the ovary. Sricma discoid, with prominent rays. Prr-
ICARP many-celled, many- -seeded.— Perennials, with yellow
flowers, and floating leaves.
1. N. apvena, Ait. Yellow Pond-Lily. Spatter Dock.
Leaves erect or floating, on half cylindrical petioles, heart-shaped at the base, ob-
long, or rounded; aes 6; ee numerous, small; sear 15 to 20 rayed; fret
furrowed.
Ponds and ditches; mibstly i in shallow water: common. June—August. Leares
large dark green, shining above. lowers rather large and globular in form, erect,
on a thick rigid stalk. “Three outer sepals, yellow inside; three inner, entirely
yellow, as well as the petals and stamens.
2. N.worea,Smith. Small flowered Yellow Water-Laly.
Leaves floating, cordate, oval; lobes approximate; petioles 3-sided, aeute angled;
stigma 16 to 20 rayed.
Ponds: common. June. Sepals very obtuse. Petals much smaller, truneate.
Confounded by some of our botanists with the next species.
3. KALMIANA, Ait. Kalms Water-Lily.
-Leaves cordate, submersed, with approximate lobes; petioles terete; ealys 4-
keayed; stigmas incised, 8 to 12 rayed.
In Water. July, Aug. Zeaves and flowers small; upper leaves 2 to 3 inches long,
434 to 314 inches wide: lower leaves 3 to 4 inches in diameter. Dr. Robbins. Beek.
ray considers it a variety of IV. Lutea; to which it is certainly closely allied.
Orper 9. SARRACENIACH.— Pitcher Plants.
Herbaceous plants growing in boggy places, with hollow pitcher form, or trumpet-
shaped radical leaves; with the petiole and lamina articulated atthe summit. Charas-
teristics, those of the typical genus.
1. SARRACENIA, Zourn.
In honor of Dr. Sarrazn, of Quebec.
Catyx of 5 sepals, with 3 small bractlets at the base;
eolored, persistent. PETALS 5, oblong or obovate, ineurved,
25 PAPAVERACES.
deciduous. STAMENS numerous, hypogynous. STIGMA very
large, peltate, persistent, covering the ovary and stamens,
in the form of an umbrella, petal-like, 5 angled, 5 rayed;
the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many
hooks. CapsuLe 5-celled, 5-valved, many seeded.—Pere-
nidds, yellowish, green and purplish. Flowers large, solitary
on scapes.
1. S. purpurEA, L. Side-saddle Flower. Huntsman’s Oup.
Leaves (ascidia) pitcher-shaped, inflated, contracted at the mouth, curved,
ascending, broadly winged on the inner, (or upper) side; hood erect, open, rapnd,
heart-shapod.
Sphagnous swamps. Bear Meadows, Centre Co. Blackhole Valley, Lycoming
Co. June, July. A singular plant bearing curious pitcher-shaped leaves, from
6 to 9 inches long, hollow, swelling in the middle, with a wing-like appendage
extending the whole length inside, V4 to 1 inch wide, and extended on the outside
of the mouth into a kind of .a blade, covered above with reversed hairs; usually
half filled with water and drowned insects. Scape 14 to 20 inches high, terete,
smooth, supporting a single, large, purple, nodding flower, whichis almost as
curious in its structure as the leaves.
Orver 10. PAPAVERACEE.
Herbs with milky or colored juice, alternate, simple or divided teaves, without
stipules; and regular flowers with fugacious sepals; polyandrous, hypogynous ;
having a 1-celled pod with 2 or more parietal placente. FLOWERS solitary, on long
peduncles, never blue. SEPALS 2, rarely 3, falling off when the flower expands.
Petras 4 to 12, spreading, imbricate in the bud, deciduous. STAMENS numerous,
16 or more, distinct, rarely polydelphous. OvAky solitary; style short; stigmas 2,
or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of the ues Fruit either pod-shaped or
eapsular.
1. SANGUINARIA. Linn. Brooproor.
Lat. sanguis, blood: in allusion to the color of its juice.
SePALs 2, caducous. Prtats 8 to 12, in 2 series, spatu-
Jate-oblong, the inner narrower. STamMENs about24. Sryus
short ; stigma 2-lobed or connate. Capsuxe pod-like, oblong,
l-celled, 2-valved, ventricose; valves deciduous: Sreps
numerous, with a large crest.—A low perenial with thick
prostrate rootstocks filled with a red-orange acrid juice.
1. §S. Canapensts, L. Blood-root. Red Puccoon.
Leaves radical, reniform or cordate, with roundish lobes, Sidhu by roundish
sinuses.
Open woods and rocky places: common. April, May. A aot prety plant
sending up in early spring a scape about 6 inches high, with a single white flower
appearing in advance of the single large glaucous leaf. Flowers quadrangular
in outline, scentless, and of short duration.
2. MECONOBPSIS, DC.
Gr. mekon,’a poppy; and opsis, appearance: resembling the poppy.
:
&
PAPAVERACES.. yA
Sepats 2, hairy. Perats 4. Sramens many. Sryre
short, distinct; sticmas 4 to 6; radiating, convex, free.
CapsuLes obovate, l-celled, opening by 4 valves at the
ex.—Perennial herbs with a yellow juice and pinnatified or
pinnately divided leaves.
M. pipayttum, DC. Celendine Poppy.
Zeaves pinnately divided, glaucous beneath; segments 5 to 7, ovate-oblong,
- sinuate; stem leaves 2, opposite, petiolate; pedicels aggregated, terminal; capsule
4-valved, echinate.
Woods. Alleghany mountains. May. Stema foot high. Leaves large, 8 by 6
inches, on petioles about the same length. Feduncles about 3 inches long,
i-flowered. Flowers deep yellow, 2 inches broad.
3. ARGEMONE. Linn.
Gr. argema, a disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure.
Sepats 3, roundish, acuminate. Pretats4to6. Sramens
many. Sryle scarcely any: stigmas 8 to 6, radiate; Cav-
SULE ob-ovoid, opening at the top by valves.—Herbs with
prickly bristles and yellow juice. Annual or biennial.
A. Mexicana, L. Horn Poppy.
Leaves repand-sinuate or pinnatifid, with spiny teeth; flowers solitary, erect,
axillary; calyx prickly ; capsuies prickly, 6-val¥ed.
Banks of streams. June, July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, branching, armed with
prickly spines. Zeaves sessile, 5 to 8 inches long. lowers yellow, about 2 inches
in diameter. Probably introduced.
4. CHELIDONIUM. Linn. CELENDINE.
Gr. chelidon a swallow: flowering about the time when swallows appear.
SePALs 2, glabrous. Prraus4, suborbicular, contracted
at the base: STAMENS numerous 24 to 32, shorter than the
petals. Stigma 2-lobed. CapsuLeE silique-form, slender,
smooth, 2-yalved, the valves opening from the bottom: Seeds
several, crested.—Perennial herbs, with brittle stems, and
acrid yellow juice.
C. Magus, L. Common Celendine.
Leaves pseudo-pinnate, glaucous; segments ovate, crenate lobed; pedicels some-
what umbellate; petals elliptic, entire, flowers in umbels.
A pale green juicy plant growing in waste places. Introduced from Europe. .
Naturalized. May—Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched. Flowers yellow, very
fugacious, borne in thin axillary, pedunculate umbels.
5. PAPAVER.. Linn. Poppy.
Celtic papa, pap; being added to the food of children to induce sleep.
SEPALS 2, concave, caducous, Pretaus4. STAMENs many.
ne
eo
sien el te Ne > he - eke 2
22 FUMARIACE.
Srremas sessile, united in a flat, 4 to 20, radiated crown,
resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule. CAPSULE
obovoid, 1-celled, opening by minute valves under the margin
of the stigma.—Lxotic herbs, mostly biennial, with a white
juice abounding with opium.
1. P. pusium, L. Field or Corn Poppy.
Leaves pseudo-pinnate; segments lance-oblong, pinnatifidly incised, sessile, deeur-
rent; Stem hispid with spreading hairs; peduncles with appressed bristly hairs;
_ sepals hairy; capsule obovoid-oblong, smooth.
Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds. June and July. Stem about 2
feet high. Flowers light red or scarlet. Native of Europe.
2. P. somnireruM, L. Common Poppy.-
Smooth and glaucous; leaves clasping, incised, and dentate, wavy; sepals
smooth; capsule globose. Native of Persia. Common in cultivation. Scarcely
naturalized. Stem 1 to3teet high; Leaves 4to 8 by 2 to3inches, with rather obtuse
dentures. Flowers large brilliant white, red and purple: sometimes very double.
3. P. Raeas. Common Red Poppy.
Stem many-flowered, hairy; leaves incisely pinnatifid; capsules smooth, nearly
globose. Distinguished from the last species chiefly by its more finely divided
leaves and globular capsules. Flowers very large and showy, of a deep scarlet
red, sometimes yariable. Cultivated.
6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA.
In honor of Eschscholiz, a German botanist, known by his researches in California
SEPALS 2, cohering by their edge, eaducous. Prrans 4.
STAMENS many, adhering to the claws of the petals. Sr1e-
MAS 4 to 7, sessile, 2 to 3 of them abortive. CAPsuLES
pod-shaped, cylindric 10-striate, many seeded.—Annual,
glaucous herbs with a colorless juice, 2 to 3 pinnatifid leaves
with linear segments, and showy yellow flowers on solitary
peduncles.
KE. Dovetastt, Hook. California Poppy.
Stem branching, leafy; torws obconic; calyx ovoid, with a very short abrupt
acumination. Petals bright yellow, with an orange spot at the base. 2 inches
broad. Native of California and Oregon. Common in cultivation.
2. H. Caxirornica, Hook.
Stem branching, leafy; torus funnel-form with a much dilated limb; calyx
obconic, with a long acumination; flowers orange-yellow. From California. Culti-
yated.
OrpER 1l. FUMARIACEE.
Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, and irregular
flowers. FLOWERS irregular, purple, white, or yellow. SEpaLs 2, deciduous. Prats
4, cruciate, hypogynous, very irregular. SraMENS 6, in two sets of 3 each, placed
epposite the larger petals, hypogynous, their filaments more or less united; the
FUMARIACEZ. >.
middle anther of each Leelled; the lateral ones 2-celled. OyaRy superior, 1-celled
STYLE filiform; sTIGMA with 2 or more points.
DICENTRA. Bork. Wrongly Diclytra or Dielytra,
Gr. dis, sate and kentron, a spur: in allusion to the two spurs.
Supars 2, small. Prrats 4; the two outer equally
spurred, or gibbous at the base. STaMENS united in 2 sets
of 3in each. Sriama 2-crested or2 horned. FitaMents
slightly united. Pop 2-valved, 10 to 20 seeded.—Zow stem-
less perennials ; with ternately ‘compound leaves, and simple
scupes, bearing racemose nodding flowers.
1. D. Cuccvnarta, DC. Dutchman’s Breeches.
Root bulbiferous; scape naked; raceme simple, I-sided, 4 to 10 flowered; wing
of the inner petals short; spurs divergent, elongated, acute, straight; pedicels
2-bracted. ;
Rieh woods, shady ravines and hills. April and May. A smooth handsome
plant. Bulbs consisting of clusters of little-grainlike tubers inclosed in a sheath.
Leaves radical, multifid, somewhat triternate, ‘smooth, with oblong linear segments.
Scape slender, 6 to 10 inches high. lowers scentless, nodding, white, tinged with
yellow and purple.
2. D. CaNnaDENszE, DC. Squirrel Corn.
Scape naked; raceme simple, 4 to 6 flowered; spurs short, rounded; wing of the
inner petals projecting beyond the summit.
Rich woods. May. Rhizoma bearing a numberof roundish tubers, about the
size of peas, and of a bright yellow color. Leaves having the segments longer and
narrower than in the preceding species. Floweis white, tinged with purple, very
fragrant, 3 to 4 on a scape 6 to 8 inches high.
3. D. extmta, DC. Choice Dicentra.
Divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly oblong; scape naked; raceme compound,
clustered ; coroila oblong, 2-gibbous at the base, crest of the inner petals project
ing beyond the summit.
Rocks, along the Alleghanics. April—July. A larger plant than the others,
blossoming all sammer. Jeaves 10 to 15 inches high, with 4 to 8 cymes, each
with 7 to 10 reddish-purple, nodding HGES: Often cultivated.
2. CORYDALIS, DC.
From korudalis; the Greek name of Fumitory.
Sepats 2, small. Prrans 4, one of which is spurred at
es Mee deciduous. SrameENs 6, diadelphous: filaments
2 equal sets by their broad bases which sheath the ovary.
Bop 2-valved, many-seeded. SEEDs crested. nee an
racemes. Biennials.
1. C. aurea, Willd. Golden Corydalis. -
Siem branched, diffuse; leaves glaucous, doubly pinnate, lobes oblong-linear,
acute; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, toothed, opposite the leaves, and
terminal; spur incuryed, pods terete, pendant: seeds with a scolloped erests
Acree terior io cn ieetaaation
¥
4]
&
2
si
Lf
f
- 2
‘7
&
;
4
t
24 Gwarsme;
_ Bhady rocks, April—August. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, with said
leaves. Flowers bright yellow and showy. Pods 1-inch long. ina. eee
2. C. etavca, Pursh. Pale Corydalis.
Stem erect, branched ; leaves glaucous, decompound; segments cuneate, trifid;
‘tracts oblong, acute, shorter than the~pedicals; spur short and rounded; pods
‘erect, slender, elongated; seeds with a small entire crest.
_ Rocky woods: common. May—July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1 to 8
inches long; the lower ones on long petisles. Flowers whitish, tinged with
“yellow, and flesh color. tat
8. ADLUMIA. Raf. Crimpine Fumirory. -
In honorof Mr. John Adlum, a distinguished cultivator of the vine.
Sepats 2, minute. Prrazs4, united in a spongy mono-
petalous corolla, persistent, and with 2 protuberances at the
base; 4-lobed at the apex. od 2-valved, few seeded==
A climbing biennial vine, with 2-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed
delicate leaflets, and numerous panicles of drooping flowers.
A. cinrHosa, Raf. Alleghany Vine. Mountain Fringe.
_ Woods and rocky hills. July—Sept. A slender climber 8 to 15 feet long.
dzeaves pinnately divided; the midrib twining like a tendril. # lowers in compound
axillary racemes, pale violet or nearly white.
FUMARIA. -Linn. Fumrrory.
Lat. fumus, smoke: from its disagreeable smell.
Sepsis 2, caducous. Prtats 4, unequal, one of them
‘spurred at the base. FILaMENTS in 2 sets, each with 3
anthers: Fruit small, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded.—
Branched annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, and
close racemes or spikes. ;
F. orrictanaLis, L. Common Fumitory. )
Leaves bi-pinnate, leaficts lanccolate, cut into linear segments; raceme loese;
‘sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the coroila.
Near cultivated grounds. May—July. Stem 10 to 15 inches high. Flowers -
rose-colored. Introduced from Europe.
Orper 12. GRUCIFERE.
Herbs with a pungent watery juice, often accompanied by an etherial cil; and
‘eruciform teradynamous flowers: leaves alternate: fruit a silique or silicle.
FLowers yellow or white, rarely purple or red: without bracts, generally in
racemes. Srepats 4, deciduous. Prrats 4, regular, their claws inserted into the
receptacle, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs ferming a
cross. STAMENS 6, of which 2 on opposite sides are shorter, solitary, and opposite
the lateral sepals. Ovary, superior, l-celled: stigmas 2. Pop usually 2-elled,
‘2-valved, 1 ormany-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by the valves. SEEDS attached —
in a single row, by a cord to each of the plaeente, gencrally pendulous, withou® —
sibumen. Embryo with the 2 cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. q
CRUCIFERZ. 25
" Secrron I. SILICULOSAI. Pod short and broad.
‘1. THLASPI. Linn. Punwy Cress.
| _ Gr. thlao; to compress or flatten: on account of the flattened silicles.
Catyx equal at the base. Prrats equal. Srzicrz short,
flat, emarginate at the apex, many-seeded ; valves, bract-form,
winged on the back; cells 2, many seeded. Ootyledons .
accumbent.—Annual herbs with undivided leaves and white
or purplish flowers.
1. T. arvensz, L. Penny Cress. -
Leaves oblong-sagitate, coarsely toothed, smooth; silicle ( pouch) roundish-ob-
ovate, shorter than the pedicel, its wings dilated longitudinally: stigma subsessile.
Cultivated stony fields. June. Stem a foot high, erect, and somewhat branched.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 44 as wide. Flowers small, white in terminal racemes.
The plant has a disagreeable flaver of garlic.
2. T. ruperosum, Nutt. Tuberous Penny Cress.
Leaves rhomboid-ovate, obscurely dentate, smooth and sessile; radical ones
petiolate; silicle suborbicular. Apriland May. Stem4to 5inches high, Flowers
rather large, rose-colored.
2. CAPSELLA. DC. | SHEPHERD’S PURSE.
Diminutive of capsa, ea chest or box: in allusion to the fruit.
Catyx equal at base. SiniIcLeEs triangular, wedge-form,
obeordate, compressed laterally ; valves carinate, not winged
on the back. Style short. Srepsmany. Annual. Flowers
white. =
_ ©. Bursa-pasroris, DC. WShepherd’s Purse.
Radical leaves pinnatifid, hairy; cauline ones oblong, more or less toothed,
sagitate at base.
Cultivated grounds. April—Oct. A troublesome weed. Stem 6 to 12 inches
high. Flowers small, in racemes, which are finally 3 to12 inches long. Intro
‘duced from Europe. |
8. EREOPHILA. DC.
Gr. er, eros, spring; and phileo, to love: in allusion to its early flowering.
_ Catyx equal. Prraus2-parted. Stamens without teeth.
SILIcLE oval or oblong; valves flat. SEEDS many, not mar-
gined.— Annual. Flowers small.
K. vunearis, DC. Whitlow Grass.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute subserrate, hairy: scape naked: petals bifid :
stigma sessile: silicle flat, oval, shorter than the pedicel.
Fields. March—May. Scape 2 to 6 inches high. Flowers minute, white. Pouck
on long pedicels.
‘
86 CRUCIFERZ.
4. LEPIDIUM. Linn. PrEpprEr-crass.
Gr. lenis, a scale; in allusion to the form of the pouch.
CALYX equal at the base. PETALS entire, ovate. Fuina-
MENTS without teeth. Sri1czus laterally compressed, orbieu-
lar-ovate, or oval; septwm very narrow, crossing the greater
diameter; valves carinate, dehiscent: cells 1-seeded. SEEDS
somewhat 5-angled. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely accum-
bent.— Annual or biennial herbs, with white flowers.
1. LL. Vireinicum, L. Wild Pepper-grass.
Stem branched; radical leaves pinnatifid; stem leaves linear lanceolate, serrate,
smooth; stamens 2 to 4; silicles orbicular, emarginate, shorter than the pedicel.
Dry fields and roadsides. May—Sept. Stem a “foot high, Pee above..
Flowers small, white. Pouch about 2 lines long.
2. lL. sativum, L. Pepper-grass. Tongue-grass.
Leaves variously divided and cut; branches without spines; silicles orbicular
winged. A pleasant anti-scorbutic cress: often cultivated for the tabie. Stems 1
to 3 fect high, very branching. Silicles 2 to 3 lines broad, very numerous. Native
of the Hast.
5. CAMELINA. Crants. FALSE FLAX.
Gr. kamai, dwarf, and limon, fax: on account of its resemblance to flax.
CaLyx equal at the base. Prrazs equal. . FILAMENTS
without teeth. Srinicze ob-ovoid.or sub-globose, obtuse,
entire, mucronate with the persistent style. Sevps numerous,
oblong, not margined.— Annual. Flowers yellow.
C. sativa, DC.
Leaves lanceolate, saggitate, sessile, roughish; s¢licle inflated, margined; cotyledons
incumbent.
Cultivated grounds: common in flax fields. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, ©
panicled above. Flowers numerous, in corymbose panicies, small, yellow.
Pouches large, on long slender pedicels. Introduced from Europe. It has beea
fancied by some to be a sort of degenerate flax.
6. COCHLEARIA. = Linn.
Lat. cochlear, a spoon: in reference to its concave leaves.
Canyx equal at the base, spreading. PrrTaus entire.
STAMENS without teeth. SriicLe oblong or ovoid-globose,
with ventricose valves. SEEDS numerous, not margined. —
Flowers white. Perennial.
C. ArmorAcEA, L. LHorse-radish.
Radical leaves on long heres oblong, crenate: cauline long-lanceolate, serrate
or entire, sessile; szlicle elliptic.
Waste grounds, Naturalized. June. oot large, fleshy, very pungent to the
taste. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers white in elongated racemes. Native of
Europe. Extensively cultivated. iid
CRUCIFER#. 7 . . 27
CULTIVATED EXOTICS.
7. ALYSSUM. Linn.
Gr. a, privative; lussa, rage: supposed by the ancients to allay rage.
CaLyx equal at the base. Prrats entire; some of the
stamens with teeth. Sinictz orbicular or oval, with valves,
flat or convex in the centre. Sceds 1 to 4 in each cell.
Perennial.
A. saxarite. Rock Alyssum. Madwort.
Stem suffruticose at the base, subcorymbose: leaves lanceolate, entire, downy ;
silicle ovate-orbicular, Zseeded; seedsmargined. An early flowering garden annual.
Native of Candia. Slem1 foot high. Flowers numerous, yellow, in close corym-
bose clusters.
A. wanitiuum, Lam. Sweet Alyssum.
Stem somewhat shrubby and procumbent at the base: leaves linear-lanceolate,
acute, somewhat hoary: pods oval, smooth. A sweet-scented garden plant, with
fine leayes and small white flowers. June—Oct. Siem 1 foot high.
8. LUNARIA. Linn. Honesty.
Lat. Tuna, the moon: from the broad round silicles.
SEPALS somewhat bi-saccate at the base. PETALS nearly
entire. STAMENS not toothed. Sr1LicLE pedicellate, ellip-
tical or lanceolate, with flat valves; funiculus adhering to
the dissepiments.
1, L. srennis, DC. Honesty.
Stem erect; leaves cordate, with obtuse teeth; silicies oval, obtuse at both ends.
A biennial plant. Native of Germany. Stems 3 to4 feet high. Flowers lilac-
eolored. Naturalized near Philadelphia. Nutt.
2. L. nepiviva. Satin Flower. s
Stem erect, branching: leaves ovate, cordate, petiolate, mucronately serrate:
Bilicles lanceolate, narrowed at each end. A pretty perennial from Germany,
Stem 2to3 feet high. Flowers light purple.
‘ 9. IBERIS. Linn. CANDy-TUFT.
Prraxs, the two outside larger than the two inner. Sr1Lt-
LES compressed, truncate, emarginate; the cells 1-seeded.—
Ornamental garden annuals.
1, I. umpetnara. Purple Candy-tuft,
Herbaceous, smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; lower ones serrate;
_ mipper ones entire. Silicles umbellate, acutely 2-lobed. A pretty border fiower,
Native of South Europe. June, July. Stem 1 foot high. Flewers in simple
_ terminal umbels. This species as well as the rest is remarkable for having the 2
' guter petals larger than the 2 inner ones. Or
98 CRUCIFERZ.
1, saxatvinis, Rock Candy-tuft.
Shrubby: leaves linear, entire, somewhat fleshy, rather acute, smooth or ciliate.
Flowers white, in corymbs. Stems nearly 1 foot high. April—June. Native of
South Europe.
10. ISATIS. Linn.
SILIcuE elliptical, flat, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with boat-shaped
valves, which are scarcely dehiscent.
1. I. rrncrorra, L. Woad.
Silicles wedge-form, acuminate at the base, somewhat spatulate at the end,
very obtuse, 8 times as long as broad. Native of England; cultivated for the
sake of its leaves, which yield a dye that is substituted for indigo. May—July.
Stem 4 feet high. Leaves large, broad, clasping the stem. Flowers yellow, large,
in terminal racemes.
Suction 2. SILIQUOSA. Pod mostly long and narrow.
11. DENTARIA. Linn. Tooru-worr.
Lat. dens, a tooth; on account of the tooth-like scales of the root.
SEPALS converging. SILIQUE (pod) narrow-lanceolate,
with a long tapering style: valves flat, nerveless, revolute,
opening elastically: placentee not winged. SEEDS in a single
row, not margined: funiculus slender.—Herbaceous plants
with perennial roots, divided leaves, and white or purplish
flowers.
1. D. vactntata, Muhl. Common Toothwort.
Stem leaves 3, verticillate, on short petioles, ternate; leaflets 3-parted segments
linear, entire, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid; lateral ones lobed; root moniliform,
Woods and rocky places near streams. April and May. Stem 6 to 12 inches
high, simple. Zeaves usually in a whorl about halfway up. Flowers in loose
terminal racemes, pale, rose-colored, or white. Petals cuneate-obovate, attenuated
below. Pod about 1 inch long. Root consisting of a chain of 3 or 4 nearly tooth-
less-oblong tubers, of a pungent taste.
2. D. pipHyuiA, Mich. Pepper Root.
Stem leaves mostly 2, on short petioles, ternate: leaflets ovate oblong, unequally
and coarsely toothed or laciniate.
Woods and wet meadows. May. Stem 6tol2inches high. Zeaves large, opposite
or nearly so, above the middle of the stem. lowers racemed, large white, the
petals much larger than the calyx. Root-stock large, beset with teeth, with a
pungent, aromatic taste. od about an inch long. :
3. D. maxima, Nutt. Great Toothwort.
Leaves 2 to 7, alternate, on long petioles, ternate; leaflets ovate, obtuse, coarsely
toothed and incised, often 2to 38 cleft; lateral ones lobed; axils naked; racemes
lateral and terminal.
Woods; rare. June. Stem often nearly 2 feet high. Flowers in racemes, pale
purple. Root-stock a string of strongly toothed tubers.
‘CRUCIFERZ. . 29
4. D. HETEROPHYLLA, Nutt. Dwarf Toothwort.
Radical leaves on long petioles, deeply and obtusely lobed, lobes crenately den-
tate, with abruptly mucronate teeth; stem leaves 2, rarely 3, alternate, petiolate,
ternately divided; segments linear-lanceolate, entire or rarely toothed, rough-
edged.
Woods. June. Root-stock moniliform, obscurely toothed. Stem 8 to 12 inehes
high. Corymbs with about 9 pale purple flowers.
4
12. BARBAREA. R. Brown. Winter Cress.
Anciently called the Herb of Saint Barbarea.
SEPALS erect, sub-equal at base. Pop 4-angled and some-
what 2-edged; valves concave-carinate, awnless at the apex.
SEEDs in a single row in each cell, marginless.— Perennials
or biennials with yellow flowers, and lyrately-pinnatifid leaves.
B. vuuearis. R. Br. Winter Cress.
Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round; wpper aves obovate;
eut toothed, or pinnatifid at the base; pod 4-sided, tapering into a slender style.
Moist places and roadsides. Common. May—Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high,
smooth, branched above. Flowers in dense racemes, small yellow. Probably
introduced.
13. NASTURTIUM. BR. Brown. Cress.
Lat. nasus torius, from the effect of these USTs — upon the nose.
SEPALs erect, sub-equal at base. Pop. dangled and some-
what 2-edged; valves concave-carinate, awnless at the apex.
SEEDS in a single row in each cell, marginless.— Perennials
or biennials with yellow flowers, and lyrately-pinnatifid leaves.
1. N. PALUSTRE,-DC. Marsh Water Cress.
Lower leaves lyrately pinnatifid; wpper ones pinnately iobed, amplexicaul, lobes
eonfiuent, dentate, smooth; petals as long as the calyx; peds ovoic-oblong varying
to ovoid, obtuse, turgid, tipped with a very short style.
Wet places, along streams. July. . Stem 18 inches high, mostly erect, branched,
obtusely 2-angled, and striate above. Zeaves 2 to 3 inches long, more or less pin-
natifid, smooth, except a few ciliwatthe base. Flowzrs racemose, minute, yellow.
Pad short, turgid.
a HISPIDUM, DC. Hisped Water Cress.
Stem upright, rough-hairy; leaves pinnatifidly lobed, or runcinate-pinnatifid ;
lobes rather obtusely toothed; pod ovoid, tumid, pointed with the distinct styl,
_ searcely more than half as long as the calyx; petuls scarcely as long as the calyx,
Banks of streams. July, August. Stem angular, 2 to 4 feet high, much
branched, with many paniculate racemes above, Leaves 3 to 6 inches long,
Flowers minute, yellow. Siélicles 1 line long on pedicels twice their length.
3.. N. sytvestrRe, Br. Creeping Water Cress.
Leaves pinnately divided; segments lanceolate, incisely serrate, the upper ones
34 entire ; petals longer than the calyx; pods oblong, slightly uneven ; style very short,
Banks of the Penwsr near Philadelphia, July, Root creeping. Stem a fcot
30 : CRUCIFERZ.
| , angular, branched. Flowers larger than in the preceding. Intidtucoditnem
urope.
14. ARABIS. Linn. Watt Orzss.
Said to have derived its name from Arabia, its native country.
SEPALS erect. PETALS unguiculate, entire. Pop linear,
plane; valves flat, 1-nerved inthe middle. SrEDs ina single
row in each cell, usually margined or winged.— Annual and
biennial plants with white flowers.
1. A. Canavensis, L. Sickle Pod.
Stem leaves sessile. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; the lower, toothed; pedicels
3-times as long as the calyx, pubescent, refiexed in fruit; petals twice the length of
the calyx, oblong-linear; pods pendulous, subfalcate, vemed: seeds winged.
Rocky situations. May—Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, round, smooth.
Leaves 1 to 3inches long, 14 as wide, sessileand clasping. Flowers in long terminal
racemes, small, white. ods long, drooping, resembling a sickle blade-
2. <A. LyYRATA, L. American Rock Cress.
Stem diffusely branched, low; stem Ieaves linear or spatulate, entire, smooth and
glaucous: radical leaves lyrately pinnatifid, often pilose: pedicels somewhat spread-
ing; petals twice the length of the calyx; pods erect, spreading, with a short,
straight style; seeds marginless.
Rocky hills. April—June. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, often many united at the
base. oot-leaves numerous, rosulate,1 to 3 inches long, 14 as wide, petiolate.
fF lowers middle size, white or rarely pale purple.
3. A. neviecata, DC. Smooth Wall Cress.
Erect, smooth and glaucous; radical leaves obovate and oblong, tapering to a
petiole, sinuate-dentate; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, sparingly cut-
toothed or entire: petals scarcely larger than the calyx; pods long and narrow,
recurved, spreading and pendulous. :
Rocky places. May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round, smooth, simple, or branehed
above. oot-leaves often purplish, 34 to 1 yy inch long g, half as wide, with acute
teeth. Flowers white, few, small, in corymbed racemes. Pod 2 inches long, very
narrow. =
4. A. nirsuta, DC. Hairy Wall Cress.
Erect, branching; leaves dentate, pubescent, or scabrous; radical ones ovate-
oblong, tapering toa petiole; stem leaves ovate, lanceolate sg sagittate; pedicels as
long as the calyx; pod straight, erect.
Low, rocky grounds. Notcommon. May, June. Stem 6 to12 inches high; 2 or
more from the same root; round,. hairy at the base, dividing into slender parallel
branches. Leaves scarcely dentate, sessile, with heart-shaped or sagittate bases.
Flowers small, greenish white. Pod 1 to 2 inches long.
15. IODANTHES. Torr. & Gray. Fatsz Rocker.
Gr. todes, violet colored ; and anthos, flower.
Pop linear, elongated, terete. SEEDs in a single row in
each cell, margined. SryzE thick. SricMma capitate. CLAws
of the violet-purple petels longer than the calyx.—a smooth
_ perennial, with showy flowers in panicled racemes.
|
CRUCIFER 2. 31
I. wespertporpes, T. & G.
Leaves ovate oblong, toothed, pointed; the lower sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid.
Banks of rivers. Western Pa. May, June. Stem 1to3 feet high. Petals tg
inch long, spatulate. Pods 1 to 2 inches long, slightly curved upwards, longer
than ihe spreading pedicels, knotty, rather fleshy.
~ 16° CARDAMINE. Linn.
Kardamon, an ancient Greek name of Cress. ~
Catyx a little spreading: Pop linear, flattened usually
opening elastically; valves nerveless. SEEDS in single rows
in each cell, ovate, not margined.— Mostly perennial plants
with white or purple flowers. .
1. C. uirsura, L. Hairy Cardamine.
Mostly smooth. Leaves pinnate, with 5 to 13 leaflets, or lyrately pinnatifid ;
leaflets of the radical ones petioled, mostly rounded; those of the stem ovate or
linear, toothed or entire; petals twice as long as the calyx, oblong-cuneate; stigma
minute, subsessile.
_ A yariable biennial, common in wet places. May—July. Stem 6 to 16 inches
high. Zeaves hairy or smooth, 144 tol inch long. Flowers small, white. Fed
about 1 inch long, 12 to 18-seeded.
2. ©. RHoMBoIDEA, DC. Spring Cress.
Roct tuberous; sfem-leaves ovate-rhomboid, somewhat petioled ; root-leares round
or cordate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed; pods linear-lanceolate,
pointed with a slender style, tipped with a conspicuous stigma; seeds round
oval.
Wet meadows and springs. Per. April—June. S‘em9 to 12 inches high, erect,
smooth, simple. lowers in terminal racemes, large, white or reddish. Pods l4ts
1 inch long.
3. ©. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Mich. Round-leaved Spring Cress.
Root fibrous; stem weak, procumbent; leaves sub-orbicular, sub-dentate, smooth,
‘petioled; pod spreading, slender, with a long style.
Wet grounds near springs. Per. July. Stem 6 to 15 inches high, decumbent
Flowers in terminal racemes, white or yellowish, half the size of the preceding.
Pod 4 to 34 inch long.
rT. SISYMBRI 7M. Linn. Hepes Musrarp.
An ancient Greek name of some plant of this family.
Calyx mostly spreading,.equal at the base. PrETALs un-
iculate, entire. Pop terrete, or rather 4 to 6 sided, ses-
sile upon the disk, the valves 1 fo 3 nerved. SEEDS ina
single row in each cell, oblong, marginless.— Annual herbs
with small white or yellow flowers.
1. §S. oFFicrnaLE, Scop. Hedge Mustard.
Leaves runcinaie and withthe stem hairy. Flowers in along raceme; pod sube-
late, closely pressed to the stem.
Waste places. Introduced: May—Sept An unsightly branched weed, 1 te 3
+a
a
32 CRUCIFERE.
=
feet high. Flowers yellow, very small, pm the raceme which becomes 1 to
3 feet long, environed by the appressed sessile pods.
2. S. TuHarranum, Hook. IMouse-ear Hedye Mustard.
Radical leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed ; stem lcaves lanceolate,
gessile; pods ascending, rather longer than the pedicels.
Rocks and sandy fields. April and May. Stem 6 to 15. sda high, slender,
terete, with slender erect branches. eaves mostly in a radical cluster, 1 to 2 inches
long ; those of the stem 4 to 1 inch long, denticulate, ciliate. Flowers small, white.
Probably introduced.
3. §. CANESCENS, Nutt. Hoary Hedge Mustard.
Leaves 2-pinnatifid, the divisions small and toothed; petals scarcely exceeding the
calyx; pods in long racemes, oblong or rather clavate, not longer than the spreading
pedicels. =
Banks of streams. Ratherrare. May. Siem slender, 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers
very small, pale yellow. Sfedicels spreading with the pod, often erect. <A very
¥ariable species, often hoary pubescent. e
18. ERYSIMUM. Linn. TREAcLE MusrTarp.
Gr. eruo, to draw blisters.
Catyx erect, closed. Pops columnar, 4-sided; igi
eapitate. SEEDS ina single row in each cell, oblong, mar-
ginless; cotyledons often obliquely incumbent.— Chiefly
_ btennials with yellow flowers.
1. E. cuerranrHorpes, L. Wormseed Mustard.
Leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed, minutely roughish; pods erect, spreading,
twice as long as the pedicels; stigma small, nearly sessile.
Along streams: rare. Introduced. July—Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect,
branched, roughish. lowers yellow, in long terminal racemes. Ped about 1 inch
long, pointed with a short style.
2. EH. ARKANSANUM, Nutt. Western Wall-flower.
Minutely roughish hairy; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ;
fower ones runcinate-toothed; flowers racemose corymbed at summit.
A fine plant with showy flowers resembling the Wall-flower. Native of the
Western States, cultivated in gardens. June and July. Biennial. Stem1 to 3
feet high, slender. Zeaves 2 to 3 inches long, 144 to %inch wide. Sepals straw-color.
Petals ‘larze bright orange-yellow. Siliques 3 inches long, “ee sub-erect.
19. SINAPIS. Linn. Musrarp.
Gr. sinapi, which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.
SEPALS equal at the base, spreading. PETALS ovate, with
straight claws. Pops nearly terete, with a short beak;
valves bearing nerves. SEEDS globose, l-rowed.— Annual
or biennial European plants, with yellow flowers, and lyrate,
pinnatifid, or incised leaves.
1. S. nigra, L. Black Mustard.
Lower leaves lyrate or lobed; upper linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth; pods smoot
and even, somewhat 4-sided, appressed to the stem, tipped with a slender style.
CRUCIFER &. | 33
Fields and waste places: partly naturalized. June and July. Stem 2 to 6 fet
high. Flowers yellow. odsvery numerous, nearly linchlong. Seeds numerous,
nearly black, used as a condiment.
2. S. ALBA, L. White Mustard.
Leaves pinnatifid, or lyrate, the terminal lobes large, nearly smooth ; pods mostly
hispid, spreading, scarcely as long as the sword-form beak.
Cultivated; sometimes spontaneous in old fields. Juneand July. Stem2to$
feet high. Flowers corymbose, yellow, rather large. Seeds large, pale yellow.
Used as a condiment, and much esteemed in medicine.
20. RAPHANUS. Linn. Ranprisu.
Gr. ra, quickly; and phaino, to appear; from its rapid growth.
CALyx erect. PETALS obovate, unguiculate. Pops trans-.
versely many-celled or dividing into several joints, the lower
often seedless and stalk-like; the upper necklace-form, with
no proper partition. Annuals or Biennials.
1. R. RapwanistruM, L. Wild Radish. Charlock.
Leaves simply lyrate; pod terete, jointed, smooth, becoming in matury 1-celled,
longer than the style; seeds 3 to 8.
Fields and waste places. Introduced. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, hispig.
Flowers yellow, about as large as the common radish.
2. RK. sativa, L. Garden Radish.
Lower leaves lyrate, petiolate; pod torose, terete, acuminate, scarcely longer than
the pedicels. A well known cultivated salad root from China. Stem 2 to 4 fees
high, yery branching. /’lewers white, tinged with purple.
21. CHEIRANTHUS. R. Brown. Wall-Flower.
Arabic kheyry; and anthos, a flower.
Cauyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at the base. Pr-
TALS dilated. Pop terete or compressed. SriaMA 2-lobed
or capitate. SEEDS in a single series, ovate compressed.—
Showy perennials, with lanceolate or ovate slightly toothed
Leaves, and handsome fragrant flowers in panicled clusters or
racemes.
1. C. HESPERIDOIDES, T. & G. Locket Wall-Flower.
Smooth; lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; wpper ovate-lanceolate, unequally and
sharply serrate; pedicels as long as the calyx ; limb of the petals obovate, entire.
Banks of streams. Western Pa. May—July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or
branched. eaves thin, 3 to 5 inches long, 14 as wide, those of the stem scarcely
petiolate. Flowers in terminal axillary racemes, pale purple, small. Pods 144
inches long. Per.
2. ©. omerrt. Wall Flower.
' Stem somewhat shrubby at the base; leaves entire or slightly dentate, lanceolate,
acute, smooth ; branches angular ;-petals obovate; pods erect, acuminate. A popu
lar garden flower from South Europe, admired for its agreeable odor, and its hand-
gome sorymbose clusters of orange or yellow flowers. Per. .
OE ae ee Se ee ces re
ce I all / Hits ‘ ,
84 CRUCIFERZ. , ae
CULTIVATED EXOTIOS. — eS
22. HESPERIS. Linn. Rocker,
Gr. hesperis, evening; when the flower is most fragrant.
Catyx closed, furrowed at the base, shorter than the
claws of the petals. Prrats bent obliquely, linear or obo-
vate. Pop 4-sided, 2-edged or sub-terete. SrEDS not mar-
gined. STIGMAS forked, with the points pOnLNESIR: —FPer-
ennials.
1. H. matronaris. Rocket. Sky Rocket.
. Stem simple, erect; leaves lanceolate, ovate, denticulate; petals emarginate mur
eronate; pedicels as long as the calyx. A fine garden perennial, Stem 3 to 4 feet
high. Fiowrs purple, sometimes double and white. Said to be found native
about Lake Huron.
2. H, aprica. Siberian Rocket.
Stem a foot high, erect, simple, pubescent; leaves oblong obtuse, entire, cilliate-
hispid; pedicels as long as the calyx. Flowers purple,-May and June. From |
Siberia. ;
23. MATTHIOLA. R. Brown.
In honor of P. A. Matthiela, physician to Ferdinand of Austria.
Catyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at the base. . Pz-*
TALS dilated. Pops terete. STIGMAS connivent, thickened
or connate at the back.—Herbaccous or shrubby oriental’
plants, clothed with a hoary stellate‘pubescence.
1. M. annuus. Ten Week Stock.
Stem herbaceous, erect, branched, 2 feet hi: zh; leaves hoary eanescent, lanceolate,
obtuse, subdentate; pod sub-cylindrical, without glands. A fine garden flower
from South Europe. lowers variegated. ¥
2. M. mcanus. Purple July Flower.
Stem shrubby at the base, erect, branched, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate,
entire, hoary-canescent. Pods sub-cylindrical, truncate and compressed at the
apex, without glands. lowers purple and crimson. <A popular garden flower, nar |
tive of England, {
24. BRASSICA. Linn,
Celtic bresic; the cabbage.
SEPAxs equal at the base, (mostly) erect. PuTats oho-—
~ yate. FILAMENTS without teeth. Pop sub-compressed ;
valves concave, with a central vein. SryuxE short, subterate,
obtuse. SEEDS globose in a single (sometimes double) TOW,
—F lowers yellow, ‘
CAPPARIDACES.
pS
1. B. campzstris. Cale.
Leaves somewhat fieshy and glaucous; the upper one cordate-amplexicaul, ace
minate. Stem 114 t03 feet high, round, smooth above, with a few scattered reversed
hairs below. Racemes 1 to 2 feet long. Corolla yellow, nearly 14 inch in diameter.
b. Rutabaga. Swedish Turnip.
Root tumid, napiform, sub-globose, yellowish; growing to an enormous size
Cultivated for cattle. Native of Sweden.
Orpen 13. CAPPARIDACES.
Herbaceous plants or shrubs, without a true stipule, but sometimes with spines te
their place. Leaves alternate, petioled, undivided or palmate. FLOWERS cruciform,
Solitary or racemose. Sepans4. Prrats 4, or even 8, imbricated or none, cruciate,
usually unguiculate and unequal. Stamens 6 to 12, or some multiple of 4. Disk
hemispherical or elongated. Ovary stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Sryies united
into one.. Stigma discoid. Fruit either pod-shaped and dehiscent, or fieshy and
indehiscent. Sreps many, kidney-shaped, without albumen.
x GYNANDROPSIS. DC.
Gr. Gynandria, a Linnean class; opsts, appearance.
Catyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Pzrats 4, unequal.
STAMENS 6 ; filaments adnate below to the linear, elongated
torus, its whole Jen sth. Pop linear-oblong, raised on a “long
stipe which rises from the top of the torus. —~Tieaves digitate.
Flowers racemec.
G. PENTAPHYLLA, DC. Five-leaved Gynandropsis.
Middle leaves petiolate, 5-foliate; floral.and lower ones 3-foliate; leaflets obovate,
entire or denticulate.
Cultivated grounds. July. Annual. Sfem 2 fect hich, viscid, simple. Flowers
_of a very irregular structure, white in long terminal racemes. Feials obovate widda
_ very long capillary Claws. Pod 2 inches long, linear, on a long foot-stalk.
9. POLANISIA. Raf.
Gr. polus, many or much, and anisos, unequal.
Sepats 4, distinct, spreading. Prrats 4, unequal, with
claws. SrAMENs 8 to 32, unequal. RxEcEPTACLE not elon-
gated. Pop stalkless or nearly so, above the stamens, linear
or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded.— Strong scented aw
nuals with glandular or clammy hairs, and digitate leaves.
P. GRAVEOLENS, Raf. Strong scented Polanisia. ea
Viscid, pubescent; leaves ternate; leaflets ellipticoblong; lowers axillary,
solitary ; stamens 8 to 12; capsule oblong lanceolate, alternate at the base.
Gravelly banks of ang: June—Aug. Stem 1 foot high, branching, striate.
's in a corymbose raceme, yellowish-white and Purple. Whole plant more oF
less viscid and fetid. :
Ss Te a
86 ; RESEDACEH AND VIOLACER. .
| 3. CLEOME. Linn.
SEPALS sometimes united at the base. Prras 4, minute
or roundish. Sramens 4 to 6. Pop subsessile or stipi-
tate—Herbs or shrubs with simple on digitate leaves, and
racemed or solitary flowers.
C. puNGENS. Spiderwort.
Glandular pubescent. Sten: simple, and with the petioles covered with prickles;
leaves 5 to 9 foliate, on long petioles; leaflets elliptic, lanceolate acute at each end,
obscurely denticulate; bracts simple; flowers racemed; sepals distinct; petals on
filiform claws; stamens 6, twice as long as the petals. A common garden plant
with curious purple flowers. July and August. ;
Oxprr 14. RESEDACERI.— Mignioneties.
Herbs with unsymmetrical spiked, racemose; small flowers, and alternate leaves. _
Catryx not closed in the bud; SEPALS somewhat united at the base, unequal, green.
PETALS lacerated, unequal. Stamens§$ to 20 on the disk. Torus hypogynous. Pop
3 to 6 lobed, 3 to 6 horned, 1-celled with 3 to 6 pointed placenta, opening at the
top long before the seeds are full grown. -
J
: RESEDA. Linn.
Lat; resedo, to calm; the plants are said to relieve pain.
SEPALS many. Prraus 4 to 7, often cleft, unequal.
STamENsS 10 to 40, turned to one side.—Annual herbs with
very small flowers.
1. R. Lureora. Dyer’s Weed.
Leaves lanceolate. entire with a tooth on each side at the base; calyx Acleft;
petals 4; the upper one 3 to 5 cleft; the two lateral 3-cleft; the lower one linear
and Are pods depressed. Scarcely naturalized; flowering through the season.
Stem 2 feet high. Flowers greenish yellow, arranged in a long spike. Used for
dying yellow.
2. R. oporata. Magnionette.
Leaves entire, 3-lobed; sepals shorter than the petals. A well known and uni-
versal favorite of the garden; native of Egypt. Stem procumbent. Flowers very
fragrant.
Orper 15. VIOLACER.
Herbs with simple leaves usually alternate, sometimes opposite, stipulate, and aast-
lary nodding flowers with a somewhat irregular, 1-spurred corolla of d-petals, 5 hypo-
“gynous stamens pointed by their anthers, and a 1-celled 3-valved pod with 3 partetat
plaeente. Sepats 5, persistent, slightly united, elongated at the base, the two la-
teralinterior. Prtats twisted,imbricatein the bud. Stamens with short and broad
filaments, prolonged beyond the anther cells, and more or less coherent over the
stigma; two of the stamens with spurs or appendages which are received into the
- -VIOLACER. 27
spur of the corolla. Sryte club-shaped; st1gMA 1-sided,cucculate. Fruita3-valyed
capsule. SEEDS numerous; ALBUMEN fleshy. P
B is VIOLA. Linn. VIOLETs.
The ancient Latin name of the genus.
SePALs 5, auriculed at their base. Prrats 5, unequal,
the larger one spurred at the base; the 2 lateral equal, oppo-
site. STAMENS 5, approximate; filaments distinct ; anthers
connate, the lobes diverging at the base. CapsuLz 1-celled,
d-valved; seeds attached to the valves.—Low herbaceous per-
ennial plants, acaulescent or caulescent. Peduncles angular,
solitary, lowered recurved at the summit in an inverted
position. (Often producing concealed apetalous flowers during
the whole summer.)
* Stemless : leaves and scapes from subterranean root-stocks: perennials.
1. Flowers blue: leaves undivided.
1. V. cucournata, Ait. Hood-leaved Violet.
© Smoothish; J2aves cordate, cuccullate at the base, toothed, veined; stipules small,
linear, fringed; lateral petals bearded: spur short, ebtuse.
Low grounds, meadows, &c.; common. April—June. Leaves on long petioles,
strongly heart-shaped or triangularly kidney-shaped, rolled at the base, into a
hooded form. Flowe7s light blue or purple, with somewhat 4-sided seapes. Petals
twisted. Whole plant variable.
2. WV. saciTTata, Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet.
Smoothish or hairy; lecves oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, sub-acute, cften
hastate at the base, serrate or crenate-dentate : petals oblong, ovate, all except the
lower one, bearded; spur short, very thick and sac-like.
Gravelly fields: common. Apriland May. Leaves varying from obleng-sagittate
to triangular-hastate on murgined petioles, acute or not. Flowers middle sized,
purple, on'scapes 3 to 5 inches long. Var. emarginata Nutt. Leaves almost trian-
gular, lacerately toothed at the base; petals emarginate or bidentate.
3. V. OvATA, Nutt. Ovate-leaved Violet.
Teaves ovate, crenate, ciliate, abruptly decurrent on the short petiole, mostly
rouchish, pubescent; lateral petals bearded ; stigma a little beaked.
Dry bills. Apriland May. Leaves numerous, mostly hairy on both sides, some-
fimes nearly smooth, 34 as wide as long, acute or not, upper ones lacinate-dentate.
Sepals ciliate, oblong-ovate, deeply emarginate behind. Fetuls entire, veiny, obo-
vate, the lateral ones with dense white-beards. Spur broad.
4. YV. sororia, Willd. Bearded or Kindred_ Violet.
Leaves orbicular, or roundish-cordate with the sinus often closed, crenate-serrate,
mostly pilose, thickish, purple bencath, flat lying on the ground; lateral petals
densely bearded, lower one somewhat bearded, upper one naked; sitgma depressed,
with a defiexed beak.
Dry hills, open woodlands. Apriland May. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, mostly
orbicular or sub-ren‘form. Scapes few, about as long as the leaves, smooth, with
small subulate opposite bracts below the middle. Sepals lance-oblong, rather
obtuse. Corolla yeddish biue; petals obovate, entire. Capsule smooth. (Darling-
ton’s F.C.)
38 . VIOLACE &.
ae
5. V. ELLIPTICA. Lliptic-leaved Violet.
Leaves elliptical-oblong, crenately toothed or entire, somewhat pilose; flowers on
slender scapes.
Gravelly hillsides; rare. May and June. Leaves 4 to 114 inches long, 4 as
| wide, on slender petioles 2 to 4 inches long. Scapes few, slender, 4 to 6 inches long
with 2 small opposite subulate bracts above the middle. Flowers smaller than in
the preceding species, pale blue. Lateral and lower peéals densely bearded, and
profusely marked with white lines.
:
2. Leaves divided.
6. V. pepata, L. SBird’s-foot Violet.
Leaves pedate, nearly smooth, from 5 to 7 parted; segments linear-lanceolate, ot
tuse or acute, 1 or 2-toothed, or somewhat 3-lobed at the apex, tapering downwards;
stipules radical, pectinately lacerated; petals beardless; spur very short; stigma
large, obliquely truncate; beak obscure.
Dry hills or sandy woods. MayandJune. Root premorse. Scapes2 to 5 inches
high, several from the same root. Flowers large, pale blue, sometimes almosé
white; petals rounded at the extremities. This handsome species presents several
varieties—one with variegated flowers, the 2 upper petals intensely velvety purple,
and fully as handsome as the finest Pansy.
7. V. paumMata, L. Palmate Violet.
Pubescent; leaves reniform-cordate, palmate or hastate-lobed, variable ; the inter-
mediate one always larger; stipules lanceolate, subciliate; lateral petals densely
bearded; spur short; stigma capitate, recurved.
Moist woodlands and low grounds; common. May. (capes several, 4 to 6 inches
high, often pilose with 2 smail lanceolate bracts below the middle. Root:tock scaly.
The early leaves are ovate, entire; the later and perfect are often purple beneath,
variously lobed and cleft. Fetals purple or bright blue, entire, veiny, white at the
base; upper ones smaller; lateral ones densely bearded and marked with blue
striz.
3. Leaves undivided. Flowers white, the lower petals veined with purple.
8. V. pAncreoLATA, L. Lance-leaved Violet,
Eeaves very smooth, narrow, lanceolate, attenuated at each end, sub-serrate;
sepals lanceolate, acute, smooth; peials beardless, nearly equal.
Swampsand wetmeadows. AprilandMay. Rhizomacreeping. Zeaves narrow,
and with the stalk 3 to 5 inches long. . Petioles halfround. #lewers small, white,
inodorous. Upper and lateral petals marked with violet lines.
9. V. primutz#roLia, L. Primrose-leaved Violet.
Leaves oblong-ovate, mostly acute, sub-cordate and somewhat unequal at the
base, decurrent on the petiole, crenate-serrate, smooth above; sepals lanceolate;
petals obtuse, lateral ones sometimes sparingly bearded and striate; stigma capitate
and rostrate.
Wet grounds; rare. May. Intermediate between V. lanceolata and V. blanda.
Tezaves 2 to 5 inches long. and an inch or more wide, about as long as the scape.
Flowers white, odorous, on subsided stalks.
10. V. BLANDA, Willd. Wahitte Sweet Violet.
Leaves broad-cordate, remotely serrate or crenate, minutely pubescent, sinus
rounded ; petals ovate, obtuse, nearly beardless; stigma depressed, acutely mar
gined.
Wet meadows; common. April and May. Leaves close to the earth, nearl
round, 4 to 124 inches in diameter, flat and thin. Flowers small, white streake
with purple, very fragrant.
& Flowers yellow.
VIOLACER, 39
il. V. rorunprrouta, Mich. Round-leaved Violet.
Leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate, appressed to the ground ;
lateral petals bearded and marked with brown lines, lower ones smaller; spur very
short. : ’
Rocky woods. May. Scape1to3inches high. Leaves 1inch broad at flowering,
increasing to3 or 4inchesin summer. Flowers pale yellow, middle sized.
&* Perennials with stems.
6. Leaves undivided: flowers yellow or yellowish white.
12. V.-puBEScANS, Ait. Downy Yellow Violet.
Softly pubescent; stem elongated, erect; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, den-
tafe, more or less acuminate; stipules large, ovate, somewhat toothed; spur ex-
tremely short; lower petals veined with purple. Var. 1., eriocarpa, is large,
villous pubescent; capsule densely villous. Var. 2., scabriuscula, is smaller, slightly
pubescent, and brighter green; stems decumbent; pods smooth or woolly.
Rich woods; common. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, generally solitary, some-
what angular. Peduncles rather shorter than the leaves, axillary, solitary, with 2
subulate bracts. Flowers middle sized, yellow; lateral petals slightly bearded, and
with the lower ones striped with dark purple.
13. V. wastata, Mich. Halbert-leaved Yellow Violet.
Nearly smooth; stem erect, simple, leafy above; leaves on long petioles, cordate-
lanceolate or hastate, acuminate; lobes obtuse, dentate; siipules minute, ovate ;
Spur very short; lower petal dilated, sub-3-lobed ; lateral ones slightly bearded.
Mountaims and pine woods. May. Stem 6to10 inches high. Peduneles shorter
than the leaves. Flowers yellow.
14. V. srriata, Ait. Striped Violet.
Stem assurgent, angular, smooth; leaves alternate, heart-shaped, finely serrate,
often acuminate; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, strongly fringe-toothed; spur
thickish, much shorter than the petals; stigma recurved, sub-pubescent.
Wet grounds. May. Stem 6 to12 incheshigh, half round. Leaves1 to 114 inches
wide, on petioles] to2 inches long. Peduwnceles axillary. Flowers large, yellowish-
white; lateral petals densely bearded; lower one striped with dark purple.
6. Flowers pale blue, or purplish.
15. V. rostrata, Muhl. Long Spurred Violet.
Stem diffuse, erect; leaves smooth, roundish-heart-shaped, serrate; the upper
acute; stipules large, lanceolate, serrate-cilliate ; petals obovate, beardless; spur
longer than the corolla.
Shaded hillsides. June. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, smooth. Flowers large, pale
blue, with a very long spur similar to that of the larkspur, by which this species is
readily recognized.
16. V. Mustenseratt, Torr. Spreading Violet.
Stems ascending, at length with creeping branches, smooth; leaves round, heart-
shaped, or the lowest kidney-shaped, crenate; the uppermost slightly acuminate;
stipules large, lanceolate, fringe-toothed; spur tapering, about half the length of the
petals; petals obovate, obtuse, the lateral ones bearded; stigma rostrate.
Shaded wet places. May and June. Stem 6 to 8 inches high. Flowers middle-
sized, pale purplish.
17. V. Canavensis, L. Canadian Violet. —
Upright; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, lower ones-on long petioleg;
stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire; sepals subulate-lanceolate; spur very short; stigma
@hort, pubescent,
40 CISTACER.
Shady woods. May—Aug. Sfem9to18 inches high, usually simple. Flowers
large, blue without, paler within; upper petals marked with blue lines; lateral
ones bearded. Flowering all summer.
18. V. rricotor, L. Pansy-Heartsease.
Stem angular, diffuse; leaves oblong-ovate; lower ones oblong cordate, deeply
erenate; stipules runcinately pinnatifid or lyrate, the terminal segments as large as
the leaves; spur short and thick.
Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in spring and latest in autumn,
Flowers variable in size; the 2 upper petals purple; the 2 lateral white; and with
the lower striate at base; all yellow at base.
V. ODORATA. Sweet Violet.
Native of Europe. Flowers dark purple, very fragrant; double by cultivation.
2. SOLEA. Gingens, DC. GREEN VIOLET.
In honor of Wm. Sole, author of an Essay on Mentha.
SEPALS scarcely equal, carinate, not auricled at the base,
decurrent into a pedicel, at length reflexed. Prats unequal,
the lowest one 2-lobed and somewhat gibbous at the base.
SraMeEns cohering, the lower 2 bearing a gland above the
middle. CApsuLE somewhat 3-sided. Srxrps 6 to 8, very
large.—A homely perennial with greenish-white flowers in the
axils of the leaves on short pedicels. .
1. §. concotzr, DC. Green Violet.
Stem simple, erect; leaves crenate-lanceolate, sessile, irregularly teothed above ¢
peduncles short, 2 to 3 flowered; flowers small, greenish; calyx nearly as long as the
petals: spur none.
Shady woods; rare. April and May. Delaware and Franklin counties, ang
western parts of the State. Stem 2 to 4 feet high.
Orver 16. CISTACEE.
Herbs or low shrubs, with regular flowers, distinct hypogynous stamens, and @
1-celled 3 to'5 valved pod. Leaves entire, opposite or alternate, usually feather-
yeined. Fiowers white, yellow, or red; very fugaceous, in 1-sided racemes. SEPALS
5, persistent, unequal; the 2 external small-like bracts, sometimes wanting. PE-
TALS 3 to 5, usually fugacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx.
STAMENS indefinite, hypogynous, distinct; ANTHER innate. STYLE single or none, in
the bud. OvuLes few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at the apex.
Fruit capsular 1-celled, 3 to 5 valved, with as many parietal placentz borne on the
middle of the valves.
1. HELIANTHEMUM. Tourn, RO0cK-ROSE.
Gr. helios, the sun; dnthos, a flower.
Srpars 5, the 2 outer smaller, twisted in estivation.
Perats 5, or rarely 3, sometimes abortive, crumpled in the
CISTACER. Al
Bud, fugacious. SramMEeNs many. STYLE short or none;
stigma 3-lobed, scarcely distinct. CAPsuLE strictly 1-celled,
triangular, 3-valved, opening at the top; sceds angular.
Friowekrs frequently of 2 sorts; the primary or earliest ones,
‘with large petals, numerous stamens, and many-sceded pods ;
secondary or later ones much smaller, and few-seeded pods.—
Herbs with perennial roots, and yellow flowers, which open in
sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day.
1. H. Canapensr, Michx. Rock Rose. Frost Weed.
Stem at first simple, erect, or ascending; leaves cbicong or somewhat larccolate,
acute, hairy, alternate, without stipules. ;
Sandy or gravelly dry soil. June—Aug. fem akout1 foot high. Leaves 34 to
1 inch long, 4 as wide, entire, sub-sessile. Primary or terminal fowers large, few
or solitary, on peduncles as long as the flowers; pelals large bright yellow; scecnd-
ary flowers axillary, very small, nearly sessile, solitary or somewhat clustered, on
short leafy branches; the petals very smallor none; the outer sepals usually want-
ing. Late in autumn, chrystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark; hence the
eommon name,
2. LECHEA. Linn... PINWEED. ;
In honor of John Leche, a Swedish botanist.
Catyx 3-sepalled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals, persist-
ent. PxrrTaws 3, inconspicuous, lanceolate. STAMENSs 8 to
_12. Sryuw searcely any. SrigMas 38, scarcely distinct.
CAPSULE 3-celled, 3-valved; placente nearly as the valves,
foundish, each 1 to 2-seeded.—Jnconspicuous perennial
branching planis, with very small greenish or purplish flowers.
~i. LL. masor, Michx. Large Pinweed.
Hairy; stem erect, simple, producing slender prostrate branches from the base ;
teaves cblong-lanceolate, mucronate, pilose, aiternate and opposite, or sometimes
whorled; panicle short, leafy ; flowers densely crowded in panicled clusters; ped ‘ceis
shorter than the globose depressed (very small) pods.
Dry woods and fields. July. Stem1 to 2 feet high, erect. Flowers smal!, trown,
im racemose clusters.
2. WL. minor, Lam. Smaller Pinweed.
Stem slender, upright or diffusely branched, nearly smocth; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, acute; leafy skeofs densely tufted at the base; panicle leafy, iis iranches
elongated ; flowers loosely racemed; pedicels mostly longer than the globose peds.
Dry hills:' July—Sept. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, cften decumbent at the base.
Stem-leaves 14 by 14 inch alternate, sparingly ciliate and revolute at the margin;
those of the long slender branches minute. Flowers larger than in L. major. Pe
tals brownish-purple, cchering at the apex. Cogsules also larger than in the
preceding.
3. HUDSONIA. Linn.
In honor of Wm. Hudson, author of “ Flora Anglica.”
CaLyx 5-parted, segments unequal, the tio outer ones
%
i.
49, DROSERACES.
minute. PETALS 5S. Stamens 9 to 30. Srynm straight,
filiform. StrgMA simple. CApsuLz oblong enclosed in the
calyx, 1-celled, 5-valved, 1 to 6-seeded.— Bushy heath-like
litile shrubs with verg numerous branches, and minute awl-
shaped or scale-like persistent leaves, and nummer ous, small,
showy, bright-yellow flowers.
1. H. ertocomwes, L. Heath-like Hudsonia.
Downy but greenish; stem eee branches elongated; leaves filiform, awl-
shaped, loose; flowers on slender naked stalks; sepals acutish.
Dry sandy woods; rare, Mayand June. Stem 4to Ginches high, much branched.
Leaves small persisient. Flowers small, yellow, with about 15 stamens.
2. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Downy Hudsonia.
Hoary and downy ; leaves oval or oblong, close pressed and imbricated; flowers
ageresated, sessile; calyx sub-cylindrical, with obtuse segments.
Sandy soil; rare. June. Stem ascending. much branched. Flowers yellow,
smaller than the preceding. Stamens 9 to 18. Whole plant silvery-gray and
tomentose.
Orvrr 17. DROSERACEE.
Bog herbs mosily stemless, often covered with glandular hairs ; alternate leaves, oP
clustered at the base of a scape, tapering into a petiole, rolled up from the apex to the
base in vernation. SzEPAs 5, persistent, equal... CornoLLA of 5 nearly equal petals.
Stamens 5 to 15; ANTHERS turned outwards. Styuxes 3 to-5, either wholly distinct,
or slightly connected at the base, bifid or branched. Fruit a capsule 1 to 3 celled,
8 to 5 valved, usually many-seeded, sometimes ariled.
1, DROSERA. Linn. Sunpew.
Gr. drosces, dew; the glands exuding a dew-like secretion.
CaLyx deeply 5-cleft. Prrans5. Sramens 5. STYLES
3 to 5, each 2- ‘parted: CAPSULE superior, globose or ovoid,
1 to 8 “celled, 3 3 to 5 valved, the valves bearing the numerous
seeds on the Raatie: for their whole length.— Low perennial
aquatic herbs, with the leaves clothed with reddish gland-
bearing bristles.
1. D. RoTUNDIFOLIA, ii. Round-leaved Sundew.
Leaves all radical, orbicular, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles,
fringed with purple cilia, pilose above; seape erect, bearing a terminal and mostly
simple I-sided raceme, nodding at the apex, so that the — blown flower is —
always the highest.
Sphagnous Swamps. July and August. <Asingular pat at once distinguished
by the reddish glandular hairs with which the leaves are beset. Scape 4 to $ inehesa
high. Flowers small whitish.
2. D. tonerronta, L. Long-leaved Sundew.
Leaves spatulate-oblong, erect, spreading, tapering into the long rather erest
naked petioles; scape declined at the base; sceds oblong, not arillate.
HYPERICACE. - 43
Swamps; rare. July and August. Scape 3 to 6 inches long, usually curved te
one side at the base. lowers yellowish white 5 to 9 in a raceme, twice as large ea
in the preceding.
8. D. Fitirormis, Raf. Thread-leaved Sundew.
Leaves very long and filiform, nearly erect, with no distinction between the blads
end the stalk, glandular the whole length; scape longer than the leaves, many
flowered, simple or bifid.
-Sandy Swamps. Aug. and Sept. Scape 8 to 12 inches high. Leaves 6 to 16
inches long. Flowers purple, few, in a 1-sided raceme.
Sun-orper. PARNASSIEZ:.
Smooth herbs with slightly perigynous stamens, an outer
series of them sterile and in clusters, imbricated petals and
4 sessile stigmas opposite the parietal placente. Leaves
alternate, not coiled in the bud.— Consists of the following
genus of doubtful affinity.
9. PARNASSIA. Linn.
From Mount Parnassus; on account of the beauty of this plant.
Catyx deeply 5 cleft. Prrats 5, veiny, spreading, rather
persistent, with a cluster of somewhat united sterile filaments
at the base of each. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals.
Sriamas 4, sessile. CapsuLte 4-valved, 1-celled. Steps
very numerous, arillate—Perennial herbs with chiefly entire
radical leaves; and solitary flowers terminating the long naked
scapes. "
P. CAROLINIANA, Michx. Grass of Parnassus.
Radical leaves cordate, orbicular-ovate on long petioles: stem leaf sessile, clasp-
ing; sterile filaments in 5 clusters, 3 in each, distinct to near the base, surmounted
with litile yellow spherical tips; petals more than twice as long as the ealyx,
marked with many greenish transparent veins.
Wet banks: Limestone, Montour Co. Not common. Aug.and Sept. Scape 12
foi8 inches high. JZeaves about 7-veined, usually but one on the stalk low down
andclasping. /Fiowers solitary, large, yellowish-white. An elegant and interes?
ing plant.
Orprer 18. HYPERICACER.,
Herbs or shrubs with. opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular hypogy=
nous flowers, with many or few stamens collected in three or more clusters, or bundles.
- FLowers perfect, mostly yellow, with cymose inflorescence. SEPALS 4 to 5 persistent,
imbricaied in the bud. Pztats4to 5 mostly deciduous with a twisted estivation
-and oblique veins. STAMENS usually numerous and cohering at base in three oz
more parcels. CAPSULE 2 to 5 (rarely 6 to 7,) lobed, with as many persistent styles
which are at first sometimes united, 1-celled with 2 to 5 parietal placnete. SEEDS
very numerous, small, without albumen; EMBRYO straight.
on eae yf 0 ee mie e Lae: iy ae aoe Pye ee OS et en ——_
44 nee “ WYPERICACE®,
1. HYPERICUM. Linn. S¢ John’s Wort.
Sepats 5, more or less united at the base, mostly equal,
leaf-like. Petats 5, oblique and often without equal sides.
STAMENs numerous or few united or clustered in 8 to 5 par-
eels without interposed glands. Sryues 8 to 5, distinet, or
united at base, persistent. CaPsuLr membranaceous, | or
3 to 5-celled.—Herbs or shrubs with opposite entire leaves,
punctate with pellucid dots, and yellow flowers; solitary, or
an cymose panicles, ,
* Stamens 20 to 100. Styles 3to 5. Flowers mostly terminal, larye, yellow: herba-
ccous perennials.
1. H. pyramipatum, Ait. Giant St. John’s Wort.
Stem square, branching above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, somewhat clasp-
fing, acute, smooth, pellucid-punctate; sepals ovate-lanceolate; <tylcs free, as long
as the stamens ; seeds numerous.
River banks and hills. July, Aug. A large flowering perennial species, 3 to 5
feet high, scarcely angular, smooth, rigid and herbaceous. Flowers 11% inches in
z of) Mi 5 > TIE 2 =
diameter, showy, few or solitary at the ends of the branches. Stamens capillary
100 or more. Capsules 1 inch long, tipped with the 5 styles vvoid-conieal.
2. H. cornympBosum, Muhl. Spotted St. John’s Wort.
Siem erect, punctate; lzaves clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse, covered with black
dots; sepals ovate, acute; petals oblong.
Shady woods and wet meadows. June, July. Stem 11% to 2 feet high, black
punctate. Zeaves1to2 inches long. lowers small, numerous, pale yellow, in
@ compact panicle or corymb. fetals nearly 3 times as long as the sepals, with
oblong black dots. Styles 3,longer than the stamens. Stigmas orange red.
&. H. eLuipricum, Hook. Hiliptic St. John’s Wort.
Stems square, simple, cymose at summit; leaves elliptical, chtuse, clesely seesile,
scarcely punctate; cymes nearly leafiess, few-flowered, depressed; sepals very
unequal, spreading; styles 3, united nearly to the top; capsules ovoid-globose.
Moist grounds. July. Stem 10 to 20 inches hich, colored at base. Leaves linch
long, somewhat erect. lowers orange-yellow. Petals acutish. Stigmas minute.
Fods purplish.
4. H. perroratum, L. Common St. John’s Wort.
Stem 2-edged, branched, and corymbed; leaves elliptical-oval, obtuse, and with the
sepals pellucid-punctate; flowers panicled; sepals lanceolate 4% as long as the
petals; styles 3, diverging.
June—August. A pernicious plant introduced from Europe, but thoroughly
naturalized, growing in pasture fields, much to the annoyance of farmers. Slems
1 to 2 feet high, with opposite spreading branches, erect, round, with 2 oposite,
elevated lines extending between the nodes. Flowers numerous, deep-yellow, and
ja terminal panicles.
=* Stamens 20 to 100. Styles more or less united. Shrubby perennials.
5. H. appressum, Barton. Winged St. John’s Wort.
Stem 2-winged above, shrubby at base; leaves lincar-lanceolate or linear-oblong,
sessile with pellucid punctures; cyme10 to 20-flowercd, naked; sepals very une-
qual, 14 as long as the oblong-obovate petals; styles united; capsules 3-celled.
Swamps. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high. Flowers in compound cymes about %
foch in diameter, with very numerous stamens.
" HYPERICACER AB
6. H. nupirnorum, Michx. Naked St John’s Wort.
Stem shrubby at base, 4angled, winged above; leaves ovate-oblong or lance-oval
obtuse, sessile; cymes compound leafiess; sepals linear-oblong, shorter than the
ovate petals; styles united.
Wet grounds,rare. Aug. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous4-sided branches.
Leaves thin, about 2 inches long, with minute reddish dots. lowers small, and
rather lcose in the cyme.
7. H. prowiricum, L. Shrubby St. John’s Wort.
Stem shrubby, smooth, branching; branches 2-angled; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
mostly obtuse, narrowed at base, revolute on the margin pellucid-punctate;
flowers numerous in simple or compound clusters.
Banks of streams. July. A highly ornamented shrub 2 to 4 fect high, with
much compress2d branches. Zeaves 2 inches long, 4 inch wide. Flowers large,
orange-yellow; peduncles generally 3-flowered, the intermediate one nearly sessile.
f+ Stamens 5 to 20 rarely 30. Styles short, distinct. Low and slender annuals.
8. H. mutitum, L. Smail St. John’s Wort.
Stent erect, much branched, smooth, square; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, heart-
shaped, clasping, 5-nerved; cymes leafy ; petals shorter than the lanceolate sepals;
capsules ovate, conical.
“Damp sandy soils. June—Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches hizh, leafy to the top.
Flowers very small pale-yellow, solitary in the divisions of the stem.
9. H. Canapensz, L. Canadian St. John’s Wort.
Stem square, erect, branched ; leaves linear, or narrowly-lanceolate, attenuate to
the base, rather obtuse; panicle elongated, forked; sepals lanceolate, very acute,
longer than the petals.
Low grounds,common. J une—Aug. Stems 6 to12 inches high. TZeaves pella-
cid, and dotted with black. Flowers small, yellow. Capsule longer than the calyx
and of a reddish color.
10. H. Sarorura, Michx. Orange-grass.
and branches filiform, square; /eaves minute, awl-shaped, scales appressed ;
flowers mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches; pods slender, very
acute, 1-celled.
Sandy fields and hills. June—Aug. Siem 4to8 inches high, much branched.
Leaves very small. Flowers very small, yellow. Stamens5tol10. Capsule brown.
2. ASCYRUM. Linn. St. Peter’s Wort.
Gr. a. privative, and skuros, roughness; the plant being smooth to the touch.
Catyx 4-sepalled, 2 outer ones smaller. Prtats 4 cadu-
cous. STAMENS many, scarcely united at base. SryLes 2 to
4, mostly distinct. Capsute strictly 1-celled, 2 to 3 (rarely
4) valved.— Low, rather shrubby plants with pale black-dotted
leaves and nearly pale-yellow flowers.
I. Crux AnpREz, L. St. Andrew’s Cross.
Stems much branched at base and decumbent: leaves narrowly obovate-oblong,
contracted at the base ; flowers solitary or cymulose, on short pedicels; outer sepals
ovate, i inner ones yery minute; petals linear-oblong ; styles 2, at length distinct.
‘Bandy fields. July. Stems 8 to 24 inches high, 2-edged above, thickly clothed
ei
Et
4
a4 i
i
ry |
46 ELATINACER.
2
with leaves, which are variable in width. Flowers pale yellow on very short pedi-
eels. Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs
over them, in the form of St. Andrew’s cross. ,
3. ELODEA. Adans.
Gr. Llodes, growing in marshy places:
SEPALS 5, equal, somewhat united at basé. Prrars 5
deciduous, equal-sided, oblong. SrameEns 9 (rarely 12 to
15), in 3 parcels which alternate with 3 orange colored
hypogynous glands. StTyYLEs 38 distinct. CApsuLE 3-celled
oblong.—Perennial herbs, growing, in marshy places, with
pellucid punctate leaves, and small close clusters of purplish
flowers in the axtls of the leaves and at the summit.
EK. Virainica, Nutt. Virginian Elodea.
Leaves oblong, closely sessile or clasping by a broad base, very obtuse; filaments
united below the middle, with 3 in each set.
Marshy places,common. July—Sept. Stem 10 to 18 inches high, erect, branch-
ing, of a purplish hue. Leaves 1to2 inches long, 44 as wide, upper ones lanceo-
late, lower oblong ovate, all very obtuse, pale beneath. Flowers few, reddish-
yellow. Petals about twice as long as the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange-colored-
Capsule ovoid-oblong, acutish.
OrprrR 19. ELATINACER. Q
‘
Small marsh annuals, with opposite leaves, membraneous stipules, and axilla
Jlowers. Sepats 2to5 distinct, or slightly coherent at base, persistent. 1
hypogynous, alternate with the sepals. STaMENS as many or twice as many a:
petals. SryLEs 2 to 5, very short or none; stigmas capitate. CAPSULES 2 to 5-ce
Seeds numerous, without albumen.
26 C
A] ed.
ELATINE. LL. Water Wort.
Gr. clate, fir ; its minute leaves resembling those of the fir tree.
SEPALS 2 to 4, persistent. Prraus 2 to 4, hypogynous.
STAMENS 2 to 8. SryzzE or sessile capitate stigmas, 2 to 4.
Pop 2 to 4-celled, several-many-seeded, margins of the valves
not introflexed—wSmall marshy plants with minute aail-
lary flowers like Chickweed, but the seeds as in St. John’s
wort. ; ;
EH. Americana, Arnott. American Waterwort.
Dwarf tufted; leaves cuneate-obovate, obtuse ; flowers sessile, sepals, petals, sta-
mens and sessile stigmas 2, sometimes 3. Seeds 6 to 8.
Edges of ponds and streams. July—Sept. Stems rooting and creeping in the
mud, forming patches. Leaves 14 inch long, entire. Flowers solitary, very min-
ute, white,
Seem Say eee eo S
A ~ rs ,
CARYOPHYLLACES. 47
Orpver 20. CARYOPHYLLACER,— The Pink Family.
Herbaccous plants with opposite entire leaves, stems with swelled joints, and symme
trical 4 to 5-mzrous flowers. Szpats 4 to 5 either distinct or cohering in a tube,
persistent. PrrTats 4 to 5 unguiculate, inserted upon the pedicel of the ovary, or
without claws inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk, sometimes none. SryLes 2
to 5. Sczeds attached to the base or central column of the 1-celled, or 2 to 5-celled
capsule, numerous, rarely five, the embryo coiled round mealy albumen.
Sus-orver I. SILENEA. The proper Pink Family.
SEPALS united in a tubular calyx. Prrats with long
claws. StTAMENsS 10, and with the petals borne on the stalk
of the many-seeded capsule. SrTIpULES none.—/ lowers
mostly showy.
1. SILENE. Winn.
Gr. sialon, saliva; in allusion to the viscid secretion on the stems and calyx of
many species.
CALyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Prrats 5
unguiculate, mostly crowned at the orifice; limb bifid. Sra-
MENS 10. SryLes3. Capsu Le 3-celled at base, opening by
6 teeth at the top. Emsryo coiled.—F lowers solitary or in
clustered cymes.
fica: = Calyx inflated ; flowers panicied, while. Perevnial.
S. sTELLATA, Ait. Starry Campion.
ect, branching, pubescent; Zeaves in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceolate taper
- poimted, smooth; flowers in panicles; calyx bladder-like, pubescent, bell-shaped.
Shaded banks and woods. July, August. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, slender some
what 4sided. Leaves 2 to3 inches long, 4az wide, tapering to a long point sessile.
Calyx pale-green with more deeply colored veins. Flowers white, borne ona large
open pyrimidal panicle. Petals cut into a fringe at the apex, crownless.
2. S. NIVEA, Muhl. White Catchfly. Snowy Campion.
Stem divaricate and dichotomous above; leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong,
acuminate, minutely puberulent; calyx obtuse, bell-shaped, inflated, reticulated,
subpilose; petals 2-cleft with a small bifid crown, reflexed; claws exserted beyond
the calyx, nearly naked; czpsules stiped.
“Tslands in the Susquehanna, near Columbia; Muhl.” June, July. Stem 1 to
2 feet high, smooth and slender. Leaves opposite, 2 inches long, and 14 an inch
wide. lowers white, remote, solitary, dichotomal and terminal.
$= Calyx not inflated, elongated or club-shaped. Petals crowned, red or rose-colored:
perennials.
3. S. PEnNsyivanica, Michx. Pennsylvania Catchfly.
Viseidiy-pubescent; sfems numerous; radical leaves somewhat cuncate; those of
the stem long linear; petioles hairy; flowers in somewhat 3-forked panicles; calyz
long, tubular; petals slightly emarginate, suberenate.
Gravelly hillsides. May, June. Per. Stems numerous, tufted, 6 to 10 inches
high. Calyx club-shaped. Petals wedge-form, bright purple or nearly white.
i
48 CARYOPHYLLACER.
4. §. Virernica, Linn. Virginia Catchfly.
Visctd-pubescent; stem mostly erect, branching; leaves lanceolate; lower ones on
long petioles, with long ciliz at base; flowers in panicles, petals with long claws,
broad bifid crowned.
Open Woods. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, single. Flowers few and
loosely cymose, large and showy. Calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon cheonical: Fetale
large, red, oblong, D-cleft. Stamens and pistils exserted.
5. §. Caressa, Walt. Catesby’s Catchfly. -
Branching: leaves broad-lanceolate; flowers in panicles; calyx clavate, colored;
petals wiih long claws; limb bifid with two lateral teeth; lobes acute.
Southern part of the State, not common. June. Siem a foot high. Flowers
crimson, showy. Considered by some botanists as a variety of S. Virginiea. Both
De Candolle ard Hooker consider it distinct. Beck.
*E% Calya net inflatcd ; petals crowned: annuals.
Be cee penalties L. WSnap-dragon Catchfly. e
Nearly smooth; stem erect; lexves lanceolate, acute, subciliate, upper ones linear;
Jlowers small panicled; calyx ovoid, smooth; petals small, obcordate, slightly
crowned.
Dry hills. June, July. Stem1to2 feet high, nearly smooth with some of the ©
upper intervals viscid, simple or branching above, somewhat leafy. Flowers
small white or pale purple, only expanding towards evening.
7. §S. Nocturna, L. Nocturnal Catchfly.
Stem branched, pilose below; leaves pubescent, long ciliate at base; lower ones
spatulate; wpper, lance-linear; flowers appressed to the stem in a dense 1-sided
Spike; calyx cylindrical, nearly smooth, reticulated between the veins; ae nar
row 2-paried. ee ae
Introduced and sparingly naturalized. July. Flowers white eres beneath,
small. ‘ :
8. §. noctirnora, L. Night-flowering Catchfly.
Viscid pubescent; stem erect, branching; lower leaves large and spatulate; 2
Ones linear-lanceolate, acuminate; calyx cylindrical yentricose with long Ried
pressed teeth.
Cultivated grounds. Introduced and naturalized. July. Stem tall, 1 to 3 feet
high. Flowers rather large, white or purplish, expanding only in the evening and
in “cloudy weather, solitary in the forks, peduncled; calyx round, inflated, the
alternate veins veinleted. Petals rather lar ge 2-paried.
9. S. ArmeriA, L. Sweet- William Catchfiy.
Smooth, glaucous: sfem branching olutinous below each joint; leaves ovates
lanceolate; jlcwers in corymbose cymes; petals ob-cordate, crowned with the awk ~
shaped scales.
Escaped from gardens. Nativeof Europe. J uly—Sept. A popular garden flower. -
Stem 1 to 114 fe et high. Flowers numerous crimson and purple. Culyz clongated
elub-shaped.
2. SAPONARIA. Linn. Soapwort.
Lat. sapo, soap; the mucilaginous juice has been used as a substitute for soap. ~
CaLyx tubular, 2 to 5, toothed, naked at base. Prrats.. -
unguivulate, claws equalling the calyx. Stamens 10. STYLES
2. CapsuLE oblong, 1-celled, 4-toothed at the apex.—
Flowers cymose clustered. Petals sometimes crowned.
CARYOPHYLLACER. AQ
1. S. orricinatis, L. Common Soapwort.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ribbed, acute or obtuse; flower's large, in a fasciculated
panicle; calyx cylindrical, slightly downy; petals crowned.
Naturalized in waste places. July—Sept. A stout plant, 1 to 2 feet high, with
large flesh-color, purple or pink flowers; mostly double. Native of Europe.
2. §. Vaccarta, L. Cow-herb. Fly-trap.
Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, partly clasping. Flowers
in paniculate cymes. Calyz pyramidal, 5-angled,smooth. Petals not crowned, pale
red. Capsule4toothed. Seeds globose, black. Introduced from Europe.
CULTIVATED EXOTICS.
3. DIANTHUS. Linn. Prnx.
@r. Dios anthos, the flower of Jove; alluding to its pre-eminent beauty and fragranee.
CaLyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2 to 4 opposite imbricate
acales at base. PrTALS 5, with long claws. Stamens 10.
SryzEs 2, tapering, with tapering revolute stigmas. Cap-
SULE cylindrical, 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex. SEEDs ho-
rizontal. Empryo barely curved— Ornamental plants, of
well known beauty and value in cultivation, with very showy
and fragrant flowers.
1. D. Barsarus. Sweet Wilkam.
Tea ceolate; flowers aggregate fascicled; scales of the calyx ovate-subulate,
as lon: the tube. An ornamental garden flower of the easiest culture. Stem
10 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3 to5 inches long, 14 to 1 inch wide, narrowed tothe
e. Flowers in fastigiate cymes, red or whitish, often variegated. May
—July. Perennial.
eg D. Piensa: China Pink.
&tem branched; leaves linear-lanceolate; flowers solitary; scales linear-leafy,
spreading as long as the tube. Native of China. A beautiful species, easily distin-
guished by its leafy, spreading scales, and its large toothed or crenate petals. The
ground color of the flowers vary from white to deep red, but the manner in which
these are combined is most wonderful, variegated and striped, sometimes with black
or deep velvety crimson, almost exceeds any attempts at imitation.— Biennial.
3. D. erumarivs. Pheasant’s-Eye. Single Pink.
Glaucous; sfem 2 to 3 flowered; flowers solitary; calyx-teeth obtuse; scales ovate,
very acute; leaves linear, rough at the edge; petals many-cleft, hairy at the throat.
Native of Europe. Perennial. From this species, probably, originated those beau-
tiful pinks called “‘Pheasant’s-Eye,” of which there are over 200 varieties in cultiva-
tion in Europe. Flowers white and purple. June—Aug.
4. D. surersus. Superb Pink.
Leaves linear-subulate; flowers fastigiate; scales short, ovate, mucronate; petals
gashed in a pinnate manner. Native of Europe. Perennial. A singularly beau-
tiful and highly fragrant species. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching and spread-
ing, with many flowers. Fetals white, and gashed beyond the middle, and hairy at
the mouth. J 2 Sana
50 i) ane ” CARYOPHYLLACE:
5. D. coryrorayziius. Carnation Pink. ay
Leaves linear-subulate channeled, glaucous; Slowers solitary ; scales very ‘short,
ovate; petals very broad; beardless, crenate. . Stem 1 to 2 14 feet high, branched.
Flowers white and crimson. This species is supposed to be the parent of all the
splendid varieties of the carnation, known as the Bizarres, Picotees, Flakes, ke,
over 400 are now enumerated by florists. J uly—aAug. Per.
4, LYCHNIS. Tourn.
Gr. luknos, a lamp; some cottony species, having been used as lampwicks.
CALyx tubular, naked at the base, 5-toothed. Prraus 5
unguiculate, limb slightly cleft. Sramens 10. Pisrrus 5.
CAPSULE 1-celled or half 5-celled, scarcely stalked, “opening
at_ the top by 5 or 10 teeth. Expryo coiled in mete iss
Corolla sometimes crowned.
ce
1. L, Grrsaco, Lam. Get) Cockle.
_ Hairy; sfem dichotomous; pedicels elongated; leaves linear; ealyz longer then
the corolla; petals entire not crowned.
Grain fields. Introduced. June and July. Annual. “kK well known pale-green, :
handsome weed. Stem 18 to 30 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 14 to
inch wide. Flowers large, dull purple, on long naked stalks. Seeds roundish
angular, purplish-black. :
2. L. Cuaznceponica. Scarlet Lychnis.
Smoothish ; flowers fasciculated; calyx cylindrical, clavate, ribbed ; petals 2-lobéd.
Per. A fine garden flower, native of Russia. Siem 1 to 2 feet high, with dark-
green, ovate-lanceolate leaves, and large dense, terminal, convex fascicles of deep .
scarlet flowers. There are some varieties with white flowers, and double. June
and July. Lg
3. L.cononarsa, DC. Mullein Pink. Rose Campion.
Villose; sfem dichotomous; peduncles long, 1-flowered; calyx companulate, veined.
A popular perennial garden flower, native of Italy. Whole plant covered with
dense wool. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers large, purple. There are varicties .
with white, red, and double flowers.
4, L. Froscucutra. Ragged Rebbin.-
Stem ascending, dichotomous at summit; flowers fascicled; calyx companulate,
10-ribbed; petals in 4 deep linear segments. Native of Europe. A handsome per-
ennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rough angled, viscid, above. eaves lanceolate,
smooth. Flowers pink, very beautiful, generally very double, with a brown
-angular smooth calyx. June—Aug.
Sus-orper II. ALSINEA. Tue Carckwerd-Fammy.
SEPALS distinct or nearly so. PrTAuts without claws in-
serted at the base of the sessile ovary ; stamens inserted on.
the margin of the disk, which often coheres with the calyx;
opposite the sepals when not more numerous than they-—
Low herbs without stipules.
‘CARYOPHYLLACER. 51
itis - STELLARIA. Linn. SrrrcHwEED.
‘Lat. stella, a star; from the stellate or star-like flowers.
Caryx of 5 sepals, connected at base. Perats 5, 2-part-
ed. Sramens 10, or by abortion 38 to8. STYLEs 3, some-
times 4. CAPSULE superior I-celled, 3 to 4 valved ; valves
2-parted, membranaceous. SEEDS usually numerous.—Small
grass-like herbs, in moist, shady ss Flowers white, in
Jorked cymes.
1. §S. mepra, Smith. Common Chickweed.
Siem procumbent, spreading, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line; leaves very
émooth, ovate or lanceolate, the lower on hairy petioles; petals 2-parted, shorter
than the calyx; stamens 3 to 10. Annual or biennial.
Roadsides, fields, and around dwellings. March—November. Stems prostrate,
_ branched, brittle, round jointed, and leafy. Pedwncles axillary and terminal, hairy
_ defiexed in fruit. Flowers small, white. Introduced.
2. §S. pupera, Michx. Oval-leaved Stitchwort.
Pubescent; sfem decumbent, spreading, marked with 2 opfosite hairy lines; leaves
all sessile, ovate-cblong, acute, ciliate; pedicels filiform, forked; petals deeply 2-
cleft, longer than the calyx. Per.
Shaded recky places; rare. Apriland May. Stem 6 to 12 inches hich, diffuse
gerd forked. Jeaves 1 to 2 inches long, 44 as wide. Flowers large, axillary and
terminal, on thread-like pedicels with 10 stamens, and 3 styles, deeply bifid.
3. S. LonGiFoniaA, Mubl. Long-leaved Stitchwort.
Smooth; stem erect, branching above, weak, square; leaves linear, acutish at’
- both ends, spreading; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-fiowered,
the slender pedicels spreading; petals 2-parted, becoming longer than the calyx;
calyx B-nerved.
Grassy places; common. June. Per. Sfem 8 to 15 inches hich, often with
‘rough angles. lowers white. Stamens § to 10.
A. §. poreatis, Bigh Northern Stitchwort.
Stem spreading, angular, 2-forked; leaves oval-lanceolaie, acute; 1-nerved; petals
shorter than the calyx, or sometimes wanting; styles generally. 4, capsule ovate-
oblong, much longer than the calyx; seeds smooth.
Shaded swamps. June—Aug. Annual. A spreading flaccid plant with stems
4to l5incheslong. Cymes diffuse, both terminal and axillary. Leaves slightly
connate. Petals white, deeply cleft.
5. §. AQuaTIcA, Pollich. Water Stitchwort.
Nearly smooth; stem decumbent; Icaves oblong acute, veined: sepals lanceolate,
very acute, 3-veined: petals 2-cleft, as long as the calyx; styles 3; capsule ovoid ag
long as the calyx. Per.
Swampy springs. May. Stem-6to 12 inches long, weak, decumbent, prolonged,
Dearing the naked iew-flowered sessile cymes lateral. Flowers White, imcon-
spicuous.
SeSUENSTIUM Lina Gaiceween?
Gr. keras, a horn; in allusion to the form of the capsule.
Caxyx 5 (rarely 4) sepalled. Prrazs 5, bifid or emar
Aes
{
f
i
a
i
i
52 CARYOPHYLLACEZ.
ginate. SraMENS 10, sometimes 4 or 6, the alternate ones
short. Srynes 5. CapsULE superior, cylindrical or oblong,
opening at the apex by 10 teeth, many-seeded.—F lowers
white i terminal cymes. :
* Petals about as long as the calyx; podslong and curved.
1. C. yuncatumM, L. Mouse-cear Chickweed.
Hairy, pale green, seldom clammy, in tufts; leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse;
flowers in sub-capitate clusters; sepals lanceolate, acute, in fruit as long as the
peduncles; petals oblong, emarginate, scarcely longer than the calyx. Annual.
Waste places, fields and hills. May—Aug. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, sub-erect.
Flowers white, the petals appearing in 10 segments. Capsule oblong, tapering,
twice as long as the calyx, Introduced from Europe.
2. C. viscosum, L. Clammy Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Hairy viscid, spreading, deep green; stems numerous, erect; leaves lanceolate-
oblong, rather acute; lowers in loose cymes; sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse, in point
shorter than the peduncles; petals oblong, emarginate, scarcely larger than the
calyx. Biennial. f
Fields and waste grounds. May—Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves 14 to
34 inches long, 144 as broad; root leaves somewhat spatulate. Flowers white.
Probably introduced.
** Petals much longer than the calyz.
3. ©. NUTANS, Raf. Nodding Chickweed. —
Viscid and pubescent; stem erect, slender grooved, diffusely branched;. leaves
lance-linear, elongated, distant; pazicle much elongated, divaricate, many-flowered,
with long filiform pedicels; petafs oblong, bifid, at the tip, twice as long as the
calyx; capsule nodding on the stalks, curved upwards, 3 times as long as the calyx.
Moist places. June. Annual. Stem 8 to 20 inches high, branched from the
base. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long 14 as wide. Flowers white, terminal, in a loose
diehotomous panicle. Whole plant pale-green.
4. (C. OBLONGIFOLIUM, Tourn. Oblong-leaved Chickweed.
Stem ascending, villous, many-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate, mostly
obtuse; peduncles clammy-hairy ; petals obovate, 2-cleft, twice as long as the oblong
obtuse sepals; capsule twice as long as the calyx. ua
Rocky places. May, June. Per. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, stout. Leaves 3% to
1 inch long, 14 as wide, tapering from base to an acute or obtuse apex. Flowers
larger than either of the foregoing, white, 7 to 15 in a 2 or 3-forked cyme:
5. (€. ARVENSE, L. Field Chickweed.
Stem ascending or erect, tufted, downy, slender, naked and few-fiowered; leaves
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, the lowest spatulate, more or less hairy; peduncles elon-
gated; petals more than twice the length of the calyx; capsule oblong, seareely
longer than the calyx.
Dry or rocky places. May, June. Perennial. Stem 4to8 inches high. Leaves
34 to 114 inches long, very narrow. Flowers white, rather large, 2 to 3 on termi
nal pedicels. Petals deeply cleft.
7. ARENARIA. Linn. SAnp Wort.
Lat. arena, sand; in which the species mostly grow.
Sepats 5, rarely 4. Pxraus 5, entire. STAMENs 10,
> oer.
®
®
CARYOPHYLLACEH. 53
- or fewer. by abortion. Sry zs 3, opposite the outer sepals.
_ OapsuLE 3-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded, dividing from
above.—F lowers terminal, solitary or cymose, perfect, white.
1. <A. stricta, Michx. Upright Sandwort.
Erect, or spreading from a small root, smooth; Jeaves subulate-linear, with many
others clustered in the axils; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals ovate,
yery acute, 3-ribbed, 14 as long as the petals; capsule ovate.
Rocks and dry banks. May,June. Stems 8 to 10inches high. Leaves 14 to 34
inches long, very narrow and acute. Flowers white. Per.
2. A. sprpyiiironia, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort.
Roughish, diffusely branched; leaves ovate, acute, sessile, subcilliate; sepals
hairy, lanceolate, pointed, 3 to 5-nerved, longer than the oval petals; capsule ovate,
G-toothed equalling the calyx.
Sandy fields. May—Aug. Annual. Stems numerous, downy, with refiexed
hairs, 3to 8inches high. Flowers white, on terminal and axillary peduncles.
Intreduced.
3. A. LATERIFLORA, L. Side-flowering Sandwort.
Erect, sparingly branched, minutely pubescent; Jeaves oval or oblong, obtuse;
_ petals twice as long as the sepals.
Shady gravelly banks and woods; not common. June. Per. A slender upright
epecies. Stem 5to10 inches high. Leaves 14 to1 inch long, 44 as wide, on very
short peteoles. Peduncles terminal and lateral, 2 (rarely 3 to 4) flowered, one of
the pedieels with 2 bractioles, near the middle. Flowers white, 14 inch bread.
@upsule ovoid, obtuse; valves 2-cleft. Mahringia of Beck and Torrey.
8. SAGINA. Linn. PEARLWORT.
Lat. sagina, food or nourishment, which fattens.
. Szpats 4 to 5, united at base. Prraus 4 to 5, undivided
often indistinct or none. StaMENs 4 tol0. Sryues 4 to
5, alternate with the sepals. CApPsuLE 4 to 5-valved, 1-celled,
many-seeded.— Small matted herbs, with thread-like or aut-
shaped leaves and minute solitary flowers.
1. §S. procumsens, L. Procumbent Pearlwort.
Stem procumbent, smooth, branched; /eaves linear-mucronate; péals mueh
shorter than the calyx. .
Borders of springs and streams. May—July. Perennial. Stems 2 to 4 inches
high, diffuse and rooting at the lower joints. Zeaves thread-form narrowly linear;
lower ones connate. Feduncles solitary, longer than the leaves. Flowers small,
white and greenish. Stamens4to5. Petals shorter than the calyx. ©
2. S. apeTata, L. Annual Pearlwort.
Stems erect, or procumbent only at base, slightly pubescent; leaves subulate;
Jlowers alternate.
Sandy fields. May, June. Annual. Stems numerous, filiform, 2 to 4 inches
high. eaves almost bristle-form. edicels elongated, ascending. Sepals and
stamens 4. Petals 4, very minute or none. :
=
9: MOLLUGO. Linn. InpIAN CHICKWEED.
» SEPALS 5, ee at base. Perratsnone. StTaMENs 3 to
at Mai ein, ail
— “srr.
a ——————————————LK—S SS SS ll!
ee ee ee. ee ee re er. ee rr re
54 CARYOPHYLLACEZ,
do, sometimes 10. StyxEs 8, short. CaprsuLe 38-valved,
8-celled, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded
axis.—Low homely annuals, with apparently verticillate leaves,
and small white solitary flowers.
M. verticinyatTa, L. Carpet-weed, |
Stems prostrate, dichotomous ; Zeaves cuneaform or spatulate; pedicels 1-flowered,
subumbellate.
Cultivated grounds, pavements, &c. common, June—Sept, A small prostrate,
annual. Sfems4to 12 inches long, spreading in all directions. At every joint
stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal size, usually 5 in
number. Flowers few, solitary, on short slender stalks, small, white.
Susp-ornpEeR III. ILLECEBREA. Kwnot-wort FAmtity.
Small weeds differing from Alsineze only in having scab-
rous stipules, flowers with inconspicuous petals, the upper-
most leaves rarely alternate, and the 1-celled pods sometimes
1-seeded. fg
10. ANYCHIA. Michx.
Gr. onuz, the jinger nails; a supposed remedy for the whitlow.
SEepats 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the
back, greenish. Prrats none. StTaMEns 2 to 3, rarely 5,
STYLEs 2, very short. UtTricre 1-seeded, enclosed in the
sepals.— Small annual herbs, with many times forke oches,
stipulate leaves, and minute white flowers.
A. picHotomMA, Michx. Sorked Chickweed.
Sfem erect or spreading, dichotomously branched; leaves varying from lanceo-
late to elliptical, somewhat petioled; flowers solitary, terminal and axillary.
Dry soils. July, Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, round, slender, pubescent
above with forked filiform branches. Zeaves small, those of the stem opposite, the
branches alternate. Flowers very minute, in the forks of the stem greenish. A
yariable plant.
11. SPERGULA. Linn. Spurrey.
Lat. spergo, to scatter; from the dispersion of the seeds.
Spats 5, nearly distinct. Prrats 5, large, entire. Sta-
mENS5 tol0. SryiEes 5. CapsuLEs ovate, 5-celled, 5-valved,
the valves opposite the sepals—Annual herbs, with narrow
stipulate leaves in whorls, and cymose white flowers.
1. S. arvensis, IL. Corn Spurrey.
Leaves awl-shaped-linear, numerous in the whorls, with minute interposed sti-
pules, often clustered in the axils; jlcwers in a compound cyme, slender, stalked.
Grain-fields, and sandy places. June—Aug. Introduced. Stem 8 to 12 inches
high, swelling at the joints. Leaves narrcw. Oyme forked, the terminal (central)
PORTULACACE. ; 55
peduncles bending down as the fruit ripens. etals white, longer than the calyx,
Capsule twice as long. Seeds numerous with a narrow margin.
12, SPERGULARIA. Persoon.
SEPALS 5. PrETats5,entire, STAMENS2tol10. Sryuzs
_and valves of the many-seeded capsule 3, or if 5 the valves
alternate with the sepals.—Low herbs, with fleshy opposite
leaves, scaly membranous stipules, and small red or rose colored
lowers. :
° S. rupra, Pers. Common Sandwort.
Stem prostrate, pilose much branched; leaves narrow, linear, or filiform, some
what fleshy, shorter than the interncdes; sepals lanceolate, somewhat obtuse,
scario the margin; seeds compressed, roughish, not margined.
_ San elds, near brackish water. June—Sept. Annual. Stems 3 to 10 inches
long, at first erect at length diffuse, smooth or pubescent. Leaves variable in
length and form. lowers small, red, axillary and solitary, in terminal leafy
eymes or racemes. A very variable plant. Arenaria rubra of Linn,
7
“Sus-orper IV. SCLERANTHEZ.
Small diffusely branched plants, with opposite. leaves,
without stipules and small flowers. Sepals united into an
indurated tube surrounding the utricle; the stamens inserted
at the throat,
. SCLERANTHUS. Linn. Kwnawet.
r. skleros, hard, and anthos, flower, from the hardened calyx tube.
SEPALS 5 united below in an indurated cup, inclosing the
S 1
I-seeded utricle. Perats none. STAMENS 5 or 10. STYLES
2 distinct.—Homely and inconspicuous little weeds, with ob-
scure greenish clustered flowers. ~-
~
S. annuus, L. Annual Knawel.
Depressed tufted. Stems spreading, slightly pubescent; leaves awl-shaped, some-
what united at the bast; flowers nearly sessile; stamens 10; calyx of the fruit
spreading, acute. : :
Waste places and sandy fields, introduced. July. Annual. Stems numerous,
much branched in a dichotomous manner, forming tufts, 3 to 6 inches in diameter,
Flowers very small, green in axillary leafy clusters.
Orper 21. PORTULACACER.
Succulent or fleshy herbs, with alternate or opposite entire leaves, destitute of proper
stipules, and usually ephemeral flowers. Catyx mostly of 2 sepals. COROLLA of 5
~ petals. Stamens 8 to 20. SryLes 3 to 6 united below, stigmatic along the inner
side, Capsutzl-celled. Srxps attached to a central placenta; albwmen mealy,
Ee eS =< =
BG “ PORTULACEZ.
eee a
1. PORTULACA. Tourn. PuRsLANE.
SEPALs united to the ovary below, 2-parted. Stamens 8
to 20. Srytz mostly 5-cleft. Capsuzx globular, many-
seeded, opening transversely, the upper part (with the upper
part of the calyx) separating like a lid—Low herbaceous
hy annuals, with scattered leaves, and some spectes with
showy brilliant flowers expanding only in sunshine.
1. P. oneracea, L. Common Purslane. —
Leaves wedge-form, obtuse, fleshy, smooth; azils geniculated, naked; flowers aa
gessile; stamens 10 to 12. ‘
Gardens, and cultivated grounds; common. May—Aug. Stem fleshy, much
branched and spreading, smooth. Leaves and stems of a reddish-green color.
Flowers in clusters, axillary and terminal, small, pale-yellow. Intro hae
2. P. prtosa, Scarlet-flowered Purslane.
Stems ascending, much branched ; branches sub-erect, enlarge 1 ‘ards; leaves”
Hnear, obtuse, the axils villose with long woolly hairs; flowers
or few together, surrounded by an irregular circle of leayes and dense tufts of
wool; petals obovate; stamens about 15. A very delicate pop lar garden pl: a
with showy crimson and scarlet flowers, 1}4 inches in diameter. Native of 8.
y f. . ~ ba ag ¢
2. CLAYTONIA. L. Sprinc-BEAUTY.
In honor of John Clayton, a botanist of Virginia-
SEPALS 2, ovate or roundish, persistent. PET
ginate or obtuse. STAMENS 5, inserted on the ¢ : |
petals. Sry 3-cleft. CapsunE 1-celled, 3-valved, 2 to —
5-seeded.— Our species are small, fleshy, delicate perennials,
sending up simple stems, in early spring, with a pair of
opposite leaves, and a@ loose raceme of pretty flowers. "
1. ©. Vircinica, L. Virginian Spring-beauty.
Leaves mostly 2, linear, or lance-linear, elongated and attenuated into a petiole
below; raceme simple, loose, at length elongated; peduncle slender, nodding; petals
obovate, mostly emarginate or retuse. ‘
Low moist grounds. March—May. Tubercle as large 3a , hazle-nut, deep in the
ground. Scape 6 to 8 inches long, weak with a pair of opposite narrow leaves, 3 to
§ inches long. Flowers 6 to 10 rose-colored, with deeper colored veins.
2. (C. CAROLINIANA, Michx. Spring-beauty.-
Ezaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, somewhat spatulate, or abruptly decurrent into
a petiole; peduncles slender, nodding; sepals and petals very obtuse.
Woods and rocky hills; common. April,May. Root acompressed brown tuber- —
ele, buried at a depth into the ground, equal to the height of the plant. Root-
beawes very few, if any, spatulate. Stem weak, 4 to 8 inches high, with a pair of
opposite leaves halfway up. Flowers ina terminal cluster, white with a slight
ange of red and beautifully pencilled with purple lines.
MALVACEZ. AT
8. TALINUM. Adans.
SEPALS 2, ovate, concave, deciduous. Perrats 5, sessile.
STAMENS 10 to 30, imserted with the petals into the torus.
Sryze filiform, 3- cleft at the apex. CAPSULE sub-globose,
- 3-celled at the base, when young, 3-valved, many-seeded.—
Fleshy perennials.
R. rererivonium, Pursh. Cylindricat-leaved Talinum.
Stem simple or branched, short and thick; leaves subulate, crowded at the summit
of the stem, on short branches; peduncles long and naked; flowers in a dichoto-
.. mous cyme. -
Rocks, Chester county. Dr. Darlington! June—Aug. Roots afew coarse fibres
the base of a short thick firm but somewhat fleshy perennial stem. Brancher
Zee ~ inches long. JZeaves 1 to 2 inches long, incurved, cylindrical, fleshy. Bracts
ete, small. FPeduncles 5 to 8 inches high. Flowers ani, bright
spanding only for a day.
+ e Ny
eed 22. MALVACER.—Mallow Family
a or bs, w ” alternate Sha oe leaves, and regular flowers, with numerous
1 at the base. SEPALS paneaalty 5, more or less united at the base, peeantliee
PE cohering by their short claws with the tube of filaments. Sramexs
ea monodelphous : anthers 1-celled bursting transversely. PistTius several,
_ with the ovaries united into a ring, or forming a several-celled capsule. SEaDS
- with little albumen. Embryo curved.
I. MALVA. Linn. MALtow.
“‘malake, soft; on account of the soft mucilaginous properties.
_ Catyx 5-eleft, with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like
an outer calyx. CARPELS many, 1-celled, 1-seeded arranged
eircularly.— Flowers perfect.
i AMERICANA, Muhl. American Mallow.
Leaves ovate, erenate; stipules oblong-linear; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered.
Southern part of the State. Annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, sparingly
branched, clothed with white hairs above. Leaves hairy on the veins beneath,
nearly smooth above. fetioles1 inch long. Bracteole bristly. Carpels hispid, in
a depressed, globular head. Petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx. T. & @.
ae. FOLIA, L. Low Mallow. .
e3 leaves roundish-cordate, obtusely 5 to 7-lobed, crenate, long
petioled; flowers axillary; corrola twice the length.of the calyx, notched at the end..
Cultivated grounds; common. June—Oct. Per. Rootfusiform. Stems numer
ous, a foot or more long. Peduncles axillary, aggregate. Petals pale pink with.
_ darker veins, deeply notched at the end. Fruit depressed, composed of the numes-
- ous carpels arranged circularly. Extensively naturalized.
3. M. sytvestris, L. High Mallow.
_ Stem erect, branched, hairy; leaves large roundish, with 5 to 7 somewhat acute
lobes; flowers axillary, 3. to 4 together; peduncles and petioles hairy ; petals ob-cow-
gate, 3 times as long as the calyx.
Yess ¥*
ee +
58 “MALVACER,
Waste places, escaped from gardens, sparingly naturalized. J une—Oct. Per.
Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers reddish purple, with veins of a darker hue. Whole
plant emollient and mucilaginous. Native of Europe.
4. M. ortspa, L. Curled or Crisped-leaved Mates
Stem erect; leaves angular-lobed, dentate, crisped, smooth; flowers axillary, pes-
eile. A tall, straight, simple, erect plant from Syria. Gardens, almost naturalized.
Stem 5 to 6 feet high. Leaves large, roundish, margin abundantly erisped and
curled. lowers small, inconspicuous, white. June, August.
5. M. moscnata, L. Musk Mallow.
Stem erect; radical leaves reniform, incised; stem leaves many-parted, the seg-=
ments linear; peduncles and calyx hairy. Native of Britain. Stems 2 feet high,
branched. Flowers large and handsome, rose-colored and white. The whole plant
emits a musk-like- odor in fayorable weather. July. Perennial.
2. ALTHEA. Linn. HoLiynock.
Gr. althea, to cure. ~
« +
Catyx 5-cleft surrounded at base by a 6 to 9 cleft invo-
lucre. CARPELS many, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged cireu-
larly around-the axis.
1. <A. orricInais, L. Marsh Hollyhock.
Stem erect; leaves ovate, or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3lobed,
clothed with velvety down; peduncles axillary, many-flowered, much shorter pe
the leaves.
A European plant, cultivated in gardens and in some places naturalized. Aug.—
Sept. Per. Stem 2 to 8 feet hirh, erect, firm, very downy. Leaves alternate.
: > > ? Sa
Flowers large, axillary and terminal, pale purple. Medicinal.
? 2
2. A. RoSEA, Cra. Hollyhoch. .
Stem erect, hairy; thane cordate, 5 to 7 angled, rugose; flowers axillary, sessile,
Native of China. Annual and biennial. Flowers large, with numerous varieties
of single, double and semi-double flowers of various shades of coloring, as white,
crimson, dark red, purple, brownish-black, yellow, straw-color, &c. Cultivated in-
gardens.
3. A. Ficrrouta, Cav. Fig-leaved Hollyhock.
Stems erect, hairy; leaves palmate, 7-lobed beyond the middle, lobes oblong,
obtuse, angularly toothed. Native of the Levant. Cultivated for ornament.
Flowers large, orange-colored.
'
38. HIBISCUS.. Linn.
Catyx 5-cleft, or 5-toothed, surrounded by a many-leayed
involucel. ANTHER-bearing column prolonged, the apex
generally divided into 5 slender styles bearing the 5 globular
stigmas. CAPSULE 5-celled, 5 or many-seeded, opening into
5 valves which bear the partition on their middle.-—Herés or
shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers.
om MALVACEE. 59
- i. Moscneuros, i Marsh Hibiscus.
Herbaceous, simple, erect; leaves ovate, pointed, toothed, the lower maul
whitish-tomentose beneath, somewhat scabrous-pubescent above; peduncles and
petioles often united; calyx tomentose.
Borders of marshes, near Harrisburg. Aug. Per. Stem 8 to 6 feet high, stout
Leaves 4 to 6 by 3 to 4 inches, often with 2 lateral lobes. Flowers large, 5 inches
in diameter, pale rose-purple, or white with a crimson centre. Showy.
2. H. mipiraris, Willd. Halbert-leaved Hibiscus.
Smooth; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed; wpper leaves halbert-
form, the short lateral lobes approaching at the base, the middle one prolonged and
acuminate; peduncles slender ; fruiting calyx inflated ; secds hairy.
River banks. Aug. Per. Stem 3to4feet high. J lowe7s pale rose-colored, with
@ purplish centre 3 to 4 inches in diameter.
Cultivated for ornament.
Phas EL. ‘Syrracu s. Syrian Hibiscus.
Leaves cuneaform, ovate, 2-lobed, dentate; pedicels searcely longer than the peti.
oles; involucel about 8-leayed. A beautiful, hardy, free-flowering shrub from Syria,
6 io 10 feet high. Flowers in the different varieties purple, red, white and striped,
both singie and double. July. Sometimes erroneously called “Rose of Sharon.”
4. H. trionum. J lower of an hour.
_ Somewhat hairy; upper leaves deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the mid
dle one much the longest; lower leaves undivided, dentate ; calyx inflated, membra_
“maceous, with bristly ribs, 5-winged at the summit; sceds rough. Annual. Native
of Italy. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers numerous but soon withering. Vefals of
®Tich chlorine yellow, the base deep brown, one variety has flowers 2 inckes in
diameter, continuing expanded nearly all day.
5. H. coccinevs, Walt. Scarlet Hibiscus.
Very smooth; leaves palmate, 5-parted; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, remotely
serrate alone; corolla expanding; capsule ovoid,smooth. A splendid flower, native
of Georgia, sometimes cultivatedin our gardens. Root perennial. Ate herbaceous,
Sto9feethigh. lowers of a bright carmine red. Petals slender ai the base, 4 ad
5 inches long. Column still longer, slender and terete.) July—Oct:
~6. H. Mantnot, L. Hand-leaved Hibiscus.
Leaves palmately divided into 5 to-7 broad-linear, acuminate, scarcely dentate
lobes; peduncies and involucel hispid; involucel bracts 5 to 7, ovate or lanceolate,
‘acutish, persistent, entire; calyx split on one side; capsule densely hirsute, acumi-
nate. Native ofthe Western States. A beautiful perennial plant, 3 to 5 fect high.
Leaves cordate, the lobes 5 to 10 inches long, % to 114 wide, separated to near the
base, about as long as the petioles; teeth largest near the summit.. Flowers sulpher-
yellow, purple in the centre. Feials 2to4inches long. July, Aug. Per.
4. ABUTILON. Tourn. Inpran MAtiow.
~Catyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, often angular.
Stytes 5 to 15. Carpens 5 to 15 arranged circularly, co-
herent, spreading at the summit, where each splits open along
the inner edge. SEEDs about 3 in each carpel.—L lowers im
the axils of the heart-shaped leaves.
60 TILIACEZ.
1. A. AvIcENNaA, Gertn. Indian Mallow. Velvet Leaf.
‘Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, acuminate, dentate, velvety-tomentose; pedem-
‘es shorter than the leaf-stalks, solitary; carpels about 15, 3-seeded, yea the
beaks splitting in two.
Waste grounds. Introduced from India; naturalized. Annual. July, August.
Rtem 3 to 5 feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers in the axils of the leaves,
‘orange-yellow, near 1 inch in diameter. : x
5. SIDA. Linn.
Catyx 5-cleft, without an involucel. Srynus 5 or more,
the ripe fruit separating into as many 1-seeded carpels, each
‘splitting open at the top, arranged circularly.
1. Flowers perfect. Stigmas terminal, minutely capitate.
1. S. sprnosa, L. Prickly Sida.
Stem rigid, branched from the base, minutely pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
toothed, with the tubercles at the base spiny; pedicels axillary, solitary, shorter
than the stipules and petioles; fruzt separating into five 2-beaked carpels, opening
between the beaks. r
_ Waste places, roadsides; common. July and August. Annual. Plant bushy,
1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1 inch long and 14 as wide, mostly obtuse at each end.
Fetals obovate, yellow, of short duration.
2. S. Napma, Willd. Smeoth Sida.
Siem slender, smooth; leaves palmately 5-lobed, smooth; lobes oblong-linear, azt-
minate, coarsely toothed ; carpels 10, acuminate, awnless.
Shaded rocky places; rare. July. Per. Stems angular, 3todfeethigh. Leaves
on short petioles, cordate; lebes 2 to 4 inches long, 4 to 34 wide. Floral leaves
much smaller. Pedwneles axillary and terminal, long and slender, somewhat
leafy, the divisions somewhat 4flowered. Flowers nearly 4 inch in diameter.
Petals white, twice as long as the calyx.
2. Nap#a. Clayton. Flowers diccious: styles stigmatic along the inside.
3. §. proroaA, Willd. Diéecious Sida.
Zeaves palmately 7 to 9 lobed; lobes lanceolate, incisely toothed; peduncles many-
flowered, bracteate, sub-corymbed; staminate flowers entirely destitute of pistils ;
the fertile with a short column of filaments but no anthers; carpels 8 to 10, point
legs in a roundish depressed head.
Stony grounds; not common. July—Sept. Per. A tall and roughish herb, 4
to 5 feet high, with very large 7 to 9-parted lower leaves, with the pointed lobes
pinnatifid cut and toothed, and small white flowers in panicled clustered co-
symbs
Orper 23. TILIACEH.— Linden Family.
Frees or shrubs, with simple, stipulate, alternate leaves and axillary flowers, usually
perfect. Sgpaus 4 to 5, deciduous, valvate. Prtats 4 to 5, entire, hypogynous,
rarely wanting, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, usually polydelphous;
ANTHERS 2 celled. Disk often with 4 to 5 glands at the base of the petals. Ovary
of 2 to 10 united carpels; sryLes 1; sTIGMAS as many asthe carpels. FRUIT capsw
tar, 2 to 5 celled; srEDs solitary or numerous, with fleshy albumen.
LINACE. 61
L TILIA. Linn. LINDEN.
‘Sepats 5. Prrats 5, spatulate-oblong. STaAMENS nu-
merous; ji/aments cohering in 5 clusters with each other, or
free. Pistin with a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous
ovules in each, a single style, and a 5-toothed stigma. Fruit
a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1-celled and 1 to 2
seeded.—Fine trees with heart-shaped leaves and small cymes
of flowers, hanging on an axillary peduncle which is united
to a leaf-like bract.
1. T. Americana, L. Basswood.
Leaves deeply cordate, abruptly acuminate, acutely serrate, coriaceous, smooth;
Jlowers in cymes; petals truncate at the apex, crenate; style as long as the petals;
Fruit ovate, somewhat ribbed.
Rich woods. June. A fine tree from 60 to 70 feet high, the trunk straight and
naked more than half this height, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves 4 to 5 by 3
to 4 inches; those of the young shoots often more than twice this dimension.
Bracts yellowish, linear-oblong. Flowers yellowish-white, honey-bearing, fragrant.
The wood is white and soft, and much used by cabinet and coach makers.
2. 'T. LAXIFLORA, Michx. Loose-flowered Linden.
Leaves cordate, gradually acuminate, serrate, membranaceous, smooth; flowers
fn loose panicles; petals emarginate; styles longer than the petals ; fruit globose.
Near the sea coast. May. Shrubby orarboreous. A very distinct species, though
generally confounded with the former. Pursh. Beck.
3. T. auBA, Michx. White Linden.
Leaves obliquely-cordate, abruptly acuminate, whitish and thinly pubescent
beneath, with veins of the same hue, smooth and bright green above, acuminately
serrate; petals emarginate; scales spatulate ; styles nearly smooth.
Woods and mountains. June. Trunk 30—40 feet high, 1 to 114 feet in diame-
ter; branches with a smooth silvery bark. Leaves 3 to 5 often 8 inches in diameter,
slightly oblique, and with reddish hairs in the axilsof the veins beneath. Flowers
larger and whiter than in the other species.
4. T. Evropga, L. Luropean Linden.
A common ornamental tree, which is planted along the streets of our cities, is
easily distinguished from our native species by the absence of the petal-like scales
among the stamens.
Orprr 24. LIN ACER,
Herbs with regular hypogynous flowers, tetramerous and pentamerous throughout,
strongly tmbricated calyx and convolute petals. SEPALS 3 to 5, persistent. PETALS ag
many as the sepals, unguiculate. STAMENS as many as the petals, and alternate
with them at the base into 2 hypogynous ring, which is often toothed. Ovary of
28,many cells as sepals and styles; sTIGMA capitate. SEEDS solitary in each cell,
compressed, suspended.
1. LINUM. Linn. Frax. |
SEPALS, PETALS, STAMENS, and sTYLEs 5. CApPsuLeE of 5.
62 : GERANIACER.
united carpels and only 5 celled, with 2 seeds hanging from
the summit of each; but each cell is incompletely or com-
pletely divided into two by a false partition which projects.
from the back of the carpels, thus becoming 10-celled.
SEEDs ovate compressed, mucilaginous.— Herbs with a fibrous
bark, simple and sessile entire leaves, alternate or often oppo-
site, without stipules, and terminal corymbose or panicled
flowers.
1. L. Virernranum, L. Wild Flac.
Radical leaves ovate and spatulate; those of the stem linear-lanceolate, alternate;
flowers small, scattered on the corymbose or panicled branches, on very short pe-
duncles, tnrned to one side; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth.
Woods and fields. June, Aug. Biennial or per. Séem 1 to 2 feet high, slender,
emooth, leafy, terete. Leaves 34 inch long, 14 wide, with 1 distinct vein. #towers
€ to 6 lines in diameter, yellow, on short pedicels. Sepals 1-veined.
Variety diffusum. Woods. Stem angular, diffusely branched; branches and lan-
ceolate leaves spreading; jlowers very small, yellow. Wet places, along ditches.
Quite different in habit.
2. WL. usiratisstMuM, L. Common Flaz.
Stem branching above; leaves alternate, littear-lanceolate, acute; panicle corym-
bose; sepals ovate, acute, 3-veined at the base; peials crenate; capsule roundish,
gcuminate.
Cultivated and somewhat naturalized about fields. June, July. Annual. Stem
1 to2 fect high. Leaves distinct 3-veined. #lowerslarge, purplish-blue. A useful
lant, from the strong fibres of the bark linen is manufactured, and the seeds yield
leneced otl, so extensively used in mixing paint, printer’s ink, &c.
Orver 25. GHRANIACEER.—Crane’s-bill Family.
Plants with mostly regular, hypogynous, pentamezrous flowers, imbricated sepals,
and convolute petals. Leaves opposite (at least the lowcr ones), mostly stipulate,
petiolate, palmately-veined. FrLowEson peduncles, terminal or opposite the leaves,
sometimes axillary. Sepats 5, persistent, veined, one sometimes saccate or spurred
at base. Pstans 5, unguiculate, hypogyrous or perigynous. STAMENS usually
monodelphous, hypogynous, 2 or.3 times as many as the petals. Fruit formed of
carpels cohering around the axis, having a membranaczous pericarp and termina-
ted by an indurated style, which finally curves upward carrying the pericarp with
it. Szeps solitary, without albumen.
1. GERANIUM. Linn. -Ceane’s-nrts,
Gr. geranos, acrane; the beaked fruit resembling a crane’s bill.
SEpALs and pETAsS 5, regular. Stamens 10, all fertile,
the alternate ones longer, and with nectariferous scales at the
base. CARPELS with long awns, at length seperating elas-
tically from the summit to the base; awns smooth internal-—
ly.—Herbaceous plants, rarely shrubby at base. Peduncles
1, 2or 8 flowered.
OXALIDACER. ; 63
reer
1. G. macunatum, L. Spotted Geranium. Crane’s bill.
Stem somewhat angular, erect, dichotomous, setosely pubescent; leaves 3 to
8-parted; lobes wedge-shaped and entire at ‘base, incisely serrate above; radical
leaves on long petioles, upper opposite, on short petioles; sepals mucronately awned;
petals entire.
Open woods; common. May, June. Per. Stem 10 to 20 inches high. Leaves 2
to 3 inches in diameter, cleft 3{ way Gown, 2 at each fork. Flowers mostly in
pairs on unequal pedicels, large, purple. Root powerfully astringent. Medicinal.
9. G. pusintum, L. Smaill-flowered Geranium.
Stems procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent; leaves rounded, kidney-form,
6 to 7-parted, the divisions mostly 3-cleft; peduncles short, 2-flowered; sepals awD-
less, about as long as the emarginate calyx.
Sandy soils. May—July. Stems 1 foot long, much branching, covered with short
Geflected hairs. Zeaves opposite, divided almost to the base. Peduncles axillary,
forked, bearing 2 purplish-red flowers, much smaller than the preceding. Intre
duced. Annual.
3. G. CaroniniAnum, L. Carolina Crane’s bill.
Stem diffusely branched; leaves deeply 5-parted; lobes incisely toothed 3 to 5-cleft;
peduncles crowded towards the top; petals notched, as long as the calyx; carpels
hairy.
Fields and hills. May—July. Stems pubescent, diffuse, 8 to 15 inches long,
swelling at the joints. Leaves 34 to 114 inches in diameter, hairy. Flowers small,
rose-colored or nearly white, in pairs and somewhat fasciculate. Biennial.
4, G. Ropertianum, L. Herb Robert.
Stem diffuse, hairy; leaves 3 to 5-parted to the base; Icajflefs somewhat pinnatifld,
segments somewhat mucronate; peduncles long, 2-flowered; sepals awned, shorter
than the entire petals.
Rocky places and shaded ravines. June—Oct. Annual. Stem reddish, with
long diffuse weak branches. Leaves on long petioles somewhat hairy, 14% to 3
inches in diameter, with pinnatifid segments. # lowers small, pale purple, beauti-
fully lined with darker shades. Capsule small, rugose, keeled. Seeds smcotb.
The whole plant is very petid.
The genus Pelargonium embracing more than 3800 species of shrubby and herba-
eeous plants, with innumerable varieties of magnificent flowers, nearly all natives
ef the Cape of Good Hope, are embraced in this order. Many of which ere culti-
vated in our green houses and conservatories,
Orver 26. OXALIDACEH,.—The Wood Sorrel Family.
Plants with sour juice, compound leaves, and regular flowers. SEPALS 5, persistent,
equal. Perrais 5, equal, unguiculate, with a twisted sestivation. Sramens 10,
usually more or less monodelphous, those opposite the petals longest. Sryues 5,
filiform; stigmas capitate. Fruit capsular, membraneous, with 5 celle, and from 5
te 10 valves. Srxps few, with a fleshy integument, which bursts elastically,
1. OXALIS. Linn. Woop Sorret.
Gr. oxus, sour; from the acid taste of most species.
Sepats 5, free or united at base. Prrans 5. STAMENS
10, usually more or less monodelphous, alternately shorter.
‘CapsuLE deeply 5-lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on the
peek. Srxps few in each cell, pendulous from the axis.—
=
64 - BALSAMINACE.
Herbs; with alternate or radical stipulate leaves, mostly of 3
inversely heart-shaped leaflets, which close and droop at night-
a
s; leavesand scapes from a root-stock or bulb.
1. O. acerocetta, L. Common Wood Sorrel.
_ Stalk creeping and scaly-toothed; scape 1-flowered, longer than the leaves; Teaf-
lets broad-obcordate, with rounded lobes; petals oval, obtuse; styles as long as the
inner stamens. :
Deep shady woods, on northern sides of mountains. June. Scape3 to 5 inches
- high with 2 small bracts above the middle. Flowers large, white, with red veins,
drooping. The whole plant has an agreeable acid taste. This is the shamrock of
the Irish. f
2. O. vio~acE#, L. Violet Wood Sorrel.
Bulb scaly; scapes several-flowered in an umbel, longer than the leaves; leaves
ternate; leaflets obcordate, smooth; styles shorter than the outer stamens.
Woods and shady places; common. May, June. Scape nearly twice as high as
the leaves 4 to 6 inches. Flowers violet, large, from 3 to 9 on umbels, drooping,
Petals obovate, and sometimes slightly emarginate.
#* Stems leafy: peduncles axillary.
8. ©. cornicuLATA, L. Decuwmbent Wood Sorrel.
Pubescent; sfem rooting. decumbent, branched; peduncles 2-flowered, shorter
than the leaves; leaves ternate; leaflets obcordate, pubescent; petals wedge-shaped,
erose at the apex; style as long as the inner stamens.
Cultivated grounds and banks of streams. May—Aug. Stems prostrate, leafy,
from 4 to 12 inches long. Sepals pubescent, 14 as long as the emarginate deep-
yellow petals. Capsules densely pubescent.
4. ©. stricta, L. Upright Wood Sorrel.
Stem branching, erect; peduncles umbelliferous, longer than the petioles, 2 to
6-flowered; leaves ternate; leaflets obcordate; petals obovate, entire; styles as long
as the inner stamens.
Sandy fields and borders of woods. May—Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high.
leafy, round, smooth, succulent. Leaves numerous, scattered on long stalks,
Flowers small, pale-yellow.
OrnpreR 27. BALSAMINACEE.
Annual herbs, with succulent stems filled with a bland watery juice, very irregular
jlowers, and simple leaves without stipules. SEPALS 5, irregular, deciduous; the two
upper commonly united into one, the lower spurred. PrTALS 4, hypogynous,
united in pairs, so that apparently there are only 2 petals. STAMENsS 5; jilamenis
subulate. Ovary 5-celled; stigma sessile, more or less, 5 lobed. Frurt capsular,
with 5 elastic valves and 5 cells. SEEDS solitary or numerous, without albumen,
1. IMPATIENS. Linn. Batsam.
Name from the sudden bursting of the pod when touched.
SEPALS 5, the lower one spurred, the 2 upper united soas
to appear like one. PrrTats 2, unequal-sided and 2-lobed.
Stamens 5, short; anthers opening onthe inner face. Srie-
a
: Spe united. Cimnets pinoeren tele, elongated, 5-
the te eye: ng ;
1. J. Pata, ‘Nutt, Snap-weed. Touch-me-not.
Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate, fccth mucronate, on short
petioles; peduncles 2 to 5-flowered, solitary, elongated; lowes sepal dilated-conical,
shorter than the petals, with a yery short recurved spur.
Damp shady places: common. Aug. Sfem 3 to 5 feet high, much branched.
Leaves 2.t0 5 inches long, 114 to 2 inches wide, with large obtuse teeth on petioles
24 inch long, upper ones sessile. Flowers large, mostly in pairs. Two outer sepals
pale-green, hard-pointed, the rest pale-yellow. Petals pale-yellow, slightly spotted.
2. I. rutva, Nutt. Jewel-weed. Balsam-weed.
Stem much branched; leaves rhombic-ovate, somewhat obtuse, coarsely and
obtusely serrate; teeth mucronate lower sepa: acutely conic, with along round
spur.
Damp Bbady ravines; common. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 1 to3
inches long, 4% as wide, somewhat glaucous, on petioles 1 to 2incheslong. Flowers
deep orange with reddish-brown spots, smaller and less numerous than in the
former species.
3. I. BAtsamina, Garden Balsamine.. Ladies’ Slipper.
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, upper ones alternate; peduncics clustered; spur
shorter than the flower. Native cf the Hast Indics. A beautiful garden annual.
The prevailing color of the flowers are red and white, but the former varies in
every possible shade of crimson, scarlet, purple, Bs and flesh-color, often double
and semi-double.
Orper 28. TROPEOLACEE,
Straggting or snborndng herbs, with a pungent watery juice, peltate or palmate leaves,
and irregular flowers. CAtyx of 5 colored, united sepals, the lower one spurred.
Perats 5; two upper arising from the throat of the calyx remote from the 3 which
are stalked. STAMENS 8, unequal, distinct. Ovary of 3 united carpels; style 1;
stigmas 3. Fruit separating 3 indehiscent, l-seeded nuts. Seeds large. Albwmen
none.
1. TROPAOLUM. Linn.
Lat. tropeum, a. trophy ; the leaf resembles a shield, the flower an-empty helmet.
GENERIC CHARACTER essentially the same as the order.
T. magus. Nasturtion. Indian Cress.
Leaves peltate, roundish repand on the margin, with the long petiole inserted a
little one side of the centre; petals obtuse, the 2 upper distant from the 3 lower
which are fimbriate/at base and contracted into long claws. A common garden
annual. Native.ef Peru. Siem at length climbing by means of its long petioles
several feet. Leaves 2 inches in diameter. Flowers large and showy, orange=
colored, with nas of a deeper shade. The fruit is used for pickling.
¢
66 i ae ANTHACE AND pammior Toe “2
OrpER 29. LIMNANTHACEE.
Low annual herbs, with pinnated alternate leaves without stipules. FLOWERS regue
lar, trimerous or pentamerous. SEPALS 3 to 5 united at base persistent, valvate in
sestivation.. PETALS 3 to 5, withering on the plant, inserted upon an hypoygnous
disk. STAMENS 6 to 10, inserted with the petals; filaments opposite the sepals.
STYLES united; stigma simple: ovary of 2 to5 distinet carpels. Fruit 2 tod achenig,
rather fleshy. ceeds solitary. ;
1. FLO@RKIA. Willd.
Named in honor of Flerke, a German botanist. ‘
Srpats 3, longer than the 3 petals. Stamens 6. OvariEs
8, tuberculate. SryLe 2-cleft.—A small annual aquatis,
with pinnately divided leaves and minute solitary flowers ow
axillary peduncles.
F. PROSERPINACOIDES, Lindl. alse Mermaid.
Stems deeumbent, weak, and slender; leaves alternate, upper ones, or those
above the water, pinnately 5-parted; Jcower or submersed ones mostly 3-partcd, all
on slender petioles.
Marshes and shores of rivers and lakes. April, May. Stem 4 to 10 inches long.
Flowers small, 144 inch in diameter, white. Petals about half as long as the sepals..
Whole plant slightly pungent to the taste..
OrpER 30. ZANTHOXYLACER.
frees or shrubs, pungent and aromatic bitter, with alternate or opposite leaves,
without stipules, with pellucid dots and small regular diewcicus or polygamous
Mowers. FLOWERS regular diclinous, gray, green, or pink. SrepaLs 3 to 5, small,
eohering at the base. Prrats longer than the sepals, as many, rarely wanting,
convolute. STAMENS as many or twice as many. as the petals. PIsTILs 2 to 5, dis-
tinct or united, 1 to 2 seeded, (ovules 2, collateral). Fruit baccate, membraneous
or drupaceous, or 2-valved capsules. SEEDS solitary or in pairs.
1. ZANTHOXYLUM. Linn. Prickiy AsH.
Gr. zanthos, yellow, and xulon, wood.
Frowers dicecious. Srpats 5, petal-like when the petals
are absent. Stamens 5. Pisrits 3 to 5, raised on a
short base or stalk, distinct, the styles connivent. CaRPELS
thickish, 2-valved. SrEps black and shining.—/ragrant
aromatic shrubs, with pellucid punctate, pinnately 3 to 5
foliate leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers.
13. AmeERicanuM, Mill. Prickly Ash.
Stem and branches prickly; leaves pinnate; leaflets in 4 to 5 pairs and an odd
one, ovate-oblong, downy when young; petioles round, unarmed ; prickles stipular;
flowers in short axillary sessile umbels.
. ;
_ ANACARDIACER: 67
= Sn ee ee
Rocky woods; notcommon. April. Shrub, 4 to 10 feet high, covered with sha
strong prickles. Leaves and flowers axillary. Flowers small onceniclh avadieue
before the leaves. Bark and pods very pungent to the taste, Medicinal.
2. PTELEA. Linn. Surussy Trevor.
FLoweErs polygama-dicecious. SEPAts 3 to 5, small.
PETALS 3 to 5, much longer than the sepals. StTAMENs 3
to 5, longer than the petals, and alternate with them. Ovary
2-celled; style short; stigmas 2. Fruir a 2-celled samara,
winged all round, nearly orbicular. Shrubs, with 3 to 5-fo-
hate leaves and greenish-white small flowers in compound ter
minal cymes.
P. TrironiaATA, L. Shrubby Trefoil.
_ Leaveson long petioles, ternate; leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young, odd
one much attenuated at base; flowers polygamous, mostly with 4 stamens.
Moist woods and rocky places; rare. June. An ornamental shrub 6G to 8 feet
high. lowers white, odorous, nearly 14 inch in diameter. Samera nearly 1 inch
in diameter.
The AILANTHUS GLANDULOSUS, or Tree of Heayen, is a cultivated tree of thts
family, commonin and around our villages, whose flowers are redolent of anything
but “airs from heaven.”
Onpnr 31. ANACARDIACER.
Trecs or shrubs, with a resinous gummy, caustic or milky juice, dotless, alternate,
simple, ternate or pinnate leaves, and small ofien polygamous, regular pentandrous
Jjlowers. Fiowers terminal or axillary, with bracts, commonly diccious. Srparg
3 to 5, united at base, persistent. PETALS 3 to 5,sometimes none,imbricate. Ovary
1-elled, lovuled. Sryzus 3, or none. Szicmas 3. Fruit indchiscent, usually
@rupaceous. Szrps without albumen.
1. RHUS. Linn. Sumacu.
CaLxy of 5 sepals, united at base. Prrans 5. SramMuns
5, equal, inserted on the disk. Sryzus 3. short. Sriamas
capitate. Fruit a small-sceded sub-globose, dry drupe.—-
Small trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing by rooting tendrils,
alternate, mostly compound leaves, and greenish-white flowers.
© Not poisonous; fruit clothed with (acid) crimson hairs: panicle eompound, dense,
&rminal ; leaves odd pinnate. i
1. R. azaspra, L. Smooth Sumach.
Stem and branches smooth; leaflets 6 to 15 pairs, sessile, lanceolate, acuminata,
smooth, whitish glaucous beneath; flowers all perfect.
Old fields and thickets; common. July. Sirub 6 to 15 feet hizh, consisting of
“Many stragzling branches, smooth except its point. Leaflets about 3 inches long,
Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit crimson, covered with shozt
4 inches wide.
hairs, acid, used fordyeing red. The bark is used for tanning morocco.
ANACARDIACEX.
2. R. copauLina, L. Dwarf Sumach.
Branches and stalks downy ; leaflets 4 to 7-pairs, oval-lanceolate, or oblong, very
entire, shining on the upper surface, pubescent beneath, unequal at base; common
petiole winged, appearing as if jointed.
Rocky hills and dry fields. July, August. Shrub 2 to 7 feet high with uation
roots. Common petiole about 6 inches long expanding into a leafy margin, between
each pair of leaflets. Zeajflets 1 to 3 inches long, near 14 as wide, dark green and
glossy on the upper surface. Flowers dicecious, yellowish-green. Fruit red, small,
eompressed, hairy, acid, and bitter.
3. R. rypuHina, L. Stag-horn Sumach.
Branches and petioles densely villous; leaflets 6 to 15 pairs, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, acutely serrate, whitish beneath.
* Hillsides or low barren places. June. A large shrub, or a spreading tree, 15
to 30 feet high with orange-colored aromatic wood and copious milky resinous
juice. Flowers greenish-yellow, dicecious. Frudt in clusters, covered with a yelvety
purple down, acrid.
* © Poisonous to the touch: fruit smooth: panicles axillary.
4. R. venenata, DC. Poison Sumach.
Smooth ; leaves odd-pinnate, 3 to 6 pairs, oval abruptly acuminate, very entire,
panicles loose, pedunculate.
Margins of swamps. June, July. A shrubor small tree of fine appearance, 10
to 15 feet high. etioles 6 to 10 inches long, red. Leaflets about 3 inches long,
neaily 14 as wide, sessile, except the odd one. Flowers very small, greenish, dioe-
ciots. Fruit about as large asa pea. The whole plant is very poisonous, tainting
the air to some distance around with its pernicious effuvium,
5. R. Tox1copDENDRON. L. Poison Oak.
Erect or decumbent; leaves ternate; leaflets broad-oval or rhomboid, entire,
sinuate or lobed, somewhat pubescent; flowers in racemose axillary sub-sessile
panicles.
Mcist woods and thickets. June. A small shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, nearly smooth
in all its parts. Leaflets 2 to 6 inches long 24 as wide, petiolate, the common
petiole 4 to 5 inches long. Flowers small, dioecious, greenish-yellow. Fruté
smocth, roundish, pale-brown. Poisonous.
Ver. b. RADICANS. Torr. (R. radicans. Linn, DeCandolle and Beck.) Poison Ivy.
Stem climbing; leaves ternate; leaflets petiolate, ovate, acuminate, smooth, gen.
erally entire; flowers in axillary racemes towards the top of the stem, dicecious.
Woods and hedges. June. Stem climbing by myriads of rooting tendrils 10, 20
ar 50 feet. Flowers yellowish-green. Fruit sub-globose, brown.
¢23 Leaves ternate; flowers diwcious, not poisonous, aromatic.
6. KR. aromatica, Ait. Fragrant Sumach.
Branches slender, nearly smooth; leaves ternate; leaflets rhombic-oyvate, sessile,
the middle one wedge-shaped at the base, unequally cut-toothed, pubescent when
young.
Dry rocky soil; rare. April, May. A small aromatic shrub 2 to. 6 feet high.
Teaflets 1 to 2 inches long, 4 as wide, the common petioles 1 to 2 inches long.
Flowers yellowish, in clustered scaly-bracted spikes like catkins, aan "| the
leaves. Fruit red, acrid, more or less hisped.
7. R. cormnus. Venitian Sumach.
A emall shrub, cultivated: native of Arkansas, according to Nuttall, remarkable
chiefly for the singular and ornamental appearance of its long, diffuse feathery
ae alks, showing in the distance as if the plant were enveloped in a cloud of
amoxce, ;
_ ACERACE. 69
Orper 32. ACERACER.
Trees with opposite palmately loted, rarely pinnate leaves, without stipules, and
Jlowers often polygamous, sometimes apetalous, small, in axillary racemes, corymbs
or fascicles. SEPALS 5, rarely 4 to 9, more or less united, colored, imbricate in esti_
-yation. Prats 5, rarely 4 to 9, alternate with the sepals, hypoygnous. STAMENS
usually 8, sometimes 9 to 12, distinct. Srynes 2. Sricmas ?. Ovary 2lobed,
2-celled. Fruit of 2 indehiscent winged samara, each 1-celled,1 to 2-seeded. SEEDS
with little or no albumen.
penn finn ieee
Lat. acer, sharp; the wood was anciently manufactured into weapons of war.
CALyx 5-lobed, sometimes 5-parted. Prrats 5, or more.
STAMENS 6 to 8, rarely 5. SAMARA 2-winged, united at
base by abortion, l-seeded.—TZrees with simple, palmately
lobed leaves, often heart-shaped at the base, and mostly polyga-
mous flowers.
_ & Flowers in corymb or fascicles. Trees.
1. A. RuBRuM, L. Red Maple. Swamp Maple.
Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, heart-shaped at the base, irregularly serrate and notched,
acute, the middle one usually the longest, glaucous, underneath; flowers on very
short pedicels; petals linear oblong:
Moist woods. March, April. A commontree from 20 to 40 feet high, with reddish
twigs. Trunk covered with a smooth bark, marked with large, white spots, becom-
ing dark with age. Leaves variable in size, pubescent when young. Flowers ap-
pearing in early spring before the leaves, scarlet, or yellowish, about 3 in each
fascicle. Firwit on pedicels 2 to 3 inches long, smoth.
2. A. pAsycArpuM, Hhrh. White Maple. Silver Maple.
Leaves deeply 5-lobed, with the sinuses rather acute, unequally and incisely
toothed; whitish glaucous underneath; flowers aggregated on short petioles;
petals none; fruit woolly when young, nearly smooth when grown, with large dilated
wings.
Banks ofstreams; notcommon. April, May. A fine ornamental tree, 30 to 50
feet high, affordmg asweet sap. Leaves on long petioles, nearly smooth when old.
Flowers greenish-yellow or purplish, pos about 5 together. FPedicels of the fruit
about an inch long.
38. A. sAccHARINUM, L. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple.
Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, with i ne sinuses and pointed lobes, sparingly sinuate
toothed, subcordate at base, glaucous beneath; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing
and lateral leafless buds, drooping; pedicels slender, hairy; calyx hairy at the apex;
petals none.
Woods and mountain valleys. April. A fine tree 50 to 80 feet high, with a trunk
2 to 3 feet in diameter. Bark cf a light-gray color, rough and scaly. ranches
Dumerous and finely ramified in open situations. Foliage very luxurient, deep
green and smooth above. lowers yellowish, on long thread-like peduncles. Pett
oles smooth. This is one of the most useful trees of the forest; the sugar obtained
frow its sap is perhaps the most delicious of all sweets. The wood is very strong
“and compact, often presenting that beautiful arrangement of fibre, called bird’s-eye
maple, which is so highly esteemed in cabinet work. It isextensively cultivated aa
‘gn ornamental shade tree.
- @*% Flowers in terminal racemes. Large shrubs.
70 SAPINDACER.
4. A. Pennsytvanicum, L. Striped Maple.
Leaves with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at base, finely and sharply double serrate;
facemes drooping, loose; petals obovate; fruit with large diverging wings.
Rich woods and shady rocks. May. A shrub or small tree 10 to 15 feet high.
Trunk beautifully striped lengthwise with green andblack. Leaves rarely undi-
vided. Flowers large, yellowish-green, 10 to12 ina raceme. Fruzt clustered, with
pale-green wings.
5. A. sPICATUM, Lam. Mountain Maple.
_ Leaves small, 3 to 5 lobed, acute, dentate, pubescent beneath; racemes erect,
dense, somewhat compound; petals linear; fruit smooth; wings somewhat diverg-
ing.
Rocky hillsand mountains. May, June. A shrub 8 to 12 feet high growing in
clumps. The bark is of alight gray color. Zeaves somewhat pointed, with large
sharp teeth, more or less cordate at base. Flowers greenish, numerous and small,
in round, oblong, close-branched clusters 2 to 3 inches long, becoming pendulous
with the winged fruit.
2. NEGUNDA. Mench.
CALYX minute, 5-cleft. PrErTAts none. STAMENS mostly
5.— Small trees with compound pinnately 8 to 5-foliate leaves,
and dicecious flowers, from lateral buds; the sterile in clusters
on capillary pedicels; the fertile in drooping racemes. .
N. AcEROIDES, Moench. Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder.
Leaves ternate, or pinnate by fives; leaflets ovate, acuminate, remotely and
anequally dentate; pistillate racemes long and pendulous; barren flowers corym- —
bose; fruit oblong, with large wings dilated upwards.
River banks, low wet grounds and along mountain streams. April. A small
but handsome tree 10 to 20 feet high, with light-green twigs, and smooth yellowish-
green bark. Flowers yellowish-green, very delicate, in drooping clusters, rather
preceding the leaves. Frutt pubescent, oblong, the wings about an inch long.
OrpEr 33. SAPINDACEER.
Trees, shrubs, or climbers furnished with tendrils, rarely herbs, with alternate and |
mostly compound leaves, and small, unsymmetrical, usually irregular and polygamous
flowers. Catyx of 4 or5 sepals. PrtTats irregular and often one fewer than the
sepals, sometimes wanting. Sramens 8 to10. Ovary 2 to 3-celled, the styles or
afigmas more or less united. SEEDS usually with an aril, destitute of albumen.
1. CARDIOSPERMUM. Linn.
Gr. kardia, heart, sperma, seed; the elphor seeds marked with a large cordate
um.
Sepats 4, the 2 outer smallest. Prraus 4, each with an
emarginate scale above the base, the 2 lower remote from
the stamens, their scales crested; glands of the disk 2, oppo-
site the lower petals. Stamens 8, unequal. SryYeE trifid.
CapsuLE membraneous.—Climbing herbs, with biterngte
[= -[o *.
CELASTRACEZ. Tt
leaves, the lower pedicels changed to tendrils, and small
whitish flowers. :
C. Hawracasum, L. Heart-seed. Balloon-vine.
Plant nearly smooth ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, incisely lobed and dentate; flowers
pmall, axillary, solitary; fruit pyriform-globose, large, bladder-like. Native along
the Missouri river. Torr. & Gr. July. A curious vine 4 to 6 feet long, with
remarkably large inflated membraneous capsules.
Sug-orDER. HIPPOCASTANACEZ.
Trees or shrubs, with opposite digitate leaves, without sti-
. Fruit roundish, coriaceous, dehiscent, with 1 to 3
very large seeds, resembling chestnuts. Hmsryo very large
and fleshy, showing a 2-leaved plumule. CoTyLEDoNs united.
2. ZESCULES. Linn. HoRrsk-cHESTNUT.
Catyx regular, 5-lobed, companulate. Prrans 4, some-
times 5, more or less unequal, with claws. STAMENS 7
(rarely 6 or 8); filaments long and slender, often unequal.
Sryie 1, filiform, acute; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in
each, only one of which, or one in each cell, ripens into a
séed.— Trees and shrubs with 5 to T-foliate leaves, and flowers
tn thyrse-like panicles.
1. AK. cuapra, Willd. Ohio Buckeye.
Leaflets 5, oval or oblong, acuminate,serrate or serrulate, very smooth; corolla
4petalled, spreading, with the claws as long as the calyx; stamens longer than the
corolla; fruit cchinate.
Banks of streams: Western part of the State. May. A small ill-scented tree.
Leaflets 3 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, sub-sessile, or abruptly contracted at
base toashort stalk. Flowers ye:lowish-white, small, slightly irregular, in terminal
racemose panicles. Fruit akovt 34 inch in diameter, prickly.
2. AX. Pavia, L. Small Buckeye.
Leaflets 5, oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at kase, abruptly and shortly acuminate,
finely serrate; flowers very irregular in a loose tayrsoid raceme; petals 4, erect, as
long as the stamens.
A beautiful shrub, 6 to 10 fect hich, cultivated for ornament: native of the South-
ern States; probably indigenous in the South-western part of our State. April,
May. Flowers large, red, smooth.
o. Ai. Hrppocastanum, L. Common Horse-chestnut.
Leaves digitate, of T obovate-cunesie leaficts, crenate, dentate; petals 5, spreading;
stamens 7 declined, fruit prickly. This well known introduced tree is nearly natu-
ralized. Native of Asia. In Juneif puts forth numerous pyram‘dal racemes or
thyrses of pink and whiie flowers, finely contrasting with the dark-green of its
massy foliage.
Orver 34. CELASTRACEA,
Shrubs or small trees, with opposite cr alternate leaves, small, regular and sym=
metrical flowers. S2Paus 4 to 5, united at base, imbricated. Pstains 4 to 5, inserted
72 pide CELASTRACER. a
by a broad base under the margin of a flat expanded disk which surrounds the
ovary. STamMENs 4 to 5, alternate with the petals, inserted on the margin of the
disk. Ovary Superior, immersed in, and adhering to the disk. Frurr acapsule or
berry. Sreps solitary or few.
Tripp 1. STAPHYLEZ.
Teaves pinnate, opposite. Sceds long, not ariled. Ovary many-ovuled, free from
the cup-shaped disk.
STAPHYLEA. Linn. sede
Gr. staphule, a cluster} in allusion to its mode of flowering;
Srepats 5, oblong, erect, colored, persistent. PrTats 5,
with short claws. STAMENS 5. Pisrits 8, united in the
axis, their long styles cohering, but separating as the ovary
enlarges into the membranaceous inflated 8-lobed, 3-celled
capsules.— Upright shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves and -
white flowers in raceme-like clusters, ternunating the branchlets.
1. S. triroria, L. Bladder-nut.
Leaves ternate, on long netioles; leaflets ovate, podmummtey serrulate, pubescent,
the terminal one petioled; styles smooth.
Moist thickets and rocky placcs. May. A handsome shrub 6 to 10 feet high,
with straisht and smooth slerder branckcs. Flcwcrs white, with spctsof orange,
in pendulous clusters.
Trine 2. EUONYMEZ.
Leaves simple; style 1; stigmas 3-lobed ; cvaries2 incacicdl; seeds with pulpy arils;
disk. adhering to ‘the bottom of tie caly ya.
9. CELASTRUS. Linn. Suruppy BirreR-swEEt.
FLOWERS somet mes polygamous. SEPaLs 5, united at
base. Perats 5 sessile. SraMENS on the margin of a
cup-shaped disk. PrstTits on the teh CAPSULE globose,
_ or 3-angled, 3-celled. SrxEps 1 to 2 in each cell, erect,
enclosed by a pulpy scarlet aril—Climbing or wining:
shrubs, with alternate leaves, minute deciduous stipules and
small greenish flowers in raceme-like clusters terminating the
branches.
C. scANDENS, L. Climbing Bitter-sweet. - Wax-work.
Stem climbing and twining, unarmed; leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate, petioled,
stipules minute; racemes terminal ; flowers dioecious.
Woods and thickets. May, June. A handsome climbing shrub, the stems
twining about trees and each other, ascending to a great height. Leaves smooth.
# lowers in small racemes, greenish-white. Seeds covered: with a. scarlet:aril, con
tained in an orange-colored 3-yalyed capsule.
hs RHAMNACEZ., 73
”
oa EUGN YMUS. Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE.
Szpats 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and
flat calyx: Pxrrats 4 to 5, rounded, spreading. Stamens
very short, inserted on the upper face of a broad and flat 4
to S-angled disk. SryzE short or none. CAPSULE with 3
to 5 angles, 3 to 5 cells and as many valves. Srxps 1 to 2
in each cell, inclosed in a red fleshy aril— Shrubs with 5-sided “1
branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose cymes of small
green or dark purple flowers on axillary peduncles.
i. HE. arropurpuRrevs, Jacq. Burning Bush.
Stem with smooth, opposite, square branches; leaves petioled, oval-oblong,
pointed, serrate, pubescent beneath; flowers mostly in fours; fruzt smooth, deeply
lobed. °
Hedgesand bavksef streams; sometimes cultivated. June. A handsome orna-
mental shrub 4 to8 feet high. Flowers dark purple. Fruit very showy at the
close of autumn, drooping on long peduncles. Capsule crimson, smooth. Aril
enclosing the seed, scarlet.
2. HE. Americanus, L. Strawberry Tree. Burning Bush.
Branches opposite, smooth, square; leaves opposite, sessile, oblong-lanceolate,
‘varying to oval, acute, serrate; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered, rounded; calyx small,
with acute segments; flowers in fives, fruit rough, warty, depressed.
Wet places and moist woods. June. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high. Flowers greenish-
yellow with a tinge of purple. /rwit not as copious as the above, crimson when
Tipe, the aril scarlet.
OrveR 35. RHAMNACER.— The Buckthorn Family.
Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, minute stipules, and small regular azxil-
lary or terminal flowers (sometimes apetatsus). Branches often thorny. SEPALS 4 or 5,
united at base, valvate in estivation. Prrats 4 or 5, distinct, cuccullate or con-
caye, inserted along with the stamens into the edge of a fleshy disk which lines the
short tube of the calyx. Stamens 4 to 5 opposite the petals. Ovary superior or
half superior, 2 to 5-celled. Sriamas 2 to5. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, or dry
end separating in 3 parts. SEEDS erect, mestly with fleshy albumen.
1. RHAMNUS. Linn. BucKktTHorn.
Gr. Ramnos, the ancient name; from the numerous branchlets.
Catyx 4 to 5-cleft. Prrats 4 to 5, shorter than the
sepals, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, sometimes very
minute or wanting. STAMENS 4 to 5, inserted above the
petals. Sryztz 2 to 4-cleft. Fruit a berry-like drupe,
containing 2 to 4 cartilaginous nuts.— Small trees or shrubs,
with mostly alternate leaves, and minute flowers in short
axillary clusters, often polygamous or dicecious. -
74 ‘VITACER. f 5
1. R. annirorrus, L’Herit. Alder-leaved Buckthorn.
Shrub erect with unarmed branches; leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, serrate,
pubescent on the veins beneath; peduncles aggregate, 1-flowered; flowers mostly
pentandrous; calyx acute, styles 3, united, very short; fruit top-shaped.
Sphagnous swamps. May,June. A spreading shrub 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves
1 to 3 inches long, 44 as wide, acute at base. Flowers small, greenish, mostly
apetalous. Berries about as large as small peas, black.
2. KR. LANCEOLATUS, Pursh. Lance-leaved Buckthorn.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; (floral ones obtuse, mostly ovate or round=
ish), closely serrulate, minutely downy underneath; petals 4, deeply obcordate,
about as long as the short stamens; seeds 2. .
Hills and river banks: Mereersburg, Franklin Co. Prof. Tratll Green. May. A ~
tall shrub, not thorny. Later leaves long, often oblong-ovate. Flowers yellowish-
green, dicecious-polygamous; the pedicels usually single in the more fertile plant,
wh‘ch has the 2-cleft style exserted, and produces abundant globular drizpes abot
the size of a pepper-corn. The less fertile plant bears rather larger flowers, on
clustered pedicels, with a very short and included style» Drupes large top-shaped;,,
distinctly pointed with the short style. Seeds obovate, deeply grooved.
Orver 36. VITACEH.— The Vine Family»
Shrubs, climbing by tendrils, with simple or compound leaves, and small, regular,
often polygamous or diecious flowers with a minute truncate nearly entire calyz.
PETALS 4 to 5, very deciduous, inserted on the outside of the disk. Stamens 4 to &
opposite the petals, inserted on the disk, sometimes sterile, by abortion. PisTins
with a short style, or none, and a slightly 2-lobed stigma. Ovary 2-celled, with 2
erect anatropous ovules from the base of each. Fruit a globose pulpy berry, with
hard albumen.
t. VITIS. Linn. VINE.
CALYX somewhat 4 to 5-toothed. Prraus 4 to 5, cohering
at their apex, usually falling off without expanding. Sra--
MENS 9. StyLE none. Base of the ovary surrounded with
a 4 or 5-lobed ring, or 4 to 5 glands alternate with the
stamens. Berry 2-celled, 1 to 4-seeded; cells and seeds
often abortive.— lowers fragrant in a compound thyrse.
Peduncles often changed into tendrils.
1. V. Lasrusca, L. Northern Fox Grape.
Leaves very large, broad-cordate, angular-lobed, acutely toothed, smooth above,
very woolly beneath, racemes small, panicled; berries large.
Moist thickets and woods; common. June. Stem climbing to a great height.
Leaves and young branches very woolly. Flowers small, green. Fruit large,
purple, often green or red, ripe in Sept. The Isabella, Catawba, Blands and other
~sorts known in cultivation, are varieties of this species.
2. V. MmSTIVALIS, Michx. Frost Grape. Winter Grape.
Young leaves downy with loose ferruginous hairs beneath, smoothish when old,
green above, broadly cordate, 3 to 5-lobed or palmate-sinuate, coarsely dentate;
_ Sertile raceme long, panicled, opposite the leaves; berries small,
POLYGALACEX. 75
Hills, woeds and river banks. June. Stem very long, slender, climbing. Leaves
very large, clothed beneath when young with cobweb- like, rust-colored pubescence.
Tenarils from the peduncles, with an opposite leaf. Berries deep blue, with a
bloom well flavored, but small, ripe in Sept.
3. VY. corpiroiiA, Michx. Frost Grape. Winter Grape.
Leaves cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally but coarsely toothed, smooth on
‘both sides; raceme loose, many-flowered; berries small.
Thickets by river banks; common. June. Slem ascending, shrubs and trees te
the height of 10 to 20 feet. Zeaves large, membraneous, often 3-lobed, with pubes-
eent veins when young, and afew mucronate teeth. Serries nearly black, small,
late, acid, but well flavored after being frosted.
4. YV. VINIFERA. Common Wine Grape.
Leaves cordate, sinuately 5-lobed, smooth; flowers all perfect. Naturalized in
nearly all temperate climates. Varietie eer end may be raised from the sced,
“which will bear fruit the 4th or 5th ye
a
_2. AMPELOPSIS. Michx,
Gr. ampelos, the vine, and opsis, appearance; resembling the vine.
CALyx slightly 5-stalked. Prrats concave, spreading
deciduous after expansion. STIGMAS capitate. Ovary with-
out a 5-lobed ring, 2 to 4-seeded.— Line shrubby creepers with
digittate or cordate leaves and cymose clusters of flowers: sup=
ported by radiating tendrils.
1. A. quinquerouiA, Mishx. Virginian Creeper.
Leaves quinate, digitate; leaflets oblong, acuminate, petiolate, dentate, smooth,
racemes somewhat dichotomously cymose.
Woods and thickets. June, July. A vigorous climber, cultivated as a covering
for walls, trellises, &c. lowers incenspicuous, greenish, in forked el isters. Derries
dark blue, smaller than peas. =
2. HK. conpata, Michx. Heart-leaved Creeper.
Siem climbing, with slender branches; leaves cordate, acuminate, toothed and
angular ; nerves beneath, pubescent; racemes dichtomous, few-flowered.
Banks of streams. June, July. Panicles opposite the leares. Berries palo-red.
OrpER 37. POLYGALACEER.
Plants, shrubby or herbaceous, with simple, entire, alternate or rarely opposite,
feaves destitute of stipules, and irregular papilionaceous flowers, with 4 to § diadd-
phous stamens. SEPALS 5, very irregular, distinct, 3 exterior, of which 1 is superior
and 2 inferier, 2 inner ones called the wings much larger, and colored like the
petals. Prats 3, hypogynous the anterior (/-eel) larger than the rest, and usually
crested. SrameEns 6 or 8, with their filaments combined in a tube which is split on
the upper side, cohering more or less with the petals, free above. ANTHERS 1<elled,
opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-celled. STYLE and stigma simple.
¥xuit usually a capsule generally rounded or notched at the apex. SsEDs with an
abundant albumen. ;
76 POLYGALACE: ae
1. POLYGALA. Tourn. Mitxwort. _
Gr. polus, much, and gala, milky; supposed to favor the lacteal secretions. —_ '
Perats 3 to 5, united to the stamens, the lower one keel-
form. CAPSULE obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded.
Seeds smooth with a caruncle—Low bitter herbs, with sim-
ple entire leaves, often dotted, and no stipules, sometimes bear-
ang concealed fertile flowers also next the ground.
* Annual: flowers purple to white; spikes ovate globose or obtong, dense. ;
1. P. incarnata, L. Flesh-colored Milkwort.
Sfem erect, slender, simple or sparingly branched; leaves small, linear-subulate,
few; spikes oblong or cylindrical, without glands; corolla with along tube. ~~
Dry soils. June, July. Stem 1to2feet high. Leaves 14 inch long, remote.
Spikes 1 to 114 inches long. Flowers ple rose-colér or flesh-color; wings, much
shorter than the conspicuously crested corolla; claws of the petals united into a
very long and slender-cleft tube. -
2. P. purpurgEA, Nutt. Purple Milkwort.
Stem branching at top; leaves linear, alternate; flowers beardless, imbricated im
obtuse, cylindrical spikes; wings of the calyx cordate-ovate, erect, twice as lotig ag
the capsule.
Meadows and wet grounds. July—Sept. A handsome erect plant 6 to 10 inches
Spats 5 persistent, 2 of them wing-shaped and colored. —
high, easily recognized by its short purplish, cylindrical spike of flowers. Stem a
angular with fastigiate branches, each ending with a spike smaller than the main
stem, but rising above it in height. ‘
** Spikes elongated or racemose ; flowers white or greenish.
3. P. ampieua, Nutt. - Ambiguous Milkwort.
Stem erect, very slender, loosely branched; lowest stem leaves in whorls of four,
the rest scattered, narrowly linear; spikes long peduncled, very slender; flowers
crested; bracts deciduous.
Dry woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, somewhat angular. Leaves
sessile, tapering to the base, % tolinch long, narrow. -Racemes spicate, acute,
about 1 inch long, 20 to 30-flowered, on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers
small, greenish-white, tinged with purple. Wings of the calyx round and veined.
4. P. verticennata, L. Whorl-leaved Milkwort.
Stem erect, branched ; leaves whorled, linear and lance-linear; raceme spiked,
dense, acute, on rather short peduncles; bracts falling with the flowers; wings
round, clawed.
Dry hills; common. July—Oct. Stem very slender, square, 6 to 10 inches high.
Leaves in whorls of 4 or 5, 4% to 1 ineh long, alternate on the branches. Flowers
small, greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple; crest rather large in pro-
portion.
5. P. senecGa, L. Seneca Snake-root.
Stems several form a thick and hard knotty root, simple; leaves alternate, lan-
ceolate, tapering at each end, rough on the margin, spikes cylindrical, rather
dense, somewhat acute; flowers on extremely short pedicels; wings of the calyx
orbicular; capsule elliptic, emarginate.
Woods and meadows. June, July. Perennial. Stem a foot high, with ovate
scale-like leayes at the base. Leaves smooth, finely serrulate, 1 to 3 inches long, wy
as wide, nUMerouS, scattered. lowers white in a filiform spike 1 to 3 inches long.
ee re
~ i
ed
- LEGUMINOS. ¥7
Sepals obtuse, larger than the petals. oot medicinal. A valuable stimulating
expectorant. —
$= * Perennials: flowers purple, showy, larger than the former; bearing whitish
ale ones on subterranean branches.
"6. P. potyeama, Walt. Bitter Milkwort.
Stems numerous, simple, erect and procumbent; leaves linear-lanceolate, or
obovate, altzrnate, attenuate downwards; racemes filiform, terminal and lateral,
elongated ; flowers sessile, the broadly obovate wings longer than the crested corolla.
Fields and pastures. June, July. Stems crowded, many from the same root,
angular, smooth. JZeaves smooth, lower obovate, upper linear-lanceolate, obtuse,
sessile. Flowers purple, 14 inch in diameter, very handscme, $-androus. Sultera-
nean flowers on procumbent racemes, without retals, sessile. Bitter and tonic.
7. pauciFoLIA, Willd. Fringed Polygala.
Stem simple, erect, naked below, rising from long and slender prostrate or subte-
ranean shoots, which bear concealed fertile flowers; leaves ovate, acute, smooth;
terminal flowers mostly in threes, large cristate, sometimes axillary ; wings obovate,
rather shorter than the conspicuously fringe-crested keel.
Woods along mountains in light soil. May. A delicate plant with large showy
purple flowers, 34 inch long. Siem 3 to 4 inches high. Lower leaves small and
scattered, scale-like. The radical fiowers are either close to the ground or subtera-
uean, smaller, greenish.
Orver 38. LEGUMINOSH.—Leguminous Plants,
Herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees, with alternate mostly compound leaves with stip-
tes, and papilionaceous flowers, 10-monodelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distincé
stamens, and a single, simple pistil, producing a legume in fruit. CALYX of 5 sepals
more or less united. PxrtTats 5, papilicnaceous or rarely regularly spreading. Sra-
MENS definite or indefinite, inserted with the corolla. Ovary simple, superior,
#Rvitalegume. SeEEDs atlached tothe upper suture, without albumen,
Susp-orDER I. PAPILIONACE A.
PETALS truly papilionaceous, imbricate in eestivation, the
upper one extended. Sramens 10, mostly diadelphous, 9
united by their filaments into a sheath split on the upper
side when the 10th is free.
Trine l. VICIEZ®. . The Vetch or Pea Tribe.
. Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common petiole produced into a tendril or bris-
tle ; peduncles axillary.
1. VICIA. Tour, VercnH.
Catyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth
often shorter. Stamens diadelphous. Sryuz filiform, bent
at a right angle with the ovary, hairy down the entire side.
LEGUME oblong, many-seeded.— Herbaceous mostly climbing
plants, with abruptly pinnate leaves of several pairs of leaflets,
and a one id tendrul. Peduncles axillary,
eke i eS
zis “ = -
ee ee eS ee
RNa ee ee ee ee SOT
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te
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FY Se ee ee. a
‘7%
i. V. Caronintana, Walt. Carolina Vetch.
Nearly smooth; leaflets 8 to 10, elliptical-lanceolate, obtuse, scarcly mucronate;
peduncles loosely flowered, as long or longer than the leayes; Stowers distant; .
calyx teeth very short.
Borders of woods and along fences. May, June. Per. Stem 2to 4 feet ben,
climbing. Leaflets 34 inch long, 14 tol{ wide. Flowers small, white or
Standard black at the tip. Legume oblong. ; 5 6. Hirer:
2. V. Americana, Muhl. American Vetch:
Smooth; leaflets 10 to 14, elliptical or ovate-oblong, very obtuse, many-veined 3
stipules semi-sagittate, deeply-toothed; peduncles 4 to 8-flowered, shorter than the
leaves.
Moist thickets and woods. June. Per. Stem 1 to 8 feet long, slender, some-
what 4angled. Leaflets 1 inch long, nearly }gas wide. Flowers purplish-blue, %
ane danet Style very hairy at the summit. Legumes oblong-linear, compressed,
reticulated.
do. V. Cracoa, L. Tufted Vetch.
Downy-pubescent; stem branching; leaflets 10 to 20, oblong-lanceolate, strongly
mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, linear, nearly entire; peduncles densely many-
flowered; calyx teeth shorter than the tube; style hairy at the top.
Border of fields, woods and meadows. June, July. Per. Stem 2 to 8 feet long,
slender, square. Leaflets 14 to 34 inch long, 14 inch wide. Flowers 10 to 20in a
long, ee one-sided raceme pale-purple. Zegume oblong, compressed, coriaceous,
sm00tn. .
* Annual. Naturalized.
4. V. TetrasperMa, L. Slender Vetch.
Smooth; leaflets 8 to 12, linear-oblong, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, semi-sagittate ;
peduncles mostly 2-flowered; calyx teeth unequal; legume oblong, smooth, mostly
4-seeded.
Fields and banks of streams; introduced. May, June. Stems almost filiform 4
to 2 feet long. Leaflets 4 inch long, 1 line wide, acute or obtuse. Flowers very
small, white, or bluish-white, sometimes 3 or 4 together. ;
5. V. sativa, L. Common Vetch or Tare.
Somewhat pubescent; stem simple; leaflets 10 to 14, ovate-oblong or linear-oblong,
notched and mucronate at the apex; calyx-teeth equal; legume linear, several
seeded.
Cultivated fields and waste places; introduced. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erec}
or decumbent. Leaflets 34 to 1 inch long,14 wide. Flowers 44inch long, pale-purple.
Legume 1 to 2 inches long, erect, roundish, reticulated, smooth.
6. V. wirsuta, Koch. Hairy Vetch.
Leaflets 8 to 20, linear, or linear-oblong, truncate, mucronate; stipules semi-sagit-
tate, narrow; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered, shorter than the leaves; legumes oblong,
hairy, 2-seeded. ‘
A creeping weed in cultivated fields; introduced. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet
long, much branched and diffused. Leaflets about 14 inch long, very narrow,
Flowers very small, bluish-white. Zegumes short, with roundish compressed
brown seeds. : Fo
2. LATHYRUS. Linn. VEeETCHLING.
Gr. Lathuros, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus.
Catyx 5-cleft, the upper teeth shorter papilionaceous.
SraMENS diadelphous. SryYLE flattish, not grooved above,
7
% :
'
LEGUMINOSZ, 79
hairy along the inner side. Legumes oblong, several-seeded,
2-valyed, 1-celled.— Herbaceous mostly climbing plants with
abruptly pinnate leaves, and petioles produced into branching
tendrils,
1. L. venosus, Muhl. Veiny Vetchliny.
Stem climbing, square, naked; leaflets 5 to-7 pairs ovate-oblong, obtuse, sub»
opposite, mucronate, veined, often downy beneath; stipules very small, semisagit
tate; peduncles many-flowered.
Shady banks andlow meadows. J uly, Aug. Per. Stem 2 to8 feet long, climbing,
mostly smooth. Leaflets 114 to 2 inches long, yariable in width, Peduncles many=
flowered, about the length of theleaves. Corolla purple. Legumes fiat and narrow.
2. L. panusrrus, L. Marsh Vetchling,
Stem slender, often wing-margined; leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or
narrow-oblong, mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, acute ; peduncles 3 to 5-flowered,
Low grounds, wet meadows and thickets. June, July. Per, Stem 2 to 8 feet
long, square, broadly-winged at the angles, supported by the tendrils. Leaflets
variable in width, somewhat coriaceous. J lowers drooping, rather large, variegated
with blue and purple. ;
3. L. Myrtirotivus, Muhl. Myrile-leaved Veichling.
Stem slender, weak, square; leaficts 2 to 3 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucron
nate; stipules semi-sagittate, lanceolate, acuminate; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered,
longer than the leaves.
River banks and marshy places. July, Aug. Per. Stem about 3 feet long,
Leafiets 1 to 2 inches long, 14 as wide. Flowers pale-purple, somewhat resembling
i. palustris, but has a more slender stem, and broader ieafiets and stipules.
4. lL. ocHrotEeucus, Hook. Pale Vetchling.
Stem slender; leaflets in 3 to 4 pairs, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, reticulate beneath;
sfipules large, halfcordate; peduncles 4 to. 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves.
Hillsides and banks of streams. June, July. Per. Whole plant smooth, pale
and somewhat glaucous. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, often erect. Leaflets 1 to 114 inches
long, 34 as wide, larger than the stipules. Feduncies axillary. Flowers large, pale
yellow. Legume compressed, smooth.
CULTIVATED EXOTICS.
5. L. patiroxius, Everlasting Pea.
Leaflets 2, lanceolate; jovnts membrancous, winged; pedwncles many-flowered. A
very showy perennial plant; native of England. Stem 6 feet long, climbing,
winged between the joints. Flowers large, pink, clustered on a peduncle 6 to 10
inches long.
6. L. oponatus, Sweet Pea.
Leaflets 2, ovate-oblong; peduneles 2-flowered; legume hirsute. A well known
| garden annual, native of Sicily. The flowers appear in June, are large sweeg
scented, varigated with red, purple and white.
7 L. sarivum, Chick Pea.
Leaflets 2 to 4; peduncles 1-flowered; legume ovate, compressed, with 2-winge@
Magins atthe back. A cOmmon annual; native of 8. Europe where it hag been
| sometimes cultivated for food; but has proved to be aslow poison. ‘
ae or
Fpl
so LEGUMINOSZ.
3- PISUM. Linn. Pxa.
Lat. pisum, pea.
CALXY segments leafy, the 2 upper shortest. BANNER
large, reflexed. Sramens 9 and I-diadelphous. Style com-
pressed, carinate, villous on the upper side. Legume oblong,
tumid, many-seeded. SEEDS globose, with an orbicular
hilum.—-Herbaceous climbing plants, with abruptly pinnate
leaves, ending with branching tendrils,
1. P. sarivom, L. Common Garden Pea.
Leafets ovate, entire, usually 4; stipules ovate, semi-cordate at base, crenate;
peduncles several-flowered. A valuable annual garden plant, cultivated from time
immemorial, so that its native country is unknown. Whole plant smooth and
glaucous. Stem 2 to 5 feet long climbing by tendrils. TZeajlets 2 to 3 inches long,
24 as wide, obtuse, mucronate. lowers 2 or more, on axillary peduncles, large,
phite.
4.. CICER. Tourn. Cuick PRA:
The Latin name for a species of vetch; applied to this genus.
CaLyx 5-parted, the 4 upper segments incumbent on the
vexillum; ¢ube more or less gibbons at base on the upper
side. LecuMe turgid, 2-seeded. SEEDS gibbous, mucron-
ate.—A cultivated annual, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white
solitary or axillary flowers.
1. C. anietinum, L. Coffee Pea. Chick Pea.
Leaves cdd-pinnate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, serrate; sitpules lanceolate, sub-
denticulate; calyx slightly gibbous. Cultivated in gardens; the seeds are said to
afford a tclerable substitute for coffee. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, branching,
Leaflets in 4 to 6 pairs, 44 inch long, 14 wide, with a terminal oddone. Flowers
white. Legumenearly 1 inch long. Seeds gibbous, in form much resembling a
xam’s head.
The Latin name for a bean; appropriated to this genus.
5. FABA. Tourn. Wuinpsor BEAN. |
|
CaLyx tubular, 5-cleft, 2 upper segments shorter. STYLE
bent at aright angle with the ovary. Srrama villose. LE- —
GUME large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid. Sxzxrps oblong
with a terminal hilum.— Herbaceous plants, apparently without
tendrils, and simple, erect, axillary racemes of flowers.
3. F. vuneanris, Mench. Horse Bean.
Leaflets 2 to 4, oval, mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, obliquely ovate. Native
of Egypt. Cultivated in gardens. Stem rigidly erect, with axillary, many-flowered
racemes, 1 to 2 feet high. lowers white, with a large black spot on each wing.
Legume torulose. ii
LEGUMINOS. St
Trise 2. PHASHOLE. The Bean Tribe.
Twining or trailing plants, with odd-pinnate leaves of 38-several leaflets, mostly
stipellate, destitute of tendrit@; flowers often in racemes. a
6. PHASEOLUS. Linn. Kzrpney Bran.
_ CALYX companulate, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth
more or less united. KeEt of the coroLiA with the inclu-
ded stamens and style spirally coiled or incurved. - LEGuME
linear or falcate more or less compressed, many-seeded,
tipped with the hardened base of the style-—Herbaceous
twining or trailing plants, with stipellate pinnately trifoliate
leaves, and knotty or compressed racemes of flowers.
1. P. PERENNIS, Walt. Wild Bean-vine.
Stem twining, pubescent; leaflets ovate, short-acuminate, 3-nerved; racemes
solitary or somewhat clustered, simple or in pairs, Seo than the leaves;
legume pendulous. P
Dry woods; common. July. Per. Stem 4 to 10 feet long, somewhat branching.
Leaflets 144 to 314 inches long, 34 as wide, terminal one often sub-cordate. Raceme
6 to 12inches long, loose. Flowers numerous, purple and violet, handsome.
Legume abont 2 inches long, 44 inches wide scythe-shaped, broad, mucronate.
Seeds dark-purple.
2. P. DIVERSIFOLIUS, Pers. Lobed Bean-vine.
Leafiets broad-ovate, angular, 2 to 3-lobed, some of them oblong-ovate and entire;
peduncles angled, longer than the leaves ; flowers in heads; legume broadly linear,
rouud.
Sandy fields and woods. Aug. Annual. Stem 2 to 6 feet long. Leaflets1 to 2
inches long, 34 as wide, with scattered hairs beneath, sometimes more or less
3-lobed. Peduncles 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 3-flowered. Flowers purple. Legume
5 to 7-seeded, black when ripe.
5. P. netvouus, L. Long-stalked Bean-vine.
Stem slender, hairy, twining, diffuse, or prostrate; leaflets ovate or oblong, entire;
stipules lanceolate; peduncles 3 to 6 times the length of the beans; flowers few, in
heads; legume narrow-linear, cylindric, 8 to 10-seeded, slightly pubescent.
Sandy fields. July—Sept. Per. Stem 3to5 feet long. Leaflets 1 te 2 inches
long, 144 tol inch wide. Peduneles 4 to 8 inches long, 4 to 7-flowered. Calyx with
2 lance-oblong nerved bracts at base. Corolla purplish; vexillum large, roundish.
Legumes 2 to 3 inches long, very narrow, subfalcate. Seeds woolly.
OULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES, ;
4, P, voteanis, L. Pole Bean. Kidney Bean.
Stem twining; leaflets ovate acuminate; raceme solitary, shorter than the leaves >
pedicels in pairs; calyx as short as its 2 bracts at base; legume pendulous. Seeds
reniform. Annual. Native of the East Indies. Universally cultivated in gardens
for table use. Flowers mostly white.
5. P. tunatus, L. Lima Bean.
Stem twining; leaflets ovate, deltoid, acute; raceme shorter than the leaves,
peduncles in pairs; calyx longer than its 2 bracts at base; legume short, sword-
shaped or lunate; seeds large, much compressed, purplish-white. Annual. Native
of the East Indies. Stem 6 to 8 feet long. Flowers small, white. Valued in
cultivation. , ;
ae — ee ee i ME ee ie
82 i= - LEGUMINOS&. ;
6. P. mutririorus, L. Scarlet Pole Bean.
Stem twining; leaflets ovate, acute; raceme solitary, as long as the leaves; sonia
longer than the 2 appressed bracts at b@se; legume pendulous; seeds kidney-shaped.
Annual. Native of S. America. Flowers scarlet, numerous, and very brilliant.
7. a nanus, L. Bush Bean.
Stem smooth, yery branching, -erect; leaflets broad-ovate, acute; calyx shorter
than its 2 bracts at base; legume pendulous, compressed, rugos2. Annual. Native
of India. Stem 1 foot high. Flowers white. Secds white, small. Much cultivated.
a
; 7. APIOS. Berh. Grounp-nut.
Gr. apios, a pear; in allusion to the form of its tuberous roots.
CALYX companulate, obscurely 2-lipped; the upper lip of
2 short rounded teeth. SranDARD very broad, with a longi-
tudinal fold in the centre, reflexed. Kuen long, faleate, and
with the stamens and style at length spirally twisted. Lz-
GUME straight or slightly curved, rounded, many-seeded.—
A perennial twining herb, with pleasant tasted tubers on under-
ground shoots, pinnately 5 to 7 foliate leaves and dense, short,
often branching racemes of flowers on knotty peduncles.
1. <A. TuBEROSA, Mcench.- Grouwnd-nut.
Stem twining; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate; raceme shorter than the leaves.
Low grounds, thickets and shady woods. July, August. Root producing oval
tubers about 1% inch ‘in diameter, very nutritious. Flowers in short oval racemes,
purple and brown, fragrant.
&. GALACTIA. P. Brown. Mink Pra.
Gr. gala, milk; in allusion to the juice of some of the species.
“Catyx 4-cleft, equal, the upper lobe broadest. KrEn
scarcely incurved. STANDARD incumbent, broad. LEGUMES
compressed, linear, many-seeded.—Low mostly -prostrate or
twining perennials, with pinnately trifoliate stipellate leaves,
and axillary racemes of flowers.
1. G. GLABELLA, Michx. Smooth Milk Pea.
Stem nearly smooth, prostrate, somewhat twining; leafle’s elliptical or ovate-
oblong, obtuse or notched, sometimes slightly hairy beneath; racemes axillary,
simple, few-flowered, on peduncles as long as the leaves; calyx smooth ; legume
pubescent.
Sandy woods. July, Aug. Root fusiform, Stem 2 to 4 feet long. Leafiess 1 to
344 inches long by \% to 1 inch wide, varying in form from elliptic through oblong
to ovate. Flowers rather large, reddish-purple, greenish externally.
2. G. Mois, Michx. Soft Milk- Pea.
Stem twining, softly villous; leaflets ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly smooth above,
softly villose and whitish Phen tte racemes longer. inn the leaves, pedunculate ;
ealyx acuminate villous, legume compressed, villous,
_
LEGUMINOSZ. | 83
Dry soils, pine barrens, &es Southern part of the State. July, Aug. Stems
prostrate or climbing. Leaflets about 1 inch long, 44 as wide. Flowers about half
as long as in the last. fe
9. CENTROSEMA. DC.
Gr. kentron, a spur, and sema, the standard.
CaLyx tubular, 5-toothed; the teeth much shorter than
the tube. STANDARD very large, with a spur-shaped projec- :
tion on the back, notched at the top. Kerr small, shorter _ :
than the wings, incurved, acute, on long claws. STYLE
dilated at the apex, longitudinally bearded. LeGuMe linear-
oblong, flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many-
seeded.— Twining perennials, with pinnately 3 to 5-foliate
leaves, and large showy flowers.
1. ©. Virerntana, Benth. Spurred Butterfly Pea.
Rather roughish with minute hairs; stem twining; leajlets varying from oblong-
ovate to linear, very veiny, shining; peduncles 1 to 4-flowered; calyx about as long
as the lanceolate bracts, teeth linear-awl-shaped; legume linear, compressed.
Sandy dry soils. July. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer
than the calyx. Flowers large, purple, 1 to 2 inches long. Pods straight and.
narrow, 4 to 5 inches long, thickened at the edges, the valyes marked with a line
‘on each side next the margin.
10. AMPHICARPA. Ell.
Gr. amphi, around, karpos, fruit; in reference to the ovary at base, sheathed.
Catyx tubular, companulate, 4 (rarely 5) toothed with
nearly equal segments, with no bractlets. KerxEL and wing-
petals similar, nearly straight, the standard partly folded
round them. SriGMaA capitate. Ovary on asheathed stipe.
LeaumMe of the upper flowers flat, 2 to 4-seeded.—Low
slender twining perennials, with pinnately trifoliate leaves,
and 2 kinds of flowers, the upper ones perfect but seldom
ripening fruit ; lower ones apetalous and fruitful.
A. monoica. Nutt. Hog Pea-nut.
Stem hairy; leaflets ovate, acute, smooth; raceme of the stem with nodding,
pendulous petaliferous (generally barren) flowers; bracts shorter than the pedicels;
calyx teeth short and broad.
Rich woodlands. July—Sept. A delicate slender herb, with pale-purplish or
whitish flowers. Legume of the stem smootish, with 3 to 4 dark-purple seeds.
Radical legumes hairy, often very numerous, obovate or pear-shaped, fleshy, ;
Fepining usually but one large seed. t
. > j
11. -WISTARIA. Nutt. |
In memory of Casper Wistar, M. D., President of Am. Philo. Soe.
Cauyx bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, the lower one with
— B4 eo LEGUMINOS&. :
+
eave teeth, | Vexinum with 2 hard bunches ald
ing the claw and separating above. Wunas and KEEL
sickle-shaped, the form ar adhering at top. LEGUME uneven
ee : swelling. SEEDS numerous, kidney- -shaped.— Twining
a7
Checolored flowers with large colored bracts.
1. W. Frurescens, DC. American Wistaria.
Stem pubescent, when young, at length smooth; leaflets 9 to 13, ovate or ellipti-
eal-lanceolate, aeute, ae cent; wings with 2 auricles, at base; ovaries
smooth. a x 5 ‘
Rich all al soils: Western parts of the State. April, May. An ornamenial
vigorous 10 feet long, climbing over bushes, &e. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches
wide. Flowers numerous, on racemes 4 to 8 inches long, lilac.
cucus, eeeathine the racemes. Seeds spotted.
2. Ww. “CONSEQUANA, Benth. Chinese Wistarta.
Stem of rapid growth, 12 to 15 feet long. Leaflets 9 to 13, ovate-lanceolate, silky-
pubescent. Flowers numerous, loose, in ong terminal nodding racemes, clustered.
A splendid flowering vine from China. ‘May, June.
Z
TRIBE 3. ee RE Ae. The Saintfoin Tribe.
Stamens menodelphous or diadelphous. Legume (a loment) separating transversely
into 2-several 1-seeded indehiscent joints, or rarely reduced to 1 such joint.
12 AESCHYN OMENE. Linn. Sensrrrve Jornt VercH.
Gr. aischunomene, to be modest or ~ eiteet alluding to its sensitive properties.
Canyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3- cleft.
VEXILLUM roundish. KEEL PETALS boat-shaped, distinct at:
base. STAMENS diadelphous, in 2 sets, 5 in each set. LxE-
GUME exscrted, flattened, composed of several square easily
seperable ‘Y-seeded joints. —Leaves odd pinnate, sometimes
sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch.
AX. wHisprpa, Willd. Sensitive Aischynomene.
Rough, bristly ; stem erect; leaflets very smooth a jumerous, 20 to 25 pairs, lin™
ear, obtuse; stip. ovate, acuminate; > racemes 3to d-flowered; axillary loment com-
pressed, 6 to10 jointed.
Along rivers and in marshes. Aug. Si ata feet high. "Leaflets about 34 each
jong. ‘Racemes usually bearing a leaf. ers yellow, tinged with red externally,
Legume 2inches long, stalked, 6 to 10-jointed.
13. HEDYSARUM. DC.
Catyx 5-cleft, segments linear-subulate, nearly equal.
STANDARD large. Keen obliquely truncate. Wunes much
shorter than the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1),
LEGUME with many joints; joints compressed, roundish
1 seeded.— Mostly herbaceous plants with odd pinnate leaves,
not stipellate. :
plants, with pinnate leaves, and large racemes of —
} —.. e -
LEGUMINOS2. 85
1. H. soreare, Nutt. Northern Hedysarum.
Leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, obleng smoothish; stipules sheathing,
fubulate; racemes on long peduncles; legumes with smooth roundish joints.
Mountains. June, July. Per. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, rather stout, very.
leafy. Leaflets 14 to 34 inches long, 14 to 14 wide, obtuse, mucronate. Racemes
2 to 4 inches long, on rigid peduncles 3 to 5inches long. lowers large and hand-
gome, yiolet-purple, numerous.
14. DESMODIUM. DC. .
Gr. demos, a chain; from the appearance of the jointed pods.
Catyx mostly 2-lipped, upper lip 2-parted, lower one
3-parted. STANDARD roundish. Kexrt obtuse, not truncate,
shorter than the wings. SramEns diadelphous (9 and 1),
or monadelphous, below the middle. Lecume flattened,
composed of several square easily separable joints.—Herba-
ceous perennial plants, with pinnately- -trifoliate leaves, stipel-
late; and flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, often
panicled, purple, or purplish, often turning green in drying ;
loments mostly hoary with minute-toothed hairs by which they
adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing.
# Stem erect or ascending; Stamens all connected: calys toothed or entire : raceme
terminal panicled, or .the pedicels often clustered: legumes long-stalked.
1. DPD. nupretorumM, DC. Naked-flowered Tick-Trefoil.
Leaflets roundish-ovate, acuminate; epre radical, smooth, panicled; joint of the
legume, obtusely triangular.
Dry open woods; common. Aug. Sfem 8 to 10 inches high, remarkably distin-
guished by having its leayes and ene on separate stalks, often distant from each
other. Leaflets ternate, 3 to 4 inch = 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, whitish. Scape
1 to 3 feet long, slender, smooth, le: Flowers purple.
2. D. ACUMINATUM, DC. Pointed-leaved Desmodium.
Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem, on very long petioles; leaf-
lets round-ovate, acuminate; paniele terminal, on a very long peduncle; joints of
the legume 2 to 3, semi-oval, cent.
Shady woods. July, Aug. - Whole plant slightly hairy. Stem about 1 foot high,
ending in a slender ied 1to2feetlong. Leaflets 3 inches in diameter, terminal
one orbicular, ovate, 4 to5 inches long. “Flowers pale-purple or flesh-color.
3. D. pauciFLorUM, DC. Few-flowered Desmodium.
Leaves scattered along the low ascending stems; lateral leaflets obliquely-ovate,
the termina] one dilated, rhomboid-ovate, all sub-acuminate and pubescent-ciliate;
raceme few flowered, terminal; legume stipitate.
Woods; rare. Aug. Stem 6to 9 inches high, decumbent or sub-erect. Petioles.
2 to 3 inches long. Leaflets 1 to3 inches long 3% as wide. Flowers 2 to 6, white
or reddish white, in a loose slender raceme. Legume with 2 to 3 semi-oval ‘pubes
_ ent joints slightly connected.
#® Stems prostrate; legumes short stalked, of 3 to 5 joints.
4. D. numirusuM, Beck. Running Desmodium.
Bmooth; stem procumbent; leaflets ovate or oval; stipules ovate-lanceolate;
FOCemes es terminal, elongated; joints of the kgume subthomhold,
Weave Aus. “Stem 2 to3 feet 13H Leaflets sub-acute. Flowers cae
Reveal the next. -
5. 'D: " ROTUNDIFOLIUM, DC. Rowntteaneed Desi Dain.
‘Hairy al _ over: leaflets orbicular; stipules broad-oval, acuminate, reflexéd }
axillary and terminal; legume with 3 to 5 rhomboid-oval hisped joints:
ey cods Aug. Stem extensively trailing, usually very hairy, 2 to 4
tlong. Leaflets pale beneath, 1 to a in diameter, on hairy stalks. Flowers
few, purple.
_# * * Sfems (tall) ercct ;
3 flowers large.
x D. CANADENSE, DC. Canadian Desmodium.
Siem hairy, striate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, much longer than the petioles,
nearly smooth above; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, large; racemes dense, erect,
in a terminal panicle; joints of the legume 3 to 4, ovate, triangular, hisped.
Dry woods. July. Stem'3 to 6 feet high, often branched. Petioles very short,
14 to 4 inchlong. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, broadest at base, pointed, nearly
smooth. Flowers pale violet or blue. Racemes ‘with conspicuous bracts.
T. D. canescens, DC. Hoary Desmodium.
Siem branching, striate, hairy and scabrous; leaflets ovate, bluntish, about the
length of the petioles, scabrous, pubescent on both sides; stipules large, broadly-
oyate, persistent; flowcrs in a loose terminal paiicle; ‘huni with 4 or 5 unequally
rhomboidal reticulated strongly hisped joints.
Moist grounds. Aug.
Jong. Branches clothed with minute and hooked glutinous hairs, and the fine
partly hooked pubescence ef the leayes cause them to adhere to cloth.
8. D. cusprpatum, T. & Gr. Sharp-pointed Desmodium.
Very smooth; stem erect; leaflets ovate or lance-ovate, very acute, or acuminate;
sépules obliquely lanceolate; bracts large, lance-ovate, acuminate; panicle terminal,
elongated, rather slender; joints of the legume rhomboid-oblong.
Along streams, thickets and shady places; common. July, Aug. Stem rather
simple, 3 to 5 feet high. JZeajlefs 2 to 5 inches long, widest at base, smooth, entire,
green on both sides. Bracts and stipules 34 inch long. Flowers large, ‘purple.
Legumes about 6-jointed.
“€* © & Stem ercct ; racemes panicled ; stipules and bracts small and inconspicuous.
9. D. vinipiIrLoRuM, Beck. Green-flowered Desmodium.
Stem very downy, rough at the summit; leaflets broadly-ovate, obtuse, scabrous
‘on the upper surface, villous and very soft beneath; panicle termizal, ver long,
naked; legume with 3 to 4 roundish triangular hisped joints.
Woods and thickets; frequent. Aug. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, rigid, prancbed,
very scabrous towards the summit. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 214 inches
i Flowers purplish, turning blue-green in withering. Legume 1 to 2 inches
one.
10° Dy Druvenrr, Parl. Dillenius’ Desmodium.
Stem pubescent, branching; leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, pale beneath, softly
and finely pubescent; stipules subulate; racémes slender, forming a loose terminal
panicle; legume with 3 to 4 rhomboid reticulated hisped joints.
. Open woodlands; common. Aug. A variable species 2 to 3 feet high. Leaflets
‘2 to 3 inches long, ‘obtuse, sometimes acute. lowers purple, changing to bluish-
“green.
11.. D. pantcunratum, DC. Panicled Desmodium.
Nedrly smooth; stem slender, ercet; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse
~~
legumes of 4 oT 7 incqutiateral joints which are longer than
An upright branching plant 3 to 5 feet high with very —
Jong panicles of flowers, greenish externally, purple within. Jea/flets 2 to 4 inches
MGUMINDS 87
ieabsedin panicle terminal; legumes with 3 to 4 ‘Phouiboidal —
Woods; common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, dienaae, often branching.
Leaflets 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 314 wide. Flowers purple, pire = ina nching.
late raceme. Legumes large; joints pubescent. ce
12. D. riamum, DC. Rigid Desmodium. ee:
_ Stem branching, somewhat hoary; leaflets ovate-oblong, rather obtuse; terminal
oncs the longest, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, hairy beneath; racemes
paniculate, erect, very long; legumes with 2 to 3 halfround or oval hisped joints.
’ Dry woods and hillsides. Aug. Stem 2 to3 feet high, often with numerous,
long, erect, rigid branches. Zeaflets 1 to 3 inches long, 1% as wide, rather leathery
reticulately veined. lowers small, purple.
13. D. crtiare, DC. Fringed Desmodium.
Stem slender, hairy, or rough pubescent; leaves crowded on very short hairy
petioles; leaflets small, round-ovate or oval, obtuse, thickish, more or less hairy on
the margins and underneath; stipules subulate-linear; racemes paniculate, ter-
minal.
Dry hills and sandy fields; common. Aug. Stem about 2 feet high. Lea iflets 14 Vy
to 1 inch long, 4 to 34 wide. Flowers violet-purpie. Legumes of 2 to 3 seme
orbicular hispid Soints.
14. D. Mariianpicum, Booth. Smooth-leaved Des Mm.
Nearly smooth throughout; stem dl simple, slender ; leaflets ovate or roundish,
very obtuse, often sub-cordate, thin; petiole as long as the lateral leaflets, smooth
panicle elongated; legume wit& 2 to 3 hisped semi-orbicular joints.
Fields and woods; common. July, Aug. Siem 2 to 3 feet high, nearly smooth.
Leaflets about %4 inch long. Flowers small, vaolet- purple, in a terminal eres
panicle.
E>
15. LESPEDZA. Michx.
In honer of Lespedez, a Spanish Governor of Florida.
Catyx 5-cleft, segments nearly equal, slender. SramEns
diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers all alike. LecuMe of a
single l-seeded joint, oval or roundish, flat, reticulate, not
opening, l-seeded.— Perenniais with pinnately trifoliate leaves,
minute stipules and bracts, and often polygamous flowers.
* Flowers of 2 kinds, perfect, and apetalous, the latier chiefly bearing the fruit; :
corolla violet or purple, much longer than the calyz.
1. L. procumpens, Michx. Procumbent Lespedeza.
Stems procumbent, slender, with the branches assurgent, all over pubescent;
eaves on long petioles; leafiets oval or elliptical, obiuse, mucronate peduncles alen=
der, mostly simple, few flowered; kegume orbicular ovate, pubescent.
Sandy soil. Aug.,Sept. Stems several from the same root, 2 to3 feet long. Leavez
consisting of 3 oblong or roundish leaflets on hairy stalks. # lowers purple, m
short raceme-like heads, axillary; the lower ones apetalous, on shoré peduncles,
the upper ones on long filiform peduncles.
2. WL. VIOLACEH, Pers. Violet-flowered Lespedeza.
Stems upright or spreading, somewhat pubescent; leaves on long petioles; leaflets
elliptic or oval-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, somewhat hairy; racemes sub-umbel-
late, axillary, about as long as the leaves, lower ones with apetalous flowers;
flowers in pairs, distinctly caiaisies ogume
ihuch lenger than the calyx.
Dry woods. uly. Stems clustered, slender, 8 to-14 inches long. Apetalous
flowers ow, eee ones seldom producing fruit. Leaflets 14 to t incl ae l4to%
inch wide. Petioles 34 to 114 inches long. Flowers violet-colored, small.
Var. b. divergens, (L. divergens of P ursh). Pedicels filiform, ‘divergent, much
longer than the leaves; flowers in loose panicles mostly unfruitful; legume reticu-
late ; leaflets « r oblong. at
Var. c. sessiliflora. (L. sessiliflora of Nutt.)
of flowers subsessile, on peduncle much shorter than the leaves.
Var. d. ungustifolio. (UL. ungustifolio, Raf. L. reticulata. Pers.) Leaves crowded;
leaflets narrowly oblong or linear, — often. silky; flowers clustered on straight
pean I have followed Torrey and Gray i in giving the aboye only as varieties —
© violacec.
# * Stems upright; Flowers all alike and perfect, in spikes or heads. ~- s
3. L. caprrata, Michx. Shrubby or Capitate Lespedeza.
Stem erect, sab ePle, villose ; leaflets ae e, pul
Leaves on short petioles; fascicles
.
ue sbeneaths; common
Dry ae soil. July, Aug. ‘Stem 2 to 4 feet | sn rigid, straight, woolly. Leaves
numerous, on short petioles. Leaflets 1 to 14g by 4 to % inches, nearly smooth
above. Flowers in oblong or sub-globose heads, white or very pale yellow.—Var-
angustifolia slender; leaflets linear; Pelun eae. al
r 7 ee
4. WL. uieta, Ell. Hairy Lespedeza. —
‘Stem branched, very villose; Zeaves on yery & hort slender peti oles; leaflets round,
oval, obtuse, hairy; spikes oblong-cylindric; Pees es lox ger than the leaves,
axillary. ae 2
Dry hilly wo odlands; frequent. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, very hairy.
Leaflets 2% t0" nL 5Y4 inches long, & to 1 inch wide. Legume compressed, elliptic-oyate,
very hairy, nearly as long as the calyx segments.
¥ 5. iL Norra.i, Darl. Nuttali’s Lespedeza.
uiry, somewhat branched; leaflets ovate and obovate, villose beneath;
somewhat spiked, pedunculate, longer than the leaves; legume lance-ovate,
nate very pubescent, rather longer than the calyx.
or frequent. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, striate. -Leaflefs 14 to
4 inches long, By, inch wide. Flowers rather crowded in somewhat spiked pedurm
cled racemes, mostly long than the leaves, purple with tinges of violet.
16. STYLOSANTHES. Swarts.
Tube of the catyx very long, slender; limb
upper 2, the lower 3-cleft. CoroLLA inserted in the
of the calyx. SraMENS monodelphous; 5 of the anthers
linear, the 5 alternate ones ovate. FERTILE FLOWERS with
a hooked style. LeGuME reticulated with 1 to 2’ joints, the
lower = when pressed empty and stalk-like, the upper
ovate, 1-(2)-seeded.—Low perennials, with pinnately 3-foliate |
leaves; the stipules united with the petioles, and 2 kinds of
wers intermixed in the clusters; one kind complete but un-
Sruitful, the other fertile and le) only of a pistil between
2 bractlets,
sh 2 .
LEGUMINOS &. ~~ ee 2
=
+,
1. §S. ELATIOR, Swarts. Pencil Flower.
Stem erect, herbaceous, somewhat branched above, often several from the root $ .
leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight-veined, smooth, acute; wpper stipules sheathing +
gpikes few flowered.
Sandy woods and pine barrens. July—Sept. Stems 6 to12 inches long, wiry,
often bristly. Leaflets 34 to 114 inches long, % to 14 wide. Bracts lanceolate,
hisped ciliate. Flowers yellow, in terminal compact heads. Legume 2jointed, the
lower joint sterile and stipitate, 1-seeded, hooked at the summit.
Tape 4. LOTEA. The Melilot Tribe.
Stamens monodelphous or diadelphous (9 and 1); Legume continous 1-celled, or 2-<elled
lengthwise. Not twining, climbing, nor bearing tendrils.
17. ASTRAGALUS. Linn. Minx Vercu.
Catyx 5-toothed or cleft. Corot1a with the eel obtuse.
STAMENS diadelph
elph ous. LEGUME 2-celled by the introflec-
tion of the lower suture.—Herbaccous or suffruticose plants,
with odd-pinnate leaves, and spiked or racemed flowers.
1. A. Ganapensts, L. Canadian Milk Vetch. |
Yall and erect; stem downy; leaflets 10 to 14 pairs with odd one elliptic-oblong,
rather obtuse, smoothish; stipules broad-lanceolate, acuminate; peduncles about
as long as the leaves; flowers in oblong spikes; legume ovate-oblong, erect, smooth,
2-celled, many-seeded,
Banks of streams. June—Aug. Per. Stem1 to 3 feet high, pushy, very leafy.
Leaflets usually smooth above, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers pale-yellow, —
in spikes 1 to 4 inches long. Legume 4 inch long, leathery. ¢ “4
18. ROBINIA. Linn: Locusta
In honor of John and Vespasian Robin, French botanists, — 3 bs,
nd ais
Catyx short, 5-toothed, teeth lanceolate, 2 upper ones
approximate. VEXILLUM large. Kern obtuse. STAMENS
diadelphous (9 and 1). Sryte bearded. LecaumE com-
pressed, elongated, margined on the seed-bearing edge.—
Trees or shrubs with stipular prickly spines, unequally pinnate
leaves, and showy axillary racemes of flowers.
1. R.Pseupacacta. Locust Tree.
Leaflets 8 to 12, pairs ovate and oblong; stipules prickly; racemes pendulous,
loose, slender; legumes smooth.
_ A handsome tree, native in our mountainous regions, much cultivated for its
inyaluable timber. May. Flowers white, fragrant, in racemes 3 to 6 inches long.
2. 8. viscosa, Vent. Clammy Locust.
Branchlets, &c., clammy ; leaflets ovate; stipular spines very short.
A handsome tree cultivated like the last; native of the Southern Alleghenies
where it attains the height of 40 feet. Flowers numerous, crowded, rose-colored
im erect, crowded axillary racemes.
3. R. wisprpa, L. Rose Acacia.
"Abend mostly ne stipular spines scarcely any; racemes loose, swb-erect, A
90 _ -LEGUMINOSZ.
beautiful shrub 4 to 8 feet high, native of the Southern States, cultivated i in gar
dens. Flowers deep rose color or red.
19. TEPHROSIA. Pers.
Gr. tephros, ash-colored or hoary, in allusion to the color of the foliage.
Catyx about equally 5-cleft. Sranparp large, roundish,
pubescent, reflexed- spreading, scarcely longer than the cohe-
rent wings and keel. STrAMENS monodelphous or nearly
diadelphous. LeGuMEs linear, flat, several-seeded. —Suky
hoary perennial herbs (except in the tropics), with odd-pin-
nate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers.
T. VIRGINIANA, Pers. Goat's Rue. Hoary Pea.
Stem erect; leaflets 7 to 14 pairs, oval or linear-oblong, mucronate, white, villous
beneath; raceme terminal; legume falcate, villous.
Sandy soils and gravelly hills; common. June, July. Root long and edhe:
Stems simple, usually several or many from 6ne root. Leaflets 1 inch long, 14
wide, odd one obcordate. Stipules subulate, % inch long, persistent. Bracteoles
deciduous. Calyx very villous. Flowers large, ina dense terminal raceme. Bare
ner white, with a tinge of yellow on the upper side. Keel rose-colored. Wings red.
20. AMORPHA. Linn. FAuse INDIGO.
Gr. @, privative, morpha, shape; alluding to the deficiencies of the corolla.
CaLyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Sran-
DARD concave, erect; the other petals entirely wanting!
Sramens 10, exserted, monodelphous at base, otherwise
distinct. STYLE filiorm, straight, smooth. LeGuMEs oblong,
longer than the calyx, somewhat curved at the point, 1 to
2-seeded.— Shrubs, with odd-pinnate punctate leaves, and
bluish or violet-colored flowers, crowded in clustered terminal
spikes. |
A. rruticosa, L. Common False Indigo.
Rather pubescent; stem shrubby or arborescent; leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, oval,
scattered, the lower pair remote from the stem; calyz-teeth obtuse, 4 of them
acuminate, pubescent: legume few-seeded.
Souther, partof the State. July. A tall shrub 6 to 16 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5
ng. ees about 1 inch, by 44, rather remote from each other. Racemes ~
terminal, solitary or fascicled, 3 to4 inches long. Standard purple, emar-
21. TRIFOLIUM. Linn. Ciover-TReErotit.
Lat. tres, three; and foliwm, a leaf.
CALYX persistent, tubular, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form.
PETALS more or less united below. STANDARD longer than
‘the wings, which are mostly longer than the keel. STAMENS
: LEGUMINOS2. ” 91
diadelphous (9 to1). LxzGuME small, scarcely dehiscent,
often ovate, 1 to 6-seeded, covered by and scarcely longer
than the calyx. SrxEps roundish.— Tufted or diffuse herbs,
with palmately trifoliate leaves, with straight, scarcely reticu-
lated veins, and flowers chiefly in dense heads or spikes.
* Flowers sessile in compact heads ; corolla purple or purplish, deciduous or with-
ering.
1. TT. pratense, L. Red Clover.
Stems sub-erect, branched; leaves on long petioles, oval, entire, often notched at
the end, and marked with a pale spot; heads of flowers ovate, dense, nearly sessile;
teeth of the calyx setaceous, the lowest longer than the rest.
Meadows and fields; largely cultivated, and naturalized. May—Oct. Per. Steme
1 to 2 feet high. Flowers united into a tube at base, rose-colored, fragrant. Seede
- yellowish. Native of Europe.
2. TT. PENNSYLVANIcUM, Willd.
Stem ascending, much branched, flexuous, leaflets ovate.elliptic, obtuse, very
entire; stipules awned ; heads of flowers ovate-cylindric, solitary, dense; lower tecth
of the calyx shorter than the corolla.
Wools. June—Sept. Per. Flowers fine red. Resembles T. medium of Lin-
naus. Introduced. Beck’s Bot, I suspect this to be merely a variety of T. pratense,
3. T. ARVENSE, L. FRabbit-foot Clover. Stone Clover.
Stem branching; leafiets obovate-linear or narrowly wedge-form, minutely 3-tcoth-
ed at the apex; stipules oval acuminate; spikes oblong-cylindric, very villous;
ealyx-teeth longer than the corolla plumose, woolly. a
Old fields and roadsides; common; naturalized. May—Sept. “Annual. Stem 6
to 12 inches high, much branched round, hairy. Leaves hairy, in short petioles.
Leafieis narrow, 4% tol inchlong. Heads 44 t0 11% inches long becoming greyish
and yery softly woolly. lowers minute white or pink. .
*¢ Corolla white or yellow ; jlowcrs in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle.
4. T. repens, L. White Clover.
Smooth, the slender stem spreading and creeping; leaflets inversely heart-shaped,
somewhat retuse, serrulate, mucronate; stipules scale-like narrow; petioles and
especially the peduncles, very long; heads small and loose; flowers pedicelled.
Pastures, waste places, and woodlands; common, May—Oct. Per. Stem 6 to
10 inches high, rooting at the joints several from the same root. Peduncles angular
much longer than the leaves. Flowers white, rarely purplish. Legume 4seeded.
5. T. procumpens, L. Hop Clover.
Stems mostly procumbent, spreading, pubescent; leaflets wedge-ovate, notched at
the end, denticulate, the lower pair at a small distance from the other; stipules
lance-ovyate, ciliate, shorter than the petioles; peduncles equal to or longer than the
leaves; heads axillary, oval. ” te ;
Dry fields; naturalized. May—Aug. Annual. Stems 3 to 6 inches long, many
from the same root. Leaves on short petioles. Heads about 2-flowered, small on
slender peduncles 14 to 114 inches long. Flowers yellow. Legume l-seeded.
6. T. acrarium, L. Golden Clover. Hop Trefoit.
Stem ascending, with erect branches; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets oblong-ovate
pt wedge-shaped, denticulate, all from the same point nearly sessile; stipules nat
sow, cohering with the petiole for more than half itslength; heads on rather long
peduncles. :
“ge
a a
92 LEGUMINOSE.
Sandy fields; naturalized. June—Aug. Annual. Stem 6 to 15 inches long,
branched, minutely pubescent. Common petiole 14 to1linchlong. Leaflets % tol
inch long, narrow. Heads of Flowers twice as large as in the last, on peduncles 14
to 144inches long. Flowers small, pale yellow, brown when old.
29. MELILOTUS. Tourn. Mezmor.
Gr. meli, honey, and lotus, the genus, so called.
FLOWERS much as in clover, but in spiked racemes, small.
CoroLLA deciduous. LEGUME coriaceous, ovoid, wrinkled,
longer than the calyx, 1 or few-celled.— Herbs fragrant in
drying, with pinnately trifoliate leaves and racemose flowers.
1. M. orrictnauis, Willd. Yellow Melilot. Sweet Clover.
Upright; leafets obovate, obtuse, remotely serrate; spikes axillary, paniculate;
legume 2-seedec, rugose; style filiform, as long as the legume.
Fields and waste places; introduced. Aug. Annual. Plant 2 to4 feet high,
branched. Flowers yellow, in long racemes. Native of Europe.
2. M. LEUCANTHE, Koch. White Melilot.
Upright, branched ; leaflets ovate-oblong, truncate, mueronate at the apex, re-
motely scrrate; standard longer than the keel and wings; legume 1 to 2-seeded,
evate, green.
Searcely raturalized; common in cultivation. July, Aug. Stem 3 to6 feet high.
Flowers wLite, on longer and less crowded racemes than the last.
23. MEDICAGO. Linn.
Cr. medika; because it was introduced into Greece by the Medes.
FLOWERS nearly as in Melilotus. LEGUME many-seeded,
varying in form, always falcate or twisted into a spiral.—
Herbs with palmately trifoliate leaves and more or less spiral
legumes, often resembling snail shells. 7
1. M. wuporina, L. None-such. Black Medich.
Stem procumbent; leaflets wedge-ovate, toothed at the apex; stipules lanceolate,
aeute, somewhat entire; flowe7's in capitate spikes; legume reniform, 1-seeded.
Waste places; naturalized. June—Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Flowers
emall, yellow, crowded. Legume black when ripe, short, compressed, curyed or
KEidney-shaped, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
2. M. sativa, L. Lucerne.
Erect, smooth ; leaflets ovate-oblong, toothed above, mucronate flowers in oblong
racemes ; leywme spirally twisted.
Fields and waste places, scarcely naturalized. Sometimes cultivated for green
fodder. June, July. Per. Stem1to2 feet high. Flowers purple.
3. M. sourenmaTa, L. Snail. :
Feulicels 2 flowered. Legume unarmed, cochleate, orbicular, convex at the base,
fat above with concentric folds. Native of South Europe. “Cultivated for the
wariosity of its pods, which much resemble snail shells. July. Annual.
M. INTERTEXTA a native of Europe, naturalized in some parts of the U. 8. with
gellow flowers and spirally legumes like the last is sometimes cultivated in our
LEGUMINOSZ. 93
24. CROTALARIA. Linn. RaAttiE-pox:.
Gr. ¢rotalon, a ratile ; the seeds becoming loose im the ripe pods.
Catyx 5-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped. Sranparp large, eor-
date. Kern faleate, acuminate. FimmaMents all united
with the sheath often cleftabove. LEGuME inflated, oblong,
many-seeded.— Herbs or shrubs, with often simple leaves, and
racemed yellow flowers.
C. saciraris, L. <Arrow-leaved Rattle-box.
Hairy ; stem erect, branched; leaves simple, oblong-lanceolate, scarcely petioled;
stipules united and decurrent on the stem, inversely arrow-shaped; peduncles few-
flowered; corolla as long as the calyx.
Sandy soils. July, August. Ann. Stem 41%t010 inches high, with spreading
branches. JZeaves alternate, hairy on both sides, rounded at the base. Flowers
yellow. Seeds few, rattling in the turgid pods.
25. LUPINUS. Tourn. LuprIne.
Lat. lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the
soil.
Me
CaLyx deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed :
KEEL scythe-shaped, pointed. Surat of the MONADELPHOUS
STAMENS entire; anthers alternately oblong and_ globose.
LEGUMES coriaceous, oblong, flattened, often torulose.-—
Herbs with palmately 5--15-foliate leaves and showy flowers
in terminal racemes or spikes.
1. L. perennis. L. Wild Lupine.
Somewhat hairy; stem erect; leaflets 7—11, narrowly obovate-oblong, mucronate;
flowers alternate, in a long and loose terminal raceme; calyx without appendage’,
upper lip emarginate, lower entire; legwme linear-oblong, very hairy.
Sandy woods and hills; common. May, June. Per. A beautiful plant, som =
times cultivated in gardens. Stem a foot high, soft, smoothish. Leaves soft,
downy, on long stalks. lowers purplish blue, varying to white. It is often
called Swn-dial, from the circumstance of its leaves turning to face the sun from
morning till night. '
Several handsome species are sometimes cultivated in gardens, among which is
L. polyphyllus, from Oregon, a splendid plant 3—5 feet high, with racemes of white
purple or yellow flowers more than a foot long. lL. Nootkatensis, from Nootka
Sound, a handsome species 2—3 feet high, flowers purple. LL. arboreus, a magnifi-
cent exotic shrub, 6 feet high, with large yellow flowers.
TrisE 9. SOPHOREZ. The Sophora Tribe.
Stamens distinct: Corolla truly papilionaceous.
26. BAPTISIA. Vent. Fatusz Inpico.~
Gr. bapto, to dye; in allusion to the coloring properties of are of the species.
Catyx 4 to 5-toothed bilabiate. Prrazs 5, nearly equal.
STANDARD with the sides reflexed. Wunas oblong. KEEL
slightly incurved. Stamens deciduous. LxeauMe stalked
BG —- = =
in the persistent “Ss roundish or oblong, inflated homily
several seeded.—Perennial herbs, with mately 3-foliate
(rarely simple) leaves, which generally. blacken in drying, id
racemed flowers.
-
Ae
aya Ae: am,
1. B. rincrorra, R. Brown. Wild Indigo.
Smooth; stem branching; leaves palmately 3-foliate, almost sessile; leafletg
rounded wedge-obovate, acute at base, very obtuse, sometimes margined at apex.
stipules setaceous; racemes few-flowered terminating the numerous branches.
Sandy woods and grayelly hills; common. Aug. Plant 2 to 3 feet high, bushy,
slender. JZeaves bluish-green. Flowers yellow, 6 to 12 or, more on each raceme.
Corolla 4 inch long. Legume about as large as a pea, ona long stipe, mostly
i-seeded. ” .
2. 3B. AvUSTRALIS, Brown. Blue-flowered False Indigo.
Smooth, tall and stout; leaves ternate on short petioles, the upper ones nearly
sessile; leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lance-linear as long the petioles,
rather persistent; raceme elongated, many-flowered, erect. %:
Banks of streams. Near Easton, Pa. Beck. Sometimes cultivated. June, July.
Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched. Leaflets 134 to 3 inches long, 34 to 1 inch wide,
sometimes acute. "Stipules ¥% tol inch long. Racemes 2 to 3 inches long, oya-
eblong, on a stipe about as long as the calyx. ; B
27. CERCIS. Linn. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE.
Gr. kerkis, a weaver’s shuttle; alluding to the form of the legume.
CaLyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Prrats 5, with claws
gub-papilionaceous, all distinct. Wines larger than the
standard. Stamens 10, distinct, rather unequal. LEGUME
oblong, flat, many- -seeded, the upper suture with a winged
margin. — Trees with simple rounded heart-shaped te aves, de-
ciduous stipules, and rose-colored flowers im little umbel-like
clusters along the branches, appearing before the leaves. .
1. €. Canapensis, L. ed-bud. z
Leaves roundish: cordate, acuminate, villous in the axils of the nerves; legume
on short foot-stalks.
Banks of streams, Southern part cf the State. March—May. A handsome tree
20 to 30 feet high, often cultivated. Leaves 3 to 4inches by 4 to 5 entire smooth
J-veined, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers appearing before the leaves,
usually in abundance, in small lateral clusters. Corolla bright purple. Legume
about 3 inches long, acute at each end. 3
-Sup-orper Il, CAISALPINEA,
Trips 6. CASSIE. The Senna Tribe.
SMamens distinct, some of them often a corolla open, irregular or almost
regular.
28. CASSIA. Linn. SENNA.
SEPALS 5, scarcely united, PETALS 0, unequal, StAs
LEGUMINOSZE. 95
es
MENS 5 to 10, free, unequal, spreading, 3 lower ones longest;
4 middle ones short and straight; 3 upper ones usually abor-
tive. ANTHERS opening at the apex. LxecuMe terete or
compressed, many-seeded.— T’rees, shrubs or herbs (herbs in
the United States) with simply abrupt- je leaves and
mostly yellow flowers.
1. ©. Marmanprca, L. Wild Senna.
Stem erect ; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs, ovate-oblong, mucronate, equal ; petiole with @
elub-shaped gland near the base; stipules deciduous; flowers crowded in short
‘exillary racemes, panicled at the summit of the branches.
Alluvial soils, along streams; common. July, Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 4 feet
high, smooth or slightly pubescent. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, 144 to 34 wide.
Racemes i in the upper axils, forming a leafy panicle. Petals bright: -yellow, 3 erect
‘and 2 declined. Legume compressed, linear, hisped, at length smooth. Medicinat.
2. ©. Cua@macrista, L. Partridge Pea.
Stem erect or decumbent; leaflets in 10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at base,
obtuse, mucronate; gland on the petiole cup-shaped; flowe7's on slender pedicels,
fascicled above the axils of the leaves. :
Sandy places. June—Aug. Annual. Stem a foot or more high, spreading,
round, pubescent. Leaflets crowded, 14 to 24 inch long, smooth, sub-sessile.
Flowers large, 2, 3 or 4 in each fascicle. Petals pright-yellow, the 2 upper ones
with . purple spot. Stamens 10, elongated, unequal, 4 of them yellow, the others
purple.
3. C..nicTITANs, L. Wild Sensitive Plant.
Stem erect or decumbent, branched; léaflets 10 to 20 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse,
mucronate; gland on the petiole cup-shaped, on a slender foot-stalk; racemes
lateral above the axils.of the leaves, short, few-flowered; stamens 5, nearly equal;
style very short; legume pubescent.
_ Sandy banks of streams. June—Aug. Ann. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, slender,
*a little branching. Leaflets crowded, Leto Yinch long: Flowers very small, pale-
yellow, on short pedicels. The leaves are somewhat sensitive like the Mimosa,
‘closing by night and when touched.
Se GhEDITSCHIA. Linn. Honzy Locus.
In honor of Gleditsch, a German botanist of the last century.
FLowErs polygamous. CaLyx of 3—5 spreading sepals,
‘united at the base. PrTaus as many as the sepals, and equal-
ing them, the 2 lower somewhat united. STamEns 4—5,
distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx.
LEGuME flat l-many-seeded. Skxps oval, flat— Trees, with
‘supra-axillary branched spines abruptly once on twice-pinnate
leaves and inconspicuous green flowers.
G. TRIACANTHES. L. Honey Locust.
Thorns stout, usually triple or compound; leaflets lanceolate-oblong or linear-
“oblong, somewhat serrate ; legume tauch ogi eprint compressed flat, often twisted,
many-seeded-
_ Rich woods; cultivated. July. A handsome tree 30—50 feet high, with spines
‘en its branches 2—3 inches long. Foliage bright and elegant. Leaflets about 18,
a ee
1—1l4 inches long, 14 as wide Ty 1S: :
wholly into smaller leaflets. : small, whi by fiat, pee :
hanging pods, 12—18 inches ig wich ape on li: BtEe apple-parings
pendant from the branches.
The GxMNocLapus CANADENSIS, Rentuc
ee is probably not native in our Stat
Ty
ee Y-
Oper 39. ROSACE, —The ne a
a
Trees, shrubs or herbs with pe with eee regular = nume--
Yous (rarely few) distinct stamens, inserted on the calyx, and 1—many pistils. SEPALS
5, (rarely 3—4—8) united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets
outside. Pzraus 5, regular, rarely wanting, inserted with the stamens on the edge
of a disk that lines the calyx tube. Ovaries superior, 1 or several, distinct, 1-celled
eften cohering fo the sides of the calyx and each other. Sryzzs distinct or united.
Fruit a drupe, pome, acheuia, or follicle. This important family comprises three ,
principal sub-orders.
SuB-ORDER I. AMYGDALEA. A.monp FAMILY. .
CaLyx ێntirely free from the solitary ovary, decidu
STYLE terminal. Fruit a drupe (stone fruit. )— Trees or shru
with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and the ba:
kaves and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor of prussic
PRUNUS. Tourn. Pio. cal Som
Catyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous. Perats 5 spre
Sramens 15-30. Ovary with 2 pendulous ovules. —
eval or oblong, fieshy, smooth, usually covered with
cous bloom; the stone smooth, sharp- edged a
the margins mostly grooved.—Small trees \
serrate leaves, rolled up in the bud, and white flor
preceding the leaves from lateral buds, the pedicels in s1
umbel-like clusters. i ee
£42: AMERICANA. Marsh. Wild Yellow Plum. "Ped Plum.
Eeaves ovate or Beovata acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate,very veiny,
smooth when mature; umbels 2—5 Bowered , drupe roundish-oval, nearly destitute
of bloom. ‘s
River banks, and oa hedges ; common. Flowers in May. Fruitin Aug. A
small tree 10—15 feet high, much branched and thorny. Zeaves 2—3 inches long,
34 as wide. etioles Y%—l4 inch long, ee with 2 glands near the summit.
Flowers white, preceding the leaves.. Fruit 34—1 inch in diameter, yellow or
ee often tinged with red, with a yellow a thick, tough skin, pleasant
2. P. sprnosa, L. Sloe. Black Thorn. >: a
" Branches horny; leaves obovate-elliptical, downy beneath, ; sharply doubly-toothed;
peduncles solitary ; calyx companulate; drupe globose.
Hedgerows and cultivated grounds. Introduced. A thorny shrub 12 to 15 feet
igh, native of Europe. Sparingly naturalized. 2
_ *
~_ ~
~
3. P. pomestica, L. Common Garden Plum.
hes unarmed ; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute; pedicels nearly solitary; drupe
, ovoid and oboyoid. This long cultivated tree or shrub is said toe
italy. It rarely exceeds 15 feet inheight. Fruit black, varying through
to white, covered wish a rich glaucous bloom, ripe m Aug. Varieties
4, P. CHICASA, Michx. Chickasaw Plum.
Branches spinose; leaves oblong-lanceolate, glandular serrulate, acute, nearly
f#mooth; umbels 2 to 3-flowered; pedicels short, smooth; drupe globose. A fine
fruit-shrub, native of Arkansas, often ‘cultivated. Height 8 to 12 feet. Leaves1
to 2 inches long, 4 as wide. Flowzrs small, white, expanding with the leaves.
Fruit red or yellowish-red, tender and succulent, ripe in July.
ARMSNIACA, a genus very closely resembling Prunus.
A. yULGARIS. Common Apricot. A tree 10 to 15 feet high, from Armenia. Flow-
ers white, preceding the leaves. Frutt1 to 2 inches in diameter, purplish-7ellow.
Cultivated.
A. pascycarPa. Black Apricot. A tree about the size of the last, from Siberia.
Flowers white, preceding the leayes. Fruit dark-purple, when mature.
2. CERASUS. Tourn., Juss. CHERRY:
rasus, a town in Pontus from where the garden cherry was first brought.
sea &e., as in Prunus. Drupe globular, without
a bloom; the stone almost globular, smooth.— Trees or shrubs
” with the leaves Jolded in the bud, and white flowers in umbels
& or mecemes.
’ * Flowers in racemes at the end of leafy branches.
oe €. Virerrana, DC. Choke Cherry. Wild Cherry.
Leaves b oad, oval or obovate, abruptly acuminate, often sub-cordate, sharply
‘serrate with slender teeth, thin, smoothish; peitoles with 2 to 4
mes > ale close, erect or spreading; petals obovate ; Fruit sub-
sand L woods ; common. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. A tall overhanging shrub
or smal Bs ereyish bark. Leaves 2to3 inches long, % as wide, “with a
short abrupt acu: eae Flowers white. Fruit (cherries) abundant, of a dark
red color, very austere and astringent to the taste. “<
2. ©. serorina, DO. Wild Black Charo
Zeaves oval-ebleng or Eaesittonks acuminate, smooth and shining above, finely
serrate, bearded along the midrib ieee petiole mostly with 2 or more glands;
rac2mes elongated; petals obovate ; “drupe globose.
Woods; common. Fl. May, June. Fr. Aug, Sept. A fine large tree, 50 to 80
feet high "of uniform size and undivided to the height of 20 to 30 feet, 2 to 4 feetin
diameter. Bark of the trunk black and reugh, that of the pranches reddish-
brown. Leaves 3 to 5 inches lenge, 44 as wide, with 1 to 2 pairs of reddish glands
at base. Flow2rs whit2, in long racemes or clusters, which are at length pendu-
tous. Fruit nearly black when mature, slightly bitter. The wood is close-grained
and yery valuable for cabinet work.
* * Flowers sub-umbellate or solitary.
3. (C. Pennsyivanica, DC.” Bird Cherry.
Leaves oval or cblong-lanceolate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, shining,
green and smooth on both sides, mostly with 2 glands at the base; flowers many in
a oye, on long } pedicels; fruit globose.
¥
”
98 ROSACER, en
Rogky wood: anaitkickets. AMGaNe Heine ol aes tree 20 to
‘with light red-brown bark. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, de.
on slender pedicels 214 inches long, collected into a sor *
red, thin, and sour flesh. ii
4. ©. pumita, Michx. Duy Cherry. &
Smcoth, depressed and trailing; leaves obovate-lanceola’ terete or obtuse, serru-
late, smooth, glaucous beneath; wmbels sessile, few-flowered; drupe ovoid.
Gravelly soils. May. A small trailing shrub, with ascending branches 1 to 2 .
feet high. Flowers white,3 to5 in each umbel; pedicels smooth, 1 inch ica
Fruit small, dark-red, acid, agreeable to the taste.
OULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECTES. : ,
5. C. vuEGARIs, Mill. Red or Sour Cherry. |
Branches spreading; leaves ovate, lanceolate or obovate, acute at apex, mostly
» narrowed at base, smoothish; umbels sub-sessile; flowers rather preceding the
leaves; fruit globose; pedicels rather short. A tree 12 to 20 feet high, with a
roundish compact head. Flowers white, 2 to 3 from each bud appearing in April.
Fruit large, various shades of red and brown, acid or sub-acid 14 to 24 inch in :
diameter. There are about 50 varieties of this species cultivated in the United
States. . :
rf 6. C. Avium, Mench. English Cherry. Black Cherry.
Sweet Cherry. Bleeding-heart. Ox-heart. Duke Cherry.
Branches erect or ascending; leaves oblong or obovate, acuminate, doubly and.
rather coarsely serrate-dentate, smooth above, pilose beneath; wmbels sessile; ;
Jlower's scarcely preceding the leaves; /ruié roundish-ovoid, or sub-cordate at base; 4
pedicels drooping. A common cultivated tree 20 to 50 feet high with an oblong or
pyramidal head. Leaves 8 to 6 inches long, 14 as wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches
long, often with 2 glands. Flowers white. Fruit various shades of red, black or yo
mottled, firm and fleshy, generally sweet. Varieties numerous. |
3. PERSICA. Tourn. PEACH. NECTARINE. .
N amed from Persia its nstieeanuad
Catyx 5-cleft, tubular, deciduous. Prats 5. DRupr
fleshy, tomentose or smooth. STonE somewhat compressed,
ovate, acute, rugosely furrowed and perforated on the sur-
- face. — Small trees. Leaves conduplicate in exstivation.
1. P. vurearis, Mill. Common Peach. '
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with all the serratures acute; Jlowers solitary,
sessile, preceding the leaves; drupe tomentose. A common cultivated ti
short with 1 or 2glands. Flowers rose-color. Fruit large, 1
diameter, yellowish, tinged with purple, densely tomentose. N
.of this delicious fruit are now cultivated in the United States.
2. P. wmvis. Nectarine.
A-tree closely resembling the peach in form.
2 to sinches in diameter, smooth, yellow, purple, re
+
in ALMOND.
OS al except the fruit, which is
not es ; 3 con . ~ Stone peribrate and furrowed, ovate,
compressed, on
1. A. communis, Willd. Common coma
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with the lower serratures glandular; flower's in pairs,
sessile, appearing before the leaves. Native of Barbary. Scarcely cultivated, in
this country, 10 to 20 feet high.
2. A. pumiILA, Dwarf double-floweriny Almond.
Leaves lanceolate, doubly-serrate; flowers in pedicels. A low branching shrub,
2 to 3 feet high. Native of China. Highly ornamental, common in cultivation.
Flowers very double, pale rose-color, very numerous, clothing the whole shrub in
their roseate hue while the leaves are yet small. May, June. ‘i
Sus-orpErR Il. ROSACH AY proper.
Catyx free from-the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing
them in its tube. Pist1us few to many, (sometimes single);
Jrwit achenia or follicular.
Trips 1. SPIRAEA. The Meadow-sweet Tribe.
9 5. SPIRAA. Linn. MEADOW-SWEET.
CaLyx 5-cleft, wiuciba Prrazs 5, roundish, equal.
Sra 310 to 50 exserted. CarpELs 3 to 1 distinct,
rarely ied at base, follicular, sessile, rarely stiped. SEEDs
2 to 15.— Unarmed . perennial shrubs or herbs, with alter-
nate leaves and branches, and white or rose-colored Jlowers ;
rarely dicecious ; never yellow. = ix Aa )
* Shrubby ; leaves lobed. and toothed.
1. S. opuntronma, L. Nine-bark.
Nearly smooth ; leaves roundish, somewhat 8-lobed and cordate, doubly-toothed
and crenate, petioled; corymb umbel-like; pedicels filiform; carpels 3 to 5, at length
spreading. ”
Rocky river banks and along streams; common. June. A shrub 4 to 10 feet
» much branched. Leaves 1 to 2 216 inches long, nearly as wide, sometimes
late base with 3 obtuse lobes above. (Co) -ymbs resembling simple umbels,
, 1 to 2inches in diameter. Flowers white, often tinged with purple.
gin ng smooth, hh i 2-seeded.
0 i or oie on short petioles, whitish beneath, incisely
cory large and flat, several times compound, tergyj.
100 + | pposaeua,
ae
Alleghenies; rare. June. Stem 1 to2 feet high, slightly pubescent, reddish. |
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 34 to 114 wide, nearly smooth above, entire towardsthe |
ee Flowers very numerous, white or rose-colored, in a eorym ) 6 inches ‘
road. ae ‘ ae Et iS te 4
3. §. sALterroiio, L. Meadow-sweet. ye
# Nearly smooth; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate; racemes im
dense terminal-compound panicles; carpels 5, distinct, smooth.
Meadows along streams; common, June, July. A small bushy shrub 2 to 5
» feet high, with purple and brittle branches. Leaves varying in form, mostly acute,
but sometimes obtuse, 114 to 3 inches long, 44 to Yinch wide. Flowers numer-
ous, white, often tinged with red, small, with conspicuous stamens. ry
4. §. tomentosa, L. Hard-hack Stceple-bush.
Stem and peduncles reddish-tomentose; leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally ser-
rate, densely tomentose beneath; racemes terminal, compound, crowded ; carpels
5, woolly.
Low grounds and meadows; common. July, Aug. A small shrub 2 to 3 fect
high. Stems very hard, brittle. Leaves 114 to 2 inches long, 4 as wide, dark
green above, rusty white beneath. Flowers very numerous, small, light-purple,
with conspicuous stamens forming handsome pyramidal clusters.
* * Herbaceous perennials.
5. §. nopata, Murr. Queen of the Prairie.
Leaves interruptedly pinnate, the terminal leaflets very large 7 to 9-parted, the
Tobes ineised and toothed; lateral leaflets 3-lobed, the lobes all serrate, mostly
incised or toothed; flowers in a compound clustered panicle; sepals reflexed.
Moist grounds. June, July. A beautiful herb 4 to-8 feet high. Stem angled-
Flowers large, deep rose-color, numerous, and very delicate, in panieled compoung
clusters, on along naked peduncle. Carpels 6 to 8, smooth.
CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES.
6. S. UntmMaria. Double Meadow-sweet.
Leaves 3 to 7-foliate, with minute leaflets interposed; lateral leaflets ovate-lancee-
Tate; terminal ones much larger, palmately 5 to 7-lobed, all doubly serrate, and
whitish tomentose beneath; stipules reniform, serrate; panicle corymbose, long-
pedunculate. Native of Europe; cultivated in gardens. lowers numerous,
white, mostly very double, appearing in July.
7. S. FILAPENDULA. Pride of the. West.
Leaves interruptedly pinnate; leaflets 9 to 12, pinnatifidly serrate, with many
minute ones interposed; stipules large, semi-cordate, serrate; corymb on a long
terminal peduncle. Native of Europe. A handsome delicate herb 1 to 3 feet high
with white flowers 14 to 14 inch in diameter. Cultivated in gardens..
6. GILLENIA. Meench.
CaLyx tubular, bell-shaped, constricted at the throat, 5-
cleft; TEETH erect. PrtAts 5, linear-lanceolate, somewhat
unequal, elongated in the throat of the calyx. STAMENS
10 to 20, mostly included. Sryuus 5, filiform, terminal.
CARPELS 5, distinct, 2-valved, 2 to 4-seeded, included in the
calyx.—Perennial herbs with almost sessile 3-foliate leaves,
doubly serrate and incised, and pale rose-colored or white
flowers in paniculate corymbs.
ROSACER. oe 401
ae
1. G, rrirottata, Meench. Indian Physic.
Leave ; leaflets lanceolate or ovate-oblong, pointed irregularly cut-serrate ;
ip nall, awl-shaped, entire.
Rich shady woods; co: ign June. A handsome plant 2 to 3 feet high, slender
and nearly smooth. Lower leaves petiolate; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, 14 as wide,
‘pubescent beneath, sub-sessile. Flowers axillary and terminal, few, nearly white.
edicinal. .
2. stTipuLAcEA, Nutt. American Ipecac.
Radical leaves pinnatifid; those of the stem alternate; leaflets serrate, deeply
incised ; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised and clasping.
Western part of the State. June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching. Readily
distinguished from the former by the large clasping stipules. Flowers few, rose-
eolored. Medicinal,
Trip—E 2. DRYADEZ. The Bramble Tribe.
Pistils mostly numerous, forming seed-like achenia or little drupes in fruit.
7. AGRIMONIA. Tourn. AGrRiImoyy,
Catyx 5-cleft ; tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat,
armed with hooked bristles above, indurated and enclosing
the fruit; limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Prrats 5.
SraMEns 12 to 15, inserted with the petals upon the calyx.
ACHENIA 2, invested by the hardened calyx. StTyYnezs ter-
minal.—Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves
and yellow flowers in slender-spiked racemes; bracts 3-cleft.
¢
1. <A. Eupatoria, L. Common Agrimony.
Stem and stalks hairy; leaflets oblong-ovate, crenate dentate, the terminal on>
petioled; spike long and slender, terminal, many-flowered; petals twice the lengti
of the calyx; fruit distant, top-shaped, hisped, smooth at base.
Borders of woods and hedges; common. July—Sept. Stem 1 to3 feet high,
branching, leafy. Jeaflets 3—5—7, with small ones interposed, nearly smooth.
Racemes 6 to 12 inches long, spicate. lowers yellow, about 14 inch in diameter
on yery short pedicels. Calyx tube fluted with 10 ribs, and surrounded with red-
dish hooked bristles. i
2. A. PARVIFLORA, Ait. Smallflowered Agrimony.
&tem and stalks bristly with brownish spreading hairs. Leaflets numerous,
linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate, crowded, 11 to 19, with smaller ones intermixed ;
Spikes long and slender; petals smali.
Woods and dry meadows. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leafiets 2 to 3
inches by 14 to 44. Flowers pale yellow, numerous, in long slender racemes.
F.-uit rcundish divaricately hispid.
8. SANGUISORBA. Linn. GREAT BURNET.
Lat. sanguis, blood, sorbeo, to absorb, the plants haying been esteemed as vulnerariez.
FLowErs perfect or rarely polygamous. Catyx 4-cleft
with 2 to3 scales or bracts at base externally. Prrats
none. SrameEns 4, the filaments usually enlarged upwards
i
Sas oT Fee eee lee lh he >.
102
ik S. Caryaienet ° i ii Burnet So
Smooth ; leawes evi aks ovate blong, sut
ane 2 long; stamens | er than the cor: »
=a
Sen ANES.
Lat. eee ium, 2 seueee vessel.
FLOWERS monecious. CAaLYX-TUBE contracted wit the.
mouth, 8-bracteate, limb 4-parted. PrTats none. Sta-
MENS 20 to 30. OVARIES 2; style filiform. ACHENIA dry,
included 1 a the calyx. Herbs with unequally pie leaves.
ee SANGUISORBA, L. Burnet.
Smooth; stem unarme' , angular; leaflets 7 to 11, ovate or roundish, deeply ser-
rate; spike or heads sub- ose, the lower flowers staminate. Per. Occasionally.
cultivated, and at one time held in high repute for its supposed medicinal pre-.
po rties. ’
10. GEUM. Linn. AVENs.
Gr. geuo, to give an agreeable odor; some of the roots being aromatic.
@atyx bell-shaped or concave, deeply 5-cleft, usually with
5 small bractlets alternating with the segments. PETAts 5.
STraMENs numerous, inserted with the disk that lines the
base of the calyx. ACHENIa numerous, hookcd on a coni-.
eal or cylindric dry receptacle, the long persistent styles
forming hairy or jointed tails—Perennial herbs, with pin-
nate or lyrate leaves.
1.. G. Virerranum, L. White Avens.
Stem rather hairy below; radical leaves pinnate, lyrate, or rarely simple and:
rounded; those of the stem 3 to 5-lobed or divided, all unequally and incisely
dentate, softly pubescent; stipules obovate, entire or incised; petals wedge-obovate-
scarcely as long as the calyx.
Woods and meadows; common. June, July. Stemsimple orbranched. Leaves
very variable in form; lower ones often 3-foliate, with appendaged petioles 6 to &
inches long. Upper leaves simple, acute, sessile. Flowers rather small, white or
pale yellow on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long terminating the branches, at first.
somewhat nodding, at length erect.
2. G. RIVALE, L. Water Avens. Purple Avens.
Pubescent; stem sub-simple; radical leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate.
‘ ‘
ROSACEE. 103
he calyx C5 jeamnle ina aoe head, very hairy.
to 2 feet early ple Rovt leaves 4 to 6
pe tem = s 1 long nearly white.
odding, termina ting t hes. ( Calyx purplish
ng heads upright t.
Ns many, inserted into 1e
palyx. - SryiEs 5 to 8, long, deciduous. - A
i
baa hairy. SEED erect. —Low percennia
Pin il herbs, with 8
to 5-lobed or divided, leaves an smal 4 Yelle flowers on bract-
“ed scapes, > fd
W. FRAGARIOIDES, Traut. Dry Strawberry.
Low; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, crenatcly cut, toothed, ciliate; seapes several-
flowered bracted: petals longer than the calyx; campels hairy.
i Hilly wocd-. May. Rootcreeping. A handsome plant with scan 3 to 6 inches
high. Leaves on petioles 3 to 6 inches long. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches in diameter,
nearly sessile, apex rounded and cut into “lobes ant teeth, dark, shining green F
above. Flowers yellow 14 inch broad. ve. lee
:
4
¥
:
iy eee
12. DALIBARDA, Linn.
In henor of Dalibard, a French botanist of the last century.
~Oatyx inferior deeply 5 to 6 parted, 3 of the divisions
larger and toothed. Prrats 5, sessile,deciduous. STAMENS
numerous. STYLES 5 to 8, long deciduous. ACHENIA five,
dry, adhering to the calyx.—Low perennials, with creeping
and tufted stems, roundish heart-shaped leaves on slender pett-
oles and 1 to 2 white flowers on scape-like peduneles.
D. REPENS, L. False Violet.
Depressed, in tufts; leaves simple, roundish-cordate, cremate; stipules iihGnt te.
ceous ; calyx spreading in flower, erect in fruit. 4
Moist shady places. June—Aug. Stem herbaceous, creeping and rooting, 2 to12 f
inches long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, villose-pubescent on petioles 1 to 3
inches long. Flowers white on long nearly radical peduncles. Jetuls obovate,
konger than the sepals.
Sa =.
4
13. RUBUS. Linn. Bramste. !
Celtic rub, red, the color of the fruit of some species.
e .
CALYX 5-parted, spreading. Puraus 5, deciduous. Sra- . .
MENS numerous, inserted into the border of the stick.c§\>v —
STYLE je, Fruir composed of many pulpy
~
eo?
Y
4
4
_~.
104 ROSACE.
earpels aggregated on a spongy receptacle, persistent or de-
ciduous.— Perennial half shrubby plants, with usually biennial
stems armed with prickles, white (rarely reddish) flowers, and
edible fruit. ‘Sle
Fruit ecncave beneath, separating bah the dry, conical, persistent receptacle. Rasp-
;
* Leaves simple ; flowers large reddish ; prickles none.
1. R. oporatus, L. Roseflowering Raspberry.
Hisped with glandular hairs; stem erect, branched; leaves large 3 to 5 lobed, pe
lebes acute or acuminate, unequally serrate; peduncles many-flowered, compound;
calyx-\ckes tipped with a narrow appendage as long as themselves; petals rounded.
Rocky places; common. June—Aug. Stem 4 feet high with the stalks, bran-
ehes ard calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long,
nearly 2s wide, cordate at base. /lowe7s large, purple, resembling a rose. Stamens
very numerous, 1 to 200, whitish. Fruit broad and flat, bright red, sweet when
ripe _
** Teaves 8 to T-foliate.
2. R. trRirLorus, Rich. Dwarf Raspberry.
Stems ascending or trailing; leaves ternate or pedate-quinate, on slender petioles;
Feaflets rhombic-ovate or lance-ovate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate,
terminal one petiolate, thin; peduncle terminal 1 to 3 flowered ; sepals lanceolate.
Moist woods and hills. June. Stem flexuous, smooth, reddish. Leaflets 1 to 2
imches long, 44 to 1 wide. Petioles1 to 2 inches long. Petals white, rather longer
than the reflexed sepals. Fruit small, dark red, usually sour, ripe in August.
3. KR. strigosus, Michx. Wild Red Raspberry.
Stem erect, shrubby, strongly hisped; leaves ternate or quinate; leaflets oblong-
ovate, pointed, cut-serrate white tomentose beneath, the terminal one of ten sub-
cordate; peduncles 4 to 6 flowered.
Rocky places, common in mountainous regions. May. Stem reddish-brown, 2 to
3 feet high, covered with strong bristles. JZeaflets 1144 to 2 inches long, % to 34 as
wide, terminal one distinctly petiolate. Flowers white. Sepals spreading, nearly
as long as the petals. Corolla cup-shaped. Fruit hemispherical, light red, rich fla-
yored, ripe in June—Aug.
4. R. occrwentauis, L. Black Raspberry.
Shrubby, glaucous, armed with recurved prickles; leaves pinnately 3-foliate;
leaflets ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened downy underneath ; flowers
axil’ary and terminal.
Thickets and fields along fences; common. May. Stem 4 to 8 feet long, sparing:
ly branched. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, 44 to 144 as wide, on long round petioles.
Flowers white, 1 to 3 on axillary peduncles, in terminal leafy racemes.
roundish, nearly black, sweet, and well flavored, ripe in July.
5. R. waus, L. Garden Raspberry.
Hisyed or armed with recurved prickles; leaves pinnately 3 to 5 foliate; leaflets
broad-ovate or rhomboidal, pointed, unequally and incisely serrate, hoary tomen-
tose beneath, sessile; flowers in panicled corymbs. Stem shrubby, 3 to 5 feet high.
Leaflets smoothish above, 2 to 4 inches long, 24 as wide. Petals white, entire, shor-
ter than the hoary tomentose calyx. Fruit red, amber color or white, ripe in June
and July. Many varieties of this plant are cultivated for the delicious fruit.
BLACKBERRIES. Fruit inseparable from the juicy, deciduous receptacle.
6. R. vuitsosus, Ait. High Blackberry.
Prickly; stem angular, and with the branches, peduncles and lower surface of the —
leaves hairy and glandular; leaves ternate and pedate-quinate; leaflets ovate, pola-
~ eee
eratss
ae
he ROSACER. 105
ted, unequelly se e, the terminal one somewhat cordate, conspicuously stalked ;
flow im ¢ d terminal racemes; sepals acuminate, much shorter tham the
oborat petals.
Va ‘orr.: smoother and much less glandular; flowers lower corym-
cts. Re
$ 1 bor ers of thickets; common. May, June. Stem erect or declined, 4
to 8 feet high. Flowers white, numerous. Fruit ovoid-oblong, 14 to 1 inch long,
purple or nearly black when ripe; sweet and well flavored. Anug., Sept.
isd 7. R. Canavensts, L. Low Blackberry. Dewberry.
_ Stem procumbent or trailing, somewhat prickly; leaves ternate or pedately 5 to
T-parted; leaflets oyal or lance-oval, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply
and unequally cut serrate, the terminal on petioles and sub-cordate; flowers in
racemes, with leaf like bracts.
Sandy and gravelly fields; common. May, June. Stems ascending at base,
trailing several yards on the ground. Flowers white, on slender pedicels. Tetals
twice as long as the calyx, obovate. Fruit 44 to 1 inch in diameter, black, sweet
and juicy, ripe July and Aug.
8. R. wisprpus, L. Running Swamp Blackberry.
Stems long, slender, somewhat shrubby, prostrate, beset with small prickles
turned backwards; leaves ternate or pedate, 5-foliate; leaflets somewhat coriaceous,
obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire towards the base, smoothish; flowers in
corymbs or racemes, without bracts; sepals spreading, half as long as the petals.
Swamps and wet woods; common. May, June. Stem profusely trailing with
short erect branches. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, 44 as wide, nearly sessile, persis-
tent through the winter on the common petiole 1 to3 inches long. Flowers white.
Fruit composed of a few large blackish 21 ains, red or purple.
9. KR. cuneirotivus, Pursh. Sand Blackberry.
Low shrubby armed with stout recurved prickles; leaves ternate and pedately
5-foliate; leaflets wedge-form, obovate, thickish, serrate towards the apex, pubes-
cent tomentose beneath; peduncles 2 to 4-flowered.
Sandy fields and woods. May, June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Petioles often.
prickly. towers white or roseate. Petals 3 times as long as the tomentose oblong:
mucronate sepals. fruit black, juicy, well-flavored, ripe in July, Aug.
10. KR. rrrviarts, Mich. Low Bush Blackberry.
Procumbent with many leafy and nearly erect branches, armed with numerous
recurved prickles; leaves mostly ternate; leaflets ovate or oval, unequally serrate,
more or less pilose; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered.
Dry woods or rocky neglected fields. April, May. Stem 4 to 8 feet long, sk mir,
often several from the same root running in different directions, smoothish, } urple,
and giving out numerous leafy flowering branches 2 to 6 inches long, nearly erect.
Flowers terminal, white, rather large. Petals obovate, twice as long as the calyx.
Fruit oblong or roundish, 14 to 1 inch in diameter, very succulent and swect, black
when ripe. July. :'
14. ROSA. Tourn. Rose.
Celtic rhos, red; Gr. rodon,; Lat. rosa.
CALYX-TUBE urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the orifice ;
limb 5-parted, the segments often with a leafy appendage.
PETALS 5, inserted with the numerous stamens into the edge
of the calyx-tube. Pisti~s numerous, nearly included, in-
serted over the whole inner surface of the disk. OVARIES
eat
geile
be
106 : ROSACE.
< - ~ —— . = - ———
many becoming bony achenia in fruit included in and fixed
to the fleshy tube of the calyx.—Prickly shrubs with edd-
pinnate leaves, stipules cohering with the petiole, and showy
mostly red and white fragrant flowers.
NATIVE SPECIES.
1. R. Caronina, L. Swamp Rose.
Prickles recurved, often wanting; leaflets 5 to 9, elliptical, often acute, sharply
serrate, glaucous beneath, dull-green above; flowers in corymbs, rarely solitary ;
lobes of the calyx very long, appendaged, spreading, with the panicles glandular-
bristly; fruit depressed-globose, somewhat bristly.
Swamps and low grounds; common. July—Sept. A handsome species 3 to 8
feet high, erect and bushy, with reddish branches sometimes unarmed. Leaflets
1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, somewhat variable in form. flowers 5 to 7 in ter-
minal corymbs. etals large, crimson, inversely heart-shaped.
2. R. wucma, Ehr. Low Wild Rose.
Armed with scattered unequal bristly prickles, mostly deciduous, the stouter
persistent prickles nearly straight, slender; leaflets 5 to 9, lance-elliptical shining
above, sharply serrate; stipules dilated, long, smooth; peduncles somewhat hisped,
1 to 3-flowered; segments of the calyx ontias appendaged, eee but not
reflexed ; fruit globose-depressed, hispid or smooth.
Dry soil or borders of swamps; common. June, July. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high,
slender, with greenish branches. Leajlets 1 to yy inches long, half as wide, acute
or obtuse, odd one petiolate. Flowers rather large, pale red. Fetals ingnay
heart-shaped. Fywit small, red, mostly smooth when mature.
3d. R..puanpa, Ait. arly Wild Rose.-
Prickles few, straight, slender, deciduous; leaflets 5 to 7, oval or oblong, obtuse,
serrate, pale and mostly pubescent beneath; stipules large; flowers 1 to 3 on enon
smooth peduncles.
Dry hills and recks; common. May, June. Stems 2 to 3 feet high with reddish
bark, prickly near the base. Bracts large, downy. F'lcwers rather large, rose-
color. etals obcordate, longer than the sepals. Fruit globose, red, crowned with
the persistent erect and connivent ealyx lobes.
NATURALIZED SPECIES.
. - F ‘ om Ph 6 m" ss
4. R. rupiarnosa, Ait. Sweet Brier. _Kglantine. ee
Stem smooth, armed with numerous very strong recurved prickles; leaflets § to |
7, ovate or somewhat rounded with rusty glands beneath, doubly serrate; flowers |
mostly solitary ; fruit oveid or obovate, and with the peduncles his
ee.
Hedges and roadsides; common. June, July. A stout prie . 4 to}
feet high. Leaflets % to ‘l inch long, 24 as wide, acute, bright g above,
beneath, and when i1ubbed over, fragrant. Flowers solitary or 20 gethe
red, fragrant. Frutt orange-red, crowned with the persistent calyx ites. Varie-
ties in cultivation about 25, § single and double. oi ta
~e
CULV Aa EXOTIC SPECIES.
5. BR. aannica, L. Common French Rose.
This is tle common red rose of gardens. Stem and petioles armed with numer
fine scattered prickles. Leaflets mostly 5, elliptical or broad oval, thick tow
erect, larg«; sepals ovate. Fruit oyoid, and with the peduncles hisped. Nuwumer
ROSACE. 107
varieties are known in cultivation, among which are the velvet, carmine, carna-
tion, &e. tet i ax
6. R. PIMPINELLIFOLIA, Ser. Scotch or Burnet Rose.
A shrub 2 to3 feet high with the stems densely covered with straight needle-
shaped prickles. Leaflets 5 to 9, small, roundish, obtuse, smooth, simple serrate.
Flowers small, numerous, globular, usually roseate, but changing in the numerous
varieties to white, red or ae Native of Scotland.
Y: By EGLANTERIA, . Australian Eglantine. Yellow Rose.
A bushy shrub about 3 feet ein with ash-colored stems and red branches, both
armed with straight, slender, scattered prickles. Zeafiets 5 to 7, small, broad, oval
or oboyate, smooth, shining above, sharply serrate. Flowers numerous, golden
yellow, of very short duration. Varieties numerous, both single and double,
yariegated withred. _
8. R. DAMASCENA, L. Damask Res>.
A fine species 3 to 4 feet high, branching, bushy stems, armed with unequal
sp'n2s, mostly stipular or hooked. Leaflets large, broadly elliptical, white downy
beneath. Sepals reflexed. Flowers rather numerous, ofa delicate pale roseaie
hue, usually with numerous petals and a delicious fragrance. Among its numer-
ous varieties is the common monthly rose. Native of the Levant.
9. KR. CENTIFOLIA. HMundred-leaved Rose. Provens Rose.
A shrub 2 to 4 feet high. Stems covered with numerous neariy straight prickles.
Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate glandular ciliate on the margin, sub-pilose beneath. Sepals
spreading in flower. Flowers usually of a pink color, but varying in hue, form
and size in the numerous varieties. Native of S.“Europe.
10. R. auBa. White Garden Rose.
A fine shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with slightly glaucous stems, armed with slender
recuryed prickles, sometimes none. Leaflets roundish ovate, shortly pointed.
Sepals pinnatifid. Petals spreading. Flowers large corymbose, sweet-scented, gen-
erally pure white, sometimes tinged with blush. Native of Germany.
11. R. muttirptora. Japan Rose.
A free growing shrub with long shoots easily trained to the height of 15 to 20
and slightly rugose. Flowers corymbose, often numerous. Sepals short. Styles
| exserted. Petals white, varying through roseate to purple. Native of Japan.
«12. R. Inpica. Chinese Monthly or Bengal Rose.
n erect or climbing shrub, with purplish stems, armed with strong, remote
es. Leaflets 3 to 5, acuminate, thickish, shining, smooth, serrulate. Flowers
or nic a ilate, in the numereus varieties every hue from pure white te
‘crimson, blooming from April to November.
-13. M&K. serremra, Michx. Michigan Rose. Prairie Rose,
_ Branches lone, ascending, smooth, spines few, strong, stipular; leaflets large, 3 to
vate, serrate, pubescent beneath; stipules narrow, pointed; flowers corymbose,
glandular, segments sub-entire; styles united; fruit globose.
_ This splendid species is a native of Michigan and other Western States. Stems
ardy and of rapid growth, capable of being trained 12 to 20 feet. Flowers in
‘ge clusters, changeable in hue, nearly scentless, and of short duration,
0 varieties are cultivated.
feet armed with slender] scattered prickles. TZea/flets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, soft
208 ROSACEZ.
Sup-ornDER III. POMEA. Tne Apprie FAmIty.
Trees or shrubs with alternate simple or compound leaves.
15. CRATAGUS. Linn. Hawrnorns.
Gr. kratos, strength; in allusion to the hardness of the wood.
CALYX-TUBE urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Prraus 5, round-
ish. STAMENS many or only 10 to 15. Sryuuzs 1 to 5,
smooth. FRuir a pome, containing 1 to 5 bony 1-seeded
carpels.— Thorny trees or shrubs, with simple mostly lobed
leaves, subulate deciduous bracts, and showy white (rarely rose-
color) flowers in corymbs.
* Leaves serrate sub-entire, not leted.
1. C. Crus-catui, Ait. Cockspur Thorn.
Smooth; leaves wedge-obovate, thickish, shining, serrate, entire near the base;
spines very long; corymbs smooth; styles 1 to 3.
Borders of woods and thickets; rare. May, June. A thorny shrub or gmall
tree 10 to 20 feet high, much branched. Thorns 2to3inchslong. Leaves nearly
sessile 1 to 214 inches long, 14 to 24 as wide. Flowers white, fragrant on corymbs,
on very short lateral bractlets. Sepals lanceolate, smooth, sub-serrate. Style often
solitary. Fruit red, pear-shaped or oyoid-oblong.
2. C. puneTaTa, Jacg. Common Thorn.
Leaves wedge-obovate, cut-serrate, smooth, narrowed at base into a margined
petiole, furrowed by the impressed straight veins; corymbs compound, and with
the calyx pubescent when young. -
Thickets, hedges and swamps; common. May. A small tree 12 to 25 feet high
svith rugged branches, usually armed with stout sharp thorns 1 to 2 inches long,
rometimes nearly unarmed. Bark ash-colored. TZeaves light green, mostly hairy.
Flowers white, numerous. Siyles1 to 3. Fruit large, red or yellowish, globose,
dotted.
3. €. PARVIFOLIA, Ait. Dwarf Thorn.
Leaves wedge-obovate or cuneate, nearly sessile, rounded at the apex, cuneate,
ferrate, rarely somewhat incised, pubescent; flowers subsolitary ; calyx lobes folia-
ceous, incised as long as the petals; styles 5; fruit roundish, pyriform.
Sandy woods and banks of stream; not common. April,May. Amuch branched
rhrub 4 to7 feet high, armed with a few long and sharp thorns. Flowers white,
mostly solitary and terminal. Fruit 14 to 14 inch in diameter, red or yellow,eata-
ble when ripe. “a
* * Tcaves incised, more or less lobed.
4. (©. romentosa, L. Black Thorn.
Leaves ovate-elliptice or oval-wedge-form, and narrowed at base into a short mar-
gined petiole, incisely serrate and sub-lobed towards the apex, smooth and furrowed
above, tomentose beneath when young: styles 3 to 5; fruit pyriform.
Borders of woods and thickets; common. May, June. A large shrub12 to 15
feet high, branching, armed with sharp thorns 1 to 2 inches long. XL sto b
inches long, 14 to 24 as wide, acute at apex, on petioles 144 tol inch long. Flowers
iarge, whitc, fragrant, in a large leafy compound corymb. Fruit large, orange-
red, eatable, ripe in Sept. ~
5. ©. coccinea, L. White Thorn.
Leaves roundish-ovate, thin, sharply cut and toothed, 5 to 9-lobed, somewhat
cordate at base, on long slender petioles, nearly smooth; styles3 to 5; fruit globose.
"ROSACEAE. ee “109
Thickets on rders of streams. May, J une. A thorny shrub or small tree 12
to 20 feet high, with crooked end spreading branches. Branchlets white. Thorne
stout, rigid, a little recurved, white, 1 % ieches long. Flowers white in eorymbs
terminating the young branches. Fruit large, bright red or purple, eatable, ripe
in Sept. Very variable.
6. €. corpaTA, Ait. Washington Thorn.
Smooth; leaves broadly-ovate and sub-cordate, pn long and slender petioles
acuminate, incised and serrate, mapsbly 3-lobed near the base; styles 5; Jruit small,
globose-depressed. -
Banks of streams. June. A shrub 15 to 20 feet high, cultivated in the Middle
States for hedge-rows, branching; the branches dark purple and armed with-very
sharp and slender thorns 2 to 3 inches long. Leaves often deeply 3 to 5-lobed,
sbout2 by 1% inches. Flowers white, numerous,in corymbs terminating the
branches. Mrutt small, bright purpie er red, numerous.
GO. OxycantHa, L. Hawthorn. English Thorn.
5. leaves broadly ovate, cuneate, 3 to 5-lobed, incised and serrate ; segments
of the calyx acute or acuminate; styles 1 to 3; fruit ovoid.
Roadsides, hedges, &c., sparingly naturalized. June. A very branghing shrub
~4to 10 feet high; the branches ‘armed with sharp, short, tapering thorns ig inch
long. JZeaves yariously lobed, pale beneath. Petioles “4 to 1 inch long, with 2
Jeafy stipules at base. Flowers white, in corymbs. #ruit small, purple when
mature. Introduced from Europe.
oe 16. AMALANCHIER. DC. Junz Berry.
CALyx 5-cleft. Prrans 5, oblong-obovate or ob-lanceo-
late. STAMENS many, rather shorter than the calyx. STYLES
5, somewhat united at base. Pom when mature 3 to 5-
celled.— Small trees or shrubs with simple serrate leaves and
white flowers in racemes.
“EA. Borriapium, DC. June Berry. ‘Shad Berry.
~ Leaves cordate-oval, Soil nis acuminate, pubescent when young, smooth
when mature; flowers in loose raccmes, appearing before the leaves; petals lineaz-
Janccolate, four times as long as the calyx.
Rich moist woodlands and hills; frequent. April. A handsome tree 10 to 20
feet high, with rather slender distant branches forming an open top. \ Leaves 2 to
3% inches long, i to 2 wide, acutely serrate, on petioles 44 inch long. lowers
large white in loose racemes 2 inches long, terminating the branches, somewhat
‘pendulous. Fruit dark purple, pleasant tasted, ripe in J une, July.
2. A. ovants, DC. AMedler-bush.
_ Leaves roundish elliptic, or oblong-oval, acute or acuminate, sonewtes smooth
when mature; flowers in compact racemes ; petals obovate, oblong.
Fenee-rows and woodlands ; rare. April, May. A slender branching shrub 2 to
5 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 3% tol wide. Flowers white, in erect
villose racemes. Frwit dark-purple or nearly black, pleasant tasted, ripe in July.
Supposed by some botanists te be a ae of the PEPCOENE, but. considered dis-
5: dane Darlington and others. _
ee Y.- BYRUS: Yn - Bran. dine.
_CALYX-TUBE urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Prrats round-
ish.. Sramens numerous. Sryues 2 to 5. Pome fleshy
U
SS eae aie
A SE
110 ROSACEA.
or berry-like, the 2 to 5 carpels of a cartilgninita texture,
each '2-seeded.—Trees or shrubs with simple or pinnate
leaves, and ee white or flesh-colored flowers, in meee
corymbs.
* Sorpus, Tourn. etals spreading. Styles 2 to 5. Lénes pinnate.
1. P. Americana, DC. Mountain Ash.
Leaflets 13 to 15, oblong-lanccolate, pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth,
eommon petiole smooth when full grown; flowers i in large compound cymes; frustd
globose.
! Swamps and mountain woods. May. A large shrub or low tree, 15 to 20 feet
f high, with the younger branches pubescent. Zeaves10 to 1l5incheslong. Leaflets
. 2 to 4 inches long, 14 to 1 wide, sub-opposite, often acute. Flowers small, white,
Yery numerous. #ruit scarlet, very showy, remaining through the winter, some
what acid. Alow, smaller fruited -variety is found on the Alleghenies.
= ADENORACHIS, DC. Petals spreading, with claws. Styles 2 to5. Leaves sim-
ple, the midrib beset with glands.along the upper side. Frutt berry-like.
2. P. arputironi0, L. Choke Berry.
Leaves obovate, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, crenate-serrate, smooth
ebove, veiny beneath, with 2 rows of glands along the midrib; jlowers in corymbs;
| JSruit nearly globose.
| 1. Var. MELANOCARPA is nearly smooth, with purplish-black fruit.
Damp thickets; common. May. A slender branching shrub 2 to 5 feet high.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % to 1 wide, the under surface usually very tomentose.
Fiewers numerous, nearly black, sweetish and astringent, ripe in Aug., Sept.
*** Matus, Tourn. Petals spreading, fiat. Styles 5, nearly united. Leaves simple
without glands.
| 3. P. coronaria, L. Sweet-scented Crab Apple.
Leaves broad ovate, rounded at base, cut serrate or lobed, smoothish; corymbs
« terminal, few-flowered, on long peduncles; styles woolly and united at base; fruit
globose, depressed.
Borders of woods; common. May. A small tree 10 to 20 feet high, with spreading
branches. Flowers large, fragrant, pale rose-color, in loose corymbs of 3 to 10.
Fruit 14% inches in diameter, pale-greenish-yellow, firm and hard, very acid,
translucent and fragrant when ripe. Sept.
4, P. anaustirotia, Ait. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple.
Leaves oblong, or lanceolate, often acute at the base, crenate-dentate or almost
entire, smooth, shiny above; jlowers in corymbs; styles smooth re: distinct; peds-
eels smooth.
Woods. April—May. A tree 15 to 20 feet high resembling the last, but with
_ Bmeller leaves and fruit.
5. P. Matus, L: Common Apple Tree.
Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, serrate, acute or short actiminate, pubercent
above, tomentose beneath, petiolate, corymbs sub-umbellate; pedicels and calya
villose-tomentose; petals with short claws; séyles 5, united and villose at base;
e globose. Native of Europe, and almost naturalized with us. Probably
nearly 1000 varieties are cultivated in the United States.
6. P. communis, L. Pear Tree.
Leaves ovate-lanccolate, sub-serrate, smooth above, pubescent beneath, acute or
ecuminate; corymbs racemose; calyx and pedicels pubescent; styles 5, distinct and
villose at base; pome pyriform. Native of Europe. J*lowers white. Sumesm
varieties are cultivated in the United States.
—-— -—<-
ee eS ee
CALYCANTHACEZ AND MELASTOMACE. Lil
’]
18. CYDON IA. Tourn.
Named from Cydonia, a town in Crete, from whence it was brought.
Canyx urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Prrans 5. Sramens
many. Stynes 5. Pome 5-carpelled; carpels cartilaginous,
many-seeded. SEEDS covered with mucilaginous pulp.—
Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, and mostly solitary flowers.
©. vuLGARIs, Pers. Quwince. :
Teaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, acute at apex, very entire, smooth above,
tomentose beneath; peduncles solitary, and with the calyx woolly; pome tomen-
tose, obovoid. Shrubs about 8 to 12 feet high, with crooked straggling branches.
Flowers white, with a tinge of purple, large, terminal. Fruwé clothed with a soft
down, yellow when ripe, highly esteemed for jellies and preserves.
C. Japonica, or Scarlet Pyrus, a low straggling shrub with beautiful scarlet
showy flowers, is occasionally met with in cultivation.
Orpen 41. CALYCANTHACER.
Shrubs with square stems exhibiting 4 axis of growth surrounding the central one,
with opposite, entire, simple leaves, without stipules, and axillary solitary flowers.
Seraus and petals confounded, indefinite, imbricate, combined in a fleshy tube.
OVARIES several, simple. .AcHENIA hard, enclosed in the calyx-tube.
CALYCANTHUS. Linn.
Gr. kaluxz, a calyx and anthos, a flower; the calyx resembling a corolla.
Lopes of the cALYX imbricated in many rows, lanceolate,
colored, all more or less leathery or flesiiy. STAMENS about
12, unequal, deciduous, the outer ones fertile. ANTHERS
extrorse.— Shrubs with lurid purple, fragrant flowers, and
with the bark and leaves exhaling the odor of camphor.
C. Froripus, L. var. levigatus, Torr. & Gr. Sweet
Scented Shrub. Carolina Allspice.
Leaves oblong or oval, gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green
on both sides; branches straight, erect; lobes of the calyx lanceolate.
Mountains ard fertile soils along streams; rare. May, June. A handsome
shrub, cultivated in gardens, 4 to 6 feet high. Flowers large, solitary, terminal.
Calyx brownish-purple, very fragrant.
Orver 41. MELASTOMACER.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite mostly entire ribbed leaves, and terminal
solitary or cymose flowers. Anthers opening by pores at the apex; otherwise much
agin OnoGRACEZ. (Evening Primrose Family.)
1, RHEXIA. Linn. Merapow Bzaury.
- CaLyX-TUBE urn-shaped, narrowed at the apex, the lim)
\
112 : -.., . LYTHRACER,
4-cleft. PxrTaus 4, obovate, inserted with the 8 stamens on
the summit of the calyx-tube. ANTHERS 8, long, curved,
attached to the filaments behind, naked at base. Sryzz 1.
Stigma 1. Capsuxe free in the calyx, with 4 many-seeded
placentze projecting from the central axis. SrxEps coiled
like a snail shell, without albumen.—Low perennial herbs,
often bristly, with sessile 3 to 5-nerved, and bristle-edged leaves,
and showy cymose purplish flowers.
1. R. Virernica, L. Deer Grass. Meadow Beauty. .
Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval-lanceolate, aeute, sessile, ciliate,
serrate, sprinkled with hairs on both sides; ealyx hisped.
Wet meadows and sandy swamps. July, Aug. Stem a foot hich, often dichote-
mously branched.above. Leaves with 3 (rarely 5 or 7) prominent nerves, 1 to 3 inches
long, half as wide. lowers large, in corymbose cymes. Fetals reddish-purple,
obovate, hisped beneath, caducous. -Anthers long and prominent, crooked, golden
yellow above with a purple line beneath, Style long, a little declined.
-2. R. Martana, L. Maryland Deer Grass.
Stem nearly round, covered with bristly hairs; leaves lanceolate, or linear-oblong,
acuie at each end, sparingly hisped on both sides, ciliate-serulate; calyx hisped.
Wet grounds. July, Aug. Stem1 to 2 feet high, slender, with opposite branches.
Flowers situated in the forks and terminations of the branches. Petals obovate,
hairy on the outer surface, fiesh-colored or white dilated with rose-red. Anthers
yellow. Style larger than the stamens.
OrpErR 42. LYTHRACEE.
Herbs rarely shrubs, with usually 4-sided branches, mostly opposite entire leaves,
without stipules, and rarely irregular flowers, axillary or whorled, sometimes in
racemes or spikes. CaAtxx tubular, the limb 4 to 7-lobed, sometimes with as many _
intermediate teeth. PxrtTsts inserted between the teeth of the calyx, sometimes
wanting. STAMENS as many, or 2to4 times as many as the petals, inserted into
the tube of the calyx. Sryite1; stiGMA capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. OVARY superior;
1 to Gcelled. CarstLE membraneous, covered by the calyx, dehiscent. SEEDS
numerous, small.
-
1. DECODON. Gmel.
Gr. deka, ten, and odous, a tooth, from the ten-toothed calyx.
Catyx short, broadly bell-shaped, with 5 erect teeth and
5 longer and spreading horn-like processes. PETALS 9,
wedge-lanceolate. SramENS 16, 5 very long, the alternate
ones shorter. Sryzus filiform. CAPSULE covered with the
calyx, globose 8 to 4-celled, many-seeded.—Ferennial herbs,
with opposite or whorled lanceolate almost sessile leaves, and
clustered pedicelled flowers in their axils.
1. D. verticennatuM, Ell. Swamp Willow Herb.
Swamps and wet places. Aug. S/ems 2 to 6 fect long, sometimes prostrate and
rooting, 4 to G-angled, smooth or pubescent. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, 3 te
ONAGRACER, 113
5 inches long, gradually acuminate or acute at apex, on short petioles. Flowers
im axillary sub-sessile umbels, apparently whorled, constituting a long, leafy,
terminal and showy panicle. feials 5 to 6, large, and of a fine purple.
CUPHEA. Jacq.
Gr. kuphos, curved; in reference to the form of the ealyx
_ Caryx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gib-
bous or spurred at the base, on the opposite side, 6-toothed
at the apex, with usually as many little intermediate pro-
cesses. Prrats 6 to 7, unequal. SrameEns mostly 12,
approximate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Sryue filiform.
STigMA 2-lobed. CapsuLE membranaccous, 1 to 2-celled,
few-seeded.— Herbaceous or half shrubby plants, with opposite
entire leaves, and axiilary and terminal flowers.
C. viscostsstMA, Jacq. Clammy Cuphea.
Viscid-pubescent; leaves opposite, ovyate-lanceolate, long-stalked, rough; flowars
lateral, and solitary, on short peduncles; petals ovate, short-clawed.
Fields and roadsides. July, Aug. Annual. Siem 10 to 15 inches high, ereet,
branching. JZeaves1 to 2 inches long, 44 as wide, on petioles 14 to 14 inch long.
Calyx often purple, yentricose. etals violet-colored.. Stamens included, Gapseie
bursting lengthwise before the seeds are ripe.
Caper 48. ONAGRACEE. -
Herbaceous plants or shruds, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, and azillery
terminal flowers of varisus colors. PrraLs 4, (sometimes 2 or 3). Sramens 1—2—-$
inserted with the petals into the throat of the calyx. Ovary 2 to 4 celled, cohering
with the calyx-tube; PLAcENTH in the axis. Fruit baccate or capsular, 2 te
4celled, many-seeded. There are two sub-orders.
Susp-orper I.. ONOGRACEZ PROPER.
CALYX-TUBE often prolonged beyond the ovary, the petals
and stamens inserted on its summit. Sramens 2—4—8.
STYLEs single, slender. Stigma 2 to 4-lobed, or capitate.
Ovary 4-celled. Srxps without albumen.
~1. EPILOBIUM. Linn. Wittow-ners.
Gr. epi, upon, lobcu, a pod, ion, a violet, viz: a violet ona pod.
__ CaLyx-TUBE not prolonged beyond the ovary, 4-sided;
mb 4-parted, deciduous. Prtrats 4. Sramens 8. An.
WHERS short, fixed by the middle. Sviema often with 4
spreading lobes. Ovary and CAPSULE linear, 4-cornered,
4-celled, Pe pe numerous, crowned with a tufé of
ee ee
114 ONAGRACEAE.
hairs.— Herbaceous perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and
violet, purple or white flowers. ;
1. E. aneustirorrum, L. Willow Herb. Rose-bay.
Stem simple, erect; leavés scattered, lanceolate, sparingly denticulate with #
marginal vein; flowers large, pedicelled, in a terminal Apatins petals clawed; sta-
mens unequal, declined; style at length deflexed.
Newly cleared land, and waste places. July. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, often
branched above. Leaves sessile, smooth, 2 to 5 inches long, 44 as wide, acuminate
with pellucid veins. lowers numerous and showy, colored in all their parts,
decp-lilac-purple, in a raceme often a foot long.
2. HK. cotoratum, Muhl. Colored Lpilobium.
Stem subterate, erect, very branching, pubescent; leaves mostly opposite, lanceo-
late, serulate, acute, somewhat petioled, smooth; petals small, 2-cleft at the apex;
stigma club-shaped.
Ditches and wet shady grounds; common. July, Aug. 5 irs 1 to 3 feet high,
much branched, often purplish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 14 4s wide, with minute
white dots, upper ones alternate and sessile, lower on short petioles. Mlowere
amall purplish fading to white, axillary near the extremity of the branches.
3. HH. PALUSTRIS, L. Marsh Willow Herb.
Minutely hoary; stem slender, roundish, at length much branched; leaves nearly
sessile, lanceolate or linear, acutish at both ends, slightly toothed or entire; petals
small, obcordate, twice as long as the calyx; style included; stigma undivided;.
clavate.
Swamps and marshy places. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, very branching.
Leaves mostly alternate, 1 to3 inches long, 44 as wide. -Fliwers numerous, axil-
lary, rose-color. Capsule 1 to 2 inches long, pubescent.
4. HK. mouiz, L. Soft. Willow Herb.
Soft downy all over; “a round, straight, erect, branching above; leaves crowded,
lanceolaie or linear-oblong, alternate or opposite, mostly entire.
Syamps ; rare. Aug., Sept. Sten. 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves numerous, 34 to sh
inches long, 14 as wide. Flcwers rose-color, axillary in the upper part of the
stem. Jetals deeply notched, twice as long as the calyx. Stigma large and thick..
Capsule 3 inches long on a short pedicel.
{
-
> CENOTHERA. Linn. Eventnea PRIMROSE.
Gr. oinos, wine; and thera, a chase: application uncertain.
CALYX-TUBE prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the
lobes 4, reflexed. Perats4. Sramens8. ANTHERS mostly
linear. Stiqma 4-lobed or capitate. CapsuLE 4-valved,
many-seeded. SEDs naked.—Herbaceous plants, with alter-
nate leaves, and mostly yellow flowers.
1. (&. Brennis, L. Common Evening Primrose.
Slem ‘erect, mostly hairy; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, pubes-
‘gent; lower ones on short petioles; flowers in a terminal rather leafy spike; petals
ebeordate; capsule sessile, obtusely 4-angled, somewhat swelled. Var. 1. MURICATA
€, muricata, Ph.) Stem muricate or strigosely hirsute, red; petals scarcely longer
than the stamens. Var. 2. GRANDIFLORA (, grandiflora, Ait.) Petals much longee
than the stamens, deeply obcordate. Stem branched. Bicnnial.
-
Fields and waste places; common. June, Aug. Stem 2 t@5 feet high, simple
er branching from the base. “Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, 44 to 114 wide, roughly
ubescent ; radical ones tapering into a petidle, Flowers numerous, lizht-yellow,
Eagrant © opening after sunset and closing next day, in a spike 3 to 12 inches long.
2. Gi. rruticosa, L. Sundrops. Per. Eve’g Primrose.
Stem erect, simple or nearly branched, pubescent or hirsute; leaves oblong or
lanceolate, slightly toothed; pefals broadly obcordate, longer than the calyx-lobes
’ and stamens; capsule obleng-club-shaped, 4-winged, longer than the pedicels.
Open places; common. June—Aug. Per. Stem hard, rigid, 1 to 3 feet hizh,
branched, purple. Leaves variable in pubescence, form and size. Flowers large,
114 inches im diameter, bright yellow, im a peduncled corymb.
3. C&. puma, L. Dwarf Evening Primrose.
Low, pubescent; siem ascending: leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse,
aitenuate at base, entire; flowersina loose and prolonged Jeafy raceme; petalg
obcordate, scarcely longer than the stamens.
Dry fields. July, Aug. Biennial. A smail halferect plant, 6 to 10 inches long,
with a round, slender simple stem. JZeaves 1 to 144 inches long, % to 1% ine
wide; radical ones spatulaie, petiolate. Flowers yellow, 4 inch broad, a in
Buccession, 1 or 2atatime. Capsule oblong-club-shaped, nearly sessile, § §-angled.
GAURA. Linn.
_Gr. gauros, superb; on account of the showy flowers of some species.
CALYX-TUBE much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous;
limb 4-cleft,reflexed. PETALS 4, clawed, somewhat unequal,
inserted into the tube. STA MENS 8, declinate. Srynz long.
Stiema 4-lobed. Frurr 4-angled, cry and indebiscent, by
abortion mostly l-celled, 1 to 4-seedcd. SrEpS naked.—
Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with alternate leaves and rose-
olor or white changing to red flowers, in wand-like pings: or
racemes.
G. siennis, L. Biennial Gaura. F
Whole plant softly hairy or downy; leaves lanceolate, remotely “gar alters
nat, sessile; flowers numerous, sessile, in terminal spikes; /ruit sub-sessile, 8-ribbed,
pubescent. _
Banks of streams. July, Aug. A handsome biennial 3 to 5 feet hich. Leaves
pale-green, acute ateachend. Calyx reddish. Coroila roze-color, changing to deep.
ged. Fruit rarely with more than one mature seed.
LUDWIGIA. Linn.
In honor of €. D. Ludwig, Prof. of Botany at Leipsic, about 1750.
CALYX-TUBE not prolonged beyong the ovary; limb 4-lobed,
usually persistent. PzTaus 4, equal, obcordate, often small
-or wanting. STAMENS 4, opposite the apex. StTyLx short.
CapsuLe short, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded and crowned
with the persistent calyx lobes.—-Perennial herbs, with entire
mostly aliernate leaves and axillary fons s, often yellow or
>
ONAGRACEX. 115.
116 =Cé ~ONAGRACEA.
oe ALTERNIFOLIA, L. Seed-box.
Nearly smooth; ; stem erect, branched; leaves alternate, laxiesciel acute or
pointed at both ends, sessile, pale beneath; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, 2-bracted
above the middle; petals scarcely as long as the spreading acuminate sepals ; capsule 4
large, with 4 winged angles, crowned with the colored ealyx.
Shady swamps. July. Stem 1 to 8 feet high, round with a strong bark, and
geveral branches.. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 44 to 1 wide, with marginal veins.
sepals large, reddish. Petals large, ovate, yellow, soon falling off.
* Petals very minute or none. ISNARDIA. ,
2. L. spumRocarpa, Ell. Round-fruited Ludwigia.
Nearly smooth; stem erect, much branched; leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering
at the base, alternate; flowers solitary, axilliary, or clustered towards the summit
of the comes petals mostly none; capsule globular, obscurely 4-sided, very
gemall.
In water and swampy places; rare. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, angular
reddish. Jfargin of the leavesrough. Flowers grecnish, inconspicuous.
3. L. pauustris, L. Water Purslane. de
Smooth, low; sem procumbent at base, rooting or floating; leaves opposite
evate-lanceolate, tapering into a slender petiole; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile; —~
eapsule sub-ovate, slightly angled.
Floating in water, or creeping in muddy places; common. June—Oct. Stem
succulent, purplish, 10 to 20 inches long. Leaves and slender petioles 11g by 1g
inches, ovate-spatulate. Flowers very ‘small. Calyx-lobes and style very short
#etals when present, flesh-color.
CIRCA. Tourn. «ENcHANTER’s NIGHTSHADE.
Named from Oirce, the enchantress.
Catyx slightly produced above the ovary, deciduous;
limb 2-parted. Prats 2, inversely heart-shaped. SraAMENS
2, alternating with the petals. CAPSULE reflexed, obovate,
2-celled, 2-seeded, bristly with hooked, hairs.—Low icon-
|
\
i
i
spicuous perennials, with opposite leaves on slender penal, .
and small whitish _ flowers an racemes.
: IO LUTETIANA, L. Common Enchanter’s Nightshade. ?
Stem erect, mostly pubescent; leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate, toothed,
Ronger than the petiole; bracts none; fruit reflexed, bristly.
Moist woodlands; common. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly branched,
tumid at the nodes. Zeaves dark-green, 2 to 4 inches long, gas wide. lowers
small, reddish-white, in a long terminal raceme.
2..C. auprna, L. Alpine Enchanter’s Nightshade.
Low, aatoth and aie leaves cordate, shining, agi! toothed, the lower ones
a6 long as the petiole; bracts minute.
Cold, moist, shady places. July. A small seid plant 3 to 8 inches high,
Rem transparent, juicy. Zeaves1 to 2 inches long, 2% as wide. lowers white,
iminute, in terminal racemes.
Sus-orpeEr IT. HALORAGES. |
Marsh or water plants, with very small axillary sessile
ONANGRACER. 117
flowers, often. moneccious or diccious. CALYX-TUBE not at
all prolonged, the lobes obsolete or none. Prrats 3 to 4,
often none. StamMeENs 1 to8. Ovary inferior, | to 4-celled.
Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 to 4-celled. Sxzeps pendulous, I
in each cell.
PROSERPINAGA. Linn. MeRMAID-WEED.
Lat. proserpo, to creep; the stems creeping and rooting at the base.
CALYX-TUBE 3-sided, imb3-parted. PeTats none. Sra-
MENS 3. SricgMAs 35. Fruit long, 3-angled, 3-celled,
3-seeded, nut-like—Low perennial aquatic herbs, with the
stems creeping at the base, alternate leaves, and small fertile
flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3 or 4 together.
1. P. pauustris, L. Common Mermaid-weed.
Upper leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate; lower ones often pinnatifid; fruzt sharply
Sangled.
Wetswamps; rare. July, Aug. Siem 12 to 18 inches long, roundish. eaves
about 1 inch long, 14 wide, acute at each end, lower ones on short petioles, if sub-
merged pinnatifid with linear segments like the tecth ofa comb. Flowers greenish,
_ sessile, 1 to 3 together. Stigmas purple, cylindrical.
2. P. pecTinAcesA, Lam. Cut-leaved Mermaid-weed.
Leaves all peetinate, the divisions linear-awl-shaped; fruit rather obtusely
3-angled. zi
Sandy swamps; rare. Aug. Stems 5 to 15 inches high, ascending at base fron
long creeping roots. Zeaves all regularly and finely divided into very narrow
segments like the teeth of acomb. Stylesnone. Stymas attenuate above,
MYRIOPHYLLUM. Vaill. Water Minrotn.
Gr. murios, a myriad, phullon, a leaf; from the numerous divisions of the leaf.
FLOWERS moneecious or .polygamous. CaLyx of the
sterjle flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. PETALs
4,or none. Stamens 4 to 8. Fruit nut-like, 4-celled,
deeply 4-lobed. Sriamas 4, recurved.—Submersed aquatic
perennial herbs, with crowded often whorled leaves, those im-
mersed pinnately parted into capillary divisions, and sessile
Jlowers in the axils of the upper leaves: upper ones stanvinate.
+ Stamins 8; petals deciduous ; leaves whorled in threes.
1. M. sprcatum, L. Spiked Water Milfoil.
Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary ; floral ones or bracts shorter than the
flowers, oyate entire; lower ones sub-serrate and larger; petals broadly ovate;
stamens 8. “
In water. Aug., Sept. Stem slender, branched, varying in length with the
depth of the water, the flowers only rising above the surface. Leaves composed of
innumerable, hair-like segments. Flowers greenish sessile. Carpels smooth.
118 : ‘CACTACEA. eee
2. M. verticrnzatum, L. Whorled Water Milfoil.
Leaves verticellate pinnately divided into capillary or setaceous segments}; floral
tearves pectinate pinnatifid, usually longer than the flowers ; petals oblong-obovate ;
earpeis smooth and even.
In water. J uly—Sept. Stem long and stouter than in the preceding, only the
“upper part emerging. lowers small, green, in a terminal spike with conspicuous
doral leaycs.
3. M. HETEROPHYLLUM, Michx. Various-leaved Water
Milfoil. - 3
St2m rzther stout; floral ledves ovate and lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply
gerrate; ‘ower leaves pinnatifid ; petals oblong; fruit obscurely roughened.
In sluggish water. July. Stem thick and branching. Leaves very various,
lowest fiely divided. Flcwers purple, whorled in the axils of the upper leayes.
Sepals minute. Petals somewhat persistent. Stamens sometimes only 4 to 6.
* + Stamens 4; leaves whorled in fours agd-jives, the lower finely divided.
4. M. AMBIGuUM, Ambiguous Water Milfoil.
Submersed leaves cut into capillary segments; the emersed ones pectinate; florat
ones linear, tapering into a short petiole, toothed or entire; flowers mostly perfect ;
petals oLlong; carpels smooth and eyen.
Ponds and ¢itches. July, Aug. Stems 2 to 6 inches long and creeping in the
mud, or when floating in water, long and slender. Leaves variously divided, when
the sten s are procumbent and rooting the leaves are all linear, rigid, and often
entire, but when submersed they are finely divided like the teeth of a comb.
#lewers small purplish.
HIPPURIS. Linn. Marn’s-Tatu.
- Gr. hippus, a horse, and owra, a tail.
CaLyx entire. Prrats none. STAMEN |, inserted on
the cdge of the calyx. SryLe single, thread-shaped, stig-
matic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes
of the anther. Fruit nut-like, l-celled, 1-seeded.—Peren-
nial aquatics with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute
flowers sessile in the axils, perfect or polygamous.
H. vuuearis, L. Common Mare’s-tail.
Leaves in whorls of 8 to 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire.
Borders of ponds and springs; rare. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, simple, erect.
Fiowers at the base of the upper whorls, one to each leaf, small.
Onper 44. CACTACERE. Cacrus Fammy.
Fleshy and thickened leafless plants of peculiar aspect, globular or columnar and
many-angled or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, sesstle;
the sepals and petals numerous, tmbricated in several rows. STAMENS numerous,
with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed
by the union of the sepals and petals. Srytz1. Sria@mis numerous. FRUIT a
1-celled succulent berry, many-seeded.
]
GROSSULACE. . 119
OPUNTIA. Tourn. Prickiy Pear.
SEPALS and PETALs not prolonged into a tube, spreading,
the inner roundish. STraMENS numerous, shorter than the
petals. StTyLe with numerous erect stigmas.—Stem com-
posed of flat and usually broad joints, bearing clusters of
bristles often with spines intermixed, arranged in a special
order.
O. yuuearis, Mill. Indian Fig. Cow’s-tongue.
Stems low, prostrate-spreading,-of obovate joints, armed with short barbed brit
tles, rarely with a few spines; flowers sessile, on the margin of the joints.
Dry rocks and sandy soils; rare. June, July. Flewers large, sulphur-yellow.
Fruit oboyate, umbiliicate, nearly smooth, eatable. Seeds numerous, immersed in
the crimson pulp. Cultivated.
Orper 45. GROSSULACEE. CuRRANT FAMILY,
x
Low shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate palmately lobed leaves, a 5-lobe
ealyx cohering with the 1-celled ovary, and bearing 5 small petals and 5 stamens.
Fruit a l-celled berry, with 2-parictal placentz crowned with a minute embryo s8
the base of hard albumen.
RIBES. Linn.
CALYX companulate or tubular, 5-parted, sometimes col
ored. PETALS small, inserted alternately with the stamens
in the throat of the calyx. STAMENS5D, veryshort. SryLre
2, distinct or united. Berry crowned with the shrivelled
remain of the flowers, 1-celled, pulpy, many-seeded.— Leaves
often clustered in the axils, with the flowers from the same
clusters or from separate buds.
* Stem unarmed; flowers in racemes : berries never prickly. CURRANTS.
1. KR. rrormpum, L’Her. Wild Black Currant.
Leaves sub-cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, sprinkled on both sides with yellowish resinows
‘dots, doubly serrate, on long petioles; racemes drooping, many-fiowered, downy;
bracts longer than the pedicels; calyx tubular, bell-shaped; fruit obovoid.
Woods and hedges; common. May. A handsome shrib 3 to 4 feet high.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long 114 to 214 wide, on petioles 1 to 2inches long. Flevers
- somewhat bell-shaped, greenish yellow. Fruit black, smooth, insipid.
The R. nigrum or black currant of the gardens. Native of Europe, is prebebiy
not distinct from this species.
2. KR. prostratum, L’Her. Mountain Currant.
Stem reclining or prostrate; leaves deeply cordate, 5 to 7-lobed, smooth; the lobes
ovate, acute, doubly serrate; racemes erect, slender; calyx rotate, segments obovate ;
_ petals spatulate, small; fruit glandular-hisped.
_ Mountains and rocky hills. May, June. A small procumbent shrub with ereet
branches 1 to 3 feet high. Racemes erect, about 8-flowered, at length pendulous. ~
Bracts yery short. Flowers marked with purple. Berrizs red, ill-scented. The
" whole plant has a disagreeable odor.
Yt, ae
SEE
SIT
r 3
wo a teal Oe SPREE STE Ie
<coeres
op SD ee ee
Po eee Pe
Be See erelatieeteteeateene + CUCURBITACER, eee RSs Fs a,
Se TRL a
siuaoug. Ovary adherent, 1-celled; styim short; sTi@MA very thi hick, velvety or
fringed. Frurt a pepo more or less succulent, often 1-celled by obliteration, SEEps
ae Ny airs no albamen, often Winged. : -o
Ve SICYOS. Linn.
Gr. sikuos, the ancient name of the cucumber.
FLOWERS monecious. . Perans 5, united below into a
bell-shaped or flattish corolla. “ STAMENS 5, monodelphous
or at length triadelphous; anthers contorted. STYLES By
united at the base. FRu1T ovate membranaceous, filled by
the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which
are readily detached. —Climbing annuals, with compound
tendrils, and whitish flowers, the sterile and fertile mostly
Jrom the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in @
bong-peduncled capitate cluster.
1. §S. anavuiatus, L. Single-seed Cucumber.
Stem branching, hairy; leaves roundish, heart-shaped, and 5-angled-lobed, the
lobes minutely toothed, pointed; piséllate flowers much smaller than the staminate.
Banks of streams.. July, Aug. A weak climbing vine with long spiral tendrils.
Leaves 3 to 4 inches broad, on long stalks. Flowers whitish, marked with green
ines. Fiwvt 14 inch long, ovate, spinous, 8 to 10 together in @ crowded cluster...
2. ECHINOCYSTIS.. Torr. & Gray. rm
Ger, oles, prickly, and kustis, a bladder; in allusion to the appearance of the frufé
FLOWERS monecious. CALYX flattish, segments 5, fili-
form subulate. PrtTats 6, united at the base into an open
spreading corolla. STAMENS 3, diadelphous. Styre 1;
mas 3, fringed. OVARY 2-célled, with 2. erect ovules i in
each cell.” FRurr globose-ovoid, bristly-echinate, 2-celled,
4-seeded.—A rank tall-climbing annual, with branching ten-
drils, sharply 5-lobed thin leaves, and very numerous small
greenish~white flowers. ;
E. ropata, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam Apple.
Leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate at: base, lobes acuminate, dentienlate; flowers
small, the barren ones very numerous, in axillary racemes, the — ones ‘eri
or seyeral, situated at the base of the raceme.
Rich river soils: July—Sept.' A smoothish running vine. . Stem deeply furrowed,
with long 3-parted tendrils placed nearly opposite the.long petioles. #yuit1 to 2.
inches long, at length dry and membranaceous, with 4 large seeds.
3. MELOTARIA. Linn.
E giioe polygamous or monecious. STERILE FLOWERS,
yx 3 to 5-toothed ; corolla companulate; jilaments 5, in» _
34 wg ~ FERTILE FLowens, calya : ‘and corolla: as ‘in the is
301 Asie
Sree a a a of SSR ST 6 a SO EES
ce en MeybpREAcCna aS
"peeriles : ‘ee a: Tahaan. fimbriate. Frit 3-celled, many-
seeded.— A sleniler climbing annual, with simple tendrils,
Jive lobed leaves, and small yellowish “flowers.
‘M. penpura, L. Small Creeping Cucumber.
Leaves roundish-cordate, 5-lobed or angled, slightly hispid; flower's axillary, the
‘sterile in small racemes, the fertile solitary, on long peduncles.
Banks of streams. June, July. A slender vine, climbing over other yegetables.
Zeaves 1 to 2 inches in-diameter, on petioles. Zendrils 5 to 6 inches long. Flowers
yellowish, small. Fruiismall, oval.
CULTIVATED EXOTICS.
4. MOMORDICA. Linn.
FLOWERS monecious. Canyx 5-cleft. Prraus 5, united
at the base: STAMENS 5, iriadelphous. . STYLE 3. cleft ;
PEpPO fleshy, bursting elastically. SEEDS, compressed with a
fleshy arillus.—Ax annual climbing herb, with simple tendrils,
palmately lobed leaves, and pale yellow flowers.
M. Batsamina, L.. Common Balsam Apple.
Leaves palmately .5-lobed, dentate, naked, shining; peduncles solitary, filiform,
lL-flowered, with an orbicular-cordate dentate bBract above the middle; fruit
roundish-evoid, angular, tuberculate, bursting elastically on one side. Native of
the East Indies. Stem slender, climbing by simple tendrils. Flowers pale-yellow.
Frust orange-color, balsamic.and eatable.
5. CUCUMIS. Linn.
Celtic, cuce, a hollow vessel.
FLOWERS monecious or perfect. CALYX tubular, bell-
shaped, with awl-shaped segments; COROLLA deeply 5-parted.
Sramens 5, triadelphous.. StyLe short; sTr@Mas 3, thick,
2-lobed; Prpo fleshy, indehiscent. SEEDS ovate, flat, acute
and not margined at the edge.—Annual herbs, creeping or
climbing by tendrils, alternate leaves, and axillary solitary
“yellow Jlowers.
<i, 9 SATIVUS, TL. Common Cucumber.
Stem prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; leaves sub-cordate, palmately S-angled OF
lobed, lobes sub-entire, acute, terminal one longest; Jruit oblong, obtusely pris-
matic, prickly on a short peduncle. Native of Tarfary. and India . Numerous
varieties are now cultivated for the table. Gathered and eaten before maturity.
June—Sept.
2. (C. MEto, TL. Musk Melon. . _
. “Stem. prostrate, rough ; tendrils. simple; leaves eub-cordate, iy pare
-palmately 5-angled ; lobes rounded, , obtuse, obscurely denticulate ; flower's pistillate,
perfect, and staminate, the perfect on shert peduncles; fruit oval or sub-globose,
em «
TT at oe
Se gt es ee, Oe 2 eee,
ere, eT
A Te aa
Py, ewes pee ew
ae ode
ie inane _ eT ee, ee ee re et
a ee ee ee ee ere re ’
~
124 — ~ CUCURBITACEZ. ae
longitudinally torulose. Native of Asia, cultivated for the Juicy, -yellowish,
delicately flavored flesh of the mature fruit. June, July. ~ eat ibs nt
3. ©. Anauria, L. Prickly Cucumber.
Stem prostrate, slender, hisped; tendrils simple; leaves palmately and deep si sin- -
uate lobed, cordate at base; fruit oval-ovoid or sub-globose, prickly. Native of
Jamaica. Fruit about the size of a hen’s egg; cultivated and used for pickles.
4. ©. Orrruiius, Ser. Water Melon.
Stem prostrate, slender, hairy; tendrils branching; leaves palmately 5-lobed,
very glaucous beneath; lobes mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, all the segments obtuse;
flowers solitary, on hairy peduncles, bracted at base; fruit elliptical, smooth.
Native of Africa and India. Cultivated for its large and delicious fruit. June,
August. ‘
6. -LAGENARIA. . Ser.
Gr. lagenos, a flagon or bottle; from the form of the fruit.
FLOWERS monecious. Catyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, obo-
yate. Stamens 5, triadelphous; anthers very long, twisted.
Sriemas 3, thick, 2-lobed, sub-sessile. EPO woody, 1-celled
many-seeded ; : ees ariled, obcordate, compressed, margin
tumid.— An annual herbaceous plant, climbing by branching
tendrils, with axillary solitary, white flowers.
L. vuucaris, Ser. Calabash. Bottle Gourd
Softly pubeseent; leaves roundish-cordate, abruptly acuminate, denticulate, with
2 glands beneath at base; flowers on peduncles; fruit club-shaped, inflated, at
length smooth. Native of the Tropics; cultivated for the rind of the fruit, which
is used for dipping water, &c. Flowers white. July, Aug.
7. CUCURBITA. Linn.
A Latin word signifying a vessel.
FLOWERS monecious. Corowa bell-shaped ; petals united
and coherent with the calyx. Sram. Fis. Catyx 5-toothed.
Sramens 5, triadelphous; anthers syngenesious, straight,
parallel. Pisr. Fus. Canyx 5-toothed, upper part decidu-
ous after flowering. SrTigMAs 3, thick, 2-lobed. PEPo
fleshy or woody, 3 to 5-celled. SrEps numerous, thickened *«
at the margin, obovate, compressed, smooth Annual herbs
with prostrate running stems, mostly lanai tendrils, and
yellow solitary axilary flowers.
1. C. Pero, L. Pumpkin.
Hispid and scabrous; leaves (very large) cordate, palmately Belobed or angled,
finely toothed; flowers axillary; stem jis. on long peduncles; fruit very large,
roundish or oblong, smooth, furrowed and torulose. Native of the Levant.
Long cultivated as a useful kitchen vegetable, or for cattle. Flowers large, yellow.
Fruit sometimes Sefeet in: nadimnoter, yellow when mature. The Barrel Pumpkin
and 7-year Pumpkin are varieties a this species. July.
®. ©. Mexorero, L. Flat Squash, Sweet Pumpkin.
“Hairy; leaves cordate, somewhat palmately 5-lobed, finely toothed; flowers pedun-
culate; fruit depressed-orbicular or club-shaped, often elongated and incurved at
base, more or less furrowed with the ridges swelling. Native country unknowr.
A useful and well known kitchen vegetable.
3. (C. verrucosa, L. Warted Squash. Club Squash.
Hairy; leaves cordate, palmately and deeply 5-lebed, denticulate, terminal lobes
narrowed at base; flowers pedunculate, large; frwit roundish elliptic, or club-
shaped, often elongated and curved at base. Probably a nativeof North America,
as Mr. Nutall says it has been long cultivated by the Indians West of the Missis-
sippi. Common in cultivation, with numerous varieties. July.
Onven 48. CRASSULACEE.
- Succulent herbs, with simple mosily sessile leaves, and perfectly symmetrical flowers ;
the petals, pistils and sepals equal (3 to 20), and the stamens the same or double their
mumber. SEPALS more or less united at base. Prvats distinct, rarely cohering.
OVARIES as many as the petalsand opposite to them. Fitaments distinct. ANTHERS
2-celled, bursting lengthwise. Fruir. Follicles as many as the ovaries, epening
ky the yentral suture, many-seeded.
1. TILLAKA. Linn.
In honor of Tiliz, an early Italian botanist.
SEPALS, PETALS, STAMENS, and PISTILs, 38 to4. CARPELS
3 to 4, distinct, opening by the inner suture, many-seeded.—
Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and
axillary flowers.
T. SIMPLEX, Nutt. Pigmy Weed.
Stem diffusely branching from the base and rooting; leaves linear-objong, their
bases somewhat confluent; flowers solitary, nearly aeaahe. calyx half the lent of
the petals, carpels 8 to 10-seeded.
Muddy banks of streams; rare. Near Philadelphia. July, Aug. Stems 1to3
inches long, Leaves 4 to 4 inch long, spreading. Flowers very minute, white.
2. SEDUM. Linn.
Lat. sedeo, to sit; alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselveg
upon rocks and walls.
SEPALS and PETALS 5, rarely 4. Stamens 10, or rarely
8. CARPELS 5, many-seeded, with a little scale at the base
of each.—Mostly herbaceous thick-leaved perennials, with
cymose flowers.
1. §. rernatum, Michx. Three leaved Stone-crop.
Stems low and isi lower leaves whorled in threes, wedge-obovate; wpper
-. ‘CRASSULACE. 125,
ae ae Se ee a
ed ee ee ok eS
in te ee ee
he A
eT Se ee een
Re
ania
aa
EP 6 Pf OE
eS ee
BP FS pee hee geen Piet? seas Ui cra P hia m ieag Sal
ewe aaa Ce
leaves oblong, scattered ; cymes. “cymes mostly 3-spiked, spreading; 5 PE RE 4 4 |
5 drous, the rest octandrous; stamens shorter than the linear-lanceolate petals.
Rocky woods; sometimes cultivated. May, June. Stems 3 to.8 inches long, — |
branching and decumbent at base. Leaves from 14 tol inch Jong. Flowers white,
loosely arranged on the 3-branched spreading eymes. - ‘|
2. §. renEpHorpes, Michx. American Orpine.
‘Stems erect, leafy at the top; leaves scattered, lance-ovate or oval, flat, acute at
each end, somewhat toothed, smooth and fleshy ; Flowers i in a terminal capitate
eyme, decandrous; petals ovate-lanceolate.
Rocks: Allegheny mountains. July. Stem branching, 10 to 12 inches high.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 24as wide. Flowers pale purple, with aps bracts inter-
spersed.
3. §. TELEPHIUM, L. Common Orpine. | Live-forever.
Stems erect, leafy to the top; leaves flat, oval, obtuse, serrate, tapering at the
pase; cymes dense, compound. Native of Europe, ¢ cultivated and nearly naturali-
zed. July. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves
sessile, fleshy. Flowers white and purple, in dense terminal Feafy tufts. —
4. §. AnacampsEros, L. vergreen Stone-crop.
Root fibrous; stems decumbent; leaves wedge-form, tapering at the base; cymes
corymbose, leafy. Native of Europe. July. ere reddish. Leaves fleshy, ‘blnish-
green. lowers purple.
5. §. acre, L. English Moss. Wall Pepper.
Procumbent, spreading, branching from the base; leaves very small, somewhat
ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate, closely sessile, obtuse: cyme few-flowered, trifid,
leafy. Native of Great Britain. Common in cultivation, spreading very rapidly
on walls, borders of flower beds, &c., densely covering the surface. lowers yellow.
PENTHORUM. Gron.
Gr. penie, five, and oras a rule or mode; in allusion to the quinary flowers.
SEPA.s 5, united at base. Prrazs 5, ornone. STAMENS
10. Prsrrs 5, united at the base so as to form a 5-angled,
5-horned and 5-celled capsule, which opens transversely on
the inner sides of the beaks. SEEDS numerous, minute.— .
Upright perennials, with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green
Jlowers loosely-spiked along the PS side of the naked
branches of the scorpoid cyme.
P. seporpes, L. Ditch Stone-crop.
Stem branched, angular above; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute at both ends
unequally serrate.
Ditches and overflowed grounds; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 12 to 15 inches
high. Flowers pale yellowish-green.
OrpER 49. Shard Sit
Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with alternate leaves, dnd simple flower stems (often
naked). Calyx free or more or less adherent to the ovary, superior or inferior, 4
to 5-cleft. Pzrats 5, rarely none. StTAMENE.5 to 10, inserted either into the calyx
or beneath the ovary. Ovary lor Zelled. Sryzzgnone. Sricmas sessile, on the
ss SAXTFRAGACEA. 127
ee Sup-orper I. SAXIFRAGEAL.
Herbs; the petals tmbricated (rarely Sy a tn the bud; capsule 2-beaked >
ealya free or partly adherent; petals 5 (rarely 4 to 6). ;
SAXIFRAGA. Linn.
Lat. sazum, a rock, and frago, to break; in allusion to the root penetrating the
crevices of rocks and stones. -
_ Catyx deeply 5-cleft. Prrats 5, entire, with short claws.
STAMENS 10. Srytes 2. CapsutE 2-beaked, 2-celled,
many-seeded, opening between the beaks or sometimes 2
‘almost separate follicles—Chiefly perennial herbs, with clus-
tered root-leaves, the stem leaves alternate, and yellow white
and greenish flowers.
1. §. Vireintensis, Michx. . Virginian Saxifrage.
- Pubescent; leaves obovate or spatulate-obovate, often obtuse crenate-dentate,.
tapered at the base into a broad petiole; flowers in a clustered cyme which at
length becomes open and loosely panicled; petals oval, twice as long as the calyx;
capsules 2, united at the*base, divergent.
Exposed rocks and hilly places} common. April—June. Scape 4 to 12 inches:
high. Zeaves in a radical spreading tuft. Flowers white, with a tinge of purple.
A well known and pretty species, flowering in early spring.
2. §. PunnsytvanicA, Linn. Swamp Saxifrage.
Pubescent; Jeaves oblanceolate or oval, narrowed at the base into a short and
broad petiole, obscurely toothed; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered 3:
flowers pedicellate; petals lance-linear, about the length of thenearly free recurved
calyx lobes; filaments awl-shaped.
Wet grounds; common. May, June. A homely species 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves:
4 to § inehes long, all radical.’ lowers small, greenish-yellow. Capsules.at length.
divergent. :
2. §. eRosA, Pursh. Lettuce Saxifrage.
Leaves all radical oblong or oblanceelate, obtuse, sharply-toothed, tapering into:
a short winged petiole; scape slender; paniele elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels:
slender; calyx reflexed, 3-nerved, free from the ovary nearly as long as the oval
obtuse petals; filaments club-shaped..
Cold mountain brooks, near Bethlehem. Mr. Wolle. Jane. Root fibrous. Stem
12 to 30 inches high. Leaves 8 t012 inches long. #etals small, white, with @
yellowish spot near the base.
2. HEUCHERA. ITinn.
In honor of John Henry Heucher, a German botanist.
Catyx bell-shaped, cohering at the base with the ovary,
5-cleft. Pras 5, spatulate, small, entire, erect. STAMENS
5, inserted alternately with the petals into the throat of the
ealyx. Srymus2. Capsunn l-celled, with 2 parietal many-
tips of the lobes of the ovary. FRUIT 8 capsule or berry with numerous smalk
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seeded placentee, 2-beaked, opening Noro the peak
Perennial herbs, with round heart-shaped radical leaves, a
greenish-white tinged with purple flowers in small clus
disposed in a prolonged mostly loose mec
I. H. Americana, L. Alum Root. ce
Hairy-pubescent and somewhat visced ; lobes of the. leaves short and rounded é
panicle loose; stamens at length much exserted. ©
Rocky woodlands; common. June, July. Scape 2 to 3 feet high, comewhat
elammy hairy. caves deeply cordate. Flowers small; ina long simple panicle.
2. H. PUBESCENS, Pursh. Pubescent Alum foot.
Scare naked, » Minutely sa ee pubescent, or smooth below, often 2 to Aleayed$”
aves orbicular-cordate; lobes rounded, sharply-toothed, with broad pointed teeth,
ciliate with bristly hairs; flowers in a contracted panicle; stamens re than- it
the erect lobes of the calyx. is
Mountains and hills. May, June. Scape 10 to 15 inches high, slender. Flowers
an ¥ inch in length. Calyz-lobes unequal, greenish-white. Petass vicloNa
ple, veiny.
3. MITELLA. Tourn.
A diminutive of the Latin mitra, a mitre or cap; in allusion to the form of the
capsule.
Cauyx short, bell-shaped, cdhetewt with the base of the
ovary, 5-cleft.. "PETALS 5, inserted into the calyx, slender,
pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Sryzes 2, very short.
CAPSULE short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, 2-valved ; iain equal.
SEEDS numerous.—Low ind slender perennial herbs, with
round heart-shaped leaves on slender petioles, those of the
scape opposite, flowers small, greenish and white, borne na
simple slender raceme or sptke.
1. M. prenyiia. L. Two-leaved Bishop’ s-Cap.
Radical leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3 to 5-lobed, toothed; scape leaves
4, opposite, nearly sessile; flowers in a terminal raceme; petals toothed-pinnatifid.
Hillsides and rich woods. May. Stem 8 to 12 inches high. Radical leaves on
long petioles. Scape many-flowered. Flowers small, white, in a raceme 4 to 8
iaches long. Planthairy. Two-leaved Mitre-wort.
2. M. nupa, L. Heart-leaved Bishop’ s- Cap.
Stem slender; radical leaves somewhat 3-lobed, deeply and doubly-crenate; scape
naked, or with a single leaf, few-flowered; petals fimbriate-pinnatifid.
Deep moist woods with mosses. May—July. Scape 4 to 8 inches high, occa-
sionally prostrate with creeping suckers. Root-leaves on long petioles; stem leaves
much smaller and sessile. lowers greenish-white, few, in a “terminal spike.
4. TIARELLA. Linn.
A diminutive of the Latin tiara, a head dress; in allusion to the ee of the
capsule.
CaLyx 5-parted, bell: shaped, nearly free from the ovary.
ES eee Po PAKIFRAG ACESS, 129
-Perats 5, with claws, entire, inserted into the calyx. Sra-
MENS 10, long and slender. Srytzs 2, distinct. CapsuLEs
1-celled, 2-valved; valves unequal. SrxEps few, globular
near the base of the capsule. — Perennial. herbs, with radical
cordate leaves and white flowers.
‘T. corpirouiA, L. False Mitre-wort.
Scape naked; leaves arising from the root-stock or runners, heart-shaped, acutely
lobed and toothed, slightly hairy aboveydowny beneath.
Rich rocky woods. April, May. Zeaves on long petioles. Scape 6 to 12 inches
high. Flowers white, in a. simple terminal raceme. A handsome plant in flower
5. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Tourn.
Gr. krusos, golden, and splen ; in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues.
CALYX-TUBE coherent with the ovary, the limb 4 to
5-parted, /obes obtuse, yellow within. PrTAts none. SrTa-
MENS 8 to 10, very short. SryuEs 38. CapsuLsz obcordate,
2-beaked, flattened, 1-celled, 2-valved at the top. SEEDS
numerous.—Low and smooth herbs growing in wet places,
with fleshy leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers.
C. AMERICANUM, Schwein. Amer. Golden Saxifrage.
Stem decumbent, slender, spreading, forked; leaves opposite, upper ones som¢-
times alternate, roundish-ovate, slightly crenate lobed; flowers distant, incon=
spicuous, nearly sessile.
Springs and brooks. April, May. Aminconspicuous suceulent creeping plan’3
with small greenish flowers. Stamens mostly 8, hisped; anthers orange-color-
Considered distinct from the European C. oppositifolium.
Sus-orper Il. ESCALLONIEA?
- Shrubs; leaves aliernate; petals valvate in the bud.
-§. ITEA. Linn.
The Greek name of the willow; from a resemblance of foliage.
€aLyx companulate, 5-cleft, free from the ovary; seg-
ments subulate. Prraus 5, lanceolote, much longer than the
calyx and stamens. Sramens 5, inserted into the calyx.
Srytzs 2, united. CaAPsuLE 2- celled, 2-grooved, 8 to 12-
seeded. sa shrub, with alternate simple and minutely serrate
leaves, and white flowers in simple spicate terminal racemes.
41. I. Virernica, L.
Leaves oval acuminate serrulate, on short petioles; capsules oblong, seuminate
tipped with the 2 united styles.
Margins of swamps. May, June. A shrub about 3 to 8 feet high.
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SuB-ORDER TI. “HYDRAN GEA. oe
Sheuds; lettvad opposite; petals valwate in the bud ; calya-tube coherent with entry.
7. HYDRANGEA. Gronov.
Gr. hudor, water, aggion, a vase; in allusion to the form of the cae
CALYx-TuBE hemispherical, 8 to 10-ribbed, adherent to
the ovary; limb 4 to 5-toothed, persistent. PETALS ovate,
sessile. STAMENS 8 to 10, slender. STYLEs 2. CAPSULE
2-celled, many-seeded, crowned with the 2 diverging styles,
opening by a hole between the styles.—Shrubs with opposite
petioled leaves and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The
margined flowers are often sterile and radient.
_1. H. Arporescens, L. Wild Hydrdniged.
aie ovate, obtuse, or cordate at base, pointed, serrate, nearly smooth: ; flowers
in fastigiate cymes.
A handsome shrub, native along the banks of the Susquehanna, flowering in
dune. Stem 5 to 6 feet high. Fertile flowers small, white, yellowish or roseate,
yery numerous. In cultivation, the marginal flowers become radiate. —
2. H. quercironio, Bartram. Oak-leaved Hydrangea.
Teaves deeply sinuate-lobed, dentate, tomentose’ beneath. Cymes paniculate,
radiant; the sterile flowers very large and numerous. Native of Florida. A
handsome shrub from 3 to 5 feet high, with very large leaves, and showy flowers
at first a dull white becoming reddish.
3. H. Hnorrensis, L. Changeable Hydrangea.
Leaves elliptical, crowned at each end, dentate-serrate, strongly veined, smooth.
Oymes radiant. lowers mostly radiant. Native of China. This beautiful species
has long been cultivated for its showy flowers which are at first green but pass
successively through straw-color, white, purple and pink. The var. H. Japonica
has the central flowers all fertile, bluish-purple, hardy about Philadelphia.
Sus-onDER LV. PHILADELPHEZ. ,
Shrubs: leaves opposite; petals convolute in estivation; capsule 8 to 4-celled, loculicidal.
8. PHILADELPHUS. Linn.
Name from Philadelphus, King of Egypt.
Cauyx 4 to 5-parted, half-superior, persistent. CoROLLA
A to 5-petalled. SryzE 4-cleft. Sramens 20 to 40, shorter
than the petals. CapsunE 4-celled, 4-valved, with ‘Toculici-
dal dehiscence. SEEDS many, ariled.— Shrubs, with opposite
exstipulate leaves and showy white flowers.
1. P. GRANDIFLORUS, Willd. Large-flowered Syringa.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-veined, axils of the veins hairy. Stigmas
4,linear. Style undivided. A handsome shrub 4 to 8 feet high, with long slender
branches. Native at the South, cultivated for its large showy white flowers, which
are borne in a terminal umbel of 20r3 together.
[RLACEH AND UMBELLIFERE. 131
2. P. coronARius, L. False Syringa.
Leaves ovate, sub-dentate, smooth. Style distinct. Cultivated. Native of South
Stems 4 to 6 feet high with opposite reddish twigs bearing leafy clusters
of numerous fragrant showy white flowers. 4
Orper 50. HAMAMELACER.
Shrubs with alternate simple leaves, the 4cleft calyx cohering with the dase of the
ovary. PETALS 4 to 5, linear. Sramens 4 to 24, inserted on the calyx; ovary con-
sisting of 2 pistils united at the base, forming a 2-beaked woody capsule opening
at the summit, 2-celled below, with a single pendulous bony seed in each cell.
»HAMAMEDIS. Linn.
Origin of the name uncertain.
Catyx 4leaved or cleft, with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base.
Perats 4, long, linear. Stamens 8, very short; the 4
alternate with the petals fertile, the other imperfect’ and
2-beaked.— Shrubs or small trees, with short-petioled straight-
veined leaves, and yellow flowers.
H. Vireinica, L. Witch Hazel.
Zeaves obovate or oval, with wavy-toothed margins, downy when young, on
short petioles; flowers sessile, 3 or 4 together.
Damp woods; common. A large shrub consisting of several crooked branching
trunks from the same root, 6 to 12 feet high, flowering in Oct. and Nov. Leaves
nearly smooth, obliquely cordate at base. 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 wide, on petioles
Winch long. Calyx downy. Fetals yellow, curled or twisted. Capsule woody,
containing 2 nuts.
Orper 01. UNBELLIFERE.— Parsley Family.
Herbaceous planis with hollow stems, aliernate, mostly compound leaves, petioles
expanded or sheathing at the base. FLOWERS in umbels, the calyx entirely adherent
to the ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the
ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles.. Fruit consisting of 2 coherent car-
pels separating from each other by their faces (eommissure) into 2 halves called
meroearps. SEEDS solitary and suspended from the summit of each cell, anatro-
pous, with a minute embryo. :
Sus-orper I. ORTHOSPERMZ.
Inner face of the seed flat or nearly so (not excavated).
1. HYDROCOTYLE. Tourn. Marsn PENNY-woRT.
Gr. auder, water, and kotilz, a broad or flat cup; in allusion to the leaves of some
of the species.
seale-like. Strynes 2, short. CapsuLE nut-like, 2-celled, ~
CALYX-TEETH obsolete. Prraxs equal, ovate, spreading,
ewe ee
132 ere 2 “UMBELLIFER SE.
entire, apex straight. Stamens 5. ‘Srvims, :
the stamens. ' Fruit laterally flattened, orbicular or sh
shaped, the commissure narrow ; carpels 5-ribbed, two of the
ribs enlarged, often forming a thickened margin. Low and
smooth aquatic perennials, with slender stems, round peltate
_or kidney-form leaves, and small white flowers in pirigle um-
bels or clusters, single or proliferous, i ae eee pate
1. H. Amertoana, L. American ‘Marsh. Powyoore
Smooth and shining; leaves round, kidney-form, doubly crenate, slightly-lobed ;
Jowers in sessile umbels, 3 to 5-fiowered; fruzt orbicnlar.
Moist shasy places. June, July. Small delicate plants, willl filiform, branching
stems 2 to 6 inches leng, sending out running suckers. Zeaves thin, | to 2 nchesin
diameter on petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers greenish-white, small, in very
small axillary umbels.
2. H. ranunounorpns, L. Lobed Marsh Poring y-wort.
Smooth; leaves round-kidney-form, 3 to 5-neryed, the lobes erenate; umbels § to
10-flowered ; pedicels very short; fruit roundish, smooth, scarcely ribbed. ;
“In water. June, July. Stems weak, 1 to 2 feet iong, creeping or floating. Leaves
mostly deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobes smaller than the other, 1 to 2 inches in
diameter, on petioles 2 to 3inches long. Flowers white on peduncles shorter than
the petioles.
3. H. rnTeRRUpTA, Mubl.
Smooth; stem filiform; leaves ratkaie orbicular, Create 1l-neryed; unite, capi-
tate, subsessile, 5 to: 8-flowered; fruit orbicular.
Wet places; rare. June—Aug. Stem and oot creeping. Leaves ato copially
peltate, +4 to 1 inch in diameter, on petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Feduncles about as
long as the leaves, bearing clusters of a iew sessile flowers, interruptedly along. .
: Pi Jen gth. Flowerssmall, white, on very short pedicels... Fruit notched at the |
ase. ; ary.
4. H. umpernata, L. Umbellate Penny-wort.
Smooth; stems rooting at the joint; leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular,
notched at the base, doubly crenate; wmbel many-flowered on an elongated peduncle.
Ponds and boggy places; rare. June—Aug. Stem creeping or floating, 2 to 4
inches long. Leaves on petioles 2 to 4 inches long, 34 to linch wide. Umbels 20 to
30-fiowered, the upper pedicel often proliferous with 2 or 3 umbels. Flowers small.
Fruit notched at the base and apex.
2. CRANTZIA. Nutt. ~
In honor of Prof. Crante, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century, —
CALYX-TEETH indistinct. PrTaxs roundish, entire, obtuse.
FRUIT roundish; the carpels hollowed on the inner face,
5-ribbed, 3 of the ribs on the back, narrow, the lateral ones
thickened and spongy.— Small perennial creeping plants,
with linear or filiform, entire fleshy leaves, and few flowers
on simple involucrate umbels.
C. LIngATA, Nutt. Fans Fe ,
Leaves eunoato-linaa, obtuse, with trangyerse veins, shorter than the peduncles,
UMBELLIFER 2. i338
Muddy banks of streams. July. Stem 1 to 2 inches long, rooting and creeping
in the mud. JZeaves 1 to 2 inches long, nearly terete. Umbels 4 to 8-flowered.
lowers white, pedicelled. Fruit with red vittee. :
3. SANICULA. Linn.
‘Lat. sano, to heal; on account of its suppesed medicinal ‘virtues.
CaLyYx-TuBE beset with prickles, segments acute, leafy,
persistent. PrTats obovate, erect, converging, deeply
notched. Fruit sub-globose, thickly clothed with hooked
prickles; carpels without ribs.— Perennial herbs, with pal-
mately-lobed or parted leaves, those of the root long-petioled ;
umbels irregular or compound, the greenish or yellowish flow-
ers capitate in the umbellets, perfect, with staminate ones
antermixed, and involucre of few often cleft leaflets, involucel
of several, entire.
1. S. Marianpica, L. Sanicle.
Leaves 5 to 7-parted, mostly radical, segments oblong, incisely serrate; sterile
flowers numerous, on slender pedicels, about as long as the fertile ones; styles
long and recurved.
Wocds and thickets; common. June, July. Sfem1 to 2 fect hich, branching at
the top. Hadical leaves on petioles 14 to 1 foot long, dsparted.at the-base, with the
lateral segments deeply 2-parted. Stem leaves few, neariy sessile. Petals white or
yellowish, obcordate. rwit several in each umbellet.
2. §S. Canavdensis, L. Canadian Sanicle.
Leaves 3 to b-parted, the segments incisely and sharply serrate; sterile flowers
ew, on yery short pedicels, shorter than-the fertile ones; styles shorter than the
prickles of the fruit.
Woods. June, July. Plant1to2 fecthigh. Zeaves thin, divisions wedge-obo-
~yate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate (the upper-ones only 3-parted), Jus
sabout 3 in each umbellet.
4. DAUCUS. Tourn. ' CaRrnor.
(The ancient Greek name.)
Catyx 5-toothed. Prrats obovate, emarginate with an
Inflexed point. Fruit ovoid or oblong, the carpels with 5
primary, slender, bristly ribs, 2 of which are .on the inner
face, and 4 secondary ones, (equal, more or less winged, ) each
bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles.—_Liennials,
with finely 2 to 3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, pinnatifid in-
volucre, imvolucels of entire or 3-cleft bracts, white flowers, and
«concave umbels, dense in fruit.
D. Carrora, L. Carrot.
Stem erect, hisped; leaves tri-pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid; segments linear-lancee-
date, acute. .
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134 Nias —— “a
Oid fields and roadsides; naturaliz ned. Ji uly—Sept. Zoot fusiform.’ Stem 2 to
8 feet high. Leaves pale-sreen, bumerous. Umbels large and compact, ecncave
in fruit, resembling a bird’s nest. Flowers white or cream-color, central one of
each umbellet aDdortive and dark-purple. ,
5. HERACLEUM. Linn. Cow PARSNIP.
Dedicated to Hercules.
Catyx 5-toothed, tecth minute. PETALS obovate, emar-
ginate, with the point ‘inflexed. Fruit compressed, flat,
with a bread, flat margin, and 3 obtuse dorsal ribs to cack
earpel; intervals with short club-shaped oil-tubes.—Stoué
perennials, with large sheathing petioles, large flat umbels,
deciduous tnvolucres, and many-leaved involucels.
H. LANATUM, Mich. Cow Parsnip.
Pubescent; stem grooved; leaves 1 to 2-ternately compound; leaflets petioled,
round-cordate, lobed; fruit nearly orbicular.
Moist cultivated grounds. June. A very large coarse looking strong scented
plant +4 to 8 feet high. Stems thick, furrowed, branching. Leaves large, on broad
channelled membraraccous petioles. Hlcwers white, in very large terminal umbels,
sometimes 1 foot in diameter. a etals inversely heart-shaped, the outer ecmmonly
larger and radiant, appearing 2-cleft.
6.. PASTINACGA. Tourn. PARsNip.
Lat. pastxs, food or repast; from the nutritive properties cf the root.
CALYX with the margin obsolete or minutely 5-toothed.
PETALS roundish, entire, involute. Fruit oval, flat, with
a thin entire winged margin; the carpe/s minutely o-ribbed,
8 of the ribs equi-distant on the back, the lateral ones dis-
tant from and contiguous to the margin.—Chiefly biennial
"plant s, with spindle-shaped roots, pa compound leaves,
yellow flowers with roundish entire petals, none radient, and
smali or no tnvolucres er involucels.
P. sativa, L. Common Farsnip.
Stem grooved, smooth; leaves pinnate; Icafleis sessile, oblong, incised ; termina
exes 3-lobed, downy beneath, shining above; umbels large, terminal.
Fields and waste places; naturalized. July. Jtoct large, sweet-flavored, and
nutritious in its cultivated state, but in-its “wild state becomes hard, acrid and
poisonous. Siem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, furrowed, branching. Flowers small,
yellow. Fruit large, tlat.
T. ARCHANGELICA. | Hoffman.
So named from its highly esteemed qualities.
CALYX-TEETH short. PrTaus lanceolate, equal, entire,
acuminate, point inflexed. Fruit flattened, the carpels each
S-ribbed on the back and winged at the margins, forming
yw i
UMBELLIFERE, | 135
double winged border to the point; the seeds separating, and
coated all over with the numerous oil-tubes.— Stout and often
very large perennials, with 1 to 2-pinnately compound leaves,
and usually large inflated petioles, scarcely any involucre,
many-leaved involucels and perfect umbels of greenish or
white flowers.
1. A. ATROPURPUREA, Hoffm. Great Angelica.
Smooth; leaves 2 te 3-ternately compound; the leaflets pinnate, 5 to 7, sharply
2ut serrate, acute, pale beneath; petioles much inflated; tnvolucels 8 to 10, very
short; fruit smooth.
Meadows and fence rows; common. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, stout,
hollow, dark-purple, furrowed. Jetiosles large, inflated, channelled on the upper
tide, with inflated stipules at base. Umbels 3, terminal, rounded, 4 to 8 inches m
diameter. Flowers greenish white. A popular aromatic herb.
2. <A. uirnsuta, Torrey & Gray. Hirsute Angelica.
Stem striate, downy at the top; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided;
leaflets ovate-oblong, equally serrate, smooth; tnvolucels of 6 to 8 subulate leaves
directed to one side; peduncles and fruit downy.
Dry open woods. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, simple, erect, straighi.
Leaves on petioles 6 to 10 incheslong. Umlbels 3 to 4, on long velvety pedunxcles.
Flowers numerous, white.
8. THASPIUM. Nutt. Mrapvow Parsnip.
From the Isle of Thaspia, which gaye name to the ancient allied genus Thapsia.
CALYX minutely 5-toothed. PrrTAts elliptic, with along
inflated point. Fruit elliptical or ovoid, not compressed
jaterally ; carpels with 5 winged ribs, interstice with single
yitte. InvoLucRE none.—/%rennials with 1 to4 ternately
compound leaves, and yellow or dark-purple flowers.
1. T. BarsinopeE, Nutt. Hairy-jointed.Thaspium.
Leaves 2 to 3 ternately compound; lcaficts wedge-ovate, acute, unequally and
incisely serrate, entire towards the base; umbels terminal and opposite the leaves,
River banks, Northern part of the State. June. Stem tall and branching,
downy on the joints, 2 to 3 feet high. Zeaves smooth; wpper ones.sub-opposiie.
Flowers acep yellow, numerous.
2. T. aureum, Nutt. Golden Thaspium.
Stem smooth; lower and middle stem Icaves biternately, and the upper ones
ternately divided; segments obtong-lancelate, finely serrate, with cartilaginous
teeth, the root-leaves often simple and round heart-shaped; /ruit oval.
Banks and moist meadows. June. Stem 1to3 feet high, simple. Leaflets very
smooth, thickisk; the larger often heart-shaped, the upper wedge-shaped at the
base. Umbels on long peduncles 10 to 12-rayed, with very short involucreg,
Flowers yellow. Fruit oval.
3. T. ATROPURPUREUM, Nutt. Purple Alexanders.
Stem smooth or slightly pubescent; root-leaves simple and heart-shaped, some
times ternate, serrate; stem leaves ternate; leaflets heart-oyate and oblong-ovate,
erenste-serrate.
ee
iates conta
j
bi
Rocky hills and woods. Stem 1 to 2 feet, high. Flowers dark purple. Fruit
atrongly winged, as broad as long..
9. ZIZIA. Koch. GoLpEn ALEXANDERE,
In honor of J. B. Zizie, a German betanist..
CALYX minutely 5-toothed. Prvats elliptic, apex acu-
minate, inflexed. Frurr ovate or oval, flattened, didymous ;
CARPELS 5, ribbed, without wings; ribs narrow; vittce 1 to
3 in each sieesties Senne perennials, with divided leaves,
no involucre, few-leaved involucels, and perfect umbels of
yellow flowers.
1. Z. corpDATA, Koch.
Root-leaves simple, cordate, rarely lobed, crenate-serrate; stem-leaves sub-sessile,
ternate, segments petiolate, ovate or oblong, serrate.
Meadows; common. May, June. Sfem 12 to 18 inches high, smooth. Rooé-
leaves sometimes slightly lobed. Involucels 1 to 2-leaved. Umbels on long naked
peduncles. Flowersyellow. Fruit short, oval, black.
2... Z. AUREA, Koch.
Lower leaves biternate; upper ones biternate or ternate; segments oblong-lanceo—
late, acute, sharply serrate and often cut, the exd-ones attenuate inte a wedge-form
base or winged stalk; zmvolucels 3-leaved.
Rocky hills, woods and river sides. June, July. Siem 1to 2 feet high, branching
at the top, rather slender, erect, hollow, smooth. Zower leaves on long petioles..
Umbels about 2 inches broad, 10 to15 rayed. Flowers numerous, orange-yellow..
Fruit oval, brown, with prominent ribs.
3. YZ. INTEGERRIMA, DC.
Leaves all 2 to 8-ternately divided; segments ovate or oblong, entire, obtuse;.
smooth and glaucous; imvolucels 1-leaved, very short.
Rocky woods; rare. May, June. Stem1to 2 feet high, branching above. Leaves:
- all petiolate, pale beneath. Umbel with elongated filiform rays 1 to 3 inches long,
with minute inyolucels. Flowers yellow. Fruié roundish, compressed laterally,.
dark brown.
10. CICUTA. Linn. Water HEMLOCK.
(The ancient Latin name of Hemlock.)
CALYX minutely 5-toothed. Pxrraus obcordate, the points
inflected. FRurr roundish, a little contracted at the sides;
cearpels with 5 flattish strong ribs; the lateral ones margined ;
interstice with single vittee.— Smooth marsh perennials, with
hollow ‘stems, thrice pinnately or ternately compound leaves,
Ffew-leaved involucre, many-leaved involucels, and oe um~
‘bels of white flowers.
TI. C. macunata, L. Water Hemlock.
Lower leaves triternate and qainate; upper ones biternate, segments eae
lanceolate, coarsely serrate; wmbels terminal and axillary.
Wet meadows; common. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, streaked with
purple, smooth, jointed, glaucous, branched above. etioles dilated at base inte
tong abrupt clasping stipules. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, 44 to 34 wide, sometimes.
lobed, pointed. Umbels numerous, 2 to 4 inches broad. Poisonous.
wat zu :
UMBELLIFER &. 137
2. ©. sunpirersA, L. Bulbous Hemlock.
Leaves ternate and biternate; leaflets linear, remotely toothed or eut-lobed;
upper axils bearing bulbs; wmbels terminal and axillary, small.
Wet meadows and swamps; rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, round, smooth
and slender, striate, green, branching. Involucels of 3 to 5 subulate leaves. Umbel-
ietg of small, close, white flowers.
11. SIUM. Linn... Water Parsnip.
Celtic stu, water; in allusion to its place of growth.
CALYX with the margin 5-toothed or-obsolete. PETALS
obcordate, with an inflexed point. SryEs divergent, re-
flexed. FrRuir ovate or globular, flattish or contracted at
the sides; carpels with 5 rather obtuse ribs; interstice with
several vittee.— Marsh or aquatic perennials, with grooved-
angled stems ; simply pinnate leaves, lanceolate serrate leaflets
(immersed ones cut into capillary divisions); several-leaved
involucres, and perfect umbels of white flowers.
1. S. natironium, L. Water Parsnip.
Stem angular and sulcate; leaflets broadly lanceolate, pointed serrate, sessile
smooth, sometimes pinnatifid.
Swamps. July—Sept. A tall plant found in ditches and swamps. Stem 3 to 5
feet high, smooth, hollow, about 7-angled. Leaflets 7 to11, 4 to 7 inehes long,
1 to 2 broad, equally serrate. —Petioles clasping the stem. Umbels long, with many-
flowered rays. Flowers small, whiic.
2. S. 1INEARE, Michx. Narrow-leaved Water Parsnip.
Leaflets narrowly lanceolate or linear, finely and sharply serrate, acute; ealyx-
itgeth obsolete.
Swamps; more common than the last. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high,
smooth, about 7-angled. Leaffets 9 to 11, 2 to 4inches long, 14 to lg wide. involu-
ere of 5 or 6 linear bracts. Umbelle’s with numerous small white flowers. Fruit
yery strongly ribbed, crowned with the broad, yellowish stylopodium.
12. CRYPTOTANIA. DC. Honeworr.
Gr. kruptos, hidden, and tania, a fillet, from the concealed vitte.
Catyx with the margin obsolete. PETALS obovate, with an
inflexed point. Fruir oblong, contracted at the sides;
carpels equally 5-ribbed; vitte very slender, one in each
interstice, and one under each rib.— A perennial smooth herb,
with thin 3-parted lobed and toothed leaves; no involucre,
JSew-leaved involucels, compound unrbels with very unequal
rays, and white flowers.
C. CanaDENSE, DC. Cunadian Honewort.
Leaflets rhomboid-ovate, distinct, entire or 2 to Slebed, doubly serrate, lateral
ones Oblique at base.
i383 st UMBELLIFERZ.
Rich moist woods. June—Sept. Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, branched above.
Leaflets 3, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 wide. Petioles clasping, 2 to 6 inches long.
Umbels numerous, paniculate, the lower ones rising from the axils of the upper
leaves. Flowers small, white. Fruit oblong beaked with the persistent style.
13. ARCHEMORA. DC. CowBane.
A fanciful name given by DeCandolle in allusion to Archemarus, who is said to
have died from eating parsley.
CALYX 5-toothed. PrTALs obcordate, inflexed. Frurr
oval, with a broad winged margin; carpels with 5 sub-keeled
equi-distant filiform ribs; vt one in each interstice, and
4 to 6 on the inner face.—Smooth perennials, with rigid
leaves, of 3 to 9 linear or lanceolate leaflets; scarcely any
tnvolucre; involucels of numerous small leaflets, and white
flowers. |
A. rigIDA, DC. Rigid Cowbane.
Stem rigid, striate, erect; leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3 to 9, varying from
lanceolate to ovate oblong, entire, or remotely toothed, in Var. amBIGvA, linear, long
and narrow.
Swamps; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 4feet high, slender. Leaflets 2 to 4 by
14 to 34 inches, varying in outline. Umbels 2 to 3, of many slencer rays. Petals
white. Fruit with sub-equal greenish ribs, and large purple vittz filling the
interyals. Poisonous.
14. BUPLEURUM. Tourn. THorRovuGH WAx.
Gr. bows, an ox, pleuron, a rib; it is uncertain why so called.
.
CALYX-TEETH obsolete. PETALS somewhat orbicular,
entire, with a closely inflexed point. Fruit ovate-oblong,
laterally flattened, or somewhat terminal; carpels 5-ribbed,
with or without vittee.— Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with
simple entire leaves; various involucres, and yellow flowers.
B. RoTUNDIFOLIUM, L. Modesty Thorough Wax.
Leaves roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate; involucre none; involucels of 5, ovate,
mucronate bracts. ,
In cultivated grounds; escaped from gardens. Annual. July, Aug. Stem 10
to 15 inches high, branching. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, 34 as wide, rounded at
base, acute at apex, very smooth. Jnvolucels longer than the umbellets. Umbels
6 to 9-rayed. Frutt crowned with the wax-like shining base of the styles. Carpels
mostly without vittz.
CULTIVATED EXOTICS.
15. CARUM. Linn. CARAWAY.
From Caria, the native country of the plant.
CaLYX-MARGIN obsolete. Pzras obovate, emarginate,
the point inflexed. Sryuxs dilated at base, spreading. Frurz
UMBELLIFER. . 189
oval, laterally compressed; carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ribs mar-
gined; intervals with single vittae—AHerbs with dissected
leanes, perfect umbels, various involucres, and white lowers.
~€. Carvi, L. Caraway.
Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, smooth, striate. Zeaves somewhat bipinnatifid,
with numerous linear segments, lower ones large, on long petioles, with tumid,
clasping sheaths. Umbels on iong peduncles; involucrate bract when present
linear-lanceolate. Nativeof Europe. Cultivated for its fine aromatic fruit.
16. APIUM. Linn.
Celtic apon, water; the plants grow in watery situations.
CALYX-MARGIN obsolete. PrrTats roundish, with a small
or narow inflexed point. [ruir roundish, laterally com-
pressed ; carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with single vittze.—
European herbs, with pinnately ly dissected leaves; perfect umbels
and white flowers.
J. A. GRAvEoLENS, L. Celery.
Lower leaves pinnately dissected, on very long petioles, segments broad wedge-
shaped, incised; upper leaves 3-parted, segments wedge-shaped, lobed and incisely
dentate atapex. Stem 2to3 feet high, branching: furrowed. Umbels with unequal
spreading rays. Native of Britain. The stems when blanched are used as a sallag.
dune, Aug.
2. A. PETROSELINUM, Willd. Farsley.
Leaves decompound, segments of the lower ones wedge-ovate, terminal ones trifid,
ell incised; cawline segments lance-linear, sub-entire; involucels of 3 to 5 subulate
bracts. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Leaies smooth and shining. June.
Wative of Sardinia and Greece. Estcemed as a pot herb.
17. -PIMPINELLA. Linn. AnNIsE.
CaLyxX-Lims obsolete. Prraus chcordate, somewhat un-
equal. Sryzes capillary as long ¢s fruit. FRuitT ovate,
ribbed, with convex intervals.—H.ropean perennial herbs,
with pinnately many-parted leaves, compound umbels without
envolucres, and white flowers.
P. Anisum, L.. Anise.
Radical leaves incisely trifid; those of the stem many-cleft, with narrow-linear
segments, smcoth and shining. Umlbels large, rany-rayed. Native of Egypt. &
well known aromatic carminative of the garden.
18. F@INICULEM. Acans. Fenner.
Lat. diminutive of fenum, hay; from the resemblance of its odor.
Oaryx-MARGIN obsolete. Pxrars revolute, with a broad,
a9 . UMBELLIFERE.
retuse apex. Fruit elliptic-oblong, laterally sub-compress-
ed; -carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, those of the margin a little
broader; intervals with single vittze— Autumnal herbs, with
biternately dissected leaves, no involucre or involueels, perfect
umbels, and yellow flowers. .
F. vuncare, Gart. (Anethum, Willd.) Fennel.
Leaves biternately dissected, segments linear subulate, elongated ; rays of the
umbel numerous, unequal, spreading; carpels turgid, ovate oblong. Native of
England. Cultivated in gardens.. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, round and smooth,
branched. TZeaves large and smooth, finely cleft into numerous very narrow seg-~
ments. Seeds warmly aromatic.
Sunp-orDER II. CAMPYLOSPERM 2.
Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins involute.
19. CHAROPHYLLUM, Linn.
Gr. katro, to gladden, and “iain leaf; alluding to the agreeable odor of the
eaves.
CALYX-TEETH obsolete. PETALS obovate, emarginate,
point inflexed. Fruit laterally compressed, linear or oblong;
carpels with 5 obtuse equal ribs, inner face deeply furrowed
lengthwise, intervals with single vittee.— Annual or biennial
plants, with bi or tri-ternate leaves, incisely cleft or toothed
segments, no involucre, many-leaved involucels, and mostly
white flowers.
C. PROCUMBENS, Lam. Wild Chervil.
Stems slender, spreading, somewhat hairy; segments of the leaves pinnatifid,
with obtuse oblong leaflets; wmbels diffuse, few-flowered, often simple.
Moist shady places; not common. May. Stems 1to2 feetlong. Umbels quite
trregular, often with leaves in the place of the involucre. Flowers white.
20. OSMORHIZA. Raf. Cretzry.
Gr. osma, a scent, and riza, a root; in allusion to the aromatic root.
CALYX-TEETH obsolete. PrrTats oblong, nearly entire,
the sharp straight point inflexed. Fruit linear-oblong,
angled, attenuated at base, contracted at the sides, crowned
with the styles; carpels with hisped angles and 5 acute ribs,
inner face with a deep bristly channel; vitte none.—Peren-
nials, with thick aromatic roots, large 2 10 3- ternately compound
leaves, few-leaved involucre and involucels, and white flowers.
1. QO. toneistytis, DC. Sweet Cicily. Sweet Myrrh.
Leaflets sparingly pubescent or smooth when old, short pointed, cut-toothed,
evmotimes me styles slender, nearly as long as the ovary.
UMBELLIFERZ. ‘145
Rich moist woods; common. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching,
purplish, nearly smooth, striate. Zeaves mostly bi-ternate, those of the root on
long petioles; leaflets oblong ovate. lowers white, much larger than in the next.
Fruit blackish, one inch in length, crowned with the persistent styles.. Root with:
the flavor of anise.
2. O. BRevistyLis, DC. WShort-styled Cicily.
Leaflets pinnatifid cut, acuminate, downy-hairy; styles conical, not longer thar:
the breadth of the ovary; fruit somewhat tapering at the summit.
Moist rocky shady places; commoner-than the last. May, June. Sfem about 2’
feet high, branching, pale-green, at. length smooth. Leaves bi-ternate; leaflets:
incised, often pinnatifid. Frwit similar to the last, but crowned with convergent
styles. Root nearly tasteless, said to be poisonous.
91.. CONIUM. Linn. Porson HEMLOCK.
Konicon, the Greek name of the Hemlock by which criminals and philosophers:
were put to. death at Athens.
CALYX-TEETH obsolete. PrrTaxs obcordate, with an acute
inflected point. Wruir ovate, flattened at the sides; the car=
pels with 5 prominent waving ribs; inner face with a deep
narrow groove; vittce none.—Lrennial poisonous herbs, with
large ob-compound leaves, 3 to 5-leaved involucres and mvolu-~
cels, and white flowers.
C. macunatuM, L. Potson Hemlock.
Stem spotted ; leaves tri-pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid; involucels shorter:
than the umbellets; fruit smooth.
Waste places, naturalized along Chillisquaque creek, Montour county. A large-
branching herb, about 4 feet hich, very smcoth. Stem much branched, round,
hollow, with purplish spots. Zower leaves very large, bright green, on long
sheathing foot-stalks. Umbels terminal, the involucre with 5 to 8 lanceolate bracts,.
the myolucels with the inner half wanting. + lowers small, white. Whole plant
highly poisonous; fetid when bruised.
Suzp-ornpEerR [II CQLOSPERM 2.
Seeds incurved at base and apex.
22. HRIGENIA. Nutt.
Greek erigencia, a name of Aurora, the harbinger of day, or of the spring; om
account of its being the first conspicuous flowering plantin the U. 8. Nuté&
CALYX-TEETH inconspicuous. PETALS obovate or spata-
late, flat, entire. Fruit somewhat laterally compressed,
reniform or termined with 5 very slender acute bristly ribs.—
A smooth and slend-r perennial, with 2 to 3 ternately divided
leaves, a somewhat leafy bracted compound umbel, with white
flowers.
E. suiposa, Nutt. Bulbous Erigenia.
Alluvial soil; Western part of the State. March, April. Root globose, tuberous.
Stem simple, 4 to 5 inches high, 2-leaved. Leaves 3-parted; divisions sub-pinnate,
Umbels terminal, 3 to 5-flowered. Flowers white.
cig. too ee
ek ey ee
me Me a eT
ARALIACEER.
23. CORIANDRUM.
Gr. koris, a bug; on account of the smell of the leaves.
CaLyx with 5 conspicuous teeth. Prrats obcordate,
inflexed at the point; those of the outer flowers radiate,
bifid. Frurr globose; carpels cohering, with 5 depressed
primary ribs, and 4 secondary, more prominent ones; seeds
concave on the face.— Smooth annuals with bi-pinnate leaves;
envolucre one-leaved or none, involucels 3-leaved, unilaieral,
and white flowers. . ‘
C. sativum, L. Coriander. c
Leajicts on the lower leaves broad, wedge-shaped, upper with linear ones; carpels
hemispherical. A well known plant, cultivated chiefiy for its aromatic seeds.
Native of Europe. Stem 2 feet high. Leaves much divided, strong scented. Um-
dels with only the partial involucre.. Flowers white. July.
OrnprR-52. ARALIACEER, .
Trees, herbs or shrubs, with the habit of the Umbellifere, but with usually 5 to 10
flat petals, 5 to 10 stamens, 2 to 5 styles, and the fruit 2 to 3-celled drupes. '
1. ARALIA. Linn. SprKenarp.
CALYX with the margin very short, 5-toothed. Prrats,
STAMENS and PISTILS 5.. Fruir a berry-like drupe, 3 to
5-celled, 5-seeded, crowned with the remains of the calyx
and styles.— Low trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with large
2 to 3-ternately or pinnately compound leaves, and panicled
umbels of greenish-white flowers.
1. A. nupicauuis, L. Wild Sarsaparilla.
Herbaceous, smooth; stem very short: leaf solitary, decompounds leaflets oblonz-
ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each division; scape naked, bearing 3 umbels.
Moist rocky woods; common. May, June. Roo! large, fleshy and aromatic,
running under ground several feet in length, from which arises a single leaf-stalk
end scape, without a proper stem. Scape about 1 feet high, with 3 simple umbels
of greenish flowers,
2. A. RACEMOSA, L. Spikenard.
Herbaceous; stem widely branched, leafy; leaves decompound; leaflets heart-
ovate, doubly serrate pointed, slightly downy; wmbels small, very numerous.
Rich rocky woods. June, July. Roots large, spicy, aromatic. Stem 2 to 5 feet
high, dark green or reddish. The leaf-stalks are 3-parted, each, division of which
bears 3 or 5 large leaflets. lowers greenish-white, in panicles 4 to 8 inches long.
3. A. HISPIDA, Michx. - Bristly Sarsaparilla.
Stem shrubby at base, hispid; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong ovate, acute,
ent-serrate; wmbels on long peduncles, axillary.and terminal. ’ ,
Rocky places. June—Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, the lower part woody and
_@ickly beset with sharp stiff bristles, the upper part branching, herbaceous.
- - ~ ARALIACERZ:. 148
yjlets numerous, long. Umbels numerous, simple, globose. Flowers greenish-
hite. Fruit blackish, nauseous to the taste.
4. A. sprnosa, L. Angelica Tree.
Arborescent; sfemand petioles prickly ; leaves large, 2 to 3-pinnate; leaflets ovate,
inted, serrate, sessile, glaucous beneath; umbels in a branched panicle, nu-
merous.
Damp woods, Southern parts of the State. Cultivated. July, Aug. A small
ree 8 to 12 feet high, (sometimes 20 to 40,) the leaves crowded near the summit.
Flowers white, in very large terminal panicles. The bark is said to be emetic and
eaihartic.
*
2. PANAX. Linn. GINSENG.
Gr. pan, and a%os, a medicine, i.e. a panacea, or a universal remedy.
FLowers polygamous. CALYX-TEETH obsolete. PETALS
and STAMENS 5). Sryues 2 to3. FHruit a 2 to 3-lobed, 2
to 3-celled, and 2 to 3-seeded drupe, often fleshy.—Ferennial
herbs or shrubs, with palmately compound leaves, (in our spe-
eles 3 stem leaves in a whorl,) and whitish flowers in a single
simple wumbel on long peduncles.
1. P. trirotium, L. Dwarf Ginseng. Ground-nut.
fast slobular; leaves 3-verticillate, 3 to 5-foliate; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, ser-
rate, sub-sessile; styles 3; berries 3-seeded.
Low moist woods; common. May. A neat little plant 4 to 8 inches high witha
tuber deep inthe ground. S‘em smooth, slender, simple. eaves 3, in a whor! at
the summit, compound, with a central peduncle terminating in a little umbel of
pure white flowers. Barren and fertile flowerson different plants, the latter with-
ous stamens succeeded by green berries.
2. P. QuinquEronLium, L.- Ginseng.
Root fusiform; leaves 3, verticillate, &-foliate; leuficfs oblong-ovate, pointed,
serrate, long-petioled, the lateral ones smaller; peduncics shorter than the petioles;
siyles 2; fruit fiuitened; seeds 2.
Rich woods and mountain sides; not common. June, July. oot spindle
shaped, 5 to 6 inches !ong, often forked, aromatic. Stem round, smooth, about 1
foot high, with a terminal whorl of 3 compound leaves, and a central peduncle
bearing a single umbel of yellowish flowers. Services light-scarlet. The root is
highly esteemed by the Chinese and Tartars for its supposed medical properties.
o. HEDERA. Linn. Ivy.
Celiic hedra, a cord; from the vine-like habit.
Catyx 5-toothed. Prtats 5, dilated at the base. Berry
5-szeeded, surrounded by the permanent calyx.—Luropean
shrubby, climbing or erect plants, with simple evergrecn leaves,
and greenish flowers.
H. wevix, L. Lnglish Ivy.
Stem and branches long and fiexible, attached te tke earth trees or walls by its
numerous radicating fibres; leaves dark green, smooth; with white veins, petiolate;
lower ones 5-lobed, upper ovate, flowers in numerous umbels, forming a corymb3
berry black, with a mealy pulp. Native of Britain. Cultivated.
y44 CORNACEZ
Orper 53. CORN ACEH, }
Low trees, shrubs or rarely herbaceous plants, with simple mostly opposite and
- entire leaves. CALYX SEPALS adherent to'the ovary, with the limb minute, 4 or
5-toothed or lobed. _Prtats 4 or 5 dictinct, alternate with the teeth of the ealyx.
STAMENS 4; STYLE single; STIGMA capitate; ovARY 1 to 2-celled, with a single ana-
tropous ovule suspended from the apex of each eell, and fruit a gloBose 2-celled |
_ and 2-seeded drupe.
lL. CORNUS. “Fearne PY
‘Lat. -cornu, a horn; on account of the hardness of the wood.
CALYX minutely 4-toothed. Pzrats 4, oblong, spreading,
fessile. Stamens 4. Styte 1. Drupgs berry-like, sepa-
rate.— Trees, shrubs or perennia! herbs, with mostly opposite
entire leaves, and white or whitish flowers in cymes, ‘often
involucrate. Bark bitter and tonic.
2 igege capitate, surrounded by a petal-like 4-leaved white trvolucre; fruit oe
rea.
1. C. Canapensis, L. Dwar ‘f Dogwood.
Herbaceous; stem low and simple; lower leaves smali, upper ones whorled, veiny,
-on short petioles, ovate or oval, pointed; leaves of the involucre ovate.
Damp cold woods. May—July. A ‘handsome little plant 5 to 7 inches hich,
arising from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody rhizoma, with
1 to 2 pairs of opposite leaves and a whorl of 4to6at the summit, 2 of which
are large, placed a little lower and opposite. lowers greenish, surrounded with
a large showy involucre of 4 white leaves, sometimes mistaken for a single fiower.
2. C. Ftoripa, L.. Flowering Dogwood.
Arborescent; Icaves ovate, pointed, Cowny beneath when young; lcaves of the
4mvolucre inversely heart-shaped; jlowers and fruit im a-close head.
‘Rocky wocds; common. May, June. A tree 15 to 20 feet high, very phowy i in
flower. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish-yellow. Involucre very lar ce and showy,
obovate, veiny, white, ending in a callous point, which is turned up or down so
abruptly as to give an emarginate appearance to the leaf. Berries red, very showy
= Flowers in cymes: tnvolucre none; shrubs.
3. C. crrctnata, L’Her. _Round-leaved Dogwood.
Branches warty-dotted; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, white, downy
beneath; cymes crowded, depressed; drwpe globose.
Banks of streams. June, July. Shrub 6 to 10 feet ‘high. Stem greyish, upright,
with opposite, round, green, spotted or warty branches. Leaves large, 4 to 5 inches
in diameter, opposite, somewhat acuminate. Flowers white. Jerries light-blue,
‘hollowed at base, crowned with the remains of the style.
4. ©. sertcra, L. Red Oster. Silky Dogwood. !
Branches spreading; leaves ovate, acuminate, silk-downy (often rusty) beneath;
cymes fiat, close; calyx-teeth lanceolate; drupe globose.
Wet places, banks of streams; common. June. Shrub 4 to 10 ‘feet high, with
parE bark, and opposite branches end red shoots. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long,
‘44as wide. Flowers yellowish-white. wit pale-blue.
5. C. panrounata, L’Her. Panicled Dogwood. © *
‘Branches erect, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, acuminate, acute at baga,
whitish beneath; cymes convex, loose, often panicled; fruit depressed-globose,
_ CAPRIFOLIACE. 145
Thickets and hillsides. June. Shrub 4 to8 feet high, very much branched,
with a yellowish bark. Zeavessmali, 1 to 2inches long, 14 to 24 as wide. Flowers
profuse, pure. white, in small conical cymes. -Drupes-small, white or bluish.
6. ©. stotontFeRA, Michx. Red- Oster Dogwood.
Stem often with running shoots; branches spreading, smooth; leaves ovate
rounded at base; abruptly acuminate; cymes small, flat, rather crowded; drupe
globose.
Bogs and wet banks of streams. May,;June. A small tree 8 to 10 feet high,
‘with smooth, slender, spreading bran¢hes, which are mostly red in winter. It
‘multiplies by prostrate running suckers which send up red shoots forming large
clumps 3 to feet high. Leaves distinctly veined, minutely pubescent, and whitish
‘beneath, petiolate. Flowers white, in small cymes. Drupe small or lead colored.
7. C. aurernirouia, L. -Alternate-leaved ‘Dogwood.
Leaves alternate, oval, long-pointed, acute at the ~base, whitish and minutely
*pubescent underneath ; drupes globose.
_ Hillsides and moist shady woods. June. A small tree or shrub 8 to 20 feet
“high, with spreading one-sided branches forming a depressed summit. Bark
greenish, marked with warty streaks.. Flowers in broad open cymes, pale: buf—
‘color. -Fruit dark-blue.
* -- DIVISION IL.
MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the
fatter composed of petals more or less united (monopetalous.)
Orper 54. CAPRIFOLIACEE..— Aoney-suckle Plants.
Shrubs or rarely herbs, often twining, with opposite leaves, no stipules, the CALYX
TUBE coherent with the 2 to 5-celled ovary. CoroLiA tubular or rotate, regular or
irregular. STAMENS as many; or one less than as many, as the lobes of the corolla,
‘and inserted on its tube. SryLEs:1; stigma 1 to 4. FRuiIT a berry, drupe, or
«capsule.
‘Tripe 1. LONICEREZ.
‘Corolla tubular, often irregularly cleft; style slendex; stigma capitate.
1. LONICERA. Linn.
In honor of Lonicer, a German botanist of the 16th century.
CaLyx 5-toothed; tecth very short. Corona tubular or
funnel-form, often swelled at the base, irregularly or nearly
regularly 5-lobed. STAMENS 5. Ovary 2 to 3-celled. Srie-
MA capitate. Berry several seeded.—Climbing or erect
shrubs, with opposite and often connate entire leaves, and often
showy, fragrant flowers.
* CapRIFoLIUM. - Stem climbing; flowers in sessile «whorted clusters from the axils
of the leaves. : .
m4
146 . CAPRIFOLIACE A.
1. L. SEMPERVIRENS, Ait. Trumpet Honey-suckle.
Leaves oblong evergreen, pale beneath, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs
united a ound the stem; Jlowers in nearly naked spikes or distant whorls.
Borders of swamps; common in cultivation. May—Oct. A beautiful clifaber
blooming all summer. Stem 6 to 20 feet long, woody, twining with the sun.
Leaves deciduous at the north. Corolla trumpet-shaped, nearly 2 inches long,
dilated at the mouth, with 5 short, nearly regular segments, of a rich scarlet with-
out and yellow within. A variety has pale yellow blossoms. Berries scarlet.
2. L. grata, Ait. American Woodbine. u
Leaves obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united; ‘koa in
sessile, terminal and axillary whorls; corolla ringent, tube long, Ss slender, not
swelled.
Rocky woodlands. May, June. A beautiful climber with very obtuse ‘cates
ending in an abrupt point, opposite or in whorls of 3. Flowers large and very
fragrant, 5 or 6in each whorl. Corolla white, within a purple, fading shiieaioion
Berries red. Cuitivaied.
3. L. parvirnora, Lam. - Small flomerce Honey. )
Leaves smooth, elliptical or oblong, shining above, glaucous beneath
pairs united, all closely sessile; flowers in heads of several approxin
corolla ringent; tube short, swelled at the base; filaments bearded.
Rocky banks; common. May, June. <A low branching species. Lean }
Wavy and revolute onthe margin, very glaucous beneath. Flowers sm
tinged with dull red. Stamens and styles exserted. Berries orange-colored.
gb
4. L. PeRichyMENuM, Tourn. . Woodbine Hone sue
mai elliptical, on short notteles: deciduous. lowers in ovate imbricated
terminal hess? corolla ringent, yellow and red, fragrant. Berries red. May—=
July. <A woody "climber, native of Hurope. Cultivated.
5. LL. Caprirorium, L. _ ltalian Honey-suckle.
Leaves deciduous, the upper pair united. Plowersina terminal verticel, yellow,
red and white. Much admired for its beauty and fragrance. Native of Europe.
dJune—Aug, Cultivated. 4
*% Xynosteum, Juss. Stem erect; leaves distinct; peduncles axillary, single,
2-bracted and 2-flowered at the summit. é
6. L. crrata, Muhl. Fly Honey-suckle. ’
Leaves oblong-ovate, often cordate, distinctly petioled, thin, downy beneath;
peduncles shorter than the leaves; bracts minute; cara funnel-form, swelled at
the base.
Rocky woods, ees parts of the State. -May,June. A branching erect shrub
8 to 4 feet high. Flowers pale straw-yeHow, in pairs, at the top of the peduncle,
with an obtuse spur turned outwards ai the base. Berries ovoid, red, in pairs.)
d. L. Tarrarica, L. TYartartan Honey-suckle.
Stems erect, much branched ; leaves ovate, cordate, obtuse, shining and dark-
green above, pale beneath, entire, on short petioles; peduncles axillary, solitary,
2-flowered; segments of the corolla oblong, obtuse, equal. An elegant shrub
much admired in cultivation. Native of Russia and Tartary. Stents 4 to 8 feet
high, forming large clumps. Leaves 1 to 2by 3% to1l4 inches, coriacious. Mlowerg
small, pale-purple, varying to pure white, very fragrant. May—June,
2. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Bus Honry-sUcKLE.
In honor of J. Dierville, who sent this species from Ca to Tournelaes :
CALYX-TUBE tapering ai the summit; the (obes slender,
CAPRIFOLIACER. 147
awl-shaped, persistent. Coroiua funnel-form, 5-lobed, nearly
regular. STAMENS 5. CAPSULE oblong, acute, 2-celled,
2-val¥ed, septicidal, many-seeded.— Low upright shrubs, with
opposite, ovaie, serrate pointed leaves, and yellowish flowers
an cymosely-several-flowered peduneles.
D. rriripA, Meench. Bush Honey-suckle.
Eeaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, petioled; peduncles mostly 2-flowered; capsede
_ long-beaked. -
Rocky woods and banks of streams. May—July. Stem.1 to 3 feet high,
branching. Leaves 2 to 4 by 1 to 1% inches, finely serrate, long-pointed. Flowers
greenish-yellow. Style much exserted. Stigma capitate.
; ' 3. TRIOSTEUM. Linn.
Gr. treis, three, and ostcon, a bone; alluding to thethree bony seeds.
ALYX-LOBES 5, linear-lanceolaie, leaflike, persistent.
{ORLA tubular, swelled at the base, somewhat equally 5
searcely longer than ibe calyx. Sramens 5, included.
STIGMA capitate, lobed. Frvuira drupe, mostly 3-celled,
erowned with the calyx, containing 3 angled and ribbed,
bony nuts.—Coarse hairy perennial herbs, with the stem
leafy to the top, and the ample entire pointed leaves tapering
to the base, but connate around the stem.
1. T PERFOLIATUM, I. Feverwort.
Softly hairy; leaves oyal or spatulate-ovate, acuminate, entire, abruptly nar-
rowed at the base, crenate, downy beneath; jlowers sessile, 1 to 3 in the axils of
_ the leaves.
Rich woodlands. June. Sfem2to4feet high. Zeaves6 by 3 inches. Fruit a
rather dry drupe, orange-colored. The root is large and fieshy, and in some repute
~ in medicine.
2. 'F. aneustirotium, L. Narrow-leaved Feverwort.
Bristly hairy ;-leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base; flowers mostly solitary in
the axils, sessile or pedunculate.
Shady places, along fences. May, June. Stemi to2feet high. Flowers green-
ish-cream-color, mostly singly clustered in the axils of the leaves.
ot
; A. SYMPHORICARPUS. Dill.
_ Gr. symphoreo, to bear together, and carpus, fruit; from the clustered berries.,
CALYX-TUBE 4 to 5-toothed; persistent; teeth small. Co-
ROLLA bell-shaped, nearly regularly 4 to 5-lobed. SramMEns
4 to 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Ovary
_ A-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule; the berry
erefore 4-celled and 2-seeded. SxrxEDs long.—Low and
aching wpright shrubs, with oval shortly petioled leaves,
d small white flowers tinged with rose-color, in close shoré
ATU
spikes or clusters.,
Rk i ee ae
;
148 CAPRIFOLIACEZ..
1. §. vunearis, Michx. Indian Currant.. Coral-berry..
Leaves round-oval; flowers: in small spikes or clusters in the axils-of nearly all
the leaves; corolla sparingly bearded.
Banks of streams. July. Stem-2 to-3 feet high, with numerous purplish:
branches. Corolla greenish-red, companulate, lobes nearly. smooth; stamens and:
bearded style included. Berries small, purplish:
2. §. raceMosus, Michx. Sica bealg
Leaves oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler-
beneath, on short petioles; flowers in a terminal loose and somewhat leafy inter-
rupted spike.
Cultivated; native from-Lake Champlain to. Wisconsin. June, Soph Stem 2 to-
4 feet high. "Corolla rose-color, the throat:filled with hairs. Berries large, round:
or oyoid, of a snowy white, remaining till winter, very ornamental. -
5.. LINN AAA. G-ron:.
in honor of Jinneus; tle most profound Risturalicts ancient or modera, ' h:
whom this charming little plant was an especial fayorite.- at
CALYX-TEETH 5, awl-shaped, deciduous.
row, bell-shaped, nearly equally 5-lebed. Sz.
them shorter, inserted near the base of the €0 rolla. oma
3-celled, 1-ovuled, (2 cells abortive,) forming a 1-seeded dry.
berry.—A slender creeping and trailing evergreen, with
round-oval leaves and delicate nodding flowers, widely dis-
meeeenaied through the northern temperate zone. oS
L. BoREALIS, Gron. Twin-flower. :
Stem slender, creeping and trailing; leaves round-oval, sparingly crenate, con--
tracted at the base into short petioles; peduncles filiform, forking into 2 pedicels
at the top, each bearing one flower.
FS Moist mossy woods; common northward. June. Stems long, filiform, brownish,
| rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in large
patches. Leaves small, opposite, with obtuse lobes or teeth and scattered hairs..
Flowers nodding, delicate and fragrant, rose-colored.
TrisE 2. SAMBUCEZ. Tue Exper Trise.
Corolla regular, rotate; stigmas 3 to 5, nearly sessile...
j 6. SAMBUCUS. Tourn. Exper.
Gr. sambuca,.an ancient musical instrument, supposed to have been made of
Elder-wood.. . .
he _ broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Sramuns 5. STIGMAS 3,.
- ~ obtuse, small, sessile. Fruit a. berry-like juicy drupe, con-
a taining 3 seeds. —S hrubby plants, with pinno e leaves, ee
) pointed leaflets, and numerous small white flowers in com~
{ pound cymes. . 5 + # |
| ’
|
i
| Catyx small, 5-parted. CorRoLLA utri-slinpedt atl &
CAPRIFOLIACE.®. 149:
I. S. Canapensts, L. Common Eider. . ,
Stems scarcely woedy; leaflets 7 to 11, oblong, smooth, the lower often 3-parted;
_eymes flat, 5-parted..
Thickets and waste grounds; common. May, June. Stem 5 to 10. feet high,
filled with a light porous pith, especially when young. Flowers numerous, in
very large (1 foot broad) level-topped cymes, white, rather fragrant. Berries dark
purple or black.. : "i
2. §. puBENs, Michx. Red-berried Elder.
Stems woody; leaflets 5 to 7, oyaezameeciate, downy beneath; cymes panicled,
sonvex-pyramidal..
Rocky woods. June, July. Stem 6 to 8semetimes 15 feet high, warty, often
round-topped and tree-like. Zeaves simple and unequally pinnate. Flowers ina
elose ovoid thyrse or panicle. Cerolla white. Berries small, scarlet.
7%. VIBURNUM.. Linn.
< 5-toothed, persistent. Coronya rotate, spreading,
ly 5-toothed. SrA MENS 5, equal. Sriamas 3, sessile.
“Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe with thin pulp and a hard
~ flattened stone.—S hrubs or small trees, with petioled leaves,
Shes
aud white Homers in flat compound cymes.
* 1, LENTAGO, DC. ' Flowers all alike and perfect ; fruit blue or black when. ripe,
glaucous.
Leaves serrate or toothed, entire:
~~ Branches eading, smooth; leaves broadly.oval, obtuse at both ends, finely and —
sharply serrate, shining above, smooth; petioles naked; cymes sessile ; Fruit ovoid=
oeblong. ke
Woods; common., May. A shrub or small tree 10 to 20 feet high, with spread-
ing, sometimes stinted branches. Leaves about 2 inches long, 1% wide, on short,
glizhtly margined petioles. Soo arge, terminal, sessile... PYlowers white. Fruié
dark-blue or “blackish, sweet and eatable.
2. V. nupuM, L. Withe Rod. Swamp Haw.
Leaves thickish, oyal, oblong or lanceolate, revolute at the edge, sud-crenate;
att
cyme short. peduneled; fruit round-ovoid.
Cold swamps} common. May, June. A handsome shrub 6 to 10 feet high.
Leaves 3 to 4:imehes long, punctate-lotted beneath like the short petioles and’
eymes, with small brownish scales, smooth above, the margin more or legs rolled,
z iouers numerous, white. Berries dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom,
eatable.
3. V. Lenraco, L. Sweet Viburnum.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, acutely and sharply serrate; petioles with wavy mar-
gins; cymes terminal, sessile; fruzt oval.
Rocky woods. May, June. A small handsome tree 10 to:20 feet high. Leaves
etioles midribs and branches of the tyme sprinkled “with rusty glands when —
ei in broad spreading cymes. Berries 74 inch long, blue--
1. Ve rrunivonium, L. Black Haw. a
smooth, long-acuminate, 3 inches long, 14 as wide, om: long wavy margined petioles.. —
%
T50 RUBIACEZ.
Damp grounds, rather common. June. Shrub 8 to 12 feet. high, with long,
straight, slender branches when young, and ash-colored bark. Leaves on slender
petioles, roundish, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, strongly straight-veined, and often
with hairy tufts in the axils of the veins beneath. Flowers white, in large expand-
ing cymes. Fruit small, dark-blue.
5. V. PpuBESCENS, Pursh. Downy heepiibeed
Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or. r. pointed, rarely toothed, sub-plicate; cymes
peduncled; fruzt ovoid:
Dry rocky places; rare. June. Shrub about 2 to 6 feet tick ensenten strag-
gling. eaves 2 inches long, strongly straight-veined, each with a pair of short,
hairy, stipular appendages at the base of the short petiole. -The lower sunface and
petioles velvety-downy. Cymessmall, few-flowered. Flowers white..
Leaves lobed or incised.
6. V. acerirotium, L. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood.
Leaves 3-lobed, cordate at the base, coarsely and unequally toothed; cymes on
long peduncles, many-flowered; fruit oval.. “
Rocky hilisides. June. A shrub4to 8 feet high, with yellowish-green bark. —
Leaves broad, heart-shaped, or rounded at the base; lobes: acuminate, with sharp
serratures; veins and. stalks hairy; under surface and young stalks downy.
Flewers white, with a slight tinge of red; filaments long. Fruit nearly black.
* * OpuLus, Tourn. Marginal flowers of the cymes @estitute of a and
with large showy corollas.
7. V. LANTANOIDES, Michx. Hobble-bush.
Leaves round ovate, abruptly pointed, closely serrate; cymes closely pani 2
broad and fiat; fruzt ovoid.
y Rocky woods, near streams. May. A shaper shrub 4 to 8 feet hizh, the
decumbent branches often taking root. Leaves heart-shaped at the base, many-
veined, the veins, veinlets, stalks and- branchlets very scurfy with rusty colored
tufts of minute down. lowers white, the sterile ones very large. rut red,
when ripe, black.
8. V. Oputus, L.- Cranberry-tree.
Leaves 3-lobed, wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, 3. nerved; lobes spreading,
pointed, toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles glandular; cymes pedun-
cled, radient; fru ovoid.
4 Woods; rare. June. A handsome shrub 8 to 12 feet high, with spreading
r branches. Leaves with large remote teeth, the stalls with 2 or more glands at the
}
4€
base, channelled above. Flowers, white, the central fertile, those of the border
large, barren. Fruit red, very acid, reSembling the comaon cranberry in flayer,
and is sometimes substituted for it. 4
Var. b..nosEUM, L. Gueldcr Rose. Snow-bail. Leaves rat er acute at base, longer
than broad, lobes acuminate, with long pointed teeth; petioles glandular; flowers
all sterile in globose cymes.. This is a "well known European variety, cultivated
for its large, dense spherical clusters of snow-white flowers, which are all barren.
OrDER 55. RUBIACEE:: —Madder Family.
Shrubs or lerbs, with opie: entire Teaves rey by interposed stipules, ov
varely whorled without apparent siipules.. Catyx usually coherent with the 2 (rarely
8 to 4)-celled ovary, or in one group, free. STAMENS as many as the lobes of the
regular corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovary 2-celled. ST¥LE ne simple;
stigmas 2. FRuIT. various.
RUBIACER, 151
Sus-orper I. STELLATA. Tux TRUE MADDER FaMILy.
Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules ; ovary 2-celled, entirely coherent aan
the calyx-tube. Herbs.
I. GALIUM. Linn. CrLEAVERS:
Gr. gala, milk, which some species are used to curdle.
CaLyx minute, 4-toothed. CoroLtta 4-parted, rotate.
STaMENS 4, short. Srytes 2. FRuit twin, globular, sepa-
rating when ripe into the 1 seed-like indehiscent, I-seeded
earpels— Slender herbs, with 4-angled stems, verticellate
leaves, and small cymose fiowers.
* Annual: leaves about 8, in a whorl; peduneles few-flowered:
‘ 1. G..Aparine, L. Cleavers. Goose-grass:
Siem weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly, hairy at the joints; leaves in whoris
6s, 7s or 8s, linear-oblancecolate, mucronate; peduncles axillary, 1 to 2-flowered;
fruit bristly, with hooked prickles.
Moist thickets. June. Stems 2 to.6 feet long. leaning on other plants and closely
adhering to objc m their way by their hooked prickles. Leaves 1 to 2 inches
Jong, 14 wide, rough on the margins and midribs. Flowers numerous; small,
white. #ruitrather large, armed with hooked prickles. The root is sometimes
used to-dye red. Medicinal.
#% Perennial: leaves 4 to 6, and sometimes 8 in a whorl; peduncles axtilarz and
terminal, few flowered ; fruit smooth. ‘
2. G: ASPRELLUM, Michx.- Rough Bedstraw.
Janceolate, acuminate or cuspidate; peduncles many, short, 2 to 3 times forked.
Low thickets; common. July. Stém weak, 2 to5 feet long, reclining on other
plants, and closcly adhering to them by ther minute retrorse prickles. Leaves 4
smooth:
3. G. TRIFIDUM, L. Small Bedstraw. Dyers Cleavers.
Stem decumbent, very branching; roughish with retrerse prickles; leaves in whor!s
of 4 to 6. iinear or oblanceolate, obtuse, the margins and midribs rough; peduncles
1 to 3-flowered: pedicels slender ; ccrolla-lobes and stamens often 3.
Var. 1. Tixcrorium; stem stouter with nearly smooth angles, and the parts of the
flowers usually in fours: —
Var. 2. LATIFOLIUM; tem smocth, widely branched; Jeaves elliptical or oblong,
quite rough on the midribs and margins.
Swamps and low grounds; common. ard very variable. June—Aug. Leaves 14
to 44 inch lore, 4 as wide, often wedge-shaped at the base. Peduncles mosily in
*8, axillary. lowers small, white.
4. G. rrirtornuM, Miehx. © Sweet-scented Bedstraw.
Stem weak, often procumbent, bristly on the angles, turned backwards; leaves
in 5s and €s, elliptical-lanceolat °, acuminate-cuspidate; peduncles 3-flowered ; flowers
all pedicelled; frwit hisped, with hooked hairs.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 4 as broad, l-veined, scarcely ciliate on the margin.
Flowers small, greenish-white; lobes of the ceroiia pointed. Fruit whitish.
#2* Peduncle several-flowcred ; petals pointed ; fruit densely hooked, prickly..
Siem diffuse, weak, much branched, rough haekwards; leaves in 6s, 5s or 4p,
to 34 inches long, 14 as wide. Flowers numerous, small, white: #rudi mimuie,,
Rich woedlands; common. July. ‘Stem 1 to 4 feet long, slightly branched..
f ay
—— ee re
152 } RUBIACES.
5. G. prLosum, Ait. Hairy Bedstraw.
Stem ascending, somewhat simple, hairy; leaves in 4s, oval, dotted, hairy, indis-
tinctly 3-veined; peduncles séveral' times forked, each division 2 to 3- flowered, the
flowers all pedicelled..
Dry woods; rare. June—Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high acutely 4-angled, with a
few short spreading branches. Leaves 34 tol inch long, 44 as wide, very hairy.
Flowers purplish.
6. G. crrcmzaAns, Michx. Wild Ldquorice. . 3
Stem smooth or downy, erect or ascending; leaves in 4s, oval, mostly obtuse;
3-nerved, ciliate; peduncles lateral.and terminal, diverging, few-flowered.
Var. 1. LANCEOLATUM, Torr.. Zeaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to
the point, slightly ciliate.
Var. 2. MonTANUM, Torr. & Gr.. Dwarf; leaves obovate, nearly smooth..
Rich woods. July, Aug... Stem about 1 foot high, simple, or with a few short
branches near the top.. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 4 as wide. Peduncles usually
ence forked, the branches. elongated and widely diverging in fruit, and bearing
several ovate flowers on very short lateral pedicels. Flowers purple. ’ Fruit clothed:
with dense white bristles resembling Cirezwa. The leayes and root haye a sweet
taste like the liquorice.
#k* * Peduncles many-flowered, in close terminal panicles.
7. G. BoREALE, L. Northern Galium.
Stem upright, smooth; ie A in 4s, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, smooth; aieing
in a terminal, pyramidal panicle; fruit minutely bristly.
Rocky shady places, and fence-rows. June—Aug. Stems 12 to 18 inches high,,
branched above. eaves 1 to 2 inches long, 14 as wide, tapering to an obtuse point..
Flowers numerous, small, white, in an elongated panicle, making rather a hand--
some appearance. “Fruit small.
Sup-orpEer II. CINCHONEA). Tuer CrncHona FAmtity..
- Leaves opposite with stipules between them; ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or the:
apex rar eli Yy Free,
"= 2. CEPHALANTHUS. Linn. Burron-Busu.
‘Gr. kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower.
CaLyx small, angular, inversely pyramidal, 4-cleft. Co-
ROLLA tubular, slender, 4-toothed. Sryze filiform, much
exserted ; stigma capitate. Fruit dry.and hard, 2 to 4-celled,,.
2-seeded, mostly 2-parted.—S hrubs with opposite leaves, short
stipules, and white flowers densely aggregated in globose heads..
I. C. occrpentauis, L. Button-bush. Pond Dogwood..
Mostly smooth; Zeaves opposite, or in 8s, petioled, ovate-oblong, pointed, with
short intervening stipules; peduncles long. ’
Borders of ponds and streams, forming thickets; common. July, Aug. Stem:
4 to 6 feet high, branched. TZeaves spreading, entire, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3.
wide. Heads of flowers about 1 inch in diameter. Corolla white, tubular, with:
long projecting styles. lowers inserted on all sides of the round receptacle.
8. MITCHELLA. Linn. PARTRIDGE-BERRY.
In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, a botanist of Virginia.
FLOWERS in pairs, with their ovaries united. CAL¥x.
RUBIACEZ. 153:
4-toothed. Coroina funnel-form, 4-lobed, the lobes spread-
ing, densely bearded inside. Stamens 4. Sryizs slender ;:
stigmas 4. Frutv a berry-like double drupe, crowned with:
the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each containing 4 small
seed-like bony nutlets—-Smooth and trailing evergreen
herbs, with rose-color flowers, and bright scarlet edible berries:
memaining over winter.
1. M. repens, L. Lartridge-berry.
Stem creeping; leaves roundish-ovate, often slightly cordate, petiolate; pedun-
eles 2-flowered.
Woods; common. June, July. A handsome trailer. Leaves dark-green and
shining, usually variegated with whitish lines. Flowers fragrant. Berries re-
markable for their double structure, well flavored, but full of stony seeds.
4, HEDYOTIS. Linn.
Gr. hedos, sweet, and ous, ofos, an ear, of no obvious application.
Catyx 4-lobed, persistent. CoroxiaA funnel-form, salver=
form, or wheel-shaped, the limb 4-parted. Sramens 4.
Stigmas2. Capsu LE 2-celled, many-seeded.— Herbs, rarely:
shrubs, with opposite leaves and stipules connate with the_petiole..
* Ampuioris, DC. Corolla funnel-shaped, longer than the calyx-teeth; flowers ir
terminal racemes ; perennials.
1. H. purpurea, Torr. & Gray. Purple Hedyotis.
Pubescent; /eaves ovate or lanceolate, 3 to 5-veined, closely sessile; calyx-lobes:
lenger than the capsule, lance-linear; cymes 3 to T-flowered, often clustered.
Woods and river banks.. May—July. Stems ascending,. 8 to 15 inches high,
elustered, branching, 4angled. TZedaves 1 to 2incbes long, 14 as wide. Flowers
3 to 7 in acluster, pink-purple, or nearly white.
2. H. toneirotiA, Hook. Long-leaved Hedyotis.
Smooth;. radical leaves oval-elliptic, narrowed to each end ; stem leaves linear or-
Tance-linear, 1-veined; ficwers in small paniculate cymes; calyz-lobes scarcely ag.
Tong as the capsule.
Dry hills and shady banks. June. Stems somewhat tufted, 5 to 10 inches high,.
4-angled. Leaves 1 to 114 inches long, 144 as wide, sessile on the stem. Flowers:
2 or 3 together, on yery short pedicels, pale purple, with deeper colored lines in:
the throat.
**Houstonta, Linn. Corolla nearly salver-form, with a long tube, limb smooth ;:
peduncles 1-flowered.
8. H. carunta, Hook. Innocence. Venus? Pride.
Smooth; stems erect, numerous, dichtomous; 2:adical leaves ovate-spatulate, petio--
late; pedicels filiform, 1 to 2-flowered.
Moist banks; common. May—Aug. An elegant little plant 3 to 5 inches high,,.
producing in spring a profusion of handsome bright blue flowers, with a yellow
eye. The stem leayes are small, opposite, lance-oyvate..
Sus-orperR Ill LOGANEZA:
Leaves opposite, with stipules between them, united with the petioles; ovary free from.
the calyx..
> ee
354 VALERIANACEA AND DIPSACEZ.
~ 6. SPIGELIA. Linn. PinK-no07..~ af
In honor of Prof. Spigelius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of the ith
cenuaye
CALYx 5-parted, persistent; the lobes slender. Cororra
tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit. SrameEns 5.
STYLE slender, hairy a above. CAPSULE short, twin, 2-celled,
separating at maturity into 2 carpels, few-seeded — Chiefly ly
herbs, with opposite leaves, united by means of — and
showy flowers m spikes or 1-sided cymes.
S. Marranpica, L. Pink-root. Worna-grass.. -
Erect, simple, nearly smooth; stem square; leaves sessile, oval-lanceolate, acute
or pointed, roughish, hairy on the margin and ribs; spike 3-flowered.
Rich woods; rare. June. <A beautiful herb with dark green foliage and scarlet
flowers. Stem 1 foot high. Leaves 5 to 4 inches long, 44 as wide, entire. Flowers
14% to A inches long; somewhat clavate, scarlet without,. yellow within. Style
exserte
Orper 56. VALERIANACER.
Hlerbs with opposite leaves and no stipules; ihe calyx-tube coherent with the ovary.
ConoLtA tubular or funnel-form 4 to. 5-lobed, sometimes spurred at the base.
STamens 1to5. Srytz slender; sticMAs1 to 3. Fruit indehiscent with 1 fertile
cell and 2 empty ones. SzEDS suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and no
albumen. TL
FEDIA. Gert. CoRN-SALAD.
CaLyx with the limb 8 to 6-toothed and persistent or
obsolete. CoroLua tubular, 5-lohed, regular. STAMENS 3.
Fruit 5-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes con-
fluent into one, the other l-seeded.—Annuals and biennials,
with forking stems, opposite sessile leaves, and white or whitish
clustered-cymose small flowers.
F. orirorta, Vahl. Lamb Lettuce.
Leaves spatulate, obtuse; radical leaves petiolate; fruitcompound, oblique at
length, broader than long, the cross section elliptical, with a corky or spongy mags
at the back of the fertile cell.
Fields; naturalized. June. Stem smooth, 4 to 10 inches high, forked. Leaves
mostly entire. lowers in dense corymbs, white.
OrpER 57. DIPSACEZE.— Teasel Family.
&
Herbs with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, flowers in dense heads, upon a
common receptacle, surrounded with a many-leaved involucre. CALYX adherent, often
pappus-like. Corolla tubular, somewhat irregular, the limb 4—5 parted. Sram-
ENS 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. SryLe 1, simple. Fruit dry, inde-
hiscent, with a single suspended seed. ;
COMPOSIT &. 155
ype DIPSACUS. Tourn. TEASER.
Gr. dipsao, to thirst, alluding to the water held in the axils of the leaves.
_ Fiowers in heads. INvoLucrE many-leaved, longer than
the chaffy, leafy- tipped, pointed bracts among ‘the capitate
flowers. CALYX superior. CoRoLua tubular, ve cleft, nearly
regular. Sramens 4, inserted on the corolla. Fruit
1-seeded, crowned with the calyx.— Stout and coarse brennt-
ais, hairy and prickly, with opposite, connate (sometimes dis-
tinct) leaves, and bluish or whitish flowers in large oblong
heads.
1. D. sytvesteis, Mill. Wield Teasel.
- Leaves lance-oblong, toothed, or the uppermost entire, connate; leaves of the in-
yolucre slender, longer than the head of flowers.
Naturalized by hedges and roadsides. Aug. Nativeof Europe. Stem 3 to4 feet
high, angled and prickly with the opposite and Janceolate leaves united around it.
Bracts (chaff) tapering into a long flexible awn with a straight point. Flowers
bluish, in a large oval or cylindrical head.
2. D. ruLtonum, L. Fuller's Teasel.
Leaves connate, entire or serrate; heads of flowers cylindrical; bracts hooked,
involucre spreading. A cultivated European plant, used by the clothiers who em.
ploy the heads with the hard, hooked scales to raise the nap upon woolen cloth,
Stem erect, furrowed, prickly, hollow, about 5 feet high. Leaves 2 at each node.
united at their bases around in such a way as to hold a quantity of water. Flow
ers whitish, in large oval or ovoid heads. July.
2. SCABIOSA. Linn.
Lat. scabies, leprosy; said to be useful in cutancous diseases.
CaLyx 5-parted divisions long, bristly, sometimes partial-
ly abortive. InvoLucrEe many-leaved. INvVoLUCEL nearly
cylindrical with $ little excavations.— Biennial and perennial
mostly Huropean herbs, with opposite leaves and showy flewers
in heads.
1. SS. succtsa, L. Devils’-bit.
Root premorse; stem leaves remotely toothed; heads of flowers nearly globose;
corolla in 4 equal segments. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 1 foot high. Corolla
pale violet. Sept.
2. S. ATROPURPUREA, L. Mourning Bride.
Leaves pinnatifid and incised; heads of flowers radiant; receptacle cylindrical;
outer crown of the seed short, lobed and crenate. A handsome species, 2 to 4 feet
high, with dense heads of dark purple, pink, and whitish flowers. Sept.
Ornper 08. COMPOSITE.
An immense family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions, without stipules with perfect,
polygamous, monecious or diwcious flowers. Flowers in close heads (the compound
156 . “COMPOSITE.
fiower of the older botanists) upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involu-
~ere. Catyx closely adherent to the ovary, the limb wanting or membranaceous and
‘divided into bristles, hairs, &c., called pappus. CoRoLLA superior, consisting of 6
nited petals either ligulate Gina age or tubular. Stamens 5, inserted on the
Seictis, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesiows). Styie 2-cleft at the apex.
‘Fruit seed-like (avhenitum,) dry, containing a single, erect anatropous beetl, with noe
albumen. —
Sus-orper I. TUBULIFLOR A.
Corolla of the perfect-or disk flowers tubular, regular, the limbs 5-cleft, 0 “nee
: the ligulate or ray-flowers, when present, either pistillate only or neutral (wit ther’
stamens nor pistils), and iia! the border.
© -** Soe“paren I. VERNONIACER. 9
hag
Heads discotd (without ray flowers); the flowers all alike, perfect, tubular;
‘tranches of the style slender and thread-form, or bristle-form, acute, hairy all over,
«the stigmatic lines only on, the lower part, (corolla often slightly irregular).
1. VERNONIA. Schreb. IRoN-wWEED.
x
In honor of Wm. Vernon, an English botanist who traveled in this country.
Heaps 15, many-flowered, m-corymbosecymes. FLOWERS
call tubular. LyvoLuUcRE shorter than the flowers, of many
appressed closely imbricated scales. REcEPTACLE naked.
AcHENIA cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double, the outer
chaffy ; the interior capillary.—Perennial herbs, with alter-
nate leaves and mostly purple flowers.
Novesoracensis, Willd. Common Iron-weed.
Stem erect, smoothish ; ieaves on short petioles, elliptical-lanceolate, iubecade
Deneath; heads numerous, 20 to 30-flowered; scales of the involucre tipped. with
-a long bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage, or awn.
Low grounds; common. Aug., Sept. Sfem branching at top, reddish, 3 to 6 |
feet high. Leaves crowded, paler beneath; voot-leaves sometimes lobed. Flowers
deep purple, in terminal flat-topped compound cymes. Scales. purple, ending in
long thread-like appendages.
a. ELEPHANTOPUS. Linn. Exupwanr’s-roor.
Gr. elephas, elephant, and pous, foot.
Heaps 8 to d-flowered, clustered into compound heads.
INVOLUCRE narrow and flattened, of 8 oblong dry-scales.
ACHENIA many-ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaffy,
dilated at the base.—Perennials, with alternate subsessile
leaves and violet-purple. flowers.
KE. Caroninianus, Willd. Carolinian Elephant’s-foot.
Stem branched, leafy, somewhat hairy; leaves oyate-oblong, thin, obtuse, cre-
snate-serrate; heads terminal and sub-terminal.
COMPOSITE. 157
Dry soils. July—Sept. Stem 2 to3 feet high, divaricately branched. Lower
stem leaves 5 to 7 inches by 8 to 5, upper 14 as large. Heads composed of four
clusters, each flowered, with the inyolucre $ to 10-leaved. Corolla purple. :
Trine 2. EUPATORIACEA. ae
Heads discoid or radiate; branches of the style much elongated, obtuse or clud-
‘shaped, minutely pubescent towards the summit outside; anthers without tails at the
‘base: leaves mostly opposite.
Sup-Trise 1. Evuparorine. Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect and tubular
seldom yellow. :
8. LIATRIS. Shreb. Burron SnaKz-Roor.
-Hizaps several-many-flowered. ScaLes or THE INVOLU-
CRE imbricated. ReorpractE naked. FrLowers all tubular.
Corouta 5-lobed, the /obes slender. Parpus of 15 to 40
capillary bristles, plumose or barbellate. SryxE with the
branches much exserted. AcHENTIA slender, about 10-ribbed,
somewhat cylindric.—FPerennial herbs, with tuberous roots,
chiefly with simple wand-like stems, many narrow rigid alter-
nate entire leaves, and the heads of showy flowers arrengee
in an elongated spilee or raceme.
* Heads 16 to‘€0-flowered.
1. L. squarrosa, Willd. Blazing ‘Se
Stem simple, smooth or scabrous-pubescent; leaves linear, elongated; heads few,
sessile or nearly so; scales of the involucre numerous, with elongated and leaf-like
epreading tips; inner ones pointed, scarcely colored; flowers numerous; pappus
‘plumose.
Drv soils. Aug. A handsome plant 1 to 3 feet high, thickly beset with long
Jinear leaves. Heads 5 to 20, generally 4to 5. Flowers brilliant purple.
2. L. scartosa, Willd. Gay Feather.
Scabrous-pubescent; stem stout; leaves lanceolate, lower on Jong petioles, upper
linear or linear-lanceolate much smaller; heads few or many, 30 to 60-flowered,
remotely racemed; scales of the somewhat spherical invclucre obovate or spatulate,
with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins; pappus scabrous.
Dry sandy soils; rare. Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout. Leaves
numerous, entire, lower 3 to 9 inches long, upper 1 to 3 ‘inches long, 14 to 4% ef
an inch wide, rough-edged. Heads 4 to 20, linch in diameter. Flowers bright
purple.
** Heads 5 to 15-flowered.
8. L. spicata, Willd. Blue Blazing Star.
Smooth or somewhat hairy; stem wand-like, very leaty; leaves linear or lance-
linear, entire smooth, the Jower 3 to 5-nerved; Heads densely crowded in a long
#pike, nearly sessile, 8 to 12-flowered; involucre bell-shaped, cylindrical, with slight
scavious margins; achenia pubescent or smoothish; pappus scabrous-plumose.
Moist grounds; rare. Aug. A handsome species, sometimes cultivated, 2 to S
feet high, mostly stout. Spike terminal, 6 to 8 inches long. Involucre comewhat
xesingus. Heads numerous, with bright purple fowers.
Y
ne ad
158 COMPOSITA.
4. KUHNIA. Linn.
In honor of Dr. Adam Kuhn, of Pennsylvania. .
‘Heaps 10 to 25-fowered. Scauus of the involucre loosely ©
ambricated, lanceolate, in 2 or 3 series. CoroLua slender,
5-toothed. RECEPTACLE naked. Pappuvs in a single series,
plumose. ACHENTA cylindrical, many striate—A perennial
ee with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves with resinous dots
and whitish flowers in panicled corymbs. : ;
K. EupAToRIOIDES, L. Thoroughwort-like Kuhnia.
Leones varying from linear and entire to broadly lanceolate and toothed; corymbs
terminal, few-flowered.
Dry soiis. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, somewhat branched, often
purple. Flowers whitish or pale-yellow.
2. MIKANIA. Willd. Crimping HEemp-wEeEp.
In honor of Prof. Hikan, of Prague. :
Heaps 4 to 6-flowered. Frowers all tubular. Invorv-
ORE of 4 scales. RECEPTACLE naked. Pappus capillary,
simple, scabrous. ANTHERS partly exserted. ACHENIA
angled.— Climbing perennials, with opposite mostly heart-
shaped leaves and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers.
M. scanDENs, Climbing Boneseitt.
Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat triangular heart-shaped or halbert-
form, pointed, toothed at the base; heads in pedunculate axillary corymbs.
Copses along streams, climbing over bushes; rare. July—Sept. Every part
amooth. JZeaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 wide, on petioles 1 to 2\inches long, apex
tapering to a long point. Branches short, each bearing a small corymb of whitish
‘or pink-colored flowers.
-~
6. CONOCLINIUM. DC. Mist-riower.
Gr. Conon, % cone, and cline, a bed; referring to the conical receptacle.
HEADS many-flowered. RECEPTACLE conical. INVoLv- |
ORE bell-shaped. Scauezs linear-awl-shaped, somewhat imbri-
eated. CoRoLuA 5-toothed. ACHENIA 5-angled. Pappus
a single row of slender capillary bristles.—Perennial erect
herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and violet-purple flowers
in crowded terminal corymbs. oa
C. ceLestinum, DC.
Somewhat hairy, much branched; Yaves triangular-ovate and slightly heart-
shaped, crenate-serrate, veiny ; petioles slender; corymbs numerous, sub-umbellate;
scales BUMerous, setaccous.
Hedges, thickets and roadsides. Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, terete with oppo —
site branches, somewhat tufted. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 34 as wide. Flowere
£0 to 60 in a head, bluish-purple, fading reddish.
COMPOSITE. 159
7. BUPATORIUM. Tourn. THoroucuwort.
Dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus:
in medicine.
Heaps 3-many-flowered. INVOLUCRE cylindrical or bell-
shaped. Rercrrracte flat, naked. Coroiua 5-toothed.
PAppus simple, a single row of slender capillary longish
bristles. ACHENIA 5-angled.—Perennial herbs, with oppo-
site or verticillate leaves, corymbose heads, and flowers white,
blue, red, &c., never yellow.
1. E. purpurnum, L. Trumpet-weed.
Stem tall and stout, simple; leaves 3 to 6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate,
pointed, very veiny, roughish, finely glandular serrate; corymbs very dense and
compound with whorled peduncles.. ,
Low grounds; common.. July—Sept. Stem 6 to 12 feet high, smooth glaucous:
purple, striate or fistular spotted or unspotted. Leaves in about 12 whorls of 3 to:
6s, largest in the middle of the stem, 8 inches long, and 2 wide, on petioles 1 incl:
long. Corymbs often 1 foot in diameter. Flowers purple, showy.
* Heads 5 to 20-flowered; involucre of 7 to 15, move ov less imbricated and unequak
scales; flowers white; leaves mostly opposite, sessile or nearly so; heads mostly
5 flowered..
2. KE. nysorirotium, L. Narrow-leaved Thoroughwort.
Minutely pubescent; leaves opposite (the upper ones alternate) often whorled,,
marrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1 to 3-nerved,. lower ones sub--
. serrate, upper ones entire; scales of the involucre obtuse.
Dry fields and sterile soil. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching, wif
numerous narrow leaves. Corymb spreading at the summit. Heads 5-flowered,
_ Flowers purplish.
3. KE. autissimum, L. Fall Thoroughwort.
Stem tall and stout, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, su&
sessile, acutely serrate above the middle, conspicuously 3-nerved; corymbs numes
eus, dense; heads 5-fiowered; scales 8 to 12, obtuse, shorter than the flowers.
Woods and sandy soil. Sept., Oct. Stem 3toT7 feet high. TZeaves 3 to 4 inches:
Tong, 14 to 34 wide, small ones often fascicled in the axils.. Corollas whitish, mugh
longer than the scales.
4. HK. auBuM, L. White-flowered Thoroughwort.
Stem pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, veiny; heads clusteret3:
in the corymb, 5-flowered; scales of the involucre closely imbricated, rigid, narrog,.
pointed, white and scarious above..
Sandy and barren places. Aug,—Oct. Stem 2 to 3 inches long, 44 to 1 wida,.
upper ones entire and alternate. Heads very white. Jnvolucre concealing the
flowers, sprinkled with resinous dots..
5.. H. TEucRIFOLIUM, Willd. Vervein-leaved Thoro’ wort.
Roughish-pubescent; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate,.
rough, veiny, coarsely toothed towards the base, upper ones alternate; corymb:
compound, somewhat panicled with few branches; heads 5 to 6-flowered; scales of
the involucre 10, oblong lanceolate, rather obtuse.
Low grounds. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2to3 feet high, erect, rather slender. Leaves:
~ sometimes almost incised; the lower broad at base and closely sessile. Heads:
somewhat clustered, corymbose. lowers white. Scales scarious on the margin,
‘hite-at the tips..
pT a
160 COMPOSITE. \
t
6. E. rotunpiFroLium, L. Lound-leaved Thoroughwort.
Downy-pubescent ; leaves opposite, sessile, roundish-ovate, obtuse, sub-cordate at
base, 3-nerved, veiny, roughish, coarsely serrate; heads about 5-flowered, in large
and densecorymbs; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed.
Dry soil. Aug., Sept. A-slendor species % to 3 feet high. Zeaves.sprinkled with
resinous dots 1 to2 inches long, 34 as wide, sometimes almost orbicular, mostly:
obtuse. Flowers white. Pappus longer than the corolla. Styles much exserted.
7. EK. pupescens, Muhl. Hairy Thoroughwort.
Pubescent; eaves. ovate, opposite, sessile, acute, obtusely dentate, somewhat
3-nerved, veiny; tnvelucre 7 to 8-flowered, with lanceolate, acute scales.
Dry grounds. Aug., Sept. A large rough plant, 3 to 4 feet high, with the lower
branches opposite. Leaves thin and slightly scabrous, slightly truncate at:the
base. Involucre of about 12 scales, the outer shortest. lowers white.
8. HH. sessttiroriumM, L. WSesszle-leaved Thoroughwort..
Stem smooth, branching; leaves opposite, sessile, distinet, roundish-ovate or:
lanceolate, somewhat clasping the stems, smooth, serrate; involucre 5 to 12-flow-
ered, with oval and oblong obtuse scales.
Rocky woods and banks. Sept. Slem slender, erect, branching at top. JZeaves.
large, somewhat truncate at base, tapering regularly to a long point, minutely
dotted beneath. Flowers white, in a widely spreading terminal corymb.
9. E. REstNosum, Torr. esinous Thoroughwort. —
Minutely velvyety-downy; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, closely sessile or
clasping at the base, serrate, slightly veiny beneath; corymb fastigiate, permeates
heads 10 to 15-flowered, with obtuse hoary-tomentose scales.
Wet sandy soils. Aug., Sept. Stems 2 to 3 feet high, growing in tufts. Mand
4 to 6 inches long, 14 to % inch wide, me embranaccous s, viscid with resinous glo-
bules. Heads very numerous, rather small.
10. HK. perroniatumM, L. Thorouyhwort. Bonesett.
Slem stout, hairy; leaves lanceolate, connatc-perfoliate, tapering to a slender-
point, serrate, very veiny; corymbs compound; heads § to 10-flowered, with linear-
lanceolate scales. <
Low: grounds, meadows; abundant. Aug. A well known common plant 2 to 4
feet high, hairy or woolly, branched at the top. Leaves large, united at the base
around the stem, the two measuring from 8 to 14 inches inlength. Heads in large
clustered corymbs. Flowers white. Medicinal.
-
* * Leaves opposite ;. flowers white, 8 to 80 in a head.
11. EH. aceratoipes, f.. . Wetéle-leaved Thon nghwort.
Smooth, branching; leaves opposite, on long petioles, broadly ovate, pointed,
coarsely and sharply toothed; heads 12 to 20-fowered, with narrow lanceolate Fee ;
corymbs compound.
Rich woods and rocky hills; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 rs 8 feet hich, some-
what branched. Leaves on petio! es 1 to 2 inches long. sometimes slightly cordate,.
8 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 wide. Heads numerous, in small clusters, forming a
compound corymb. J lewers pure white, somewhat fragrant.
12. EH. anomaticum, L. Aromatic Thoroughwort.
Smooth or nearly so; stem. terete pubescent, nearly simple; leaves opposite, on-
short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, a 3- “nerved ; corymb some-
what panicled; heads about 20-flowered.
Low woods. Aug., Sept. Stem about 2- feet high. Zeaves 2 to 4 inches long, 1
to 2 wide, on petioles tol inch long. Heads of the flowers large. Involuere:
with 10 to 12 linear; acute, equal scales. Flowers in small corymbs, large, white,
and aromatic.
COMPOSITZ. 16:
SuB-TRIBE 2. TUSSILAGINE.
Heads radiate ; flowers dissimilar, or dicecicus.-
“yf
8.” NARDOSMIA. Cass.
Gr. nardos, spikenard, and osn@, odor:
» Heaps many-flowered, somewhat dicecious. STERILE
FLOWERS oi the ray in a single series, heulate, pistilate,
those of the disk tubular. FERTILE FLOWERS with ma ny
rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular per-
fect ones in the centre. REcErTActE flat. ACHENZA terete.
Parpvs of soft omillory bristles, longest and most .copious
y herbs, with radical
Shi, the. scape with en g scaly bracts, and the heads of
purplish fragrant flowers in a corymb.
N. patmata, Hook. - Palmate Sweet Colt’s-foot:
Leaves rounded or kidney-form, palmately 6 to 7-lobed, the lobes teothed and
Cub white, Woolly beneath.
Swamps; rare. May. S:zpe1 to 2 feet nich, stout, clothed with numerous
sheathing scales. Zeaves large, 6 to 10 inches broad. Heads numerous, in a
corymkose thyrse.
9. TUSSILAGO. -Tourn. Cott’s-Foor.
Lat. tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.
Heads many-flowered. RAY FLOWERS narrowly ligulate;
pistillate, fertile, in many rows; the tubular disk flowers few,
staminate. SCALES OF THE INVOLUCRE nearly in a single
row. REcEPTACLE. flat. Fertine ACHENIA cylindric-ob-
long. Pappus capillary, copious, in the fertile flowers—A
low "perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, radical
leaves, and sunple scaly scapes bearuig @ single head of yeliow,
age 7
fT. Farrara, L. Common Colt’s-foot.
Teaves rounded-heart-shapec, radical; fiowers wilh very narrow rays.
Wet places, brooksides. <A low plant sending up a single scape about 5 inches
high in March or April, with a single, terminal, many-rayed head of yellow flowers
before a leaf is to be seen. Leaves ar: sing. after the flowers are withered, 4 to 6
inches broad, cordate angular, tcothed, dark-green above, woolly underneath, on.
long petioles.
Trizg 3. ASTEROIDEA. Tur Aster Trisz.
Heads radiate, rarely disexd; tranckes of the style more cr less flaikned ank
knear, minuily and ae 7] pubescent alove; leaves mosily alternate.
more or less imbricated, often with leaf-like tips. Recrr-
_ simple, sharply serrate, rough on both sides and rugose-veined; involucre bell-
162, COMPOSITZ.
Section 1. Heads radiate; rays cyanic. .
10. ASTER. Linn. Srarwort. ASTER...
Gr. astro, astar; from the appearance of the radiate heads of flowers.
“HEADS many-flowered; vay-flowers in a single series, fertile ;;
disk flowers tubular, perfect. ScALES OF THE INVOLUCRE.
TACLE flat, alveolate (honey comb-like): AHENTA usually:
more or less flattened. Pappus simple, of capillary bris--
tles.— Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, corymbed, pani--
cled or racemose heads of flowers, with white blue or purple
rays, and yellow disk, often changing to purple.
1. Bromta, DC. Scales imbricated with appressed greenish tips; rays 6 to 15 (white -
or nearly so); lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petiolate ; heads in open corymbs.
1. <A. conymMBosus, Ait: —Corymbed Aster.
Stem slender; leaves ovate, mostly cordate, coarsely and uneq 1 serrate, .
acuminate, petioled; heads loosely corymbose; rays 6 to.9. ie
Dry woods; common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to2 feet high. Leaves
lower ones heart-shaped, pointed; middle cnes ovate; upper becoming | “
Flowers in a broad flat-topped corymhb, large, very open, with long, D Se
rays. > Ae
ool . :, |
2. A. MACROPHYLLUS,. Li. Large-leaved Aster.
Stem stout, branched, diffuse; leaves rough, thickish, serrate: lower and ‘patlical:
ones on long petioles, cordate ;. wpper.on winged petioles or ses ssile; 3 heads in large ~
corymbs; rays 12 to 25. y
Woods; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rigid, the branches rough, .
fdlowny above. Lower leaves 4 to 10 inches long, and 3 to 6 inches wide on some- -
what winged petioles. Heads in a spreading terminal corymb. Scales of the -
involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Rays white or pale-blue.
2° CaLuastruM, T:&G. Scales imbricated with spreading green tips; rays 12 to 30,_
viblet; achenia narrow, smocthish ; pappus rigid, of unequal thickness ; heads full,
large and showy ; stem-leaves all sessile; lower ones not cordate.
3. A. Rapuna, Ait. Rough-leaved Aster.
Stem ereet, simple below, angular, smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, .
shaped, with oblong appressed scales, and small spreading green tips; achenta:
smooth, linear-oblong. ee
Bogs and low grounds; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem 1to3 feet high, very leafy, with -
a few spreading undivided branches at the summit, purplish, each bearing a single
large head, rarely more. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, nearly equal throughout. -
Invol ucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins. Rays light violet-purple.
4, A. spECTABILIS, Ait. Showy Aster..
Siem erect, minutely rough and glandular-pubescent at the summit; leaves -
oblong-lanceolate, yery rough, upper sessile and entire, lower ones serrate in the-
middle; branches corymbose ; heads hemispherical, with numerous linear-oblong -
obtuse-scales, and conspicuous spatulate downy tips; achenia slightly pubescent.
Sandy soil. Aug.—Nov. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched above into a nearly
simple corymb of 10 to15 heads. Ray ys about 50 ina head, narrowly-lanceolate, ,
nearly Linch leng, very deep-violet blue. Probably the handsomest of the genus. .
COMPOSIT. 163°
,
3. ASTER proper. Scales green or with green tips: -raysnumerous ; pappus bristles
soft:and nearly uniform ; achenia flattened. - P
5: A. concotor, L.. Silky Aster.
Stem nearly simple, wand-like ; Jeaves oblong or lanceolate, crowded, appressed, the-
upper appearing like small bracts; heads im a simple or compound virgate raceme; -
tnvolucre obovoid; with closely imbricated, appressed, somewhat rigid, lanceolate, ..
silky scales, in several rows; achenia silky. -
Dry sandy soil. Aug.—Nov. A‘ handsome planti1 to 3 feet high, sparingly-
branched. Zeaves1 inch in length, 14 as wide, reduced in size upwards, greyish-
silky, and of thesame hue on both sides. Heads middle-sized, in along raceme, .
showy. ays bright violet-purple. Pappus rust-colored.
3. * Lower leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or less clasping by <
a cordate.or:auricled base; rays large, deep purple or blue.
6. <A. patans, Ait. Spreading. Aster.
Rough-pubescent; : stem simple, paniculate above; leaves oblong-lanceolate or-
ovate-oblong, generally contracted below the middle; panicle loose, few-flowered ; <
scales imbricate, lanceolate, loose.
py grounds ; common. Aug.—Nowy. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, branching -
: terminal Eats above. Leaves large, 3 to 6 inches long pe, becom- -
d rigid scales; achenia Lee
Rich woodlands and banks; common. Sept.—Nov. A very smalland beautifui:
species, 2 to 3 feet high. Stem polished, green. Leaves rather fleshy, the upper-
taore or less clasping by-an auricled or heart-shaped base. Heads ina close panicle,
large and showy, with numerous.rays-of a fine bright sky-blue, becoming purple,
and triangular green tips.
4, = * Lower leaves all heart-shaped and petioled, conspicuously serrate; rays bright
blue, pale or nearly wiiie.
8.. A. corpiFoLIus, L. Heart-leaved Aster.
Stem much branched above, smooth; lower leaves all heart-shaped, on slender -
petioles; znvolucre inversely conical, with.closely imbricate appressed scales, tipped
with short obtuse.or acutish points.
_ Woodlands; very common. Sept.,Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, smoothish below, .
more or less pubescent above. Leaves varying from heart-shaped to narrow-ovate.
Lower leaves more or less winged, on hairy petioles. Upper leaves gradually reduced :
to small bracts. Heads very numerous, in racemed panicles; rather small, angled:
on the spreading branches. ays 10 to 15, pale-blue varying to white.
9. A. saciTtiFoLius, Willd. <Arrow-leaved Aster.
Stem erect, rigid, with racemose ascending branches; leaves ovate-lanceolate, .
pointed, serrate in the middle; lower ones cordate-sagittate, on slender narrowly- -
winged petioles; énvolucre oblong, with closely imbricate linear-subulate scales.
Dry woods. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2to4 feet high, with erect branches above, bearing -
numerous racemose heads, forming a compound panicle of racemes. Heads small, .
almost sessile, each with about 12 bluish or white rays.
10. A. unpuLatus, L. Wave-leaved Aster.
Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; stem spreading; leaves ovate or
lanceolate, with wavy orslightly-toothed margins; heads numerous, in racemgas=
Pamieles; involucre obovyoid, with closely imbricate scales. -
164. ~ COMPOSITE.
Dry woods; common. Sept., Oct. Slem 2 to 3 feet high, spreading, bearing
numerous heads in racemose panicles. Lower leaves heart-shaped, on long winged
petioles, which are dilated and clasping at the base, or directly sessile by a heart-
shaped base. Heads middle-sized, with viotet-blue rays and yellow disks, at length
becoming purple.
5. * ** Lower leaves never heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile or clasping ; heads
small or middle-sized ; rays white or pale blauish-purple.
11. A. ericompes, L. Heath-leuved Aster. ty
Smooth or sparingly nas lower leaves oblong-spatulate,- sometimes toothed ;
the wpper ones linear lanceolate or linear awl-shaped, acute at both ends; scales of
the involucre imbricate, linear ebtuse, somewhat squarrose.
Dry open places. Aug.—Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, with the simple branchlets
or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches.
Leaves very numerous and somewhat rigid, those of the stem 3 inches in length:
Heads small, about 20-rayed.. Rays white or pale purple. Disk at length purplish
12. A. MuLTIFLORUS, Ait. Many-flowered Aster.
Hoary with minute pubescence; leaves crowded, linear, entire, with rough or
ciliate margins, somewhat 3-nerved; those of the branchlets spreading and partly
elasping at the base; involucre linear or spatulate with loosely Teese oblong,
ciliate, squarrose scalcs.
Dry gravelly or sandy soil; common. Sept., Cct. Stem about 2 feet high, with
numerous spreading racemose br anches, usually covered with a dense white pubes-
cence. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, cbiuse, very narrow. Heads small.im crowded
terminal racemes, on horizontal branches. E ays white or purplish. Disk atl e
purplish..
6..* **% Teaves none of them heart-shaped; heads smail or. middle. sized; s rays
white or pale buish-purple.
13. A. pumosus L. Bushy Aster.
nana eep is leaves linear entire or remotely y este 4
Thickots. in dry or ise sii: common.: re g thet i species 1 to3
feet high. Stem loosely branched, racemesely com} pound, with the scattered heads
mostly solitary at the end of the spreading branchlets. Leaves decreasing in size
to the branchlets, the upper small. Rays pale-purple or blue.
14. A. Trapescanti, L. Tradescant’s Aster.
Smoothish ;-leaves sessile, smooth, with rough margins; cauline linear-lanceolate
pointed; imvolucre with imbricated, narrowly-linear, acute scales in 3to 4 rows.
Var. FRAGILIS; leaves entire or nearly so, except the Icwest; keads more scattered
on. the branchlets.
Meist banks, fields,-&c. very common. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2 to 4.feet high,
emooth, bushy, the numerous heads closely racemed along the erect spreading or
diverging branches. Lower stem leaves akout 4 incbes long, narrowly lanccolate,
remotely serrate in the middle with fine sharp tceth, gradually reduced in size
upwards. JZfeads small, very numerous. ays white or pale-purple.
15. A. Miser, L. Starved Aster.
More or less hairy ; stem much branched; leares lanccolate, point ed or acuminate
at each end, sharply serrate in the middle; invovzcre imbkricated with linear, acute
or rather obtuse scales in 3 or 4 rows.
Thickets. fields, &¢.; very common. Aug.—OQOct. A very variable species, varying
in height from 8 to 10 inches to 3 to 4 fect, erect or diffuse. Siem very branching
or nearly simple, the branches usually diverging, bearing racemose often cceattercd:
heads. Jecaves varying from narrow-lanceolate to broad- ovate, 1 to 5 inches in
Iength. Heads vaually numercus, with choxt, inconspicrous pale blussh-purple
er white rays.
COMPOSITZ. 165
16. <A. stmpLEex, Willd. Simple Aster.
Nearly smooth; sfem tall.and much branched ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the
lower serrate; involucre loosely imbricate with linear awl-shaped scales.
Shady moist banks; common. Aug.—Oct. Another variable species from 1 to,
5 feet high, the branches and scattered heads somewhat corymbose at the summit.
Leaves sessile, 2 to 4 inches long, 14 to 1 inch wide, tapering to a slender point,
those of the branches smallin proportion. Heads middle-size, loosely racemose or
a little crowded on the short branchlets. ays pale purple. Disk yellowish, at
length purple-brown.
17. A. TeNuIroLiIus, L. Slender-leaved Aster.
Nearly smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering into. a long slender. point;
lower somewhat serrate in the middle; znvoelucre hemisperical, with closely imbri-
cated, numerous, linear-awl-shaped, acute scales; heads in panicles or racemes.
Low grounds. Aug.—Noy. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, mostly stout, much branched..
Stem leaves 2 to 6 inches long, smaller in proportion on the branches and branch-
lets. Heads small or middle-sized. Rays 20 to 30, short and narrow, pale purple.
or whitish..
18. A. carneus, L. . Flesh-colored Aster.
Smooth, rough or pubescent; stem much branched; leaves lanceolate, pointed 3
upper short and partly clasping; involucre obovate, with closely imbricated; lanceo-
etd acute scales; heads racemose along the ascending leafy branches,
# soils; rare. Sept., Oct. A handsome bushy species, very variable, about
high. Stem often purple. Leaves firm in texture, smooth or rough above,
a the stem 3 to 5 inches long, 4 inch wide, those of the branches much:
er. Heads numerous, middle-sized, somewhat 1-sided on the branches. Rays:
20 to 30, rather long, flesh-colored or nearly white.
"ae Ae Stem leaves sessile, the upper more or less clasping ; heads middle-sized on:
large; rays blue or purple.
19. A. Lonerronius, Lam. Loong-leaved Aster.
Smooth or nearly so; stem branched; leaves lanceolate or linear, entire or spa--
ringly serrate in the middle, acuminate, shining above; involucre imbricate with
linear scales in 3to 5 rows, crowned with acute or awl-shaped spreading or recuryed
green tips; heads in corymbose panicles at the summit.
Moist places along streams; common. Nov. Stem 3to6 feethigh. Leaves varia-
ble in form, the lower sometimes ovate-lanceolate, pale beneath, both sides smooth,
4 to Ginches long. Heads numerous, large and showy, with 25 to 30 large bright
purplish-bluerays. This variable plant includes several nominal species, including
A. laxus, Willd., A. prezltus, Poir., and A. elodes, Torr. & Gray.
20. A. puntceus, L. Rough-stemmed Aster. Cocash.
Stem hisped, stout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auricled base, coarsely
serrate in the middle; involucre scales loose, narrowly linear, acute, equal in about
2.rows; heads in panicles.
Low thickets and swamps; common. Aug.—Oct. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, usually.
purple and very rough with rigid bristly hairs. Zeaves sparingly toothed in the
middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath. Heads large and showy. Rays 50
to 80, long and narrow, Jilac-purple or bluish.
21. <A. PRENANTHOIDES, Muhl. Prenanthes-like Aster:
Stem low, and with the branches hairy in lines; Jeaves spatulate-lanceolate or
ovate-lanccolate, incisely serrate inthe middle; involucre imbricated, with narrowly
linear scales, crowned with recurved spreading tips; heads in corymbose panicles.
Moist woods. Sept., Oct. Stem 1 to3 feet high, sparingly branched. eaves
conspicuously acuminate, tapering below into a long contracted entire portion,
which is abruptly dilated into an auricled-heart-shaped clasping base; branch
leaves smaller, nearly entire. Heads about middle-size, rather few, clustered,
towards the ends of the branches. Rays violet, lilac or light-blue.
3166 COMPOST Tz.
22. A. Novm Aneta, L. New England Aster.
Stem stout, ai ; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, acute, entire, auriculate~
_ @lasping, roughish pubescent; tnvolucre-scales linear-awl-shaped, loose, equal, near=.
ly in a single row, viscid, as long as the disk; heads in a loose terminal panicle;:
achenia hairy..
Moist grounds; common. Sept.—Nov. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, almost. isped, with:
spreading branches. Heads showy, large, crowded in close corymbs.. iolet-
purple, sometimes rose-purple, very numerous.
23. A. OBLONGIFOLIUS, Nutt. Stata Aster.
Stem rigid, much branched: above; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, mucron--
ately pointed, entire, partly clasping, roughish; znvolucre imbricated with broadly.
linear scales appressed at the base, crowned with long. and spreading foliaceous:
tips; heads in corymbose panicles; achenia canescent.
Banks of the Juniata, Huntingdon Co. Dy. Porter! in Gray’s Flora. Stem 1 to.
2 feet high, with the branchlets, the uppermost leaves and inyolucre minutely
nroughish-glandular with resinous dots.. Zeaves1 to 2 inches long, 44 to 4 wide..
Heads fewer and much smaller than-in A. Nov Angliz.. Rays violet-purple.
4, #*%**% OrnpHOMERIS, Torr. & Gray.—Scales imbricated, with membranaceous:
snargins, destitute of green tips ; pappus of soft and- unequal. capillary bristles..
24. A. ACUMINATUS, Michx. Pointed-leaved Aster.
Somewhat hairy; sfem simple, flexuous, angular; leaves oblong-lanceolate acumi--
nate, serrate; znvolucre imbricated with linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin seales;:
heads in corymbose panicles.
Mountains and woods. Aug. Stem about 1 foot high. Leaves conspicuously:
pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire at the base, 3 to 5 inches:
long. Lanicle corymbose, terminal, few-flowered, nearly or. quite naked. Heads:
rather large with 12 to 18-long, white, often tinged with purple rays..
5, ## #42 Oxyrripollum, DC.—Fappus soft and capillary; achenia strate ;-
leaves thicicish or succulent:
25. <A. FLEXxUOsUS, Nutt. Perennial Salt Marsh Aster..
Stem very smooth, flexuous, sparingly branched ; leaves linear ; lower lance-linear
thick and fleshy, pointed, entire ; involucre bell-shaped, with ovate-lanceolate imbri-;
cated scales in many rows; heads large, terminal on the ends of the branches; rays.
numerous, shorter than the inyolucre..,
Salt marshes. Sept.—Nov.. Stem. lito: 2 feet high, with: the whole plant very
smooth, usually with a few spreading branches at the summit. Heads large, 1 to 2%
on the branchlets.. Rays numerous, large, pale purple. Disk yellow.
26. <A. LiniFoxius, L. Annual Salt Marsh Aster.
~ Smooth; stem much Gather: erect, spreading; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, .
entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped; involucre oblong, with linear awl shaped:
scales in few rows; heads in racemes or panicles..
Salt marshes. Aug.—Oct. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, thick, smooth, reddish,
very branching. Leaves smooth, sessile. Heads small, in a loose terminal panicle..
Rays somewhat in two row;, short, not projecting beyond the disk, more numerous:
than the disk a eorers, pale purple or. nearly white. 3
10. GALATELLA. Cass:.
HEaps many-flowered, the rays few, sterile. InvoucrE:
shorter than the flowers, the scales closely imbricated in 3 or
4 rows, the outer often 3-nerved, RxcerTaciz alveolate..
«
a
COMPOSITE. | | 167
AcnEntA oblong, silky-hairy. Pappus of copious capillary
bristles.— Perennial plants with straight stems, nurrow 1 to 8
nerved, rather rigid entire leaves, often dotted, and flowere
with purple or pale rays, and a yellow disk.
1. G. uyssopironia, Nees. yssop-leaved Calatella.
Stem-erect, corymbose at the summit ; lower leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, dotted,
‘entire, rough, 3-nerved ; branch leaves linear-subulate, 1-nerved ; involucre scales acu-
tish; rays elongated. =
Sandy fields and open woods. Aug.—Oct. Stem1 to 2 feet high, smooth, with
spreading branches, terminated with a single head. Rays 5 to 10; white or pale
purple. The G. linifolia of Nees is perhaps only a variety of this species.
11. ERIGERON, Linn. FLEABANE.
Gr. er, thespring, and geron, an old man’; because it is hoary early in the season.
HeAps many-flowered, mostly hemispherical; the ray
flowers numerous, very narrow, pistillate; those of the disk
tubular, perfect. ScALES OF THE INVLOUCRE narrow, nearly
equal and almost in a single row. RECEPTACLE naked, flat.
_ ACHENTA flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved. Pap-
pus mostly simple.—Herbs with alternate leaves, mostly ses-
sile, entire or toothed, and solitary or corymbed flowers with
white or purple rays. Ss
* Rays not exceeding the disi:.
1. KE. caNapDENSE, L. Horse-weed. Butter-weed.
Bristly-hairy; stem erect, wand-like; leaves linear or lanee-linear, mostly entire
‘ciliate, lower sometimes serrate; heads small, very numerous, panicled ; rays crow
‘ded, scarcely longer than the cylindric involucre.
WHields and waste places, very common. July—Noy. A common annual weed of
Ho beauty, growing everywhere, from 6 inches to 6 feet high, mostly very hairy.
Leaves yety narrow with rough edges. Flowers small, white, of mean appearance,
irregularly racemose upon the branches, and forming a large oblong panicle. The
plant varies greatly in size, according to the soil.
© Rays longer than the disk.
2. EH. BELLIpIFoLIuM, Muhl. obin’s Plantain.
Fairy; radical leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed ; stem-leaves sessile;
distant, lance-oblong, partly clasping, entire; heads few, large, corymbose; rays 60
to 100, twice as long as the involucre. Perennial.
Shady woods and moist banks, common. May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, producing
offsets from the base, rather naked above, bearing 1 to 9 large heads, on slender
uncles. Leaves2 to 3 inches by 14 to 34 mostly widest above the middie. Rays
baish-purple semetimes nearly white.
3. H. PuHinapELpHicum, L. Philadelphia Fleabane.
Hairy; sfem leafy; lower leaves wedge-obovate, sometimes obtusely serrate or in
wisely toothed ; wpper.clasping, usually entire; heads few, on elongated peduncles;
Vays very numerous, 150 to 290. Perennial.
Woods and fields, common. Aug., Sept. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, loosely
corymbed at the summit, bearing several small heads. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long hg
4g to 44 wide. Rays reddish-purple or flesh-colored, very narrow.
Nn I I IR RE
er ieee
Kr.
re ot
yellow disks.
strongly 1-nerved, smooth, with very rough margins; heads terminating the simple
COMPOSITE.
, Pers. Daisy Fleabane.
” tall; lower leaves ovate, obtuse, coarsely ed, tapering
e; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute and en sat both ends;
rays very narrow. Annual.
Fields and meadows; very common. June—Oct. 3 to 5 feet high, stout,
angular, more or less hirsute, bearing numerous mbed heads. Rays 100 or
more, white, tinged with purple, scarcely the length and somewhat hisped invol-
acre.
%
5. EH. strtcosum, Muhl. Series Fleabane.
Stem slender, hairy ; leaves toothed or entire; lower spatulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved
tapering toa long narrow petiole; upper lanceolate; headsin panicled corymbs
rays narzow-linear. =
Fields and meadows; common. June—Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, angular, fur-
rowed with short stiff hairs,-and bearing a large, loose corymb. Rays white, twice
the length of the mi nutely hairy inyolucre. Plant-smailer and more simple than
the last, but with longer rays.
12. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass.
Gr. diploos, double, and pappus, pappus, the character which distinguishes the genus
from Aster. B
Heaps many-flowered ; ray flowers 8 to 12 in-a single se-
ries, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Inyoru-
cRE with imbricated, appressed, lanceolate or awl-shaped
scales, I-nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous tips. Re-
CEPTACLE fat, alveolate ( ‘honey- comb-like). ACHENTA flat-_
tish. Pappus double, the outer very short, subulate, the
inner long, capillar y.—=Per ennials with entire alternate leaves,
and corymbose or simple heads of flowers with cyanic rays and
1. D. winearirontius, Hook. Violet Diplopappus.
Stem erect, or somewhat seein roughish; leave; rigid, spreading, linear,
slightly hoary branches.
Dry soil. Aug., Sept. A handsome species 8 to 20 inches high, several from the
fame woody root, ve ory_leaty, purplish. Zeaves numerous, “rigidly upright or
recurved, obtuse, pale beneath, shining above. Heads large for the size of the
pant, solitary and terminal on the branches, with long showy Violet-colored rays.
2. D. UMBELLATUS, Torr. & Gray. Umbelled Diplopappus.
Smooth, leafy at the top; leaves lanceolate, elongated, acuminate and tapering at
the base; heads very numerous ; scales of the involucre closely imbricated, obtusely
lanceolate.
Moist thickets, river banks: Aug., Sept. Stem 2to 5 feet high, bushy at the top.
Leaves somewhat rough above, smooth beneath, 3 to 6 inches “long, narrow, these
he lasgeshes smaller. Heads wumereus, in alevel-topped corymb. Rays about
3S. D. AMYGDALINUS, T.& G. Almond-leaved Diplopappus.
Smooth or roughish above, leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, seute, abruptly narrowed
sages erous; scales of the involucre loosely dnhrieneaee obtuse.
' grounds. Mast Resembling the last, usually vee rough, and with
broader and sigater leaves. : ‘
“ee .
ges mm 2+
‘| COMPOSIT A. . 169
4. PD. corntrotius, Darl. Cornel-leaved Diplopappus.
~ Stem slender, low, pubescent and loosely panicled above; leaves elliptical or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate-hirsute on the margin, hairy on the yeins beneath.
Woods. July—Sept. Siem 1to 2 feet high. Zcaves conspicuously pointed at
both ends, pale. beneath on-very short stalks. Heads usually few, on rather rigid
peduncles. Rays white.
13. BOLTONIA, L’Her.
‘In honor of J. Bolton, a botanist of the last century.
HeEaDs many-flowered, the ray-flowers numerous, pistillate ;
those of the disk tubular, perfect. INvotucrE hemispheri-
cal with imbricated appressed scales, somewhat in 2 rows,
crowned with narrow membraneous margins. RECEPTACLE
conical, punctate. AcHENIA flat 2 or 3 winged. Pappus
of several minute bristles with 2 to 4 longer awns.—— Simooth
branching perennial herbs, with lanceolate entire, sessile leaves, and
loosely corymbose heads of flowers, with white or purplish rays.
1. B. asterorss, L’Her. Aster-like Boltonia.
Leaves entire or obscurely serrate; pappus of few minute bristles and no awns3;
achenia broadly ova.
Moist places, along streams. July—Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, with a diffusely
branched summit. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long by 14 to 14 wide, reduced upwards to
setateous bracts 1 to 2 inches in length. Heads terminal on the filiform bractleis.
Rays purple, 14 inch long.
2. B. exvastiroiia,L’Her. Glaucous Boltonia.
Leaves lanceolate, somewhat glaucous; pappus of several short bristles, and 2 or
3 more or less prolonged awns; achenta obovate, broadly: winged.
Rich moist soil. Sept. Stem 3to 7 feet high. Stem leaves 2 to 4 inches long by
V4 te 34 wide, those of the branches smaller. Headsin-a loese-corymb. Rays pur-
plish, 34 of an inch long. Disk yellow.
14. SERICOCARPUS, Nees.
Gr. serikos, silky, and karpos, fruit.
Heaps 12 to 15-flowered ; ray-flowers 4 to 8 pistillate;
disk-flowers 6 to 10, perfect. INVoLUCcRE oblong or club-
shaped, closely imbricated with appressed cartilaginous scales
in several rows with short and abrupt green tips. ReEcEpra-
CLE alvyeolate-toothed (honey-comb-like), ACHENTIA short,
obconic, very silky. Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. —
Perennial tufted herbs, 'with sessile alternate leaves, and small clus-
tered heads of fiowers with white rays and yellow disks, disposed in
a fiat corymb, 1
1. §. soLmpAGINeuvs, Nees. Narrow-leaved Sericocarpus.
Smooth ; stem erect, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse, entire, with rough mar
‘gins obscurely 3-nerved, tapering to the base; heads very small, in close clusters; —
few-Lowered ; rays slender.
EE ro
—- —--_— =
»
ern
i
es a
*~
170 COMPOSITE. on
Woods and low places; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem simple, about 2 feet high, often
several from the same root. Zeaves smooth, pale green, 1 to 2 inches long, 14 to 14
inch wide. in a flat-topped corymb. ays white, longer than the disk.
Pappus white. ah
2. 8. conyzorpeEs, Nees. Broad-leaved Sericocarpus.
_ Slightly pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower spatulate, obscurely
' -@nerved, smooth beneath, acute at each end, ciliate; lower serrate towards the
‘apex; involucre top-shaped ; heads rather loosely corymbed ; rays short.
Dry woods; common. July—Sept. Stem 1to 2 feet high, somewhat 5-angled,
rigid, but rather slender. Zeaves somewhat fleshy. Heads few in small elusters.
Rays longer than the disk, white.
15. CALLISTEPHUS, Cass.
Gr. kalles, beautiful, and stephos, a crown.
RAY-FLOWERS pistillate, numerous; disk-flowers perfect.
InNvoLwcre hemispherical. RecEPTACLE sub-convex. Pap-
pus double, each in one series, outer series short, chaily,
bristly, with the bristles united into a crown ; cnner series of
long, thread-like, rough, deciduous bristles —Hxotic annuals
with alternate leaves and showy heads of fiowers.
1. C. Curnensis, Nees. China Aster. Queen Margaret.
Siem hisped; branches divergent, 1-flowered ; leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, petio-
late; stem leaves sessile, wedge-shaped at the base.—Native of China. Cultivation
has produced many beautiful varieties, double and semi-double, with white, blue,
red, flaked and mettled rays. Stem 15 to 20 inches high, with long branches, each
terminated by a single largehead. Disk yellow. Jtly—Sept.
16. DAHLIA, Linn.
In honor of Andrew Dail, a Swedish botanist.
Invotucre double, the outer series of many distinet
scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base. RECEPTACLE
chaffy. Pappus none.—Showy Mexican perennial planis,
with opposite pinnate leaves, and showy large heads of flowers.
1. D. varrasinis, Desf. (D. superflua. Ait.)
Stem green ; raches of the leaves winged; teaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate, puber-
ulent or nearly smooth; outer involucre refiexed; rayflowers pistillate, sterile or
fertile —Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves coarse and roughish resembling those of the
common elder. Flowers large and beautiful, sporting into innumerable varieties,
single and double, of every conceivable shade of white, scarlet, crimson, purple,
red, rarely yellow, blooming from Aug. until arrested by frost.
2. D. cocorngea, Cav. (D. frustranea. Ait.)
Stem frosty, or hoary, hollow; leaves with the rachis naked; leaflets roughish be +
neath; outer tnvolucre spreading; vays neutral.—Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves
glaucous. Rays scarlet, orange-colored or yellow, never purple or white.
s
Section 2. Heads radiate; rays yellow.
COMPOSIT®. 171i
17. SOLIDAGO, Linn. GoxpzEy-rop.
Lat. solido, to join, or make whole; in allusion to its reputed yulnary properties.
Heaps few, or many-flowered. Rays 1 to 16, pistillate.
RECEPTACLE small, alveolate (honey-comb-like). ScaLes or
THE OBLONG INVOLUCRE imbricated appressed. ACHENTA
many-ribbed, nearly round. _Pappus simple, of equal capil-
lary bristles.— Perennial herbs with stems branching near the
top, wand-like ; alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow (one spe-
cies whitish) fiowers expanding in the autumnal months.
* Stems much branched, corymbose ; leaves all linear, entire, sessile.
1. §. LANcEonaTA, Ait. Bushy Golden-red.
Stem angular, halry, much branched; feaves lance-linear, 3 to 5 nerved, rough-
margined ; heads obovoeid-cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; rays 15 to 20.
Woods and meadows; common. Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, terminating in &
flat-topped corymb. Zeaves numerous, long and narrow, distinctly 3-veined, acute-
ly pointed. lowers in terminal crowded clusters. Whole plant somewhat frag-
rant.
* * Stem simple, corymbose above ; lower leaves oval or lanceolate, petiolate.
2. §. rieipa, L. Rigid Golden-rod.
Rough and somewhat hoary; stem stout, erect, very leafy; Zower leaves oval, cre
nate-dentate, rigid; wpper ovate-oblong, sessile, entire, veiny, thick and rigid; hea
aboué 3 to 4 flowered, large, in compact erect racemes; rays 7 to 10.
Dry fields and rocky woods. Aug., Sept. A tall species, 3 to4 feet high, very
pubescent when young. JZeaves rigid, the radical ones sometimes near a foot long
Heads yery large, many-flowered, clustered near the summits of the branches.
ays deep yellow.
=%% Heads in glomerate axillary clusters.
d. §. squaRnrosa, Muhl. Large spiked Golden-red.
Stem stout, simple, densely pubescent above; leaves smooth, oblong or the lower
spatulate-oval, serrate, veiny; scales squarrose with spréading green tips; heads
many-flowered.
Rocky wooded hills. Sept. Stem3 to5 feet high. Lower leaves large, tapering
into a margined petiole. Meads in dense axillary clusters, forming a long leafy
compound spike. ays 10 to 12, elongated, bright yellow.
4. §. cmsta, Ait. Blue-stemmed Golden-rod.
Smooth ; stem terete, erect; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed,
sessile ; heads in short axillary clusters or racemes; rays 5 to 7.
Moist rich woodlands; common. Aug. Siem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, usually
dark purple and glaucous, simple or branched. JZcaves 2 to 5 inches long, long-
pointed, ses i-, glaucous beneath. Heads middlesized, in numerous axillary ra-
cemes. Flowers deep yellow.
5. §. LatiroLtia, L. Broad-leaved Golden-rod.
Nearly smooth; stem angled, mostly fiexuous, smooth; leaves broad, ovate or oval,
long pointed at each end, coarsely dentate-serrate; heads in very short axillary
clusters or racemes.
Moist woods and shaded banks; common. Aug.—Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high,
slender, mostly smooth. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 4 wide, with acute and oft
long serratures. Clusters of heads short,‘the stem terminating with a long terminal
one. Rays3to4, Disk-jflowers 6 to 7.
172 ) COMPOSITE:
‘
6. §S. Bicotor, L. White-rayed Golden-rod.
Hairy; stem simple ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at each end ; lower
ones serrate, short-stalked ; racemes short, dense, leafy, erect; scales of the involucre
obtuse.
Woods and dry hills; common. Aug.—Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Lower
teaves tapering into a petiole. Clusters or short racemes from the axils of the
upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle. Rays about 8,
‘om cream-color or nearly white. War. concolor, Torr..& Gray.. Flowers all yel-
dow...
EK * FTeads in erect, terminal, simple or compound racemes:
7: S: PUBERULA, Nutt. Puberulent Goldén-rod..
Minutely puberulent; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base; lower
leaves wedge-lanceolate, subserrate; heads very numerous, crowded in compact
erect-spreading short racemes; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, appressed ;
rays about 10, elongated.
Low woods in sandy soil. Aug.—Oct. Stem straight, purplish, 1 to 3 feet high
Leaves very minutely pubescent, 2 to 3 inches long; the lower ones on dense winged
stalks. Heads rather large, bright yellow, in a prolonged and dense narrow or
pyramidal panicle.
8. §. striora, Ait. Upright Golden-rod.
Smooth throughout; Stem simple, strict; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower ones
tapering gradually into winged petioles; somewhat sheathing at the base, minutely
serrate aboye the appressed teeth; racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense
wand-like panicle; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse ; rays 5 to 6, small.
_ Wet woods. July, Aug. Stem 2 to3 feet high, very smooth. Root leaves 6 to 10
inches long, 34 to lineh wide. Panicle terminal, close, compound, of short, dense,
appressed racemes. Heads 12 to 18 flowered.
9. 8. speciosa, Nutt. Showy G'olden-rod.
Stem smooth, simple ; leaves oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong-
lanceolate, the lower ones contracted into a margined petiole; heads somewhat
crowded in numerous erect racemes; peduncles and petioles rough-hairy; wvolucre
cylindrical with oblong, obtuse scales.
Woods; rather common. Aug.—Oct. A very handsome species, sometimes 6 feet
high. Leaves thickish, 4 to 6 inches long and 2 to 4 wide in the larger forms. Heads
very numerous with conspicuous, rays of a rich yellow, in a large showy pyramidal
panicle. ays about 5, large. 5
.— — a ae a ng ne er
a re
ke eS Heads in one-sided racemes ; leaves triple-veined. .
10. S. nemorauis, L. Grey. Golden-rod.. Field Aster.
Minutely greyish, hoary, pubescent; stem simple or corymbed at the summit
izaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate-dentate and
tapering into a petiole; heads in numerous paniculate-secund racemes; scales of the
involucre linear oblong, appressed; 7ays 6 to 9.
Dry, sterile fields; very common. Sept... A-common starved looking species, 1 to
2 feet high, with a greyish, dusty aspect. Heads small but with conspicuous yellew
; rays. Racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a crowded compound
} panicle, which is usually turned to one side.
11. §. Canapensts, L. Canadian Golden-rod.
f Stem tall and stout, rough, hairy ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, more
or less pubescent beneath; heads small; racemes paniculate, one-sided, recurved ;
ge ge fee ee ea eee
a ee re er
aE Bt ala Tk
rays very short.
Borders of thickets and fields; verycommon. Aug.,Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high,
fyrrowed. Leaves sessile, 3 inches long, sometimes nearly entire, rough,on the up-
COMPOSITE. 173
per side. Heads very numerous, small, with very obscure yellow rays.—Varies
greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter varying
to obleng-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate.
12. S. sERorina, Ait. Late-flowering Golden-rod.
Slem very smooth, tall and stcut, often glaucous; leaves lanceolate, pointed,
serrate, roughish, slender, pubescent; 7a@7s numerous, short.
Thickets and low grounds; common. Sept., Oet. Stem 4 to 8 feet high, terete,
sometimes purplish. Zeaves 3 to 7 inches long, 44 as wide, lower ones slightly
toothed, upper ones entire. Heads numerous, middle-sized, forming a more or less
ezompact panicle inclined at the summit. ~
13. S. eraantEA, Ait. Gigantic Golden-rod.
Siem smooth, stout and tall; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very sharply serrate,
smooth on both sides, margin rough, ciliate; heads in paniculate racemes; brancies
pubescent; peduncles and pedicels hairy ; rays rather long.
Fields and fence rows; common. Aug.—Oct. Stenv 4 toT feet hich, green some-
times purplish, sometimes much branched above. Leaves 2 to 7 inches long, 14 as
wide, acuminate at each end. Heads larger than iw the two preceding species.
Panicle diffuse on spreading, leafy branches.
#eESE* Meads in one-sided racemes ; leaves feather-veined, ail entire.
14. §. sempEeRvinens, L. Hvergreenor Salt Marsh G.-rod.
Smooth ; stem stout; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, closely sessile or somewhat clasping
the radical leaves oval or lanceolate-obleng, obscurely triple-nerved ; heads in erect
racemes? panicles; rays 8 to 10, elongated.
Salt marshes and river banks near the water. Sept. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, pur-
plish, somewhat glaucous, with numerous long and narrow leaves. Heads showy,-
with golden. yellow rays.
15. S. opora, Sweet-scented Golden-rod.
Smooth; radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lance-ovya! ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, entire, smooth, pellucid-dotted, scabrous on the margin; racemes paniculate
one-sided. : /
Borders of thickets, sunny hills and fertile woodland. July—Sept. Sfem 2 to3
feet high, yellowish green, with lines of pubescence from the base of the leaves.
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 4 to 44 wide. Heads middle-sized, in one-sided racemes,
forming a terminal pyramidal panicle. Rays 2 to 4, oblong, large. The leaves and
flowers when dried form.an excellent substitute for tea. The leaves are aromatic,
and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil.
FE EEEEE Heads in one-sided racenrss ; leaves feather-veined, the lower ones tcothed,
16. S. patuta, Muhl. Spreading Golden-rod.
Stem smooth, strongly angled; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, very smooth and veiny,
underneath, upper surface very rough ; racemes paniculate, spreading.
Swamps;common. <Aug., Sept. Siem 2 to 5d feet high, often purple, branched
above. Leaves often 6 to $ inches long, lead-colored; the lower ones oblong-spatu-
late, the upper surface remarkably rough... Heads rather large on numerous ra~
cemes, on the spreading branches. Rays © to 7, oblong.
17. §. necuxcts, Torr. & Gray. Neglected Golden-rod.
Smosth; sfem steut; leaves thickish, varying. from narrow-lanceolate to ovate-
lanceo:aie, tupering to both ends, feather-veined, entire, the lower ones serrate; ro,
cemes dense,one-sided, at length spreading, on elongated, slender, sub-erect branches,
Swamps. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, straight, round, dividing at top into
Several nearly erect branches. Zowerleavesd to7inecheslong. Heads middle-sizea,
10 to 20 flowered.. Racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided.
18. §. argura, Ait. Sharp-toothed Golden-rod.
Smooth; radical and “Te stem-leaves eliptical or lance-oval, sharply serrate, with:
*
174 COMPOSITZ.
: spreading teeth, obscurely 3-nerved, pointed, tapering into winged and-ciliate peti“
| oles; wpper leaves lanceolate or oblong, tapering to each end, mostly entire; racemes.
2 dense, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like
panicle; ays 8 to 12, small.
Woods and banks; common. Aug.,Sept. Stem 2-to4 feet high, round, sometimes
purple. Heads small, very. numerous. Scales of the involucre closely 2ppressed.—
_ Well distinguished by its long or.drooping racemes.. S. juncea of Ait. is a variety
with narrow leaves and less. dense panicles...
19. S. Munmenperen, T. & G. Muhlenterg’s Golden-rod.
Smooth ; stem angled ; radical leaves ovate, on margined petioles; stem leaves ellip-
tical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly serrate, pointed at both ends; racemes
one-sided, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle.
Low grounds. Aug—Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, bearing a long
open panicle. eaves large and thin, notched with very acute teeth, feather-yeined.
Heads middle-sized, with 6 to7 large spatulate-oblong rays.
20. §. autisstmA, L. Tall Rough Golden-rod.
Rough, hairy; stem erect, hisped, with rough hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate, ellip--
tical or oblong, acute or pointed, coarsely serrate, reugh and wrinkled; racemes pa-
niculate, spreading or.recurved; 7ays 6 to 9..
Borders of fields and woods; very common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 7 feet high,
much branched at top. Zzaves numerous on the stem and branches, variously
teothed- or serrate. Branches.widely spreading, each terminating-in a recurved
panicle with the flowers turning upwards. A.very variable species.
21. 8S. unmrrorra, Muhl.. £lm-leaved Golden-rod.
Stem smooth, the branches hairy ; leaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
pointed, tapering to the base, coarsely serrate ; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading 5
involucre scales lanceolate-oblong ; ays about 4. ,
Low grounds; common. Aug., Sept. Stem about 3 feet high, rarely with scat--
tered hairs. Root-leaves tapering to winged petioles. Heads im racemes which are
often slender and usually recurved. Rays deep-yellow. Distinguished from the
last by its smooth stem and the larger leaves.
18. GHRYSOPSIS, Nutt: GoLpEN ASTER:
Gr. chrusos, gold, and opsis, aspect; in allusion to the golden blossoms:
Heaps many-flowered. RAyY-FLOWERS numerous, ligu--
late, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. InvoLu-
CRE imbricate, with linear scales destitute of herbaceous
tips. RecepTacLE flat. AcHENTA-obovate, flattened, hairy.
Pappus double,.the exterior short, interior copious, capilla-
ry. —Perennial hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, rather
large, often corymbose heads of golden yellow flowers. terminating
the branches.
1. ©. Mariana, Nutt. Maryland Chrysopsis.
Clothed with long somewhat silky hairs ; leaves oblong or elliptical, veiny, neariy
entire, the. upper closely sessile, the lower spatulate and generally obtuse; corymb
nearly simple. :
Sandy soil. Aug. Stem 1 to 8 feet high, mostly simple, leafy, and with the leaves .
clothed with scattered long, silky hairs. Heads rather few, large, 12 to 20 rayedy.
ina terminal somewhat umbellate corymb. Feduneles viscid, glandular. .
COMPOSITZ. 173:
Sxction.3.. Heads radiate; rays yellow A ayes with tails at the base ; receptacle
naked.
19: ENULA, Linn. ELecamMpans:
The ancient Latin name.
HeAps many-flowered. HKaAy-rLOWERs in a single series,
pistillate, ligulate, rarely tubular; DISK-rLOWERS perfect, —
tubular. INvoLucRE imbricated. Pappus of capillary
bristles. RecEpTAcLE flat, or somewhat convex, naked.
HEADs solitary or corymbose.— Course European perennial
herbs with alternate leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers.
HELtENIuM, L. Common Elecampane..
Stout ; root-leaves ovate, tapering into a petiole; stem-leaves somewhat clasping,
all of them acute, toothed, woolly underneath; outer involucre scales leaf-like ;-
rays Darrow, very numerous; achenia prismatic, 4sided.
A large coarse-looking plant, naturalized by road-sides. Native of Europe.
Aug. Siem 4 to 6 feet high, furrowed, branching and downy above. Radical-leaves
1 to 3 feet long, 6 to 12 inches wide. Flowers large, solitary, terminal, bright yel--
Tow. Rays linear, with-2 or 3 teeth at the end. The root-is mucilaginous, and ‘is
highly esteemed as a domestic medicine.
90. ECLIPTA, Linn:
Gr: ekleipa, to be deficient, alluding to the abseree of pappus.
HEADS many-flowered.. RAy-FLOWERS pistillate, in one’
series, ligulate, very narrow and short; DISK-FLOWERS per-
fect, tubular, 4-toothed. INvoLuoRE in 2 series; the scales
10 to 12, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. REcEPTACLE flat, fur-
nished with linear thread-like chaff. AcHENTIA short, 3 to
4 sided, in the disk 2 sided, sometimes hairy at the summit.
PAPPUS none, or an obscure toothed crown.— Annual or bi-
ennial rough.herbs, with slender stems, opposite lanceolate or oblong
leaves, and whitish flowers, axillary, or solitary and. terminal ; ai-
thers brown.
EK. PROCUMBENS, Michx. Procuwmbent Eclipta.
Rough with close appressed ‘hairs; stem procumbent, ereeping or aseending;
léaves oblong lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, slightly serrate; peduncles axil__
lary or terminal longer than the head. Annual.
Damp sandy soils, western parts of theState. June—Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet long;
often rooting at the base. Leaves 44 to 1 ineh by 4 to 4, rough, obscurely triple-
yeined.. Heads small, with minute flowers and short rays on peduncles many times
longer than the head.— Var. BRA@HYPODA has the peduncles scarcely longer than the.
head.
Section 3.—Heads discoid.
21. PLUCHIA, Cass; Marsa FLEABANE..
Named in honor of JV. Pluche, a.Freneh botanist. .
S70. COMPOSITAE.
Heaps many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular; the central
ones perfect or sterile, few, with a five-cleft corolla; the outer
inmany series, with thread-shaped truncate e¢orollas, pistillate
and fertile. INvoLuUcRE imbrieated. REcEPTACLE flat, na-
ked. ACHENIA grooved. Pappus capillary in a single row.
—Herbs somewhat glandular, emitting a strong camphoric smeil,
with alternate entire aves and corymbs of purple flowers.
P. rearipa, DC. Fetid Marsh Fleabane.
Nearly smooth; stem erect, very leafy; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute at each
end, distinctly petioled, veiny, obtusely serrate; heads numerous, in paniculate
corymbs.
Open, hilly grounds and river banks, western parts of the State. Aug. Per.
Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sub-simple. Leaves 4 to T inches long, 1% to 3 wide, sprin-
kKled with minute “Gots, on petioles 14 to 1 inch long.
TrRisnE LV. SENICIONIDEA. Tuer GRounDseEL TRIBE.
Heads radiate or discoid ; branches of the style linear, hairy or hisped at the apex,
whieh is either truncated or produced into a cenical or elongated appendage; leaves
opposite or alternate.
Sreotion 1.—Heads radiate; flowers yellowish or greenish.
22. POLYMNIA, Linn.
Dedicated to one of the ancient Muses, for no imaginable reason.
HEADS many-flowered. RAy-FLOWERS pistillate, ligulate,
im one series; DISK-FLOWERS perfect, tubular, sterile. Rz-
CEPTACLE flat, chaffy. InvotucrE double; the outer scales
about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading, the inner small and
membranaceous, surrounding the round obovoid achenia.
Paprus none.— Tall, branching, viscid and hairy perennial
herbs, with large opposite leaves, the wpper lobed with dilated appen-
dages at the base, and light yellow heads of flowers in panicled ca-
rymbs.
1. P. Canavensis, L. Leaf-cup.
Clammy, hairy; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, or lyrate; the uppermost triangu-
Zar-obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre.
Moist, shaded ravines. June, July. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, roughly pubescent
and somewhat viscid, branching. eaves opposite or alternate, very thin, mostly
3 to 5 lobed atthe apex. Flowers light yellow, with short rays, surrounded by the
concave leaflets of the double involucre, so-as to form a sort of a cup, hence called
leaf-cup. Heads 14 inch in diameter.
2. P. Uveparia, L. Large Leaf-cup.
Roughish, hairy, stout; leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile,
the lower palmately lobed, abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; outer scales of
the nvolucre very large; rays 10 to 15.
Rich soils. July, Aug. Stem 3to6 feet high, round. Lower leaves yery large.
COMPOSITE. 177
Heads of flowers large, few, arranged in loose panicles, the rays much longer than:
the inyolucre, bright yellow; disk dull yellow.
23. SILPHIUM, Linn. Rostn-pranrt.
Gr. silphion, the ancient name of a medicinal plant of Africa, transfered to the ge-
nus by Linneus. -
HEADS many-flowered. RAyY-FLOWERS numerous,. ligu-
late; pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries imbricated
in 2.t0 3: rows; DISK-FLOWERS perfect but sterile, tube short.
RECEPTACLE somewhat convex, chaffy. InvonvcrE bell-
shaped, with imbricated scales in several rows, the outer with
loose leaf-like summits. AcHENIA broad.and flattened, sur-
rounded by a ring which-is notched at the top, destitute of
pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin ;
those-of the disk abortive, with an obsolete crown-like pap-
pus.— Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with a cepious
eeeus juice, and large heads of yellow fiowers in.corymbose pan~
2Cles.
* Stem round or slightly 4-angled, leafy : leaves undivided. -
1. §S. rrironratum, L. Three-leaved Rosin Plant.”
Stem tall and rather slender, smooth, often glaucous; stem leaves lanceolates-
pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, on very short petioles, in whorls of 3 or
4; upper leaves opposite; heads loosely panicled; tnvolucre smooth; scales broadly
ovate, rather obtuse; achenia broadly oval, sharply 2-toothed at-the top.
Dry woods and plains. Aug. Stem 5 to’6 feet high, slightly angled, purplish-
Leaves thick, 3 to 5 inches long. Heads loosely cymose on rather long peduncles-
Rays 12 to 16, expanding about 214 inches, bright yellow.
*% Stem square ; leaves opposite, connate.
2. SS. PERFOLIATUM, L. Cup Plant.
Stem stout, square; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, connate-perfoliate, narrowed
towards the base; heads in a trichotomous cyme, the central on a long peduncle.
Rich soil along streams. Aug. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, often branched above--
Leaves 6 to 16 inches long, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup”
shaped disk, the lower narrowed into winged petioles, which are connate by their
Epres. pen large, with 15 to,25 yellow rays. Achenia winged and variously.
notched,
24. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAG-WEED.
Gr. ambrosia, the food of the gods, aterm strangely applied..
HEADS monecious ; the fertile at the base and the sterile
at the top of the spike. STERILE INVOLUCRE flattish or
top-shaped, composed of 7 to 12 scales united into a cup,
containing 5 to 20 funnel-form staminate flowers. FERTILE
INVOLUCRE oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usu-
ally with 4 to 8 horns near the top in one row inclosing a
single pistillate flower.. ACHENIA ovoid.—LHerbaceous chief-
178 , COMPOSITE.
ly annual coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected
leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish flowers.
1. A. trirma, L. Great Rag-weed.
Stem tall and stout; leaves 3-lobed serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate$
racemes panicled; fruit 6-ribbed, the ribs terminating in as many erested tubercles
Var.—INTEGRIFOLIA has all the leaves, or the upper ones, undivided, ovate or ovai,
pointed.
Low moist grounds, and banks of streams; common. Aug. Stem 4 to 12 feet
lish, square, rough and hairy as wellasthe’argeleives.. Leaves 4 to7 inches broad,
opposite. F lowe7's obscure and unattractive, in long leafless spikes, axillary and
terminal.
2. <A. ARTEMISmFOLIA, L. Loman Wormwood. Hog-
weed. Common Rag-weed.
Stem slender, much branched hairy or roughish-pubescent; leaves opposite, and
the upper alternate, twice pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ;
racemes or spikes loosely panicled; fruit oboyoid globular, pointed, armed with
about 6 short teeth.—Var. HETEROPHYLLA, has the stem leaves pinnatifid, those of the
branches lanceolate.
Waste places; common everywhere. July—Sept. An extremely variable weed,
1 to 38 feet high, with finely cut leaves, embracing several nominal species.
25. XANTHIUM, Tourn. CockLE-BurRR.
Gr. xanthus, yellow; in allusion to the color the plants are said to yield.
FERTILE and STERILE FLOWERS occupying different heads.
on the same plant; the fertile clustered below ; the sterile in
short spikes or-racemes above. FERTILE INVOLUCRE closed,
coriacious, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles, so
as to form a rough burr, 2-celled, 2-flowered, the flowers pis-
tillate, with a slender filiform corolla. STERILE INVOLUCRE
sub-globose, many-flowered, with the scales in one series.
AcHENIA oblong, flat.—Low coarse annuals, with stout bran-
ching stems and aiternate lobed or toothed petioled leaves.
1. X..stRuMARIUM, L. Common Cockle-burr. Clot-weed.
Siem unarmed, branching; leaves cordate, lobed, 3-veined, unequally serrate,
rough; fertile nvolucré oval, somewhat pubescent, the beaks straight.
Roadsides and waste places; introduced. July—Sept. Stem bristly, spotted, 2
to 3 feet high. eaves large, 3 to 6 inches broad, on long stalks, rigid. Fertile
Jlowers in sessile axillary tufts. Sterile flowers few together, terminal, globular,
green. Fruita hard 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered with stiff hooked
prickles.
2. X. sprnosum, L. Fhorn Clot-burr.
TIeaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, wedge-shaped at the base, entire or slightly 3-
lobed, minutely pubescent above, hoary underneath.
Waste places; introduced.. Sept.—Nov. Stem 1 to 3.feet high, armed with 3-par-
ted slender spurs. Leaves entire or repand-denticulate. Heads few, axillary, soli-
tary ; fertilein the lower and sterile in the upper axils.
Trisg V. HELIANTHEA. Tur SUN-FLOWER TRIBE.
~~
—
iil f
'
COMPOSITE. | i 17 §
Heads radiate or rarely discoid ; the disk-flowers always perfect and fertile; vecep-
rele chaffy ; anthers blackish, without tails at the base ; pappus none, or crown-like, or
7 one or two chaffy awns, never capillary or of uniform chaffy scales ; leaves chiefly
ppostte.
26. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-ryz.
Gr. helios, the sun, and epsis, appearance, from the resemblance of the flowers.
HEADS many-flowered ; the RAY-FLOWER 10 or more in one
series, ligulate, fertile; DISK-FLOWERS tubular, perfect.
INVOLUCRE in 2 or 3 rows; the outer leaflike and somewhat
spreading; the inner shorter than the disk. REcEPTACLE
conical ; CHAFF linear. ACHENTA smooth, 4-angled. Pap-
PUS none, or a mere border.—VPerennial herbs, with opposite
petioled leaves, and large showy heads of flowers with conspicuous
yellow rays.
H. tazvis, Pers. Common Ox-eye.
. Nearly smooth ; leaves oval-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, petiolate,
3-veined.
A large showy plant in hedges and thickets; common. July, Aug. Stem 2to6
feet high, aneular, 2 or 3 timesforked above. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, 1 to 4 wide.
Branches thickened at the summit, each terminating with a large, solitary, yellow
head.—Var. ScABRA, has roughish foliage, and the involucre somewhat hcary, 6 feet
high. Var. GRACILES is small and slender, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, acute at the
base, 2 feet high.
27. RUDBECKIA.
In honor of Olaus Rudbeck, Professor of Botany at Upsal, in Sweden.
HEADS many-flowered ; RAY-FLOWERS neutral, in a single
series, ligulate ; DISK-FLOWERS tubular, perfect. ScALEs oF
THE INVOLUCRE leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. ReE-
O©EPTACLE conical or columner, with short concave chaff.
AcCHENIA 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat topped.
PAPPUS none, or a minute crown-like border.— Chiefly per-
ennial herbs, with alternate leaves and showy large heads of flowers
terminating the stem branches, with long and drooping yellow rays.
* Disk pale green or purplish. .
1. R. tactntata, L. Tall Cone-flower.
Stem smooth, branching; leaves smooth or roughish, the lower pinnate, with 6
to 7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper leaves irregularly, 3 to S-parted; the lobes ovate-
lanceolate, pointed. or entire; chaff truncate and dewny at the tip.
Low thickets; common. July—Sept. A tall, showy plant, 6 to 8 feet high.
Leaves gradually less and less divided frem the lowest to the uppermecst ones.
Fizads rather large, terminal. Rays linear, 1 to 2 inches long, bright yellow,
spreading or drooping. Disk greenish yellow.
* Disk broadly conical. dark purple or brown.
2. R. rrmosa, L. Three-lobed Cone-flower.
Hairy; stem much branched, the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves
ovate-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, serrate or entire; lower leaves 3-lobed, taper-
ing at the base, coarsely serrate; scales of the involucre linear.
ae
oe
ee a a a ee en ee ee es en ee
8 0 = COMPOSITR.
‘Dry soil. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, very branching. Zeaves 2 to 4
‘inches Jong, 3-veined. Heads small, numerous and showy. Rays about 8, deep
yellow, 14 to1 inch long, 24 as wide.
3. R. spectosa, Wender. Showy Cone-flower.
Roughish-hairy, branched ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both
ends, petioled, 3 to 5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or cut; involucre much
shorter than-the- numerous elongated rays; chaff of the disk acutish, smooth.
Dry soil. Aug.—Oct. Stem1to 2 feet high, branched, the branches upright,
elongated and- naked above, terminated by single large heads. Leaves rather thin,
those of the root 4 to 5 inches long by 3 to 4 wide, on petioles, 6:to 10: inches long.
Rays about 18, oblong-linear, bright yellow.
4. R. Futerpa, Ait. Small-flowered Rudbeckia.
Hairy; stem with slender branches; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly
clasping, 8-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse; scales oblong, spreading, as
long as the spreading rays; thaf’ linear-oblong, obtuse.
Dry soil. July—Oct. Stem1 to3 feet high, branching, the upright branches
naked atthe summit and bearing single heads. Rays 12 to 14, scarcely longer
than the leafy involucre, deep orange-yellow, 2-cleft at the summit. Disk nearly
hemispherical, purple.
>. R. gwigta, L. Hairy Rudbeckia.
‘Very rough and bristly-hairy; stem simple or branched near the base; leaves
nearly entire; the wpper oblong or lanceolate, sessile; the lower spatulate, 3-nerved, _
on petioles; scales nearly equalling the rays; chaff hairy at the tip.
‘Dry soil. July—Sept. A showy plant, 2 to 3feet high, with the stem ge or
branched near the base, naked above, bearing single large heads. Rays 12 to 15,
bright yellow, 1 inch long, surrounding a broadly conical disk of dark purple or
brown chaff and flowers. ;
28. LEPACHYS, Raf.
Gr. lepis, a seale, and pakus, thick, refering to the thickened tips of the chaff.
HEApDS many-flowered ; the RAys few, neutral, in a single
series ; those of the Disk small, tubular, perfect. ‘ScaLEs
OF THE INVOLUCRE few, small, spreading. RECEPTACLE
oblong or .columner; the CHAFF truncate, thickened and
bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and mar-
gined achenia. Pappus none, or 2 teeth.— Perennial herbs,
with alternate pinnate leaves, and showy heads of yellow flowers, with
long drooping rays ; disk grayish.
L. PINNATA, Torr. & Gray. Tall Lepachys.
Hairy with -minute, appressed hairs; leaves pinnate; leaflets 3 to 7, lanceolate,
acute at both ends, toothed er entire; disk oblong; rays much lenger than the disk.
Dry soil. -July—Sept. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, grooved, with naked branches
above, terminated by single showy heads. Rays yellow, about 2 inches long,
slightly toothed at the apex. Disk ovate, exhaling an anisate odor when bruised.
Achenia of the ray 3-angled, hairy; that of the disk compressed, smooth or ciliate,
29. HELIANTHUS, Linn. Sunrrower.
Gr. helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower.
HEADS many-ftowered ; RAY-FLOWERS in one series, ligu-
date, neutral; those of the DIsK, tubular, perfect. Inyor-
>»
COMPOSITZ. 18
‘UcRE imbricated. RECEPTACLE flat or convex; the persis-
‘tent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally achenia.
-Pappus very deciduous, consisting of two thin chaffy-awned
~scales (sometimes additional smaller ones).—Coarse and
“stout herbs, mostly perennials, with mostly opposite leaves, generally
‘triple-veined, and solitary or corymbed heads, with yellow rays.
“+ Disk fiowers dark purple.
1. H. arrorvusBens, L. Dark-red Sunflower.
“Stem erect, branched above, hisped with long scattered hairs: leaves mostly op-
Y posite, oblong-spatulate or ovate, slightly serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous; involucre
‘scales lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, as long as the disk.
- Gravelly soils. Aug., Sept. Per.—Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Lower leaves “very
“=Jarge and often slightly cordate. Heads in a loose terminal panicle; rays about
-16, yellow ; disk dark purple.
2. H. annuus, L. Common Sunflower.
Leaves cordate, 3-nerved, lower ones opposite; peduncles thick; flowers nodding*
“Native of South America. July, Aug. Stem-7 to 15 feet high. Heads of flowers
‘very large, with broad rays of a brilliant yellow color. <A splendid variety occurs
‘with the flowers all radiate.
** Disk flowers yellow; leaves opposite, or the upper sometimes alternate.
3. H. Moris, Lam. Downy Sunflower.
Stem villous; leaves ovate witha somewhat cordate and clasping base, pointed
*nearly entire, hoary above; involucre scales lanceolate, downy.
Low grounds. July—Sept. Per.—Stem clothed with soft-white hairs, ‘simple,
-leafy, 2to 4 feet high. Leaves hoary above, very scft white-hairy and reticulate
“underneath. Heads few, rather large; rays 15 to 25, about one inch long, yellow.
4. H. strumosus, L. ~Pale-leaved Sunflower.
Stem tall, rather simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate, serrate, 3-nery-
_» ed, rough above, whitish and- pubesbent beneath, abruptly contracted into short
margined petioles; involucre scales broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, equal-
ling the disk. F
River banks and dry woods; common. -Aug., Sept. Per. Stem rough above,
smooth below, 2 to 4 feet high, slender; simple or sparingly branched. » Heads few,
-' on roughly pubescent peduncles; rays about 10, bright yellow.
5. H. pivaricatus, L. Cross-leaved Sunflower.
Stem smooth, simple or forked at the top; leaves sessile ovate-lanceolate, roundéd
at the base, tapering to the point, opposite and divaricate, 8-nerved, serrate, thick
> jsh rough ; involucre scales lanceolate, acuminate from a broad base, ciliate, spread-
ing; equalling the disk.
Thickets and barrens; common. <Aug., Oct. Per.—Stem 1'to 5 ‘feet high, some-
times purple and glaucous, simple ‘or forked and corymbed above. Leaves3 tod
4Sinches long. -Heads small; few, ina terminal panicle; rays 8 to 12, bright yellow;
disk yellow.
6. H. TrRAcHELiFroiius, Willd. Throatwort Sunflower.
- Stem tall, hairy, loosely branched above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-
“Yanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, smoothish or roughish-pubescent on both.
“sides, contracted into short petioles; ivolucre scales lance-linear; elongated and
~yery acuminate, ‘Ao. outer ones larger and squarrose,
{R92
COMPOSIT &.
:
Dry swamps. Aug—Oct. Per. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, purplish. Leaves 3 to 6
inches long, by 14 to 3 inches wide on petioles 14 to 114 inches long. Heads mid-
die sized, borne at the top of the slender suberect branches ; rays expanding 2 to 3
inches long. 3
7. H. gieanteus, L. Tall Sunflower.
Stem rough or hairy, branched above; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very
rough above, rough-hairy beneath, narrowed and ciliate at the base, nearly sessile ;
involucre scales long, lineat-lancediate, pointed, hatry. or strongly ciliate. ,
Thickets and swamps; common. Aug., Sept. Per.—Stem 3 tol0 feet high, pan-
iculately branched at the summit, sometimes smoothish below. Heads numerous,
in a loose terminal panicle ; rays 12 to 20, pale yellow; disk greenish yellow.
8. H. pecapetatus, L. Thin-leaved Sunflower.
Stem erect, tall and branching, smooth below, rough above; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, on short margined petioles, acuminate coarsely serrate, 3-neryed, thin and
slightly seabrous; incolucre scales lancelinear, elongated, loosely spreading, the
onter longer than the disk. :
Copees and low banks of streams; common. Aug.—Oct. Per.—Stem 3 to 5 feet
high, slender, somewhat branching at the summit. Outer tnvolycral seales some-
times foliaceous or changing to leaves. Heads ina fastigiate corymb; rays 8 to 10,
marrow, pale yellow. f
9. H. MicrocepHaLus, Torr. .& Gr. Small-Acade@
Sunflower. -
Stem smooth, with 4 to 6 slender branches above; leaves opposite, or the upper
ones alternate, thin ovyate-lanceolate, acuminate. somewhat serrate, veiny, petio-
led, rough above, downy or hairy underneath; peduneles slender, rough; involucre
scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, the outer with squarrose tips.
Woods and thickets, western part of. the State. Stem 3 to 8 feet high, usually in
tuits. Heads small, oblong, 4g to % inch broad; rays 5 to 6, nearly 1 inch long.
-=* Leaves alternate, sometimes cpposite below.
10. H. muxrrriorus, L. Many-rayed Sunflower.
Stem erect, branching, scabrous; aves alternate, petioled,- toothed, 3-nerved 3;
lower cordate, upper ovate ;.involucre scales linear-lanceolate,-ciliate, inner ces
lanceolate.
Mountain woods. July—Sept. Per. Stem and peduncles rough hairy. Leaves
sometimes opposite, rough, serrate. Jnvolucre with 40 to 60 scales, imbricate, not
squarrose. Heuds erect; rays numerous, oblong. Perhaps introduced.
Tl. H. ruserosus L. ~ Jerusalem Artichoke. ,
Foot bearing tubers; Stem stout and tall, branched, rough; leaves alternate,
ovate, petiolate, 3-nerved, rough, serrate; lower cordate-ovate; petioles ciliate at
bese; involucre scales linear lanceolate. ;
Fields and cultivated creunds;-naturalized, also cultivated. Jnly—Sept. Ter.
Stem 4108 feet high, branched. Jeavres large wedge-shated at base; lewer ones
opposite, rarely ternate or lobed. Heads rather large, terminal, on angular pubes-
cent peduncles ; rays 12 to 20, yellow. The root is sometimes used for pickling.
‘30. CQREOPSIS, Linn. TicksEED.
Gr. koris, » bug, and opsts, resemblance ;-from the form of the fruit.
HEADS many-flowered ; ray flowers-about 8, neutral, in a
single series ; disk flowers, small, tubular, perfect. InvoL-
wCRE double; each of about 8 scales, the outer somewhat fo-
COMPOSITE. 183.
liaceous and spréa‘ling; the inner broader and appressed. —
RECEPTACLE flat, with membraneceous chaff. AcHENTA flat,
often winged, 2 "toothed, 2 awned, or sometimes naked at
the summit. Herbs with mostly opposite leaves, and yellow
or parti-colored, rarely purple rays.
s Rays wanting.
1. C. BibrntorpEs, Nutt.
Dwarf, diffusely branched, smoothish; lezves ett cite eut, toothed t =”
pering into a petiole; awns slender, upwards barbed, much longer than the corol-
la, or the bristly young achenia.
Near oe ae Nuttall—Prof. Gray thinks thisa very obscure and undoubdt-
ful plant.
odd Rays and disk yellow ; leaves opposite, divided. » ~
2. (C. TRICHOSPERMA, Michx. Tickseed Sunflower.
Smooth, branched; leaves short petioled, 5 t6 T-divided ; leaflets lanceolate or lin-
ear, cut-toothed or the wpner leaves only 3 to 5 cleft and nearly sessile ; outer txvol-
wcre scales subspatulate, ciliate-serrate; heads in corymbose panicles.
Swamps, near the coast.. Aug—Oct. Biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely
4angled, much branched, smooth. Branches and leaves mostly opposite. Leaves
thin, subsessile. Levflets narrow tapering to a long point with a few unequal re-
mote serratures. Heads large showy, yellow. Acrenia narrowly wedze-oblong,
bristly ciliate above, crowned with 2 triangular or awi-shaped stout teeth.:
&. C. TRIPTERIS, Michx. Three-leaved Tickseed.
Smooth; Stem simple, tall, corymbose at surzmmit; leaves 8 to 5-divided; leaflets
lanceolate, acute, entire, scabrous‘on the margins; heads small on short peduneles.
Banks of streams. Aug.—Oct.. Per. An elegant apEbION 4 to 6 feet high, slen-
der, terete. Divisions of the leaves 3 to 5 inches long, by 34 to 11g inches wide.
Heads rather smali. in a loose terminal corymb, on short peduncles ; rays about 8,
spreading )4 inch long, yellow. The heads exhale the odor of anise when bruised.
CULTIVATED SPECIES.
#%* Rays or disk purple.
4. ¢. TINCTORIA, Nutt. Dyer’s Coreopsis. Hlegant
Coreopsis.
Leaves alternate, those of the root subpinnate ; leaflets oval, entire, smooth ; stem
leaves subpinnate ; leaflets linear ; achenia naked. A handsome border annual, na-
tive of the Upper Missouri. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, with light smooth foliage.
Fads with yellow rays, beautifally colored with brownish purple at their base.
Flowering allsummer. Partially naturalized in Union Co.”
Do. ©. DaumMonpi, T. & G Dirummond’s Coreopsis.
Pubescent; leaves pinnately divided; sometimes simple, segments (or leaves)
oval, entire; tnvelucre scales lanceolate-acuminate; rays anequally 5 toothed, twice
longer than the inyolucre ; achenia obovate, incurved, scarcely toothed. - A bean-
tiful annual from Texas. Stems 10 to 20 inches high. - Rays large, yellow, with .
@ purple spot at the base. ;
B: atrosanguinea, a variety in cultivation, with dark oramge flowers. .
31. ZINNIA, Lian.
Dedicated to John Godfrey Zinn, a German botanist, 1557...
HEADS many-flowered; RAys 5, persistent, entire, pistil--
184 - COMPOSITE.
lgte ; DISK, FLOWERS perfect. RECEPTACLE chaffy, conical,
Paprus of the disk of 2 erect awns. INVOLUCRE SCALES
oval, margined, imbricate. Annuals, native at the South,
common in cultivation, with‘opposite entire leaves and showy heads
of flowers.
1. Z. pvxaans, .. Hegant Zinnia.
Stems hairy; leaves cordate, sessile-amplexicaul; heads‘on long peduncles; chaff
serrated. July, Aug. Several varieties are known in cultivation with violet, white,
purple, scarlet and yellowish flowers.
2. Z. MuLTIFLORA, L., Many-flowered Zinnia. Youth
and old age. .
_ Leaves ovate-lanceolate on, short petioles ;.heads on long peduncles with dull scar-
let rays.. Z. pauciflorum, with bright yellow flowers, is also found in eultivation..
32.. TAGETES; Linn. Maricorp.
Named for Zages, a Tuscan divinity.
HEADS heterogamous; RAY-FLOWERs 5, persistent. IN-
VOLUCRE simple, tubular, of 5 united scales. RECEPTACLE
naked. Pappus of 5 erect awns.—Annual herbs, natives of
tropical America, with pinnately divided.leaves and.showy heads of
Jlowers. -
1. TT. parva, li, French Marigold.
Siem erect, with spreading branches; segments of the leaves linear-lanceolate; pe~
duncles elongated, sub-eylindric, one-flowered ; imvolucre smooth. Stem 1 to 2 feet
high. Flowers yellow-orange, striped and variegated with deep brown.
2. TT. erecta, L., African Marigold.
Leaves pinnately divided; segments lanceolate; cilliate-serrate; peduncles 1-flow-
ered, ventricose and thickened at the summit;.zmvolucre angular. Stem 2 to 3 feet
high, with large heads:of deep.yellow and grange colored-flowers.,
33. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt.
Gr. aktin; a ray,.and mers, a part, alluding to the small number, or irregularity.
' of the rays. _
Heaps many-flowered ; RAY-FLOWERS neutral, few, elon-.
gated or rarely wanting; DISK FLOWERS tubular, perfect. .
Invotvcre foliaceous, nearly equal, inl to 3 rows. ReE-.
OEPTACLE convex, chaffy, the outer chaff embracing the out- -
er margin of the flat, obovate, compressed and winged ache-
nia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns.— Tall and braneh-
ing perennial herbs, with serrate feather-viened leaves,and coryme-..
bed heads of chiefly yellow flowers. .
1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Tall Achtinomeris.
Stem erect, somewhat hairy and winged above; leaves alternate, or the lower Op-..
posite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends; heads in an open corymbed .
OOMPOSITE. ° 185.
panicle ; involucrescales in 2 rows, the outer linear spatulate; achenia broadly*
winged.
‘Moist grounds; common. Aug., Sept.— Stem 4 te 8 feet high, slender, smooth be-
lew. Headssmall,in a terminél leéfly coryntbose panicle ; rays 4 to 10 irregular,
oblanceolate; yellow; disk greenish-yellow. eceptacle globular. -
34. BIDENS, Linn. Burr Marico.p--
~ Lat. bideris shaving two teeth} im allusion to the two awns of the achenia.
HEADs many-flowered, the RAY-FLOWERS 3 to 8 neutral,
often wanting; DISK-FLOWERS tubular, perfect. InvoLucrE
double, unequal, the outer series often large and leafy. Rer-
CEPTACLE fiattish, chaffy, the chaff deciduous with the fruit.-
ACHENIA flattened, parallel with the scales of the involucre,
er slender and 4-sided, crowned with <2 or: more rigid and-
persistent awns which are downwardly barbed.— Annual or
perennial herbs; with opposite various leaves, and mostly. yellow
Jlowers.
* Rays inconspicuous or nove. =
T:- By rronposa, L. Common Beggar-ticks.
Smooth or somewhat hairy; stem tall and branching; leaves 3 to 5-divided, the
kafjlets lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed, mostly peticled; outer leafy invelucre
much longer than the head, ciliate below; rays none; achenia wedge-oboyate,
Z-awned, somewhat ciliate on the margin.
Moist waste places;eommon. July—Sept. A very troublesome weed 2 to 4 feet
high, sending ovt many spreading branches. Lower leaves pinnate, upper ones ter~~
nate, lanceoiate, serrate. Flowers in clusters at the ends of the branches, without
rays, yellow, surrounded.by a large-and+teafy involucre. Achenia 2awned, and as
in the other species, adhering by their retrorsely barbed awnsto the dress, and to
tie fleece of animals. =
2. B. connata, Muhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks.
€mooth; leaves lanceolate, serrate, connate at the base; lower ones mostly trifid
scales of the outer involucre longer than the head, mostiy.obtuse, scarcely ciliate ;
rays Done; achenia narrowly wedge-form, 3-awned. -_
Wet grounds; common. Aug. Annual. Stem ito 2 feet high, smooth and
Afurrowed, with cpposite branches. - Leaves tapering into margined petioles which
ae slightly united at the base; the lower often divided; the lateral divisions united
at the base and dectrrert on the petiole, - Fiowers terminal, solitary, without rays,
consisting only of the tubular yellow florets, surrounded by'a leafy involucre.
3. B. cernua, L.. Nodding Burr-Marigold. -
Nearly smooth, low; leaves all undivided; lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely
connate; heads discoid or radiate, nodding; outer involucre longer than the head
athenia wedge obovate, 4awned, the margins downwardly barbed:
Swamps and ditches. Annual. Aug.—Oct. Stem1 to 2 feet high, purplish, stri-
ate above, branched around the base. Braxches opposite. Leaves opposite, slichtly
connate. Flowers yellowish-greet; with or without rays. _Reys when present,
about 8, smaller than B. chrysanthemoides, the leaves irregularly toothed and the °
outer involucre more leaflike.
4. B. premnata, L. Spanish Needles.
Smooth, branching; leaves petioled bipinnately parted, the segments lanceolate ~
oF oblong ovate, se icens wedge-shaped at the base; heads on slender peduncles; with °
>
|
|
|
:
|
186 = coMPosimm,.
2 to 4 small rays; outer involucre of linear scales as long as the inner ; achenia long. be
and slender, 4grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3 to 4 awned.
Dry soil, waste places. Annual. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, prandhiGh,
smooth, 4angled..- Leaves 1to 2 pinnately parted. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, nearly
smooth. Heads of flowers onJong peduncles, each with 3 to# (6r none).obseurez .
obovate yellow rays.
#* Rays conspicuous.: 4
5. B. CHRYSANTEEMOIDES, Mithx. . Large: sfowercd Burr- ..
Marigold.
Smooth, erect or reclining at thebase ; leaves lanceolate, ri Darse at -both ends, «.
mare or less connate, acute, serrate; heads erect or nodding, conspicuously radiate; «
outer involucre- mostly shorter than the long rays; achenia wedge-shaped, with 2 to .-
4 awns.
Swamps and ditches; common. Annual. Aug., Sept. A-low plant, with large
yellow-rayed flowers. Stem 6 to 20 inches high. - Leaves smooth, with few remote -
teeth. Heads rather large, solitary at the ends of the branches, erect or somewhat ~
nodding; rays elliptic, § to10, bright yellow, 1 inch long.
a0.:. VERBESINA, Linn.. CrowNBEARD-..
“Name altered from. Kerbena.” .
Heaps few and many-flowered, mostly radiate; RAYS pis-
tillate. . ScanEs of the erect-involucre few, imbricated i in 2
or more rows: RECEPTACLE. flat or somewhat convex, the. -
CHAFF concave and embracing. the. flowers. . AGHENIA flat
(compressed. laterally), usually winged at the angles, crowned °
with 2 rigid awns.— American ‘perennial plants, with the toothed *
or. lobed leaves decurrent.on the stem, an solitary or corymbose heads ©
of yellow flowerse.
Pal.” ‘SIEGESBECKIA, Miéhx. - Siegesbeck’ s Crownbeard.
Stem paaeie 4-winged; leaves opposite, ovate, 3-nerved, serrate, pointed at both
ends, smooth or pubescent underneath ; .heads.in ar oo corymbs}- involuere --
scales obtuse, fews achenia wingless.
Rich soil.. Aug., Sept. Stem 4to 6 feet high; erect, with 4 leafy wings. Leaves
5 to § inches wide, thin, tapering to a winged petiole. Tieads in corymbs, yellow.
Rays 1 to 5 lanceolate, 3 toothed, 34 inch long.
2. V2 Vireinica,. Virginian Crownbeard: °
Stem narrowly winged, downy pubescent above; leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate,
feather-veined, serrate, acute at each end, the lower decurrent; heads in compound
corymbs, crowded; rays 3 to 4 oval; achenia narrowly winged.
Dry woods. Aug., Sept. Stem. 3 to 6 feet- high. Heads about 20-flowered, in
erowded corymbs. ays very short,-the:tube- (end. inyolucre) nukes pale yel-
low, oval, scarcely % inch long.
4
4
Szotion 2.—Pappus composed-of several distinct.chaffy scales.
36. HELENIUM, Linn... Fase SunFLOWER.
Named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.
Hans many-flowered; radiate ; the RAY-FLOWERS in asin: .-
“COMPOSITE. 187
gle series, pistillate, ligulate orrarely tubular, 3 to 5 cleft,.
DISK-FLOWERS perfect, tubular, very short 4 to5 toothed. In-
YoLucreE small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped.
RECEPTACLE globose or oblong, naked. . ACHENIA top-sha-
ped, ribbed... Pappus of.5 to 8 thin and I-nerved chaffy
seales, each extended into a bristle or point:-—Erect branch-
ing herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem
and branches, which are terminated by. single or corymbed
heads of yellow-flowers.-
H. AUTUMNALE, L. S eeze-weed.*.
Nearly smooth ; stem erect, branched; leaves lanceolate, tcothed, acute, decur-
rent ; disk globose ; rays.3 to-5 cleft, spreading or reflexeg. -
Alhiyvial soils, low grounds. Per. Aug—Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, winged by
the decurrent leaves. . Leaves narrowed at the base, the upper nearly entire.
Heads showy middle-sized, in a terminal corymb; rays yellow, wedge-shaped ; disk
greenish-yellow. Whoie plant intensely bitter. :
Szerion-3. - Pappus tone, ora very short crown. Heads radiate or discoid.
Leaves alternate.’
37. MARUTA, Cass. May-weErp.
Heaps many-flowered; RAY-FLOWERS, ligulate, neutral;
DESK-FLOWERS perfect: IyyeLUcRE somewhat imbricated
shorter than the disk. .. ReckpTAcLEconical, more or less chaf-
fy. AcHENTAcbovoid, ribbed, smooth. Pappusnone.—An--
nual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, finely thrice pinnately divi-
ded leaves, and single heads :with white rays.and yellow disk termty ©
nating the. branches. +
M. cotuna, DG.~ Common May-weed:”
Smoothish; leaves 2 or-3 times pinnatifid, the segments subulate-linear scales of
thé involucre with whitish margins; receptacle conic. - re
Roadsides, common. Annual. June—Oct. Stem a foot high, erect, branched.
Zeaves-pale green, more or less pilose; segmentsvery narrow. -Heads on elongated
slender peduncles; ruys about 12, white; disk convex, yellow. Receptacle chaffy
only. among the-upper flowers. .Am:exotic, every where naturalized. -
38.- ANTFHEMIS,; Linn. CHAMOMILE.’ -
Gr. Anthemis, the*ancient name;:given in allusion to the profusion of the flowers.
HEADS many-flowered ; RA¥-FLOWERS in one series ligulate,
pistillate; DIsK-FLOWERS tubular perfect. INVOLUCRE-SCALES
imbricate in a few.series.~. RECEPTACLE convex oblong or |
conic. ACHENIA terete, striate or smooth. PAppus none
or a minute crown.—Annualor perennial herbs, with aromatic -
or. strong odor, 1 to 2 pinnately divided leaves, and the branches ters. -
minated by single heads, with white rays.and yellow disk...
ee awe
{88 COMPOSIT A.
1.:A. ARVENSIS, L. Corn: Chamomile. ot
Pubescent; leaves pinnately parted; divisions linear-lanceolate, toothed, very
acute ; branchlets leafless at the summit; tnvolucre scales obtuse; chaff lanceolate,
pointed ; achenta crowned with a very short margin.
Fields and cultivated érounds. Introduced from Europe. J une—Aug, Bienn*--
al. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, branched. Leaves gr. ayish-pubescent. - Heads large;
rays broad, white, spreading ; disk yellow, convex. ~
2. A. nopinis, L: Garden Chamomile... —
Stem prostrate, branching from the base, weoo'ly ; leaves decompound-pinnatifid ;
segments linear-subulate; chaff with a thin membrancous margin, lanceolate,
scarcely as long as the flowers. Per. Native of Europe. Cultivated in gardens
for its tonic and-anodyne properties. The agreeable scent of the chamomile is well
known. '
39.. ACHILLEA, Linn. Yarrow. -
So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles. |
Hzaps many-flowered ; RAY-FLOWERS 4 to6 pistillate, ligu~
late, short, or none ; DISK-FLOWERS perfect, tubular 5-toothed.
TACEPTACLE chaiy, flattish. AtuEntrA® oblong, flattened,
margined. Pappus none.—-Perennial herbs, with mvuch ae
vided alternate leaves and-small corymbose heads of whitish flowers.
1. A. Mitierotium, L.- Common Yarrow. Milfoil.
Stems mostly simple, erect, somewhat hairy; leaves twice-pinnately parted; the
divisions linear, 3 to 5 cleft, crowded ; corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre ob-
long; receptacle small.
Fields and hills; common. Aug. Stem 1to2 feet high, branched at the top.
Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, cut into very numerous narrow segments. Heads nu-
merous, i ina dense terminal fastigiate corymb; rays 4 tod, short, whit te or rose-col-
ored.*
*
40.’ LEUCANTHEMUM. Tum. Ox-Eyve Darsy/
Gr. lewkos, white, and anth2mon, a flower. ~
Heaps many-flowered; RAY-FLOWERS numerous, fertile, or
rarely neutral ; DISK-FLOWERS perfect, with a fleshy somewhat
2-winged tube. INvoLucreE -broa d-and flat, imbricated >
scales with scarious margins. RECEPTACLE naked: flat ér
convex. AcHENIA.of the disk and ray.similar, stri ate, des-
titute of pappus.— Perennial herbs, with toothed oF pinnatt-
Jid, alternate leaves and large single heads, with white 2 and yelx
low disk terminating the br ~anches:
1. LL. vun@are, Lam. Ox-eye. White Daisy. White-
weed. - Toa
Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above; rootleaves spatulate, petioled, toothed ;
stem- eaves somewhat clasping, cut or pinnatifid-toothed; zivolucre scales witb. a’
narrow rusty brown margin.
A pernicious weed, extensively naturalized in fields and meadows. June—Aug. -
Stexv-1 to 2 Set high, erect oF sub-decumbent at base, smoothish. ‘ Leaves-compars ©
: i
—s. > - al her
35% v
COMPOSITZ. 189 |
atively few and small. Heads large, solitary on the branches, with 20 to 30 showy -
white rays, and numerous yellow disk flowers. . (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum::.
Linn.)
41. PYRETHRUM, Linn. Freverrew.
InVoLUcRE hemispherical, imbricate ; SCALES with mem--
braneous margins. REcEPTACLE naked.. Parpus a mem--
braneous margin crowning the achenia.—Luropean. herbs, .
chiefly perennials, with alternate leaves, and white flowers.
P. PARTHENIUM, L. Féverfeiv.
Stem erect ; leaves petiolate, flattripinnate; segments ovate; heads on branching =
corymbose peduncles; involucre pubescent. Several varieties are-common in eul-
tiyation, and are in great favor with many florists, on account of their pure white-
double flowers, borne.on a pyramidal corymb. .
42. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Linn.
Gr. krusos, gold, anthos, flower; many species bearing golden colored: flowers.
HEADS many-flowered; RAY-FLOWERS pistillate, ligulate :
12 or more ; DISK-FLOWERS perfect.. INVoLUcRE imbricate, .
hemispherical; scAnEs with membraneous margins. RE--
CEPTACLE naked. Pappus none.—Annual and perennial, .
ornamental cultivated.plants natives of China. and other Eastern.
countries, with alternate lobed leaves and large showy heads of flow-:-
ers. |
1. C. cornonartum, L., Shewy Aster...
Stem branched ; leaves bipinnatifid, broader at the summit, acute;.Annual. Na:-
tive of S. Europe and N. Africa. Aug. Sfem about 3 feet high, striate smooth, .
erect, with alternate clasping leaves.. Flowers large, terminal, solitary, of a deep -
yellow color, double in cultivation.
2. C. carmnatum, Willd.. Zhree-colored. Chrysan the- -
Mostly smooth; leaves bipinnate, fleshy; involucre scales carinate. Native of ©
Barbary. Annual. July—Oct. Heads large and beautiful; disk purple, rays
white with a yellow base. . :
d.. ©. SINENSE, Sabine. Chinese Chrysanthemum.
Leaves coriaceous, petiolate, serrate-pinnatifid, dentate, glaucous; rays very nu-.
merous, long. Native of China, where it haslong.been cultivated and highly es- ~
teemed for its beauty. Numerous varieties have been produced, with double, -
semi-double and quilled flowers of every possible shade of color. Blooming in No-
yember, when all other flowers have disappeared, makes them desirable plants for .
every flower garden...
43.. TANACETUM, Linn. TaAnzy.
Said to be a corruption of athanasia, undying, from its durable flowers.
Heaps many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile ; the mar--
190 | “COMPOSITR.
~
ginal flowers chiefly pistillate and 8 to 5 toothed, forming a a
kind of ray. InvoLucre hemispherical; scALES imbrica-
ted, dry. RecEPTACLE convex, naked. AcuENIA angled or
ribbed, with a large flat top. PAppus a short crown. See
tér and aerid strong-scented ‘herbs, with alternate-1 to 2 pinnately
dissected leaves and corymbed heads of *yellow-flowers.
1. T. vunears, L. Common Tanzy.
Sem erect, smooth ; leaves twice-pinnately parted, the leaflets and the margined
atiole cut-teothed; corym) dense; rays terete ; pappus 5-lobed.
Cultivated and naturalized, common. Aug. Per. S’ems clus tered 2 to 8 “feet
kizh, branched above into a handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Native of i iit
Var. crispum has the leaves more cut and crisped.
44. ARTEMISIA, Linn. Wormwoop-:
Dedicated to the Geddess Artemis
Heaps discoid, few to many-flowered ; the flowers all tu
bular, those of the disk perfect ; marginal ones pistillate, or
sometimes all similar and perfect INVOLUCRE ovoid ; SCALES
Imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Reo EPTACLE
small and flattish, naked. AcHENIA obovoid, with a° small
summit and no pappus.—Bitter herbs or shrubby plants, with
alternate leaves and small heads of yellow or purplish flowers
in panicled spikes or racemes.
* Receptacle naked. ABROTANUM, Tourn,
1. -A. vutearis, L. Common Magatene
Branches and lower surface of the leaves whitish-woolly; stem-leaves pinnatifid fe
seyments lanceolate, variously cut or entire; heads erect, ovoid, subsessile, in open
leafly panicles.
Banks of streams, and waste places. Per. -, Sept., Oct. Stem 2 to 8 feet hich,
branching into apanicleof spicate racemes. JZeaves very variable. Heads few, pur-
plish. Intro luced from Europe and naturalized.
2. A. Asroranum, Li Southérnwood.’ =
Stem erect; lower leaves tipinnate: upper ones capillary, pinnate; involucre hem> :
is pherical, downy. A well known shrubby plant, common in cultivation. Stem
about 3 feet high. Zéaves alternate much divided into linear segments. Flowers
numerous, nodding, yellow. Native of South Hurope.
*8 Receptacle hairy. Fiowersall feriile. Assintuttim, Tourn.’
3. A. ABSINTHIUM, L.. Common Wormwood.
Shrubby, erect, ith mesesets leaves bipinnatifid; segments lanceolate, often |
incised, obtuse; heads hemispherical, in leafy paniculate racemes, nodding; recep-
tacle hairy. Common in gardens. Aug. Stem 2 to4 feet high, angular, several
from one root. Heads numerous. Flowers yellowish. The whole plant is very —
bitter, and possessed of valuable medicinal properties as a tonic, stomachic, &c.
4, A. pontica, L.. Roman Wormwood. - |
Stem-leaves bipinnate ; Icaflets linear, tomentose beneath; headsroundish, pedun~-
COMPOSITE, 191
cled, nodding. Cultivatedin gardens. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, with ‘simple branch-
es and racemes of yellow flowers. —Hedds about.24 flowered. From Austria.
- 45. GNAPHALIUM, Linn. Cupwexp.
Gr. gnaphalon, a lock of wool; in allusion to the floccose down of the leaves.
Heaps many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular; the out-
er pistillate and very slender, the central perfect. INVoL-
WORE ovate ; SCALES imbricated in severalrows. RECEPTA-
CLE flat, naked. Pappus a single row of capillary rough
bristles.— Woolly herbs, with alternate sessile or. decurrent en-
tire-leaves, and élustered or corymbed heads of whitish-yellow or pur-
plish flowers.
I. G. POLYCEPHELUM, Michx. Fragrant Life-everlast-
ing. | |
Stem erect, woolly ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to. the base, with wavy margins,
not decurrent, smoothish above, white tomentose beneath; heads obovate, cluster-
ed at the summit of the panicled-corymbose branches; involucre scales ovate ard
oblong.
Old Gelds and woods; common. Annual. July—Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high,
- often much branched at the summit. Leaves sessile, cottony beneath. Flowers .n
crowded clusters at the ends of the branches, yellowish-white. Whole plant fra-
grant. ~
2. G. uLiconosuM, L. Low Cudweed. Low Life-ev-
erlasting.
Stem simple, or branched, woolly all over; leaves lanceolate.or linear; heads
mali in terminal sessile capitate clusters; involucre scales oblong, inner acute.
Wet grounds, roadsides; common every where. Annual. July—Sept. Stem 4
to 6 inches high, much branched. JZeaves numerous, acute, narrow at the base;
tnvolucre scales yellowish-brown, shining. Whole plant clothed with whitish
down. ;
3. G. PpuRPUREUM, L. Purple Life-everlasting.
Stem simple or branched from the base, ascending woolly; leaves oblong-spatu-
late, mostly obtuse, green above, very white with close wool underneath; heads in
sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the summit of the
stem ; involucre scales lance-oblong, tawny, the inner often marked with purple.
Gravelly soil, sandy fields and pastures; commen. Annual. June.—dtcm. §
12 inches high, sending out shoots at the base. Heads somewhat spiked ai the
top of the stem, with purplish scales and yellow corollas.
46. ANTENNARIA, Gert. HvERLASTING.
Name in-allusion to the bristles of the pappus, which resemble antenne.
Heaps many-flowered, dicecious or nearly so, corolla tu-
bular ; PISTILLATE FLOWERS ‘filiform, 5-toothed. Invotv-
ORE scALEs dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated.
RECEPTACLE conyex or flat not chaffy. ACHENIA nearly
terete. Pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flow-
‘ets capillary, in the staminate club-shaped.— Perennial white-
~~ on .. et ee eS - ee ee ee ee re
‘192 | | COMPOSITE,
- woolly herbs, with entire alternate leaves, and corymbose hedds with
- white scales'and yellowish corollas.
1. A. MARGARITACEA, R. Brown. Pearly Everlast-
ing.
Stem erect, tomentose; leaves linear lanceolate, acuminate, 1-nerved, sessile; fer
tile heads often with a few imperfect staminate flowers in the cota 3 scales of the
- pearly white involucre'ebtuse or rounded.
‘Dry hills and-woods,common. “Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, and with the nu-
> merous scattered leaves clothed with white and cottony down, ‘corymtose at the
summit with many heads. Heads hemispherical, pedicellate. Involucre pearly
white. Flowers yellow. Slightly fragrant.
| 2. A. PLANTAGINIFOLIA, Hook. Plantain-leaved Ev-
-erlasting.
Stem simple; with proctumbent sheots;Teaves silky-woolly when young, at Jength
green above and hoary beneath; radical leaves oval, petiolate, 3-nerved; stem leaveg
linear; heads in a small crowded corymb.
Wooded banks and sterile hills. April, May. Stem 3%o8 inches high, often
branched at the base into seyeral from the same root. Root leaves much larger
‘than those of the stem, ovate or oval-spatulate. Stem leaves'few, bract-like. Heads
- clustered, terminal, purplish white. Scales of the mostly white involucre aa
in the aterile, and acutish and narrow in the fertile plant.
“47, ‘FILAGO. “Tourn. Corron Ross.
‘Lat. filum, a thread; ‘in allusion to the cottony hairs that cover these plants.
HEADS many-flowered, heterogamous; the terminal or
central flowers numerous, pistillate, .perfect or infertile, tu-
bular, 4 to 5-toothed, the: outer. flowers filiform, pistillate,
-scarcely-toothed. INVOLUCRE SCALES few, woolly. Recrp-
-TACLE elongated, filiform, naked at the summit, chaffy to-
wards the margins or base. -PAppus of the central flowers
filiform, of the outer none or dissimilar-—Low annual branch-
‘ing woolly herbs: with entire, alternate leaves and small heads of
-whitish or yellowish fiowers in capitate clusters.
F. GerMANICcA,:L. -Herba Impia. German Cud-weed.
Stem erect, short, dichotomous or proliferously branched ; leaves linear-lanceo-
Jate, acute, tomentose, crowded; heads woolly in capitate clusters, terminal and
Jateral ; scales of the involucre awned.
Dry fields; introduced from Europe and sparingly naturalized. July—Aug.—
Stem 4 to 8 inches high, woolly-tomentose, clothed with linear-lanceolate and up-
right crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which
: Yise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, and. saa in the
“game manner.
‘SuBTRIBE 6. SENICIONGIDEZ.
Papyrus soft and capillary. Anthers without tails at the base. Recepiack naked.
»Heads radiate or discoid. Leaves mostly alternate.
48, ERECHTHITES. Raf. Firz-wexp.
An ancient name of some species of senicio.
COMPOSITE. 193
Heaps many-flowered, discoid, the-flowers all tubular and
‘fertile ; the marginal pistillate | with a slender corolla. In-
VOLUCRE cylindrical; SCALES in a single row, linear, acute,
with a few small bractlets at the base. ACHENTA oblon g, stri-
ate. Pappus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs.—
Erect and coarse annuals, with alternate simple leaves, and panicu-
slate corymbed heads of whiiish flowers.
FH. HIERACIFOLIA, Raf. ire-weed. Whipsiwog.
Stem grooved, simple or paniculate above; /eaves oblong or lanceolate, acute, cut-
‘toothed, sessile; upper auriculate at base and partly clasping. (Senicio hieracifo-
lia, L.)
Moist woods, and. especially recent clearings, where the ground has been’ burnt
over, hence it is called Fireweed ; common. July—Sept. “Stem 2 te -6 feet high,
stout, succulent, somewhat hairy, branching. -Leaves light green, large, irregular-
-ly gut into many deep and acute teeth. lowers terminal, crowded, destitute of
fTays, white. Whole plant emitting when bruised arank odor. The distilled oil
ais probably one of the most powerful styptics the vegetable kingdom affords.
a .
49. CACALIA, Linn. InpIAN PLANTAIN.
An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.
Heaps 5 to many-flowered, discoied ; the flowers all tubu-
lar and perfect. INVOLUCRE SCALES in a single row, 5 to
30. CoRrouia deeply 5-cleft. RxcEPTACLE flat. ACHENIA
‘oblong, smooth. PAPPUS of numerous capillary bristles.—
Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves,
cand rather large heads of mostly white or whitish flowers, in flat
corymbs.
* Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered.
1. . nentrormis, Muhl. Great Indian Plantain.
‘Stem grooved and angled; leaves petioled, smooth above, hairy on the veins be-
low; root-leaves broad-cordate, reniform, repand-toothed and angled, palmately
veined; stem-leaves oblong, toothed, wedge-form and very entire at the base; corymb
large.
Rich, damp woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 4 to 8 feet high,nearly simple, smooth.
Leaves 3 to 12 inches long by 5 to 8 inches wide, ate dentate; ‘lower:petioles very
long. Jnvolucre whitish. Heads white.
2. (©. atripriciroria, L. Pale Indian Plantain.
Stem erect, smooth, terete ; leaves petioled, smooth, glaucous beneath; lower leaves
-deltoid-cordate, sinuate-angled, the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed; irvole-
-ere oblong.
Moist rich woods. Aug.,Sept. Stem 3 to 5-feet high, leafy,round. Lower leaves
4 to 6 inches long, and nearly as wide,:on long petioles, “unequally toothed. Heads
mumerous, small, in aloose terminal corymb, greenish white.
‘* Involucre 25 to 30-flowered ; receptacle fiat.
3. C. suAVOLENS, L. Sweet-scented Cacalia.
Stem grooved, erect, smooth; leaves triangular-lanceolate, halbert-shaped, pointed,
serrate; those of the stem on winged petioles, smooth; scales about i8; involuere
swith several acy spreading bractlets.
2
194 COMPOSITE.
_A handsome border flower from the East Indies. Stem1 foot high. Flowersbrigh® —
‘somewhat umbeled are
Rich woods and’banks of streams. — Sept. Stem 3:to 4 feet high, grooved and-an-
gled, leafy.. Zeaves smooth and green on both sides. Root-Ieaves on long petioles,
pointed. Stem-leaves on winged petioles: Flowers whitish > in a terminal compound
gorymb.
4. (€.-coccIneA, Curt. Scarlet Cacalia. Tassel Flower.
Radical leaves ovate-spatulate; stem-leaves clasping,-crenate; involucre ovate-
sylindric ; scales linear, at length reflexed; achenia ciliate; pappus in several rows
acariet. June—Sept. Annual.
50. SENECIO, Linn. -GRoUNDSEL. ~
Lat. Senex, an old man; the pappus resembling a white beard.
HEADS many-flowered, discoid, with the flowers all perfect
and tubular, or mostly radiate, the rays pistillate.. INvoL- —
UCRE SCALES in a single row, or with a few bractlets # the |
base. REcEPTACLE flat. Pappus of numerous very soft
and slender capillary bristles.—A vast genus embracing about
600 species of herbs and shrubs, with alternate leaves and mostly
yellow flowers exceeding the involucre in solitary y or corymbed heads.
* Rays none ; annual.
1. §. vonearts, L. Common Groundsel.
Nearly smooth, or at first woolly; stem erect, often branching; leaves pinnatifid ©
and toothed, clasping, the lowest petioled; heads in a corymb, nodding; pappus
equalling the corolla.
Waste places; common, naturalized. May—Oct. A common weed, growing
bout houses, rubbish, &c., 6 to 18 inches high, leafy, branching, mostly smooth.
Leaves thin, bright green. Heads terminal, without rays, yellow.
#* Rays present ; heads corymbed ; perennial.
2. §. aureus, L. Golden Senicio. Squaw-weed.
Smooth or downy-woolly when young ;-root-leaves simple and rounded, the larger
mostly cordate, erenate-toothed, long-petioled; the-lower siem-leaves lyre-shaped,
swpper lanceolate, cut pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb umbel-lke.
A yery yariable plant, embracing several nominal varieties, of which the follow-
ing are the most common: Var. 1, obevatus, with the root-leayes round obovate,
generally found in dry-places. Var. 2, Balsamite, with the root-leaves oblong,
e#patulate or lanceolate, sometimes cut toothed, tapering into the petiole. Rocky
places; common everywhere. May, June. Siem 1 to 2 feet high, branched abovg
often woolly. Heads. middle-sized, numerous. on long peduncles which are thiek-
ened near the inyolucre. ays 8 to 12,and with the disk yellow.
3. 8. TomEeNnTosuUS, Michx. Downg Groundsel.
White-tomentose and woolly; radical leaves oval-oblong, obtuse. crenate-toothed,
en slender petioles; stem leaves oblong, somewhat divided ; cor. ymb-fiat-topped.
Dry rocks on the Blue Mountains. Pursh. May. J une. Stem 1 to 2 feet high,
nearly leafless above. Heads yellow, larger than in §S. aureus ;, rays 12 to 15, elem
gated.
4. §S. nLoneatus, Pursh. Elongated Groundsel.
Smooth; radical leaves spatulate, serrate, attenuated into a petiole; stew leeee8
Pinnatifid, toothed, very remote; heads on elongated peduncles, arranged ap :
COMPOSITZ 195°
‘Rocks on banks of streams near Easton. July, a Resembles var. Balsomi- 3
tie, but is destitute of haps ower: Beek’s Bot. “ a,
= we oF
51. ARNICA, Linn: te
iene supposed to be a corruption of Piarmica.
Heaps many-flowered, radiate, the rays pistillate; those’
ef the disk tubular, perfect. Invorucre canpanulate ;
SCALES in 2 rows, equal, lanceolate. Recepracue flat, fim-
brillate. ACHENIA spindle-shaped. Pappus in a single
row, consisting of rather rigid and strongly rough-denticu-
late bristles—Perennial herbs, chiefly natives of alpine re-
gions, with simple stems, opposite leaves and yellow. fiowers in sin-
gle or cor y mbed large heads.
a GRATE: 5.
A: Nupicaunis, Nuit. Leopard’s-bane..
Hirsute ; leaves sessile ; the radical leaves clustered elliptic-ovate, nerved, entire‘
or slichtly toothed ; stem leaves 1 to 2 pairs, lance-ovate; heads terminal, on loosely
corymbose peduncles.
Meadows. Chester county. Durlingion; rare. July, Aug. Stem 1 to-2 feet-
. high, with afew pedunele-like branches at the summit, somewhat viscid. Heads-
large; rays num2rous, deep-yellow, 2 to 3-toothed at the apex; disk greenish-yel-
lew.
—
TRIBE Ae CYNARE A. THe Tristiue TRIBE...
Héads ovoid, distotd rarely radiate, Mogecenablae jee ely dicecious), or heteroges’
wious, with the marginal flowers in a single series; style in the perfect flowers efter
whickened near the summit.
52. CENTAUREA, Linn.. 7
Named from the Centaur, Chiron. -
Heaps many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the mar-.
ginal mostly falsely radiate and larger, sterile. INVOLUCRE 4
imbricated, the SCALES margined. or appendaged. RECEP-
_ TACLE bristly. ACHENIA compressed. Pappus of filiform.
rough bristles in several series, sometimes none.—Herbs, with.
alternate leaves, and mostly. showy flowers in single heads,
1. C. sacza, L: Brown Knap-weed..
Siem erect, branched; leaves linear-lanceolate; lower broader and toothed, poti--
oled ; ivolucre globular, scales scarious and torn, the outer pinnatifid; heads raqt -
ste; pappus very short or none.
- Waste places. July, Aug. Per. Stem about 2 feet high, branching, Heads:
with numerous purple flowers. Jnvolucre pale brown, shining. - Introduced from:
Harope. Beek’s Bot. This i is probably only a variety of the next.--
2. ©. niera, L. Black Knap-weed..
Stem erect, branched; leaves scabrous, lower angular-lyrate, petioled; wpper lan--
eeclate; involucre globular, scales appendaged, and with a stiff black fringe; ee
wanting; pappus very. short. -
*
196 | COMPOSITS.
tr
Meadows and-pastures. Aug. Per. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, simple or often divi-
Ged intoelongated branches. Heads terminal solitary. Flowers purple. Involu--
cre scales almost black, the teeth brown. Native of Europe, naturalized, and be
coming in some places-a troublesome weed.
CULTIVATED SPECIES.
3. €. cyanus, L. Blue-Bottle. Bachelor's Button.
Cottony-tementose; stem erect, branched; zxpper leaves linear, entire; lowermost.
toothed or pinnatifid at base; zxvolucre globular; scales fringe-margined ; rays lon-
ger than the disk; _pappus very short.
Common in gardens, and in-some places naturalized along roadsides, &c. July; .
Aug. Annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high.. Heads in terminal peduncles; rays few,
spreading, white, blue and -purple; disk flowers smaller, mostly purple. Native of
Europe.. Justly prized for-its handsome flowers which are variable in color. .
4, C. Americana, Nutt. American Centaury.
Stem erect, sulcate, sparingly branched ; lower leaves oblong-ovate, repand-den- -
tate, upper ones lanceolate, acute, all sessile and glabrous; heads few and solitary,
yery large; peduncles thickened at summit; involucre depressed-globose, scales
with a pectinate-pinnate refiexed appendage. Native in Ark.and La. Cultiva-.
ted in gardens. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with very showy heads of pale~
purple flowers. Scales appendaged with.a pinnate reflexed margin resembling the
teeth of a.comb. . rej
AmprRBOA, De Candolle. Pappus of oblong cr cbovate palae, attenuated a the base, .
all similar, rarely small or none.
5. C. Moscwata, L.. Sweet Sultan.
Leaves lyrate-dentate; involucre subglokose, smooth; scales ovate; rayjlowers
scarcely enlarged, not exceeding the disk; pappus. none. A handsome border an-
nual from.Persia, with white and pale purple, sweei-scented flawers, blooming from _
July to Oct.
6. ©. suavonens, Willd. (Amberboa. odorata, DC.)
Yellow Sweet Sultan.
Lower leaves broadly subspatulate, dentate, upper leaves lyrate at base or scarecs -
ly pinnatifid; heads globose; ray-flowers enlarged upwards, longer than the disk ;
pappus chaffy,, alittle shorter than the fruit. Native of the Levant. Flower:
yellow... :
53. CIRSIUM, Tourn. Turtstzx:
Gr. La : a swelled vein, for which the Thistle was a reported remedy. -
HeEApS many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, perfect and’
similar, or rarely dicecious. INVoLUCRE ovoid or spherical;
SCALES imbricated in, many rows, tipped with. a.point or
prickle. Recepracute clothed with. soft: bristles or hairs.
AcuENIA oblong, flattish, not'ribbed.. Pappus of numerous
bristles united into a ring at base, plumose to the middle.—.
Herbs with sessile alternate leaves, armed with spinose prickles,and
large heads of purple or cream colored Jlowers terminating the
stem with branches. ,
& Leaves decurrent..
————
oe 197
OOMPOSIT A
1. G xwanceonatuM; Scop. Common Thistle.
Stem branched, hairy ; leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, hisped above, woolly beneafig
segments divaricate and spinous; scales linear-lanceolate, spinous, outer ones spread
ing.
Pastures and roadsides, common every where, introduced. July—Sept. Biem
niel. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, winged by the decurrent leaves, which are white with
ééciduous webby hairs beneath, armed with formidable spinesat all points. Heade-
wumerous, large, purple.
©* Leaves sessile. j
2. (€. autisstMuM, Spreng. Tall Thistle.
Sitem-downy, branching, leafy to the heads; leaves roughish hairy above, white;
with close wool beneath; radical leaves petioled, pinnatifid; stem leaves oblong-lam
eedlate, sinuate toothed; scales ovate-lanceolate, spinous, appressed.
Old fields and open woods, common. Per. Aug., Sept.. Stem 3 to § feet high. -
Leaves 6 to Sinches long, and 1 to 6 wide, oblong-laneeolate. undulate-pinnatifid,
or undivided, the lobes or teeth prickiy, those from the base pinnatifid; lobes
short, oblong or triangular. Headslarge.. Flewers purple:
3. ©. piscotor, Spreng. Two-colored Thistle.
Stem grooved, hairy, branched, leafy; -kaves all deeply pinnatifid, smoothish®
above, whitened with elose wool beneath,-the diverging lobes 2 to 3-cleft, lineax
lanceolate, prickly-pointed ; involucre subglobose; scales ovate spinous.
Meadows and open woods. Atg., Sept. Bienniel. Stem 3 to 6 feethigh: Heads
terminating the branches 1 inch in diameter, with reddish-purple flowers:
4. (C. VirRGINIANUM, Michx. Virginian Thistle.
Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly branched, branches on long peduncles
naked ; leaves lanceolate revolute on the margins, green above, white with close
wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles ; owter involucre scales scarcely prickly.
Woods. July, Sept. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, covered with a white down, ee
pecially ‘towards the summit. JZeaves entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, the lower.
sometimes deeply sinuate-pinnatifid Heads 4 inch in diameter; flowers purple...
5. €. muticum, Michx. Swamp Thistle.
Stem tail, angled, smoothish; leaves pinnatifid, acuiely cut, somewhat hairy
above, whitish with loose webby hairs beneath, when young; divisions lanceolate,
acute, prickly pointed; tuvoluere glutinous and webby, scules closely appressed,
pointless or barely mucronate.
Swamps and low places, common. Aug. Per. Stem 3to 8 fect high, panicled
at the sumiit, the branches sparingly jeafly and bearing single or few naked heads.
a T armed with spines ateach angle. Heads middle-sized; flowers deep pur
pe.
6. C. pumiLuM, Spreng. Pasture Thisile..
Stem low, hairy, 1to3 flowered; leaves lance-oblong, partly clasping, reen, SOS -
what hairy, pinnatifid ; involuere round-ovate, spinose, outer scales prickly-pointed,
the inner very slender.
Low or dry fields, common. July, Aug. Biennial. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, low
and stout, bearing 1 to 3 very large heads which are somewhat leafly bracted at-
the base. . Leaves pinnatifid, with short, and cut very prickly-margined lobes. .
Heads 114 inches broad; jiowers fragrant 2 inches long, pale purple; pappws
tgore than one inch long.
7. -C. HORRIDULUM, Michx. Yellow Thisile.
Stem stout, webby-haired when young; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, pinna -
#:2d, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish: prickles; heads
Jarge, surrounded at the base by a whorl of leaf-like and very prickly bracts; invebe
ore subglobose; oe linear, acute, scarecly spinous,
*
198 COMPOSTT. zz.
une—Aug. Per. Stem1 to4 feet high, short, webby- -
ves somewhat clasping, woolly and hairy, armed
e, axillary and terminal,-with 20 to 30 narrow.
ch have spines:somewhat in pairs. Flowers dull:
é
stat ates
8 C ' * ry = ~ §> r a . ° 3
- C. ARVENS: » Scop. Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle.
Low, branched ; roots extensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth,
or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; involucre round!
or ovate, with minute spines; scales close-pressed;-ovate-lanceolate.
Cultivated fields and-pastures, naturalized. July, Aug. Per. Stem 8 feet high).
with a branching panicle at the top. Leaves alternate, thickly beset with spines. -
eads smail, numerous, terminal. Flowers purple rarely whitish; the involucre -
is nearly thornless, and is the only part that can be safely handled. A most trub--
lesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. i
54. ONOPORDON, Vaill) Corton TuistiEz..
Heaps discoid, homogamous. INvoLvoRE ovate-globose ;
SCALES coriaceous, tipped with a lanceolate prickly appen--
dage.. Recepracte deeply alveolate.. AcHEnrIA 4-angled).
transversely wrinkled. PApPpUS in several series ; BRISTLES
numerous, slender not plumose, united at the base into a.
hoary ring.—Coarse branching herbs, with. decurrent leaves,
and large heads of purple flowers. ;
1:. Q* acantuiuM, L. Cotton»Thistle. Seotch Thistle.
Stem and leaves woolly; Jzaves ovate-oblong, sinuate and spinows, decurrent;
involucre scales linear-subulate, the outer spreading and wocHy at.the base.
Waste grounds, in some places naturalized. Cultivated in Scotland as the-
Scotch Thistle. July. Bienniel. A tall cottony plant 4 to 6 feet high, branched -.
and winged at the summit, wings very spinous. . Jmvolucre round, cottony, spinows. -
Flowers purple.-.
55. LAPPA, Tourn.. Burpock.
Lat. lappa a burr, from Gr. labein, to tay hold of, a characteristic term. .
Heaps many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar.
INVoLUCRE globose ; SCALES imbricated coriaceous and ap--
pressed.at the base, with a long subulate hooked point. Re-.
CEPTACLE bristly: AcHEntA. oblong, flattened, wrinkled.
transeversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough bristles,.
not united at the base, deciduous.— Coarse biennial weeds,
with large alternate heart-shaped and pettoled leaves, with wavy,
margins, and middle-sized heads of purple (rarely. white) flowers, .
solitary or in clusters.
T:. L. mason, Gert. Common Burdock..
Upper le aves ovate, lower very large, heartshaped; involucre smoothish ; scales
anbulate.-.
Cultivated and waste grounds, common, introduced. July—Oct. Stem stout 8:
to 4 feet high. Root leaves very large, (often 1 to 2 feet long and a foot wide) with:
wary edges.. The scales of the inyolucre all terminate in a minute, firm.hoeB,..
Sandy fields and hills. J
haired when young, hollo
with stiff spines. Hea
bracts at base, t 1
yellow, rarely
COMPOSITE. 199°
bi seizes hold of every thing that passes by. Heads globose numerous, often
stered. Flowers purple.
L. Bardana, a species or variety with pinnatifid leaves, has ja observed by Dr: -
Darlington in Chester county. a
: £ # »*
/ 56. ONICUS; Vaill.
Gr: kniso, to prick; well applied to these herbs. -
HEADS many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile,.
shorter than the rest, which are all tubular and perfect. In--
VOLUCRE swelled, imbricate with deeply spinous scales. Rx--
CEPTACLE clothed with-capillary bristles. .ACHENIA smooth,.
striate. PAPPUS in 3 series, the outer 10 toothed, the 2 in--
ner each 10 bristled. SSOriital somewhat woolle ly herbs, with
slasping leaves and large bracted heads of yellow flowers. -
1,. CG. BenepricTes, L- Blessed. Thistle.
Zeaves scarcely pinnatifid, decurrent, dentate and spiny; imvolucre doubly spi--
mous, woolly, bracteate.
Cultivated, scarcely naturalized along roadsides; native of Persia. June. Stem~
1 to 2 feet high, branching. JZeaves-clasping. Heads large, with yellow fiowers. -
It was at one time in great repute as a medicine, but is now. considered of no imm-
yortance. .
EXOTICS.
57. CALENDULA, Linn.
Bat. calenda, the first day of the month ; some species blossom monthly; -
HEADS radiate. INvoLucRe of many equal leaves, in:
about 2 series.. RECEPTACLE naked.. ACHENTA of the disk
membraneous, curved. Pappus none.—An oriental genus:
of annual herbs, with alternate leaves and showy jiowers, in termiz-
anal heads;
C. orrictanatis, L.. Pot Marigold.
Visced-pubescent; stem erect, branched; leaves oblong, acute, mucronate, sesaile, .
gebdentate and scabrous-ciliate on the margin; heads terminal, solitary; achenia.
kkeeoled, muricate incurved. A common showy garden plant, native of South Ev -
rope.. Flowers single and double, large and brilliant,-mostly yellow. and orange -
wlored. June—Nors
58. CARTHAMUS, Linn. .
Arabic, quorihom; to paint; from its coloring properéy. .
Hans discoid ; FLOWERS all: tubular and perfect. In--
¥OLUCRE imbricated, outer bracts foliaceous. RECEPTACLE.
with bristly chaff AcHENIA 4-angled. Parpus none.—-
Oriental herbs.
1: ©. trincrorivus, L. Common Saffron.
Mem smooth ; leaves dratcslininials, sessile, “i aaa Mattvee ef:
200 . COMPOSIT X.
Egypt, common in cultivation. July. Annnal. Stem branching, 1 to 2 feet high,
striate. Leaves sub-amplexicaul, smooth and shining, spinose. Heads large, tem
minal, with numerous-long and slender flowers, useful ia coloring tinctures.
59. XERANTHEMUM, .Linn.
Gr. zeros, dry, anthos, flower; on account ofits dry imperishable flowers.
Heaps discoid. INvonvucre hemispherical; scaLEs ra-
@ient, opaque, colored, scarious. RECEPTACLE chaffy. Pap-
Pus bristly-chaffy.— Annual herbs, natives of South Europe,
with radient involucre scales which retain their beauty,.a great length.
ef time.
X. ANNUUM, Willd. ternal Flower. Straw Flower...
Stém erect branched; leaves oblonz-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, alternate, en--
tire ; heads large, terminal, solitary; tnvolucre scales obtuse, scarious; inner ones
ef the ray spreading, lanceolate, obtuse. A singularly beautiful plant, cultivated
for its imperishable flowers which retain their beauty through the winter. Stem
Sto4 feet high. The radiant involucre scales are of a rich purple, but there arez
ome varieties with red, white, blue and yellow rays; expanding in sunshine, bus.
@osing in rainy weather. .
Sunorper u. LIGULIFLORAS.
Fiowers all perfect with ligulate corollas throughout.
P
SusTrise 6. CICHORACHA.
Flowers all perfect and ligulate; branches of the style slender, obtuse, uniform:-
ty hairy. Plants with a milky juice ; leaves alternate.
HR
60. CICHORIUM, Tourn. Succory-
Said to be derived from the Arabic Chikourych.
HEADS many-flowered. InvotvcreE double, the outer se--
rres of 5 short spreading scales, the inner'of 8 to 10 scales.
ACHENIA.striate.. PAppus of. numerous very small chaffy
scales, forming a short crown.—Branching perennials, with”
toothed or pinnatifid radical leaves, and sessile axillary and termi-
nal heads of bright blue showy flowers.
1. C. Inrysus, L.. Common Succory. or Cichory.
Radical leaves runcinate; stem leaves small, oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping,
tdthed or entire ; heads 2 or 8 together..
Cultivated and somewhat naturalized in grass fields, roadsides, &c. Stem 2to$
feet high, round, rowch, with few long branches. Heads of flowers 1 to 2 inches ’
fm diameter, sky-blue, pe remote on the long branches. Corollas flat, 6--
feothed. July, Sept. Native of Europe.
2. C. Enpivra, L. Endive.
Fadunclea axillary, in psire, one of them elongated and 1-headed, the other very~
‘COMPOSIT &. 908
short, about +hoaded; heads capitate. A-hardy plant-from the East Indies,-es--
teemed and cultivated for salad.
61. KRIGIA, Shreber:
Imhonor of Daniel Krig, an early German botonical collector in this country. -
Heaps 15 to 20 flowered. INVoLUCRE in a single series”
with 8 to 12 scales. RECEPTACLE naked. ACHENIA tur--
binate, many striate or angled. Pappus double; the outer:
of 5 bread, chaffy, rounded scales ; the inner of as many al--
ternate slender bristles.— Small annual or bienntel acaules~
cent plants, with radical, lyrate.or toothed leaves and solitary heads”
with 20 to 30 yellow flowers.
2. K. Virerinica, Willd. Dwarf Dandelion..
Leaves lyrate, smooth; scapes several 1-flowered; involucre smooth.
Dry sandy soil. May—duly. Scapes 2 to10 inches high, smooth. Primary
leaves roundish, entire. Heads solitary, small. Flcwers deep yellow. This plant:
continues in bloom for some time, during which it varies greatly in the length e&:
the scape.
62.. CYNTHIA, Don.
Probably named after Mount Cpnthiie:
HeEaps many-flowered. INvoLucre nearly simple;:
SCALES in one or tworows. ACHENTIA short striate. Pap--
Pus double ; the outer of numerous very small chaffy bristles;,
the inner of numerous elongated bristles— Perennial herbs,
with alternate or all radical leaves and rather showy single heade-
of 15to 20 yellow fiowers, on scapes or naked peduncles.
1. ©. Vireinica, Don. Virginian Cynthia.
Smooth and glaucous; stem scape-like, often 2or3 parted, few-leaved ; roct-leavea’
petioled, lyrate, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid; stem-leaves lanceolate, clasping, near-
ly entire; peduncles 3 to 5:
Moist_banks and low open woods. June, July. Stem1 foot’or morehich, often’
2 or 3 frem one root; divided into long slender branches, witha clasping leaf at the.
forks. Heads solitary, middle sized- orange yellow.
63. LEONTODON, L., Juss. Hawxerr.
Gr. leon; lion, and odons, a tooth; in allusion to the toothed margins of the leaves. -
Heaps many-flowered. INVoLucRE scarcely imbricated 5.
SCALES lanceolate acuminate with several bractlets at the-
base. AcHENTA spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus:
persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged
and flattened towards. the base.—Low and stemless perennials,.
with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves and one or two heads of yellow:
flowers borne on a scape.
I = ea.) oe oS
COMPOSITE.
L. AuTUMNALE, L. Autumnal Hawkbit.
Leaves more or less reatifia scape branched; peduncles several, thickened at
the summit and furnished with small scaly bracts; cnvolucre ovoid-oblong.
A European plant, naturalized in meadows and roadsides. July—Sept. Scape
16 to 18 inches high spreading, branched into afew peduncles. ~ Leaves all radical,
spreading, 6 inches long, with deep round sinuses, and covered with remote hairs.
Heads 1 inch in diametor, bright yellow; resembling the Dandelion.
64. HIHRACIUM, Tourn. Hawkweep.
Gr. hierak, a hawk, supposed to strengthen the vision of birds of prey.
HEADS many-flowered. InvoLvUcRE more or less imbri-
eated, ovoid; SCALES linear, obtuse. ACHENIA oblong or
columner, striate. Pappus a single row of tawny fragl
capillary ’pristles. —Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed
alternate leaves, and single or panicled heads of yellow flowers*
1.. H. scasrum, Michx. Rough Hawwkweed.
Stem erect, leafy, rough-hairy ; leaves obovate or oval, entire or somewhat den=
ticulate, hairy, the lower narrowed, at the base the upper closely sessile; panicle
atiff flexuous, at first racemose, at length rather corymbose.
Woods and dry hills. July—Aug. Siem 1 to 3 feet high, round, striate, rather
stout. Leaves subacute, often pu rplish as well as the stem. . IJnvolucre 40 to 50-
fiowered, densely clothed with glandular bristles. Heads large, with yellow flow-
ers. Achenia obtuse at apex, bright red, with a tawny pappus.
2. H. Gronovir, L, Gronovius’s Hawk weed.
S’em erect, wand-like, mostly simple, leafless and paniculate above, leafy and
hairy below; leaves oblong and obovate, nearly entire, hairy; involucre and
peduncles sparingly glandular-bristly
Dry sterile soil, common. Jaly—Aug. Stem 1 to 4 fect high, furnished with a
féw leaves below, naked above, and forming a long and narrow panicle. Heads
vather small, 20 to 30-flowered. - Flowers yellow. Azhenia spindle-shaped, with a
very tapering summit.
3. H. venosum, L. Veiny Hawkweed, Rattlesnake-
weed. .
Stem- scape-like, naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above
iato a spreading loose corymb; leaves obovate oblong and lanceolate, entire or ob-
eurely denticulate, hairy on the margin and midrib beneath.
Dry soil and pine woods, common. June—Aug. Siem 1to 2 feethigh. Radical
* leaves spreading on the ground, colored with purple veins. Heads 2)-fiowered. on
very slender peduncles. Mays rather large for the size of the head, yellow. Re-
puted as an antidote for the poison of the rattlesnake.
4. H. panrounatum, L.. Panicled Hawkweed.
Stem slender, leafy, panicalate, hairy below; leaves lanceolate, acute at. both,
ends, slizhtly toothed, smooth; heads in a loose panicle on slender spreading pe-
dunecles; achenia short, not tapering at the summit. -
Damp woods, common. August. Siem 1 to 3 feet high, diffusely branch e
Leaves ‘thin, 2 to 4 inches long. Heads small, 12 to 20- flowered. Flowers ye
Achenia ribbed,. reddish-brown...
65. NABULUS, Cass.
Kame probably from the Greek abla, a harp, in allusion to the lyrate leaves of
some. species. .
a#olor, sometimes with atinge of purple. -Puppus dull straw-color.
COMPOSITE. 203
Heaps 15t030 flowered. InvonucreE cylindrical. ScaLEes
5 to 14, linear, in a single row, with a few small bractlets
at the base. ActHsntA linear-oblong, striate or. grooved,
‘truncate.at the apex. PAppus m many series of yellow
brownish, roughish capillary bristles.— Perennial herbs with
spindle-shaped, bitter tubers, upright leafy stems, with variable leaves
sand racemose-panicled, mostly nodding heads, with greenish-white:
or cream-colored flowers, sometimes tinged with purple.
* Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 to 12-flowered.
Ja ot - 7 x Le peo ee
J. N. ansus, Hook. White Lettuce, Rattlesnake-root.
‘Smooth and glaucous; stem tall; leaves-angular-hastate or angulate, sindats-
ftoothed, or 3to 5-cleft; the uppermost oblong and undivided; racemes short,
paniculate; cnvolucre with about 8 scales, 8 tol2flowered. “Var. Serpentaria is
@ form with deeply divided leaves, with their margins often -rough-ciliate.
Woods and hill sides; in rich soils, common. <Aug., Sept. -Stem2 to 5 feet high,
simple or much branched. Heads numerous, in a loose corymbed panicle. In-
-wolucre purplish. Flowers white. Fappus deep cinnamon-color. <Acienta yellow.
Reputed as a remedy fer the bite of the rattlesnake.
= : La ae ap
2. N.-aurissimus, Hook. Tall White Lettuce.
Smooth; stem tall and slender, branched; leaves.all petioled, undivided, or the
lower 3 to 5-cleft or parted; the lobes or leaves acuminate, repandly -tocthed or
7 = ~
denticulate ; dnvolucre slender, of 5 scales, 5 to G-fiowered; heads in small axillary
and terminal loose clusters, forming a long leafy panicle.
Rich moist woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, erect. Leaves very
variable, sometimes cordate, deltoid or triangular-hastate, with naked or winged
petioles. Heads nodding with yellowish white flowers, Fuppus dirty white, og
pale straw color.
= ET 7
3. N. Fraserit, DC. Lnon’s-foot. Gall-of-the-earth.
‘Nearly smooth; stem erect, branched; leaves-mostly deltoid, roughish; lower 8
to 7-lobed, on margined petioles; upper nearly sessile and undivided; trvolucre
smoothish, of about $ scales, § to 12-flowered; heads in corymbose panicles. Var,
siniegrifolia has the thickish leaves all undivided and merely toothed.
Dry sandy or sterile soil. Aug.—Oct. Stem 1 to4fect high.- Leaves-very vari
bie. Jnvolucre greenish or purplish, sometimes slight); bristly. lowers cream-
66. TARAXACUM, Haller. Danperron.
Gr. taraictikos, cathartic; on account of its once celebrated medicinal properties.
HEAD many-flowered. InvotucreE double, the outer of
short scales; the upper of long linear scales, erect in a single
row. ACHENIA oblong ribbed prolonged into a long beak,
crowned with the copious, white capillary pappus.—Acauw-
descent perennial herbs, with radical .runcinate leaves and slender
naked hollow scapes, bearing a single.lrge,head of yellow flowere.
1. T. Dews-tronts, Desf. Common Dandelion.
Smooth or at first pubescent; leaves unequally and deeply runcinate; outer fe
-yoluere scales reflexed. >
Pastures and fielés, common everywhere. April—Oct. After blossoming the Sg
“204 .COMPOSIT.
sner involucre closes for a time, the slender beak elongates and-raises up-the papprs
‘while the fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then refiexed, exposing to the
~wind the naked seeds with:the pappus displayed in anopen globular form. The
leaves are used in spring as a pot-herb.
67. LACTUCA, Tourn. Lzrruce.
The ancient name of Lettuce, from Jac, milk in allusion to the milky juice.
Heaps several-flowered. INvoLucrE cylindric; Scauzs
imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. REecrepra~
CLE naked. ACHENIA flat, obcompressed, abruptly ‘pro-
duced into a long thread-like beak. Pappus of very soft
and white capillary bristles —Leafy-stemed herbs, with pant-
led heads of varieus:colored flowers.
I. L. exvoneata, Muhl. Wild Lettuce.
‘Stem tall and stout; leaves partly elasping, pale ‘beneath; theupper lanceolate
-end entire; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid; heads in a long and narrow panicle,
varies greatly. The var. integrifolia is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all
entire and the flowers yellow or bluish. Var. sanguinea is smaller, mostly hairy,
with the leaves chiefly runcinate, and the flowers variously colored. Gr.
Rich damp soil, hedges and thickets, common. July—Sept., Biennial. Stem 2 to
8 feet high, often purple, bearing a leafless, elongated, sometimes corymbcs>-spread-
ing panicle of numerous heads of fiowers. Carolles yellow. Achenia oblong, com-
pressed, about the length of-the beak.
2. saATIvA, L. Garden Lettuce. WSallad.
Stem corymbose; leaves suborbicular, those of the stem cordate. A well known
-saltivated exotic, with several varieties. The var. capttata has the leaves so thick a@
to form heads like the cabbage. Heads numerous, small, with yellowish caroilas.
he milky juice contains opium.
‘68. MULGEDIUM, Cass.
: Lat. mulgeo, to milk.
HEADS many-flowered. INyvo.ucreE calyculate-imbricate,
‘the outer scales much shorter than the inner. RECEPTACLE
naked, honey-combed. AcHENIA smooth, compressed, at-
tenuated in a beak at the summit, appearing as if a part of
the achenia, and expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk,
which bears copious pappus of soft capillary bristles —Leafy-
stemmed herbs, with panicled or racemed heads of chiefiy blue flowers.
1. M. acuminatum, DC. Sharp-leaved Mulgedium.
&mooth ; stem panicled above; stem-leaves ovate and ovate-lauceolate, pointed
M®erely toothed, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted at th> base
into a winged petiole; the lower ones sometimes runcinate or sinuate; heads ina
Ahyrse-like panicle; peduncles somewhat scaly.
Borders of thickets and shady woods. Aug.—Sept., Biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet
high, erect, smooth, simple. Zeaves3 to6 iuches long, the lower ones often deltoid-
shastate or truncate at the base, narrowed into a winged petiole. Heads small, not
ae in a widely spreading terminal panicle. Scalesdark purple. Conoliag
Re.
COMPOSIT A. 905
2. M. Froripanum, DC. Gall-of-the-carth.
Nearly smooth; stem erect, paniculate above ;caves.all lyrate or runcinate, the
divisions’sharply toothed ;*eads in a loose erect, panicle.
Rich soil, woods and road sides. -July—Aug., Biennial. .Stem’3 to 6 feet high,
purplish or somewhat glaucous. Leaves 4 to 8 incher long, variable in form, the
upper triangular; lower ones petioled. Heads rather small, in an oblong terminal
panicle. Flowers blue. Pappus dirty white. Pursh states that this plant is used
as acure for the bite of the rattlesnake, and is known by the name of Guall-of-the-
earth.
38. M. teucopHeum, DO. Tull Mulgedium. |
Nearly smooth; stem tall, very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes
runcinate, coarsely toothed, the uppermost often undivided; heads. in:a large and
-dense compound panicle.
Low grounds, common. July—Sept., Biennial. Stem 3 10°12 feet high. Leaves
5 to 12 inches Jong, irregularly divided in 2 runcinate or pinnatifid manner, the
psegments.repand-toothed, those of.the root on long stalks, the upper ones sessile.
Heads small, with pale blue or yellowish corollas. Puppus tawny white.
‘69. SONCHUS, Linn. Sow-Tuistur.
The ancient Greek name.
HEADS many flowered, dilated at base. INVoLUCRE im-
‘bricated. RECEPTACLE naked. ACHENIA flattened lateral-
ly, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus of numerous soft
and very white, fine capillary bristles.—Leafy-stemmed herbs,
chiefly smooth aud glaucous, with mostly spinulose ‘leaves and
corymbed or umbellate heads of numerous yellow jiowers.
1. S. oneracseus, L. Common Sow- Thistle.
Stem-Icaves runcinate-pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slighily toothed, with soft
#piny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the aur:ele acute; ¢nvolucre downy
when young; ackentx striate, wrinkled transversely.
Waste places, naturalized. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, hollow, angular.
Teaves ayparently dasping, with lage ietrcating oles at base. wavy and serrated
in arurcdnate manner. Headsina scmewhatumbelled corymk. s#lcwers yellow.
Pappus yery white ard silky. Introduccd from Etrope.
‘2. §. asper, Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow-T histle.
Stem-leaves mostly undivided, undulate or slightly runcinate, spinulose-toothed,
ecrdate clasping ; lower ones spatulate or oval; heads umbeliate-corymbose; avkeniz
margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth.
Fields and waste places. Aug.—Sept., Annual. Stem about 2 feet high, smooth»
er slightly hairy. Zeaves with numerous short, spiny teeth; the upper ones
clasping so as to appear perfoliete. -Heads small, somewhat umbelled. Plowers
yellow. Introduced from Europe.
3. 8. arvensis, L. Corn Sow- Thistle.
‘Root creeping; stem crect, smooth; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, *piny-tcothcd,
cordate clasping, the auricle obtuse; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenia trans-
versely wrinkled on the ribs.
Near cultivated grounds. Aug—Sept. Per. Stem angular, about 2 feet hich.
Heads large with deep yellow flowers. Introduced from Europe and sparingly na-
70. TRAGOPOGON, Linn. Satsrry.
‘Gr. tragos, a ens pogon, a beard; in allusion $0 the tawny, showy pappus.
206 LOBELIACE.
INVOLUCRE simple, of many leaves. RECEPTACLE naked.
Pappus plumose. AcHENTA longitudinally striate, contract-
ed into a long, filiform beak.—Bienniel European herbs, with
long linear grass-like leaves, and terminal solitary heads.
1. T. porrirotivus, L. Salsify.. Vegetable Oyster.
Leaves long, linear, undivided, straight ; peduncles. thickened upwards; imrolucrs
much longer than the corolla. Stem 3 to4 feet high. Flowers terminal, solitary,
large, bluish purple or sometimes pale straw-celor. Native of Hurope, cultivated
for its long tapering root, which is nutritious, and when properly prepared has a
mild sweetish taste, similar to that of the oyster.
71. CATANANCHE, Linn.
Gr. kata, anagke, from necessity ; it must necessarily be sAmired.
INVOLUCRE imbricated, scarious. RECEPTACLE paleaceons.
Pappus paleaceous, 5-leaved; PALEZ awned.— Annual ori-
ental herbs, with alernate leaves, and solitary heads of showy flowe~
ers.
1. C€. cawrutea, L. Blue-flowered Catananche.
Leaves lincar and lanceolate, villous somewhat bipinnatifid at base; tneolucrs
Seales ovate, mucronate. A handsome annual from South Europe, 2 to 3 fest
thigh. Heads solitary, on long peduncles. Flowers blue, ligulate. Corellas toathr
ed at apex. July—Sent. 2
Orper 59. LOBELIACEH.— Lobelia Family.
Herbs (often with milky juice) with allernate leaves and scattered flowers, am te
regular monopetalous 5-lobed corolla split down to the base on one side; the 5 stamesss
Sree from the corolla, and united into a tube both by their filaments and their exe
shers—Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded capsule. Srxtel; stigma fringed
DEBS anatropous.
i. LOBELIA, Linn. Carprnan FLoweEr.
Ina honor of Matthias de Lobel, a Flemish botanist of the close of the 16th century.
CaLyx 5-cleft, with a short ovoid tube. CoroLua irreg-
ular, cleft on the upper side, 2-lipped ; lower lip 3-cleft, up-
per lip of 2 rather erect lobes. Sriama2-lobed. CAPSULE
2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top.—AHerbaceous
plants, with alternate leaves, and blue, white or red flowers, in az-
tdlary, or terminal, bracted raceznes, ui
® Flowers deep red.
1. L. cagpinatis, L. Cardinal Flower.
Smoothish; stem erect, simple, pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both
ends, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather one sided ; pedicels much ghorter
dian the leaflike bracts; stamezs longer than the corolla.
38,4 Saree a ah oe 2
LOBELIACE. 207
Low grounds,cemmen. July, Aug. Perennial by offsets. Stem 2 to 3 feet
high, often quite smooth. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 34. to 114 inch wide, usually
denticulate. Flowers few or numerous, in a nodding raceme, very showy, and in-
tensely red. Corolla 114 inch: in length.
= * Flowers blue, or white.
2. L. sypuinitica, L. Blue Cardinal Flower.
Stem erect, somewhat hairy and simple ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, actite,
slightly toothed, somewhat hirsute; raceme or spike leafy; calyx hispidly-ciliate
with the sinuses reflexed..-
Wet meadows and aJong- streams, common.- Aug. Per. A- handsome plant, 1
$o 3 feet high. Leaves broader at base, acute at each end; pilose. Calyx lobes half
the length of the corolla, the obtuse reflexed auricles shorter than the tube.
Flowers large on short peduncles, each solitary in the axil of an ovate-lanceolate’
bract. Corolla bright blue or purplish,.rarely white. I found the white variety
growing in company with the deep blue in a meadow near Mooresburg, Montour
le
3. L. PUBERULA, Michz.. Downy Lobetia:.
Minutely downy pubescent; stem erect, simple; leaves ovate or oblong; obtuse;-
denticulate with glandular teeth; flowers in a one-sided spike, the leafy bracis ©
®vate, acute, serrate, as long as the flower; calyx hirsute at base the lanceolate
ciliate segments as long-as-the twbe of the corollas j
Moist grounds, rare. Avg.; Sept: Per, Stem:1 to2:feet’ high, scarcely farrow-
ed. Leaves 1to 2 inches long, and half-as wide, the lower ones broadest towards
the end, covered with a short down cr silky pubescence. Flowers large on very
short pedicels, in a one-sided raceme. Corvlla of a bright purplish blue.
4, L. spicata, Lam. Spiked Lobelia.
Somewhat pubescent ; sfem slender, and very simple; eaves obtuse, pubescent
nearly entire; radical leaves spatulate or oblong, those of the stem oblong-lanceo-
late; raceme spiked one-sided, elongated; segments of the calyx subulate, nearly
as long as the tube of the corolla.
Open woods and fields, common. July, Aug. Per.. Stem 1to2-feet high, few- -
leayed, ending ina long wand-like raceme. Flowérs numerous, crowded, each ax-
lilary to a short bract, pale-blue.:
5. L. wrnatTa, L. Zndian Tobacco. Eye-bright.
Hairy; stem-low, panicled, branched above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally
toothed, the lower obtuse, sessile; rucemes leafy, somewhat paniculate ; capsule in-
flated, ovoid.
Fields and woods, commen. July—Sept. Bienniel. Stem 1 to 2-feet high, becom-
{ng branched in proportion to the luxurience of its growth.. Flowers small, pale
blue, op pedicels much shorter than:the pointed bracts ; lobes of the smooth calyx
as long asthe corolla. This plant is much used in-the Thompsonian practice of
Medicine, and is an invaluable emetic, as well as a- powerful expectorant, seldom
failing to give almost.instantaneous relief. in attacks of croup, asthma, &c..
2. CLINTONIA, Douglass.
Cauyx 5-sepaled, subequal. Coroxna 2-lipped, lower lip
euneate, 3-lobed ; upper erect, 2-parted. STAMENS incurved,
united into a tube. CApsuLE silique-form, dry, chartaceous,
1-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent by 3 strap-shaped valves.—
Procumbent annual herbs, with minute leaves and axillary solitary
- flowers,
2 ea:
oe Pee a a eee ay a a
908 CAMPANULACE,.
1. (. ELEGANS, Doug. Llegant Clintonia.
Smooth; stem slender, angular, sparingly branched; leaves sessile, ovate, 3-vein-
ed; ovary sessile, long acuminate, triangular, contorted, much longer than the
leaves. A beautiful garden annual, native of the Rocky Mountains. Flowers of
the most intense blue ;.corolla with a white spot:in the middle of. the lower lip...
Onper 60.. CAMPANULACER,—Bell-flower Family:
Herbs with a milky juice, alternate leaves, no stipules, and mostly blue, seattered
Jlowers ; the calyx generally 5-cleft; udherent to the ovary ; the regular bell-shaped
corolla, 5-cleft, valvate in aestivation ; the 5 stamens inserted with the corolla on the
calyx, free, and usually déstinet. Sayie I, beset with collecting hairs above; STIG
MAS 20r more. CAPSULE 2 or more celled, many-seeded.
\
1. CAMPANULA, Tours. BEnt-FLOWER.
Lat. campanula, a little bell; from the form of the corolla.
CALYX O«cleft. Coro~nA mostly bell-shaped, 5-lobed.
STAMENS 9, seperate, the filaments broad and membranaceous
at the base. SrramAas: 3 to 5: CapsuLE 3 io: 5-celled;
opening by tateral valves.—Mosily perennial herbs, with. al-
ternate leaves, and terminal spicate; or axillary flowers.
I. ©. rnorunpirotia, L. Rock Bellflower. Hair Bell.
Stem slender, branching; 7root-leaves: rouné heart-shaped, crenate, on long peti-
oles; stem leaves linear, narrow, entire, smooth; jlowers few, nodding; calyaz-lobes
awl-shaped.
On damp rocks and rocky streams, common. June—QOct.. An exceedingly deli-
cate species from 6 to l5inches high, smooth. The rootleaves generally decay on
the opening of the flowers, when the specific name appears wholly inappropriate.
Stem-leaves 2 inches long and’ scarcely a line in width. Flowers terminal, in a
Toose panicle,- bright blue:
2. (. APARINOIDES, Pursh. ~Slender Balt. flower.
Stem weak, slender, simple, somewhat 3-angled; leaves linear-laneeolate ; pedun-
cles diverging, slender, 1-flowered ; calyx-lobes triangular, half the length: of the bell-
shaped corolla.
Bogs.and wet meadows, common. July, Aug. Stem 8 to 20 inches high, rough
backwards on the angles, by which it supports itself upright among the grass.
Leaves smoothon the upper surface, denticulate, the margin and veins rough back-
wards.. Flowers small, nearly white, on thread-like, flexuous peduncles at the top.
of the stem.
3. C. Americana, L. American Bell-flower:
Stem tall and wand-like, nearly simple; Jeaves ovate-lanceolate, accuminate at
both ends, serrate, sparingly hairy, thin, the lower somewhat heart-shaped ; flowers
axillary, sessile; style exserted; lobes of the calyx awl-shaped.
Moist rich soil,common. July, Aug. A tallerectornamental species, sometimes
cultivated, 2to 3 feet high. Stem nearly smooth. Leaves ending in a long point,
smooth, with fine teeth. Flowers numerous, sessile or on short stalks, one or more
in each axil, forming a terminal leafy raceme or spike, sometimes 2 feet long.
Corolla nearly wheel- -shaped, deeply 5-cleft, blue.. —
CAMPANULACEX. 209"
4. (C. pyRAMIDALIS, L. Pyramidal Bell-flower.
Stem upright, elongated, branched below; leavés ovate-cordate acuminate, pe=~
tiolate; upper ones lanceolate; peduncles about 3-flowered. Native of France.
July—Sept. A showy perennial cultivated in gardens for its showy bell-shaped
flowers, which are borne cn pyramidal branches, rising from the border like a Chie -
mese pagoda.
5. (©. mepium, L. Canterbury Bell.
Stem simple, erect, hispid; leaves lanceolate, obtusely serrate, sessile, 3-viened ©
2% base; flowerserect. An orfiaméntal biennial from Germany, of the easiest cul-~
ture. Stem 2 to 3 fect high, branched, rough with bristly hairs. Flowers very
large, the base broad, limb reflexed, mostly of a deep blue. Several varieties aro ~
enkivaled with blue, purple and white corollas. June—Sept.
6. C. persicrronrs; L- Peach-leaved Bellflower.
Stem ancular, ercet; leaves rizid, obscurely crenat-serrate, radical oblong obo--
Vite, stem-leaves lance-linear; corolla larse, broadly-compznulate.. A beautifel
gpecies, native of Europe, ranked among the most antient-ornamentsof the Eng- - aj
ligh parterres. Flowers large, blue, varying to white. June—Sent. 1
a)
5
+
7. C. Carparics, L.. Carpatic Bell-Flower.
Difuse, spreading; siem trailing, somewhat angled; leaves heart-shaped, coarsely
serrate, Wavy on the margin, with a few scattered hairs on the midrib beneath ;
Sowers terminal; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, spreading; stigme 2-cleft, the lobes * 4
spreading. A beantiful perennial, native of the Carpatic Mountains. July—Oct. ‘|
Sms prostrate forming dense patches. eaves 1 to 2 inches long, 1% to 1 inch = t
wide on petioles 2 to inches long. Flowers purplish-blue 1 to1l4 inch in diame |
ster on pedureles 4 to-8 inches long. -— H
2. SPECULARIA; D /
Name from Speculum Venzris, the ancient name of one of the European species. -
CaLYx 5- (rarely 3 to 4)-lobed, tube elongated. CoRoLLa
wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, distinct, half as long:
as the corolla; FILAMENTS hairy, shorter: than the anthers. :
SryLe included, hairy; stremMas 3.- Capsunx elongated, - :
prismatic, 3-celled, opening. by.3 small lateral valves.—Low
annual herbs; with sessile, axitiary. and terminal, erect flowers. -
1. 8. perrouiara,; DC.- Clasping Bell-fiower. :
- &cmewhat hairy; leaves roundish or-ovate, cordate, amplexicaul, crenate; flew -
rz sezsile, solitary or three together in the axils of the leaves=
Dry hills, or open fields, common. May—Aug. - Stem 9 to-15 inthes high; moat
ly simple. Leaves clasping by the Eas t-shaped base, distant, alternate. Flowere~
sinall, purple ; corolla with spreading segments; calyx segments acute, lanceo--
Jate. -
2.. S. specutum, L.. Venus’ Looking-glass. -
Stem diffuse, very. branching ; leaves oblong-crenate; flowers solitary. July, =
&tg. -Native of Europe. A pretty border flower.:- Stem: 6 to42 inches high, with 2 ‘
spreading branches. Flowers blue, axillary; corolla salver-shaped, recembling*
igi form, ‘a little round concave mirror. Towards evening the corollas fold up in-~ 4
to o pentagonal figure, ‘enclosing the parts of fructification, and sesuring froie=
Sie Gump adr until they are again opened by the morning sun ;
210 - BRICACE ZB.
Onpzr 61. ERICACER. — —Heath Hamily,,
snitibe: sometimes herbs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, often evergrecty
without stipules, and regular flowers or nearly 80, the stamens as many or twice as
mony as the 4 to 5-lobed corolla, and inserted with it. ANTHERS 2-celled, mostly ap-
pendaged, opening by chinks or pores. Ovary 4 to10-celled; STYLE 1, FRvitcap-
sular, baccate, or drupaceous.
a
3
Sus-oRDER 1... VACCINE 23. WHORPFEEBERRY FamILy.
Ovary adherent to the tube of the calyx, becoming a ber-
ry or drupe-like fruit, crowned with the calyx-teeth.. Shrubs
with scattered leaves.
1. VACCINIUM, Linn. WaHortiErserRy.
CALYX: adherent to the ovary, 4 to 5toothed. Coronra-
ovoid, bell-shaped, urn-shaped or cylindrical, 4 to 5-cleft.
SrA MENS 8.to 10.. STYLE, erect, longer than the stamens.
Bzgry globose, 4 to 5-(rarely 10)- celled; celis many-seeded.— .
Shrubs or under-shrubs, with scattered leaves, ; solitary OT Trace -
mose; white or reddish flewers, and succulent many-seeded.
berrics. : :
Sze. 1. Gayiussacta, Torr..é Grey. Flowers tn leiered bracted racemes. Cored
§-deft ; stamcns 10.
« * Leaves thic: and evergrecn, not resinous dotted.
1. V. BracHycerum, Michx, Boz-leaved Huckleberry. .
Low, very smooth; leaves oval, finely crenat2-toothed; racemes short end nearly |
sessile; pedicels very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. (Gaylussacia brachy-"
eora, Torr-& Gr.)
Wilisides, rare. May—June. I found this species in. the summer of 1850 very .
abundant on a small hill near Bloomfield, Perry County. Skm 8 to 12inches high,
with leaves resembling those of the Box.
*£€ Zeaves deciduous, entire ; whole plant more or lest resinous dotted.
2. V. rronposum, _Walld, Blue-tangle.. High Blue -
berry. . ;
Smooth; branches slonder and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, pale, -
giaucous beneath; racemes slender, loose, with -oblong or linear bracts; eorolle
giobular-bell-shaped. (Gaylussacia frondosa, Torr. & Gr.)
Low sandy woods, common. May—June. Shrub-3 to 6 feet high, with smooth ,
slender branches and grayish bark. eaves twice as longas wide. /acemes lateral,
few-flowered. Flowers small, nearly globose, reddish-white. Berries ie glo-
bose, blue, covered with a glaucous bloom when mature, swect.
8. V. resinesuM, Ait... Black, Huckleberry or Whor- ;
deberry.
Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young; leaves pebiolahas ae te a
- Ohlong-ovate or oblong, obtuse, very entire, sprinkled with shining resinous dota; ;
4
BRICACE. OTE
racemes short, clustered, one-sided, bracteate; corolla ovoid-conical: or at length *
cylindrical, contracted at the mouth, at length open. (Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr. -
& Gr.) ; ;
Woods: and swamps, common. May—June. Shrub 1 to 3 fect high, bushy, -
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 44 as wide, rarely acute, shining beneath with resinous
spots, on petioles 1 line in length. Flowers reddish in lateral, dense, corymbose
slusters, small drooping. Corolla greenish or’ yellowish-purple, longer than the
stamens, but shorter than the style, . Berries black, globose, without bloom; sweet
and eatable, ripe in August... .
: Z
Seo. 2. Waccimuium proper. Flowers in golitery clusters or racemes, white or:
reddish ; stamens § io 10. . :
** Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false partitions ; corolla 5-lobed.
4. Y.sramineuM, L. Deerberry. Squaw Huckle-.-
berry. White W hortleberry.
Difusely branched, young branches pubescent; eaves ovate or oval, acute, very
entire, glaucous beneath; pedicels solitary, exillary, filiform, nodding; corclle
bell-shaped,-spreadiag; anthers exserted, with 2 awns on the back. oy
Dry woods, common. May,.June. S/rub2 tos feet high. ZLeaves-1 to 2 inches!
long, 14 to 14 as wide, mostly rounded at baseand on very short petioles. Flowers
on long, slender pedieels, arranged in loose, leafy racemes. Coroila white, spread-
ing. Stamens conspicuously exserted, but shorter than thestyle. Berries large,
greenish-whiie, bitter.
5.. V. PENNSYLVANICUM, Lam.~ Common Low. Shin-
ing-leaved Biueberry.
Dwarf, emocth ; leaves oyate-lanceolate or oblong-laneeolate, acute at each end, -
minutely serralate, thin; ccrolla short, ovoid-eylindrical.
Thickets and ary hills, in hard soil, common. ‘May.. A low undershrub, 6 to 15:5
inches high, growing in dense patches. -Branches green, angled; with 2 pubescent
lines. Leaves sub-segsiie, crowded 14 to 1 inehlong, 4to 14 wide. lowers reddish-
white, 14 inch long, with mostly colored braets. berries abundant, large aud sweet, _
bluish-black, somewhat glaucous, ripening early in July.
6. V.’ cornymBosum, L. , High Swamp Whortleberry.
Pall ; flowering branches-almost leafless; leaves oblong-oval, rather acute at each
end, nearly entire, pubescent when young; racemes short, sessile, bracteate; corolla
evgid-cylinérical. .
Swamps and marshy places,common. Jime. A tall. shrub, 4 to 8 feet bigh, .
with afew straghng branches, which are green or purplish when young. Leuces ~
emocth on both sides, (when ycung somewhat downy on the veins). F'lowers nu-
merous, ncdding, generally appearing in advance of the leaves, on short bracted
pedicels, crowded near. the summit of the naked branches. Cvrolia large, ¥4 incl
in diameter, purplish-white, contracted at the mouth. Berrtes large, sub-aeid, -
covered with a glauccus bloom; ripening in July and August. -
7. WV. ruscatum, Ait.. Black Swamp. Whorilcberry.
Tall; leaves oval obovate or oblong, downy beneath, and also usually on the
yeins above; racemes-short; corolla, cylindrical.
Marshes, common. June. Stem 5 to 9 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long -
when full grown, at length thickish and somewhat shining above, but always soft -
downy underneath. Berry purplish-black, destitute of bloom, erowned wiih very _
conspicuous calyx-teeth. Gray. This may prove to be only a variety of V. corym-
bosum. ~
8. V. vaccrttans, Solander.. Sugar Whortleberry-
Low; branches angular, smooth; leaves oval or obovate, acute or rather obtuse,
ts
oa
” gerrulate, smooth on both sides, glaucous beneath; racemes very short, clustered ; ;
sorolta.cylindrical-beil-shaped. _- eS
~~
212 eae ERICACE
Dry hills and open woods, common: May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous
puisenhee branches. Leaves pale and dull, fringed with bristly or glandular
aire, which tip the serratures. J lowers greenish white tinged, with red, on short
petioles. Berries dark blue, glaucous, very sweet, ripening a little later than those
yo. 5. ;
9. V. LiGusTRINUM, Michz. Privet Whortleberry.
Branches angular, erect, slender; leaves sub-sessile, erect, thick, lanceolate,
mrucronate, serrulate, pubescent; fascicles sessile, with short glomerate pedicels;
serolia ovoid-oblong.
Dry woods and mountains. May—June. A emall shrub, with straight and
slender branches. Flowers purpligh-red.. Berries black- Very variable in the
shape and size of the leayes. -
2; OXYCOCCUS, Perss-
Gr. oxys, acid, and coccus, a berry. -
CaLyx superior, 4-cleft. Coronia.4-parted, with elonga-
téd, revolute divisions. SraAMENs 8, convergent. ANTHERS-
tubular 2-parted, opening by: oblique pores. Ovary 4-
eelled, many-seeded.— Slender trailing shrubs, with alternate
evergreen Icaves, with revolate margins, aud red acid berries,
1. QO. mMacrocarpus, Pers.. Common Cranberry.
Stems elongated, creeping, the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong, ob-~
tuss, glaucous underneath ; peduncles lateral, fromthe base of the young shcois.
Peat bogs,common. -June: Stem creeping, and throwing up short crect branch-*
es. Leaves about 14 inch long, and nearly 14 wide, rounded at cach end, on very
short petioles, obscurely serrulate. Flowers fiesh-colored on slender petioles 14 to-
1 inch long, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, the 4 segments refiexed. «
at large, scarlet or purplish, ripe in October. Highly prizcd for its ine acids
suit, :
Sup-ornper 2. ERICINEA:: Tar Proper Heatu FAmILy..
Ovary free from the calyx. SxxEp-coatT close and thin,
rarely loose and cellular.—Shruls or small trees. -
Trips 2;. ANDROMEDE.. Fruit a capsule opening?
leeulicidally. -
® Calyx becoming terry-tike in fruit and enclosing the capsule. -
3. GAULTHERIA; Kalm..
Dédicated by Kalm to “Dr. Gaulthier,” of Quebec. ~
—@axrx cylindrical-ovoid, 5-toothed.:. CornoLia ovoid-tubu-~
lar, limb with 5-small..revelute lobes». Sramens 10; in--
eluded. Capsutn depressed, 5-lobed, . 5-celled, . 5-valved, -
miany-seeded, inclosed when ripe by the calyx which thickens, .
Beeoming fleshy, so as-to appear like a globular red-berry,-=-
a 2 7. — os ee ee,
-
ERICACEE. : 2138
Somewhat shrubby plants, with alternate evergreen leaves, and
axillary, nearly white flowers, on pedicels which are 2~bracted.
1. G. procumpBens, L. Cr coping Wintergreen.. Box-
Berry. Checkerberry.
Stem somewhat creeping, with ascending flowering branches; leaves obovate or
oval, obscurely serrate, shining; flowers mostly single in the axils, drooping.
Cold damp woods and mountain sides, common. May—July. Stems slender, 8
to 5 inches hich, extensively creeping on or below the surface, the fowering
branches ascending, simple, leafy at thesummit. Leaves thick, acute at each end.
Corolla white, contracted at the mouth. Fruit having the appearance of a bright
scariet berry. The leaves and fruit have the welkknown spicy aromatic flavor of:
the Sweet Birch..
** Calyx dry and unchanged in fruit.
4.. EPIGEA, Linn. Grounp Lauren.
Gr. epi, upon, ge, the earth. ;
CAaLyx deeply 5 parted, with 3 bracts at the base. Corot-
LA salver-form, with a long tube, villous within; limb 6--
parted spreading.: STAMENS 10, with thread-like filaments.
ANTHERS oblong, awnless,. opening lengthwise.. CAPSULE
5-celled, 5:valved, many-seeded.— Trailing scarcely shrubby
plants, bristh ly mbit sty ty. hatrs,-e evergreen alternate leaves, and
pale rose-colored fragrant flowersin axillary clustérs..
-]. EH. repens, L. Trailing Arbutis.
Siem prostrate, creeping; leaves roundish-oval and heart-shaped, on glénder’
petioles; tube of the corolla hairy inside.
Damp woods and north side of mountains, common. April, May. A small:
trailing evergreen, covered with a hairy pubescence in all its parts, 10 to 15 inches
long. “Leaves 2 inches long, and 1 to 1144 wide, roundish at the end, abrupt!y
tipped with avery short point. Flowers very fragrant, white or tinged with vor
rious shades of-red, in small clusters on short stalks.
ANDROMEDA, Linn:-
Named for Andromeda of ancient fable.
CALYx small, various in form 5- (rarely 4)-parted, persis--
tent. Corona ovoid-cylindrical, the Zimb 5-cleft, reflexed.
STAMENS 10, rarely 8, included. CapsuLE 5-celled, u-
valyed, many-seeded.— Shrubs prostrate or erect, with ever-
green or deciduous alternate leaves, and mostly racemed or
clustered flowers..
Suc. 1. ANDROMEDA proper. Calyx without bracts: Anthers 2-awned. Leaves
evergreen. '
1. <A. porrroura, L. Marsh Andromeda. | Wild Rose-
mary. Rosemary. Andromeda..
Erect, yery smooth; leaves thick, lanceolate or linear, entire, with strongly re-
_Yelute margins, green above, white beneath; flowers: on shozt naked peduncles:
ee
it
i
|
eesti lae Ricticce rine anata ott
214 . ERICACEZ.
‘Gedacd i in a terminal umbel; corolla globose urivaliaped, much contracted ‘at the
top; filaments ‘bearded.
‘ Sides of ponds, and inswamps. May: A beautiful’ evergreen shrub 1-to 2 feet
high. Leaves very snot, 2 to 3 inches long, and less than. 14 ineh wide, on very
short petioles. Flowérs in pendulous clusters. Culyz white, tipped with red:
Corolla rose-colored.
Sec..2. Lyonia, Nuit. Corolla swd-globose ;' capsule with T eiguerteapiehity valves.
Skrubs with deciduous leaves.
9. A. LIGUSTRINA: Meuhl. Prive Andromeda.-
Pubescent; letves obovate-oblong, pointed nearly entire, finely serrulate; flows
evs in racemes, crowded ina somewhat leafy or naled'panicle on termizal branches
of the preceding year} calyx without bracts;- capsule globular.-
Swamps. June. A: deciduous shrub 4 to’$ feet high, minutely downy when
young ,sometimes rusty.. Leaves abruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2 to 3 inches*
long, and nearly half. as" ‘Wide, on:short petioles: lowers small, nearly globose,
white i in dense panicles:
Src. 8. CassanpRA, Don. Calyx with 5 acute sepals and 2 bractlets capsule
galves double. Shrubs with evergreen leaves.-
3. A. can¥duLara, L. Box-leaved .Andromeda.
Erect; leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, sub-revolute, nearly entire, rusty dotted; bracts
ovate; racemes one-sided, leafy, terminal; corolla cylindrical-oblong, the. mouth:
slightly narrowed and 5-toothed; filaments smooth.
Swamps and marshy places, common.: April—May. Shrub 1 to 3 feet highs:
Leaves coriaceous, shining, dotted, about 1 inch long and 14 wide, those of the
racemes not half as large. "Plowirs numerous, 20 to 303 ineach raceme, white, each-
from the axil of a small leaf.
Sec. 4. Euborrys,. Nut Célyx with 2-bractlets; capsule depressed-globular..
Sarubs-with-deciduous leaves. -
4. A. rAcEMosA, L: Racemed Andromeda.
Nearly smooth; leaves oval laneeclate or oblong, acute, serruiate; racemes erect:
or spreading; sepals’ Gyaid-lamenoiate(s corolla cpiedeton. anthers 4-awned at the
summit.
Swamps and wet woods. June—July. A branching® shrub 3 to 5 feet high..
eaves 1 to 2 inches long, 4% as wide, minutely notched, veiny, thin. Flowers nu-
merous, white, closely set in a simple one-sided spiked raceme, 2 to’6 inches long.-
Bracts awl-shaped. Carolla 4 to 5 times as long asthe calyx. ~
Sec. 5.. Marra, DC. Culyx withou$ brucllets;- anthers awnless'; eapsule-valves
simple. Shrubs with deciduous leaves.
5. A. Martana, L. Maryland Andnabaailen
Nearly smooth; ‘leaves: ehiclalchi, oval or oblong, entire, palextbeneath; flowering:
branches nearly naked; calyx leafy; corolla: ov oid-cylindrical,; Jilaments airy.
Sandy woods.. June. Shrub 2 to 4 féet-high; with very snrooth leaves.on short-
petioles. Flowers large, nearly 44 inch in diameter, white or pale red, arranged:
in umbel-like clusters crowded on leafless branches, from buds developed in the-
axils of the deciduous leaves-ef:the preceding year:
Sec. 6. OxypenpRoN; PE.- Calyx without bractlets, acuminate ;: ‘capsule pyramadal,..
pentangular.. Trees with large, acid deciduous leaves.-
6. A. ARBoREA, L. Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood..
Arborescent’ leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, petiolate, shining-above; corolla:
oblong-ovoid; narrowed at the summit, 5- toothed; filaments thickened; ; capsule
S-angled.
Bich woods, rare- "Jiue=sdalr. A fine tree, 20 to €0. feet: high, trunk 10 to 1
ERICACES. 2 15
‘{nches in diameter, with thick and deeply furrowed bark. ‘eaves 5 to 6 inchas
long, and 2 to 3 wide, turning bright scarlet early in autumn. Flowers white,
arranged in slender, somewhat 1-sided.racemes crowded.in.a large terminal pani
<le. Bracts minute, deciduous.
®. CLETHRA, Linn. Swerer Perper Busz.
Klethra, the ancient Greek name of the Alder.
Catyx 5-parted, persistent. Coroxua of 5 distinct obo-
‘yate-oblong petals. SrameEns 10, exserted. ANTHERS in-
wersely arrow-shaped. FILAMENTS subulate. SryLe slen-
der. Stiamas 3. CApsuue 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seed-
ed, enclosed by the calyx.— Shrubs, with alternate deciduous
leaves, and white flowers in single or panicled racemes.
1. QG-aunirorra, L. Sweet Pepper Bush. White Alder.
Leaves wedge-obovate, serrate, entire towards the ‘base, smooth, green on both
-#ides; raceme upright, heary; bracts as leng as the pedicels; filaments smooth.
Wet woods and swamps. July—Aug. Shrub 4 to 12 feet high. Leaves 2 to $
nches long, 14 as wide above, with a long, wedge-shaped base, tapering into a shor’
petiole, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers white, fragrant, in racemes, 3 to $
inches long; Corolla spreading, about equaling the stamens and styles.
7. MENZIESIA, Smith.
In honor of Arcitbald Menzias, companion of Vancouver in his voyage around the
world.
Catyx bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Corotta globose,
A-cleft. Stamens 8, included. FiItaMeENts subulate,
vsmooth. Sriama obtuse. CapsuLE 4-celled, 4-valved.—
Heath-like shrubs, 2oith evergreen leaves, and mostly solitary
fowers.
1. M. Guopuaris, Salish. Globose Menziesia.
Branches and pedicels somewhat hairy ; leaves oval-lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent
except on the veins beneath, with a sharp glandular point.
Mountains. June. Shrub4 feet hizh. Leavesvery hairy when young. Flowes
qellowish-brown, nodding, and mostly solitary on each terminal pedicel.
Trrsz 3. RHODORA. Fruit a capsule opening septs
8. RHODORA, Duhamel.
, +r. rodon, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.
CALYX minute, 5-toothed, persistent. CoROLLA irregular
nd 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-lobed or 8-cleft, the lower 2-
parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals. Stamens 10, de-
clinate. FILAMENTS unequal. CapsuLe 5-celled, 5-yalved,
5-4
216 ERICACE.
= -seeded, ‘opening at the top.—A shrub with deciduous
alternate leaves: and pale purple. flowers. —
1. R. CANADENSIS, L.. Rhodora.
Leaves alternate, oval, veiny entire, nearly smooth abeve, downy beneath ; ; Jtom-
ers clustered on short peduncles.
Mountain bogs. . April—May. Shrub 2 to-3 feet high, with erect branches; ; the
stems cloihed with a smooth brown bark, each dividing at top into several erect,
fowering branches. Flowers purple, in. te srminal elusters: of 2 to 3,° a
pr seeding the leayes.
9. AZALEA, Tina”. i d
‘
Gr. asalecs, arid, inappropriate as applied to our species, era mostly grow in wet
places.
Canyx 5-parted, often minute. Corona funnel:form, 5-
lobed, slightly irregular ; the lobes spreading. SraMEns 5,
with lone exserted “filaments, usually declined, as weil as the
long style. ANTHERS short, opening by terminal ‘pores,
pointless. CAPsuLE 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.— Up-
wight shrubs, with alternate decid uous leaves, and large and
showy flowers, in umbelled clusters, from large scaly-imbri-
.cated buds.
'
© Flowsrs apperring after the leaves.
1. <A. arporescens, Linn. Tree Azalea. ‘
Branchlets smooth; leaves one obtuse, very smooth on both sides, shining
abore, glaucous beneath, the margins: cilizte, flowers-in leafy corymbs, not viscid,
tube longer than the segments; stamens and style very much exserted.
Biue Mountains. June. Shrub 3 to’'tO feet high, with thickishleaves. Flowers
large, rose-colored, fragrant. Scales of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown with
@ fringed white border.
2. <A. viscosa, L. Clammy Azalea. White Honey-
J . x smal
suckle. Clammy Swamp Pink.
Branchlets bristly; leaves obovate-and oblong lanceolate; corolla visc:d, beet
exiuz-lobes minute.
Woods, common. June—July. Strub 4 to 6 feet high, much branched above,
fhe branches hispid. Leaves'1 to 2 incheslong and about 44 as wide, smoothish,
hispid, ciliate on the petiole, midvein and margin. Flowers white or-tinged with
rose-color, fragrant, in large clusters.
* Flowers appearing before or with the leaves. —
8. A. nupIFLorA,-L. Purple Azalea. Pinxier-flower.
Branchlets rather hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath; calyz
fhort; tube of the coroila longer than the lobes; stamens and style much exserted.
Woods and mountains, common. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, much branched above.
Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 114 broad, with
ciliate margins. Flowers pale pink or purple, in terminal “clusters, appearing a
little before the leaves. Stamens purple, declinate, twice as long as the corolla.
_Style much longer than the stamens. There are numerous varieties, some with 10
or more stamens. 5
4, A. CALENDULACEA, Michx. Slame-colored Azalea.
Branchlets comewhet hairy; dicts oboyate-or oblong, mucronate, pukescent on
We
ERICAUEE é ‘O17
“both sides, ciliate'on the margin ; flowers large in rather naked corymbs, not visced >
- calyz-lobes oblong, conspicuous ; stamens and style much exserted.
Woods and mountains, southern parts of the State. May. A splendid flowering
shrub 3 to 10 feet high, covered about the time that the leaves appear-with a pro-
fusion of large and showy yellow-or‘crange flowers, usually turning: to flame-coloz.
Corolla about 24 inthes long and 2 wide. Cultivation has produced many varieties,
from golden yellow to dark crimson, single and double.
5. A. HISPIDUM, Torr. Hisped Azalea.
* Branches straight, very hisped; leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, hisped
-above, smooth beneath, glaucous- on both~ sides, ciliate on the margin; jlowers
very visced, appearing with the leaves; calyz-teecth oblong, rounded; stamens and
styles exserted.
Margin oflakes, on high mountains. July, Aug. Shrubofa bluish appearance,
10 to 15 feet high, very upright. Flowers white, with a red border; the tube
»reddish-white. Stamens: often 10. Professor Gray considers this scarcely distineé
«from A. viscosa.
10. RHODODENDRON, Linn. Roszpay.
Rhododendron, rose-tree; the ancient Greek name.
Catyx 5-parted, mostly small. Coror~na somewhat bell-
“shaped, or partly funnel-form, sometimes slightly irregular,
d-lobed.. Stamens 10, very rarely fewer, commonly de-
clined. ANTHERS opening by 2 terminal pores. CAPSULE
_ d-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded —Shrubs or low trees, with
evergreen entire alternate leaves, and large showy flowers in compact
terminal corymbs or clusters from large scc ly<bracted buds.
1. R. maximum. L. American Rosebay.
Leaves elliptical-oblong or lance-obleng, acute, narrowed towards the base, very
smooth, paler beneath, thick-and evergreen; corolla companulate.
Shaded ravinesand water-courses,common. July. Shrub6to 20 feet high, with
erooked stems. JZeaves when young downy, becoming very smooth when full
grown, 4 to 10 inches long, thick and leathery, remaining on the stem 2 or3 years.
Corymbs 15 to 20-flowered. Corolla 1 to 2inches broad, pale. rose-color or nearly
“white, greenish in the throat on the upper side and spotted with yellow or reddish.
11. KALMIA, Linn. American LAvREL.
Dedicated to Peter Kalm,.a pupil of Linrzeus. j
CaLyx 5-parted. Coroxna between -rotate and companul-
sate, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10
-anthers are severally lodged until they begin to shed their
pollen. FitaAments elastic, thread-form. CAPSULE globose,
5-celled, many-seeded.—WNorth American evergreen shrubs,
‘with naked frowersbuds, alternate coriacious leaves, bracted pedicels
and showy white and red flowers in umbel-like corymbs.
1. Ko tartroriA, L. Mountain Laurel. Calico-bush.
‘Branches terete; leaves: mostly alternate, on Jong petioles, ovate-lanceolate er
elliptical, tapering at each end, bright-green on both sides; corymvs terminal,
—— >
218 ERICACER.
‘Hills and mountains, damp soil, common. June, July. A beautiful ee 4 te
5 feet high, with irregular branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, thick, smooth and
shining. Flowers very showy, in spreading corymbs, profuse light or deep rose-
color. Corolla 3% to 1 inch in diameter, with a short tube. Leaves poisonous to
scme animals,
-2. K. anoustironi, DL. Sheep Laura.
Branches terete;leaves mostly opposite or in threes, petiolate, narrowly-oblong,
obtuse. pale or.whitish underneath, light-green above; corymbs ae slightly
glandular, many-fiowered; bracts linear-lanceolate.
Sandy woods and hillsides, common. June, July. A beautifulshrub 2 te 3 feet
high, upright. Leaves acutely and narrowly elliptic, with rounded ends, 1 to 2
inches long and 14'as wide, on short petioles. Flowers crimson and purple, in
jateral corymbs, forming a kind of whorled fascicle around the stem. . Corolla %
te %% inch in diameter.
3. K. eauca, -Ait: Swamp Laurel.
Branchlets 2-cdged; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong or lanceolate, white-
aucous underneath, with revolute margins; corymbs terminal, few-fiowered.
smooth bracts large. Var. rosmarinifolia, Pursh.- Leaves linear, conspicuously
revolute, nearly green beneath.
Cold au bogs and mountains, common- June, July. A delicate straggling
shrub, about 1-foot high, the branches distinctly 2edged. Leaves smtooth and
shining, about 1 inch “long. Flowers pale eee 8 to 10 in each corymb.
Corclla 4 inch in diameter. eae red. Bracts 2, concave, obtuse,
12, LEDUM, Sai LABRADOR TEA.
Zedon, the ancient Greek name of the Cistus, -transfered by Linnzus to this
genus. “i p
CaLyx 5-toothed, very small. - Corona 5-petaled,
spreading. STA MENS 5-to 10, vance tall ANTHERS opening
by 2 terminal pores. CAPSULE d-celled, 5-valved, many-
seeded, aplieing from the base upwards. — Low evergreen
shrubs, ‘with alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool under-
neath, and handsome white flowers in terminal umbel-like clusters
from large scaly-bracted buds.
1. UL. tatirorium, Ait. Broad-leaved Labrador Tea.
Leaves elliptical or oblong, revolute on the -margin, ferruginous-tomentose be-
neath; stamens 5, sometimes 6 or 7, as long as the corolla; capsule oblong.
Cold bogs and damp mountain woods.\ June. Sirub 2 to 5 feet high, with ir-
recular woolly branches. caves 1.to 2 inches long, broad-oblong, obtuse. Flow-
ers in terminal corymbs, white.
2. L. patustre, lL. Narrow-leaved Labrador Tea.
Zeaves linear, revolute on the margin, ferruginous-tomentose beneath; stamexs
16, longer than the corolla.
Swamps. June. A shrub smaller than the last and with narrower leaves
Bethspecies have heen used as substitutes for tea, but the latter is considered the
b
Sus-orpER 3. PYROLEA. Tue Prrota FAMILY.
Ovary free from the calyx. PETALS nearly distinct. |
Fruit a capsule.— Mostly herbaceous planis, with evergreen
Joliage. as i Mes
48. PYROLA, Linn: Fause WmnTercreey.
A diminutive of the Latin pyrus, a pear, from the resemblance of the leaves of
some species.
CALYX minute, 5-parted, persistent. PETAus 5, concave,
deciduous. Sramens 10, with awl-shaped, naked filaments.
Sryie long and generally turned.to one side. Sriemas 5.
CAPSULE depressed-globose, 5-valved from the base upwards,
many-seeded.—Low and smooth perennial herbs, bearing a
cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple
raceme of nodding flowers on an upright scaly bracted scape.
£ -P. rorunprromiaA, L. Round-leaved Wintergreen.
ZLeaves orbicular, thick, entire or crenulate, usually shorter than the dilated pe-
ticles; raceme elongated, many-flowered; calya-lobes laneeolate, acutish; sigma
clavate. + sf
Damp or sandy woods, common. July. Scape6 to 12inches high, many-bracted .
Leaves all radical, 114 to 2 inches in diameter, on petioles about the same length.
Flowers 34 inch broad, nodding, white, fragrant, 8 to 20 in araceme. ©
2. P, geviiprica, Nutt. Shin-Leaf.
Zeaves elliptical or obovate-oval, usually longer than the margined petiole; 72-
ceme many-flowered, naked-or with a subulate bract;-calyz-lobes ovate, acute;
stigma clavate, 5-lobed.
Rich woods, common. June, July. Zeaves all radical, membranaceous, finely
serrate, with an attenuated base much longer than the petiole. Scape 6 to rat)
inches high, slender, bearing 8 to 12 greenish-white fragrant flowers.
3.. P. CHLORANFHA;. Swartz. Small. Pyrola.
Leaves small, roundish, retuse, thick, shorter than the petiole ; scape few-flowered,
nearly naked ; calyx-loves very short, obtuse; petals elliptical, converging; stigma
with the disk 5-lobed. :
Open woods, common. June. Leaves about 1 inch long, varying from orbicular
te broad-ovate, crenulate, smooth, leathery, shining. . Scape 6 to 8 inches high, 3
£0 S-flowered. Flowers nodding, greenish-white, fragrant, on pedicels /4 inch long,
each in the axil of a very short bract.
4, P: sEcuUNDA, L: One-sided Pyrola.
Leaves ovate, acute, thin, serrate, longer than the narrow petiole; raceme dense,
many-flowered, secund; calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the oblong petals; styie cx-
serted; stigma depresssd, 5-lobed.
Rich woceds. common. July. Leaves somewhat raised ona decumbent stem)
about 1 inch long, ant petioles about the same length, Scap2 3. to 6inche ;
high, with the fowers ail turned to oneside. lowers greenish-white. i
5: P: minor, L. Lesser Pyrola.
Leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, mostly longer than the margined petiolez. =
> a
pes
raceme spiked; bracts as long as the pedicels; calyx-lobes very short; cordila ¢lo--
bose; style included ; stigma 5-lobed...
Base of mountains, rare. July. Leaves on short petioles, mucronate at tye-
apex: Scape angular, 6 to 10 inches high. Flowers small, white or-rose-colory
ees
a. ie wee
ERICACE. , Ge
920° ik | BRICACER.
a CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PIpsissEWA.
< Gr. keima, winter,-and phileo, to love. .
Canyx 5-parted,, Perans 8, spreading, concave. Sras
mENS 19. Hinaments dilated in the middle. Srynz very
short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed
summit of the globular ovary. SrrqMa broad and or-
bicular, the border obtusely 5-toothed. CAPSULE 5-celled,.
opening from the summit. SEDs numerous.—Zow pe-
rennial, nearly herbaceous plants, with running underground shoots,
evergreen thick shining - opposite or whorled. leaves, ana fragrané-
iat purplish. fiowers corymbed-or umbelled: on-a terminal pe-
UNCLE,
1. (©. umpennAtaA, Nutt. Prince’s Pine. Pipsttsewa.
~ Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute at the base, in 4sor 6s; peduncles -
Ato flowered, corymbed; bracts linear-subulate; style immersed in the ovary.
A beautiful evergreen, common, indry woods. June. Plant A to 8 inches high,
leafy. Leaves in 2 oy mere irregular whorls,.2 to 3 inches long, 14 te. 34 wide, re--
motely and distinctly serrate, on .short- petioles, ‘shining ofa uniform dark green...
color. Flowers light purple en nodding petioles.
2.. C. mAcunATA, Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen. -
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, remotely toothed, discolored, opposite
or in threes; peduncles corymbose, 1 to 5-flowered; jilaments wooly.
Dry woods. June, July. A pretty evergreen 4 to 6 inches high, with leaves 1 to
2. inches long, 4 as wide, marked with a whitish line along the midvein and yein-
lets. Flowers purplish-white, on nodding pedicels.
SuB-oRDER 4. MONOTROPEA. Inpran Pipe Fesee
Ovary free from. the calyx.— Leafless herbs; destitute of
green.
am PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Pisa ee
Gr. pteron, a wing, and SPOT A, seed; eae ta to the singular:wing borne by the
seeds
Cayx 5-parted. Cimieia ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed,
persistent. STAMENS 10; ANTHERS 2-celled, peltate. Sryiz.
short; sTI@MA 9-lobed. CapsuLE globose, depressed, 5-
lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved. SEEDS very numerous, minute,
with ‘the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing.—A
stout and simple purplish-brown clammy pubescent perennial plant,
with lanceolate scales in place of leaves scattered along the stem, and:
whitish fiowers in a raceme.
4 1.)P. AnoRowea; Natt. ~ Tal Beane!
Hard clayey and limestone soils; rare. July. Plant covered with brownish
viscid hairs. Stem_8 to 24 inches high, straight, simple, grooved,. brownish-red or..
AQUIFOLIACER. ee WO TF?
purplish, elothed.at the base with imbricated scales. Flowers very numerous, 20
te 60 in a long terminal raceme, rose-red and white. - :
16. HYPOPITYS, Dill. Pins-savr.
Gr. hypo, under, and pitus, Ping-tree; fromthe place of its growth.
Sepats 4 to 5-colored. Prrats 4 to 5, fleshy, with a»
sac-like necteriferous depression.at the base.. STAMENS 8 or:
10; anruers kidney-shaped; FILAMENTS subulate, persis-
tent. Srynu columner, hollow; stigMA. disk-like, with a
earded margin. CAPSULE ovoid or globose, 8 to 10-grooved,
4 to 5-celled, many-seeded.— Purasitic tawiry white herbs,
with scaly roots, simple stems, scales instead of leaves, and bracted
racemes of flowers, at first nedding, but in fruit erect.
1. H. panvuainosa, Nutt. Pine-sap. False Béech-drops..
_ Plant clothed with a velvet-like pubescence; pedicels mueh longer than the
flower; capsule globose.
Oak and pine woods. Plant 4 to 6 inehes high in flower, and sometimes 12
iuches in fruit, tawny-white. Flowers 7 to 12 in a terminal raceme, the terminal
With 5-petals and 10 stamens, the other with 4 petals and 8 stamens. The whole
plant turns black in drying.:
1¥. MONOTROPA, Gron: Inpran Prpx:
Gr. monos, one, and tropos, turn; the solitary flower turned to one side.
CaLyx represented by 2 to-4 seale-hke deciduous bracts.
€orRoLLA.4-to 5-petaled,.persistent,. gibbous at the base
STAMENS 10; FILAMENTS persistent, alternating with 10
reflexed appendages of the torus; ANTHERS short. SrTiG-
MA d-crenate. CAPSULE 6-celled, many-seeded—A singu-
lar white fleshy parasitic herb, rising in a cluster froma matted
mass of fibrous roots, with scales like the petals instead of leaves,
bearing a solitary flower turned to one side.
1. M. entrtora; L« Indian Pipe. Bird’s Nest.
Stem short; scales approximate; flowers nodding; fruit erect; stamens 10.
Deep rich woods; eommon. June—Aug.; A:small succulent plant from 4 i066
tmehes high, white and :smooth, becoming purplish-black in drying. -
OxpER 62:.. AQUIFOLIACER:,— Holly Family.
Frees or shrubs with aliernaté or opposite Waves, without stipules, and small ‘axil-
tery 4 to 6-merous white or greenish flowers. Catyx 4 to 5-sepaled, imbricate in-
wstivation. CoRoLta regular, 4 to 6:parted or cleft; hypogynous: STAMEN# insert-~
ed into the tube of the corolla and ‘altérnaté with its segments: ANTHERS adnate,
epening lengthwise. SriaMAs 4 to 6 or united into. one, nearly sessile. OvARy free
from the calyx 4 to 6-celled.. Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 2 to 6 stones or Bus-
eules : SERD eae with @ minute embryo in fleshy. albumen...
AQUIFOLIACEE,
1. ILEX, Linn. Hotty. 3
CALYX 4 to d-toothed, persistent. CoROLLA subrotate, 4-
to 5- parted. STAMENS ‘4 to 5. Sriemas 4 to 5, subsessile,
united or distinct. Brrry 4 to 5-seeded.— Shrubs or trees,
with alternate spinese dentate leaves, and. whitish, mostly perfect
jfiowers.
Sec. 1. AQUIPOLIUM, Yourn. Leaves ever GF CEN. spiny: soothed.
s aaa pa Ait. American oily... . biog
aves-oval, flat, acute, smooth, margins wavy, armed with scattered spi riy. teeth
e clusters along the base of i the young branches and from the azils ;
ist wo fan’ rare. June. An evergreen tree 19 to 15 feet Sen Leaves
han 1d shintnte with rigid-spines. Fiswers small, white, in scattéred clust ters,
fertil te ones succeeded by red berries which remain until late in autumn. The
d is fine grained and compact, andi isemployed by cabinet makers and turners
Sic. 2.’ Pernoipes.— Leaves membranaceous, deciduous,
“Ai sey Torr. & Gr. Mouniain Folly.
Vale!
i: £27068 oblong-ovate or oval-lanccolate, pointed, sharply serrate; smooth, closely ap-
proximeated on the ends = the branches; jferétle jlowers on.very short peduncles; -
calys-teeth ag :
Damp woods, ne. ee Alleghanies. June. Shrub or small tree 6 to20 fi
high, siraggli BE “Lenn $3 vo. 2 inches long, very thin. Fertile flowers nes on i
short stalks. Striie ow ers, if any, unknowa. Wutlets strongly striate-ribbed on +
the back.
2. PRINOS;Tinn. WiINTERBERRY:
is The Greek name of the Helly.
FLowers mostly diccious or polygamous. CALYX mi-
mute, 4 to 6-toothed. CoRoLLA somewhat rotate, usually
G-parted. STAMENS mostly. 6... Ovary. superior, 4 to 6-
celled; Frutr.a drupe, with 6. smooth. nutlets. 7S hubs
with alternate leaves, and inconspicuous. flowers:
* Leaves deciduous; fruit bright red.
1. P.. verticernatus, L.: Black Addai Winterberry.
Teaves oval, obovate, or. wedge-lanceelate, peinted, acute at the: base, sharply
serrate, downy on the veins beneath; sterile flowers axillary, subumbellate: Sertite
flowers somewhat clustered or solitary; berry @celled, 6-seeded.
Swamps, common. June, July. Shrub 3: to 10 feet’ “high, very variable in -
foliage, often rugose veiny. Flowers numerous,- small, white. Fruit globose,
bri: zht scarlet, crowded so as to appear in whorls on the branches, and remaining
until late in autumn. mF
2. P. LAVIGATUS, Pursh. Snes VWinsonbcaia
Zeaves- lanceolate, pointed at both ends, minutely serrate with appressed hairs,
shining above, minutely pubescent on ie: veins beneath; sterile flowers 2 to 5 in
a cluster, or single on slender er pat the fertile mostly ge and on short
peduncles.
Swamps, along cold streams and ‘gavenialen June. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, .,
EBENACES. 922 >
with erayish and warty branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, )4 to 1 inch wide, on
petioles #4 tolinch long. Flowers mostly solitary, the sterile on pedicels near 1
inch long, the fertile scarcely 44aslong. Berries large red.
+ # Leaves coriaceous; evergreen, shining above; fruit biack.
3. P. GLABER, L. Ink-berry. Evergreen Winterberry-
Izaves wedlge-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat toothed towards the apex, smo9ota ;
pedicels axillary, of the fertile 1-fiowered, the sterile-3 to 6-flowered at the summit.
Sandy woods. July. Strub 3ito4 fect high, mueh branched. Leaves crowded,
about 114 inch lonz, broadest above the middie. Flowers white mostly 6-parte1.
Birries globose, black and-Shining. -
3. NEMOPANTHHES, Raf. Mountatn Hotty.
r. nemz, 2 thread, pous, a foot, and aniios, a flower; a flower with a filiform pe-
duncle.
FLoweERs polygamo-dicecious. CALYX a ‘minute ring.
Petais 5, oblong-linear, reflexed, distinct. STAMENS 5.
Ovary- hemispherical; stiGMAs. 3-to 4, sessile.- Fruita
3-to 4eelled globose berry, with-4-to 5. long-nutlets.—A
shrub withzalternate entire.deciduous leaves, on short petioles, and ©
solitary flowers on long_and slender axillary peduncles.
1.. N. Canadensis, DC.- Canadian Holly.
y)
Leaves oval, very entire, smooth, mucronate-poiated; peduncles nearly solitary,
very long; fruit somewhat 4-sided.
Damp cold woods. May, June. Shrud 4 to 6 feet high, with smooth ash-gray
park. Leaves about2 incheslong on petioles gas long. Flowers smail, greerish-
white. Jerries dry, red-.-
Orprer:63. EBENACHE—The Ebony Family.
Trees or shrubs, with aliernaie entire leaves, and polygamous regular flowers which
have a calyx free from the ovary, the stamens 2 to 4 times as many as the lobes of -the
corolla, and the fruit a several-celled berry, . SezDS anatropous, mostly single in each
cell, larze and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument; Em@Rro shorter than -
| the-hard albumen.
1. -DIOSPYRUS, Linn. Prrsrarsron. -
Gr: Dios, pyrus the fruit of Jove.
Diecious- Canyx 4 to 6-cleft.- Corotna-4- te 6-lobed. -
STAMENS mostly 16 in the sterile fldwers, and ‘8 in the fer-
tile, in the latter imperfect; FILAMENTS shorter than the
anthers.- Berry large.ovoid-er globular, surrounded at the
base by the permanent calyx, 4 to 8-celled, 4 to 8-seeded.—
A large genus of shrubs or trees, mostly tropical, with alternate entire
leaves and axillary fiowers, the fertile’ axillary and ‘solitary, the
sterile smaller and often clustered. —
1.. D. Vireintana, L.. Common Persimmon.
Leaves ovate-oblong, nearly smooth, entire; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parteas °
224 PLANTAGINIACES.
corolla os bell-shaped ; stamens 8; styles 4, 2-lobed at the apex.
Woods and old fields, abundant near Liverpool, along the Suspuehanna. June.
A small tree 20 to 30 feet high. Leaves 2 to3 inches long, glaucous beneath.
Flowers obscure, pale, yellowish- green, the fertile ones succeeded by a plum-like
fruit, 1 inch in diameter, which is exceedingly astringent when green, golden-yel-
low when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure te frost. .
OrpER 64. PLANTAGINIACER,
Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiked flowers, the stamens inserted
on the tube of thedry and membranaceous veinless monopetalous corolla alternate
with its lobes ;—chiefly represented by the typical genus
1. PLANTAGO, Linn. Pranratn.
The Latin name of the Plantain. ae Y
FrLowers perfect. Catyx of 4 imbricated persistent.
sepals. CoROLLA-~ tubular, withering on- the capsule, the
border 4-parted, reflexed: Sram 4; mestly: with long
and weak filaments. CAPSULE 2-c led, 2-several-seeded,
opening transversely so that the top falls off like a lid.—
Acaulescent herbs, with radical ribbed leaves, and small whitish:
flowers in a bracted spike raised on a naked scape: .
1. P. mason; L. Common Plantain..
Smooth or hairy; ote: oval or ovate, somewhat tocthed, 5 to 7-nerved; abruptly
narrowed into a channelled - petiole; spice long, cylindrical, densely flowered ;-
stamens and style long+
Rich moist soil, about footpaths near houses. J une—Sept. Per. Scape 8 te 12:
iriches high, pubescent. Leaves spreading on the ground, coarsely toothed. Spilce
2‘to 6 inches long, close. Flowers whitish. Probably introduced.
2. P. corpata, Lam. AHeart-leaved Plantain:
Smooth; leaves ovate and mostly. heart-shaped,- scarcely ‘toothed, thickish, on=
long stout petioles; spike very -long,.atlength ‘rather doose; bracts ovate, obtape
seeds mostly 4.>-
Banks of streams, rare. June, July...Per? Scapes stout 1 to 2 feet high. “Leaves:
3'to 8 inches long, the 6 to 8. ribs or veins confluent below with the thick midrib.
Flowers in a slender elongated spike, with: white corollas.
8, P. wanceonata, L. Lance-leaved Planacin:
Hairy or almost -smooth; leaves-lanceolate, 3 to 5-nerved, entire or nearly £0,-
tapering to each end, on slender petioles, remotely toothed; scape slender, elongated, -
grooved; spike short, ovoid or oblong-cylindrical, very denbe; vores seale-like,
ovate, pointed; seeds 2. -
Dry fields among grass, common: May—Aug. Per.. Scape 12- -to 18 inehes~
high, somewhat hairy. Flowérs whitish, with 2 of the sepals Onrae united-
into one. Introduced:'.
4.. P. Virernica; L. Virginian Plantain.
Woolly with soft hairs; leaves oblong or lanceolate-ovate, 5-nerved, sparingly
toothed, or entire, narrowed into a short margined petiole; spike cylindrical, -
dense-flowered above and ‘interrupted and scattered below; lobes of the corolla in--
fruit inyelute and converging into a-sort of beak.-.
PLUMBAGINACE 2. O25
Sandy fields. ‘April—Sept. Biennial. Scapes 3 to 10 inches high, angular.
Leaves 2 to 3 inehes long, obtuse. Braets nearly as long as the calyx. Flowers 4
yellowish, with the anthers exserted in some specimens, and included and small in
others. Seeds oval, concave on the inner face.
5. P..pusinna, Nutt.’ Dwarf Plantain. i
Minutely woolly; leaves linear-subulate, flat, entire, acute ; seape terete, slender; -
jonger than the leaves; spize loosely-fiowered, the lower flowers distant; bracts
ovate, acute; stamens short.
Dry bare soil and rocky hills. April—Aug. Annual. Scape 2 to 3 inches
high, slender. Zeaves crowded, about 1 inch long. Spike ¥% to 2 inches long, the
flowers interrupted.
Orper 65. PLUMBAGINACEH.—Leadwort Family.
Herbaceous plants or undershrubs, with alternate or clustered leaves, somewhat -
sheathed at base, and regular 5-merous flowers, in loose panicles or contracted into
heads. CAtrx tubular, plaited, persistent. CoroLua monopetalous, or of 5 regular
petals. STAMENS 5, opposite the se sparate petals or the lobes of the corolla. OVARY -
free, 1-celled, with a solitary ~ froma long cord which rises from the
base of the cell. FRUIT.an ut
1. STATICH, Tourn. Sra LAVENDER.
Gr. statike, to a , on account of its astringency.
Caunyx funnel-form, 5-toothed. PrtTats 5, united. at
base. StTAMENS 5, inserted on the claws of.the petals..
Sryuus 5, separate. FRurr. membraneous and indehiscent,
1-seeded, in the bottom of the calyx.— Salt-marsh perennials,
with ihtickes and. stalked radical’ leaves, and small flowers loosely:
spiked on the branches of a compound corymb, one-sided, 2- bracted.
1. 8S. Limonium, L. Marsh Rosemary.
Leaves obovate-lanceolate or oblong, tipped with a point, 1-ribbed; scape much
branched, the flowers rather crowded along the upper side of the spreading —
branchlets.
Salt marshes, rare. Aug. Scape ebouta foot high, with several lanceolate,
elasping bracts. Calyx pink}. hairy along the angles. Cereliapale-blue. Roe:
Shick and woody, very astringent. Perhaps not a native of this State.
2.. ARMERIA, Willd. Turirt.
Catyx tubular, bell-shaped, 5-angled, with 5 shallow
lobes, plaited. PrTaus 5, almost distinct. STAMENS 5,.
inserted on the base of the petals. Sryues 5, distinct.
Fruit indehiscent, invested by the calyx. — Perennials, with.
mostly linear. radical leaves, and: a simple scape, appendaged above,
with the showy-rese-colored flowers in a dense head.
1. A. vutearis, Willd. Thrift.
Leaves linear, flat, obtuse; outer bracts of the inyolucre ovate, acute, sherter-
than the sheathing appendage at their base; scape terete, smooth...
oe ee ee
eb
a a
(Diheon er peta
ae en mee
’ a cil ohne
296 _s PRIMULACER. Bik 3
Rocky places, rare.. July, Aug. oot large, woody. TZeaves 3 to 4 inches long,
and about 44 inch wide, numerous, crowded. Seape about 1 foot high, bearing a
singular sheath. at top. flowers in heads, rose-colored, intermixed with scales.
Pursh gives this as anative of this State, while Prof. Gray thinks it is not in-
diginous i in the United States:
epee: 66.. PRIMULACEE:.— Primrose Family.
Herbaceous annual or perennial plants, with regular perfect flowers, te stamens
as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla and inserted op-
posite them on the tube. CALYX 4 to 5-cleft, persistent. ‘Stamens 4 to 5, rarely 6 to
S. Style 1; stIGMA capitate; ovary. I-celled.- CapsuLe 1-celled,..with a ceniral
placents. SEEDS numerous.
>
Trine t; PRIMULEA.—The Primrose Tribe.
Capsule entirely. free from the calyx, opening by valves--
1. PRIMULA, Linn. Pamrosz:.
Hat. primus, first; on account of the early appearance of the flowers - some
speciés.
CALYX tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Coronna salver-shaped,
enlarging above the insertion of the stamens, 5-lobed ;
LOBES often notched or inversely heart-shaped. STAMENS
5, included. CAPSULE many-seeded, splitting. at the top
into 5 valves. or 10 teeth —Low perennial herbs,.with the
veiny leaves in a tuft at the root, and mostly simple scapes
bearing the flowers in an umbel. ;
\
CULTIVATED EXCTIC SPECTES. .
1. P. vuiearis, Huds.. Common Primrose.
Leaves obovate, oblong, toothed, rugose, villous beneath ; -umbel radical; jlowzr
_stalks as long asthe leaves; corona fiat.. Native’ of Europe. A beautiful_garden
plant, cultivated and highly esteemed for its early flowering, in the numerous va-
rieties there are some with red, pink, white, orange, and purple flowers, and in
some instances the umbels.are on.a scape. The roots and seeds smell of anise seed. .
April. j
2. P. veERis, Cam.:- Cowslip.
Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy beneath; wmtbels many-flowered; jiowers all nod-
ding; corolla concave. Native of Britain. Flowers yellow. The plant smeils
strongly of anise. Its varieties may be increased by raising from the seeds.
3. P. ELATIOR, Jacq. Oxlip Primrose. Polyanthus.
Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy on each side; wmbel many-fiowered, with the outer
flowers nodding; corolla flat. Native of Britain. This isthe Ozlip from whieh all :
the varieties of polyanthuses have been grown. The fiowers are on a Scape roe 3%
+o 9 inches high, varying | from yellow to red,: purple and white...
- PRIMULACES. Al
2. DODECATHEON, Linn. American CowsziP.
Gr. dodeka, twelve,-then, gods; alluding to its curious flowers which are about 12.
Canyx deeply 5-cleft; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed.
CoROLLA with avery short tube, and rotate, 5-parted limb,
with reflexed long and narrow segments. STAMENS 5, in-
serted into the throat of the corolla; FILAMENTS short,
monodelphous at the base, with long and linear approximate
anthers. SryLe exserted. Capsu xe oblong-ovoid, d-valved,
-many-seeded.— Perennial smooth herbs, with fibrous roots,
radical oblong or sputulate leaves, in clusters, and an erect
simple scape bearing a terminal wmbel of nodding flowers,
purple rose-color or sometimes white.
1. D. mepia, L. American Cowslip. Mead’s Cowslip.
Leaves obiong cr oval, obtuse, tapering into amargined petiole, toothed or entire;
umbel many-flowered; tnvolucre bracts ovate or lanceolate; anthers acute, much
longer than the-short filaments.
‘Rocky places, along the Susquehanna. May. A beautiful smooth plant, with
radical clustered . leay es, 5 to 10 inches long, by 1 to 2 inches wide, the margin
often wavy. Scape 6 to 12 inches high. Corolla white, rose- -colored or parple.
Anthers 14 to 4 inch long, yellow, purple at base.
. D. INTEGRIFOLIUM, Michx. Dwarf Aiea Cowslip.
rae ovate or lanceolate, subspatulate, obtuse. petiolate; involucre bracts lanceo-~
late or linear, acute; wmbel few-flowered; flower's erect.
_ Mountains,rare. June. A much smaller plant than the preceeding. Scape
_4-¢o 8 inches high, thick. eaves 3 to 5 inches long, on naked petioles. Flowers
pale-biue, somewhat crowded, on short pedicels. This may prove to be only a va-
riety of the preceding species.
8. TRIENTALIS, Linn. SrarFLoweEr.
Lat. frriens, the third part-of a foot; alluding to the size of the plant.
CaLyx mostly 7-parted. Coro~ta mostly 7-parted,
spreading, flat without any tube. SrAMENS 6 to8; FILA-
MENTS slender, united into a ring at base. SryLE filiform
CAPSULE globose. few-seeded.—Low and smooth per enniale,
with simple erect stems, a whorlof veiny leaves at the summit,
and a few white flowers on solitary peduneles.
1. T. AMERICANA, Pursh. Chickweed Wintergreen.
Leaves narrow-lanccolate, serrulate, acuminate; petals finely pointed.
Low woods,rare. May. Stem 6inches high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 6or 7
in a terminal whorl, with @ few minute alternate ones below. Flowers white on
‘terminal filiform peduncles.
4, LYSIMACHIA, Linn. Loosestrire.
Gr. lusis, a-release, and mache, strife.
CaLyx 5-parted. Coro“ta with a very short tube;
228 PRIMULACEZ.
limb 5-parted. STAMENS 5; FILAMENTS often united into
ating at base. Capsuxe globose, 5 to 10-valved, few-many-
seeded.— Perennials with entire opposite or verticellate leaves,
and axillary or racemzd flowers with yellow corollas. ~
1. L. srriora, Ait. Upright Loosestrife..
Stem erect, smooth; leaves opposite, or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each
“end, punctate; raceme terminal, very long, loose; pedicels long, slender.
Low grounds,common. July, Aug. Siem 1 to 2 feet high, often with bulblets
in the axils, at length branched, very leafy. Flowers yellow, on slender pedi
cels in a whorled raceme, 5 to 10 inches long, which is leafy at the base. -
2. -L. quaprironia, L. -Whorled .Loosestrife.
‘Somewhat hairy; stem simple; leaves whorled in fours or fives (rarely 8s er 6s),
ovyate-lanceolate, acuminate, punctate; jiowers on capillary peduneles from the
axils of the leaves.
Moist or sandy soils, common. June, July. Stem 12 to15 inches high, with
many whorls of 4 to 5 leaves, each bearing a peduncle about I inch long in its
-axil, with a single flower. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. . Anthers purple.
“3. L. ormrata, L. -Hatry-sialked Loosestrife.
Leaves lanceolate-ovate, tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at
the base, on long petioles; petioles ciliate; peduneles mostly in pairs, 1-flowered ;
flowers drocping; corolla longer than the calyx. : 1 .
Banks of streams and thiekets; common. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, square,
sparingly branched. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, on hairy petioles 44 to 2 inches
long, somewhat cordate at base, the upper ones apparently in fours. Flowers
large, yellow, axillary. Stamens with 5 alternate teeth or rudimentary filaments.
4. UL. LANCEOLATA, Walt. Lance-leaved Loosestrife. ‘
Leaves laneeolate, acute, narrowed at the base into a short and margined petiole
‘fringed with hairs, or the upper nearly sessile and linear, the lowest oblong and ~
spatulate; peduneles axillary, mostly in pairs, 1-flowered ; corrolla longer than the
- oalyx.
Var. 1. hybdrida, has the leaves varying from lanceolate to nearly oblong.
Var. 2. heterophyta, with the leaves narrow, linear and acute at each end.
Swamps and moist grounds.. July. Stem 12 to 20 inches high, sometimes branehed
at base. Leaves 2 inches or more long, varying from 4 to linch wide. Flowers
yellow resembling those of L. ciliata.
Tree 2. ANAGALLIDEM.— The Pimpernel Tribe.
‘Capsule free from the calyx, epening all as by a transverse line, the top falling off
like a lid. . :
~-§. ANAGALIS,; Tourn. ‘PIMPERNEL.
Gr. enagaiao,;to laugh; on account of its supposed exhilerating virtues.
CALYX 5-parted. Coro~La wheel-shaped, with scarcely
any tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx. STAMENS 0;
FILAMENTS hairy. CAPSULE globose, circumscissile, the top
falling off like a lid, many-seeded.—Small spreading pro-
eumbent herbs, with opposite or whorled entireleaves, and solt-
tary flowers on axillary peduncles.
ss PRIMULACEZ. “ 928
1. A. arvensis, L. Common Pimpernel. Poor Man’s
Weather-qlass.
Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles; sepals linear-lanceolate, about
as long as the petals; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth, longer
“han the stamens.
Waste sandy ficlds, introduced from Europe. June—Aug. Stem 6 to 20 inches
lonz, with elongated branches, or simple. Leaves ¥% inch long. Flowers opposite,
small but be sautiful, with scarlet, sometimes purple, blue or white petals, quiékly
closing atthe approach of rainy Weather; whence the common name of “ Poor
BMin’s Weather-glass.”
Trrz3. SAMOLEA.—The Water Pimpernel Tribe.
Capsule half adherent to the calyz.
6. SAMOLUS, Linn. WaTer-PIMpEeRNet.
From Samos, the island where the original species was first found,
Catyx 5-cleft, the tube adherent to the base of the ovary.
SeronLa somewhat bell:shaped, 5-cleft, with 5 sterile fila-
‘ments in the sinuses. STAMENS 5, included, on the tube of
the corolla. CAPSULE 9-valved at the summit, many-seed-:
ed.—Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and snalt
white flowers in racemes.
Aio®: VALERANDI, L. Brook-weed.
‘Stem erect, subsimple; leaves ovate, obtuse, radical ones on long petioles, upper
*ecssile: racemcs elongated, loose, many-Eowered ; pedicels with a small bract near
‘the midile. .
Wet gravelly places. July—Sept. Sem 8 to12inches high, smooth. Leaves1
‘inch long, breadly-lanceolate. Flowers small, white.
Trips 4. HOTTONIEX.—The -Featherfoil Tribe.
Capsule opening by valves; seeds fixed by the base, anatronous.
7. HOTTONIA, Lion. -Fearuerrom.
CaLyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corori “salver-
*form, with a short tube; the limb Sd-parted. -STAMENs 5,
included. CapsuLe 5-valved, manysseefed. SEEDS at-
“tached by their base.— Aquatic perennials, with pectinate im-
mersed leaves, and white fiowers whorled at the joints in a somes
what interrupted raceme bor#e*cn*hollow nearly leafless peduncles,
1. H. rrrata, Ell. Puflated Featherfuil.
Leaves dissected into tread-like divisions, scattered on the floating stems, or
whorled or erow@ed At the base of the cluster of peduncles; peduncies inflated kes
tween the‘joints; flowers verticcllate, mostly in fours, on short pedicels.
Staznent water. ditches and pools. June, July. Stem immersed, thick, round,
a)
=
~——
230 * LENTIBULACZ.
spongy. Peduncles 6 to 10 together, arising in a sort of umbel from the top of the
—° 8 to 10 inches leng. Flowers small, white in numerous verticels.
Gaver 67. LENTIBULACER..—Bladderwort Family.
/
Small aquatic herbs, with a Dipped calyx, and a 2lipped personate corolla, 2 si2-
mags with l-celied anthers, anda l~elled ovary wit a free central placente, bearing
anatropous seeds.—CoROLLA deeply 2-lipped, spurred at the base in front; the palate
usually bearded. Ovary free. STYLE very short or none. Stiesa 1 to lipped,
the lower lip lonzer and revolute over the approximate anthers. CapacLe cfven
bursting irregularly. Scapss 1-few-flowered.
1. UTRICULARIA, Linn. BLAappERworr.
Name from wfriculus, a little bladder.
CaLyXx -2-parted, subequal, the dips entire or nearly so.
CoroLiaA personate, the palate on the Jower lip projecting,
and often closing the throat. SrsAMENS 2. Siem bila-
hiate. CapsuLe globular, I-celled.—Jmmersed aquatic
herbs, with axillary dissecled leaves. mostly bearing little Biadders,
which are flied with air and fioat the plant at the time of flowering,
ii end ereck scapes bearing yellow or purplish flowers, -
1. ‘U. ryruata, Walt. Inflated Bladdervwort. -
Lee Ta eee alii eT ay
pain : ugly
mr tT TTD
f :
1 Uzper learesin a whorl, flonting; leaf-stalis infiated, each into an oblong blad-
der; lower leaves capiliaceous, dissected ; scape 4 to 10-flowered; spur conical, bg
asiong as the corolla; style disiinct.
i Ponds. Aug. Siem very long, branching;susperded in the water by a single
irregular whorl of 5 or 6 floating, inflated leaves whieh are oblong, clit. and pin-
natifid at the end. Flowers large, yellow, on a scape § inches lonz, peduncied,
with sheathing bracts. 9! :
2. U. purpurea, Walt. Purple Bladderwort.
Sem long, floating, branched; leaves whorled along the submersed stems, yo-
tioled, decompound, espillary, bearing many bladders; scape assurgent, 2 to 4-
Lowered; spur appressed te the lower lip of the corolla and about 14 as long.
Tondz. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to3 feet long. Leaves 114 inchs long. Flowers
violet-purple, with a greenish spur on axillary, solitary scapes 2 w 4 inches lang.
3. U. vunearts, L. Common SBiadderwort.
FBioatinz; sfes. immersed, 2-forked; kaves many-psrted, erowded on the long
gtems, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers 5 to 12, on scapes; upper lip of
the closed corrolla, scarcely longer than the prominent palate; spur conical in-
eurved.
Pools and ponds of deep water; common. July, Aug. Per. Root much
branchad. Jmmersed stems 1 to 3 feet long. Leaves very numerous 1 inch long.
Flowers 34 to 34 inch broad, yellow, racemed on scapes 6 to 12 inches long, rising
eut of the water.
4, U. corgnuti, Michx. Horned Bladderwort.
tem erect, rigid, 2 to 7-flowered ; pedicels not longer than the calyx; upper Mp of
the coroila obovate, entire; lower lip large and helmet-shaped; spwr awl-shap<d, .
4 turned downwards, '
* 2 Seat bogs and sendy ewemps. Junc—Aug. Scape & te 12 inches high, leafesa,
ras
<ees
am ua
SSP ns ee te a eh See
ey er
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-
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OROBANCILACE®. 231
but furnished with a few small, distant, ovate, pate scales, and bearing at the top
2to3 large, dvep-yellow crowd: ed flowers.
Orprr 68. OROBANCHACHH:.—Broom-rape Family
,
Herts destitute of green fuliage, growing parasitically wpon-the rosts of other
prints, with didynumous flowers, a 1-celled ovary wilh 2 or 4 par tetul placente and
many-secded capsules. Cairx persistent, 4 to 5-toothed or parted. Conorr1a tubular,
more or less2-lipped, rmgent, persistent. STAMENs 4, more or less dydanamous, in-
serted on the tube of the corolla; ANTUERS 2celied. Ovary free, ‘ovoid, pointed
with along style which is curved at the apex; STIGMA large.
1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. Berco-props.
Gr. epi, upon, phegus the becch; because it grows on the roots of that tree.
ELOWERS moneciously-polygamous, racemose or spiked,
scattered on the branches. CALYx 5-toothed. Srrama_cap-
itate, somewhat 2-lobed. CapsuLE 2-valved at the apex,
with 2 approximz.e placentee.on each.—Low perennials, with
lurid yellowish or brownish scales instead of leaves, and simple
branches floriforous their whole length, the upper flowers
sterile, with a long tubulur corotla and long filaments and
siyle ; the lower fer tile, with a very short corolla, which seldone
opens, but is forced off ‘ om the base by the growth of the cap-
sule.
1. FE. Virarrana. Bart. Cancer-root.
Whole plant purptish-brown; stem branched, leafless; flowers remote, alternate.
c. osmmon under the shade of Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots, 6 to 12 inches
hizh, miuch branched, slender, with scattered inconspicuous seales. Corolla of
the upper flowers whitish and purple, 4 inch long, curved, 4-toothed, the upper iip
broadest, notched at the apex, arched. Seeds yery numerous, shining.
2. CONOQPHOLIS,. Wallr. Sgquaw-noor.
Gr-konos, a fir-conz, and pholis, a scale; the lower scales covering each other simi.
lar to those ‘of the fir-cone.
FLowegs in a thick sealy spike, perfect with 2-bractlets
at the base of the irregular calyx. CoroLua tubular, swelled
at the _base,2-lipped; the upper lip arched, notched at the
sumunit, the lower short, d-parted, spre eading. STAMENS
protruded. STIGMA depressed. CAPSULE with 4 placentae,
approximate in. pairs on the middle of each valve.
1. C. Americana, Wallroth. American Broomrape..
Stem simple, covered with oval-lanceolate imbricated scales ; spike smooth, termi-
mal; corolla recurved. (Orobanche Americana, L.)
Oak woods, crowing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June. A singu}ar
plant chestnut colored or yellowish throughout, 4 to 6 inches high, very smooth.
*
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= ae
932 BIGNONIACEE.
3. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naxkrp Broomrapz..
Gr. a, privative, and phullon foliage, alluding to the naked stalks.
FLowers perfect, solitary on long. naked scapes, without:
bractlets. Catyx 5-cleft, regular, COROLLA-TUBE long,,
eurved, with a spreading. border, somewhat 2-lipped; the.
upper lip deeply 2-cleft, the lobes similar to the 3 of the-
lower lip. SLAMENS included; STieMA broadly 2-lipped..
CAPSULE with 4 equidistant ’ placenter, 2 borne on each.
valve half way between the midrib and the margin.
1. A. untrnora, Torr. & Gt. One-flowered Cancer-root.
Stem subterranean-or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch:
sending up 1 to Sslender 1-flowered scapes; calyx-lobes lance-awl-shaped; corolla-
Zobes obovate.
Woods. April, May. Hairy, brownish-yellow. Corolla 1 inch ieee tinged and i
edged ty purple, with 2 yellow bearded folds in. the throat. (Orobanche uni-..
iora,
OrvER 69: BIGNONIACHEA,—Pignonia. Family.
Woody or sometimes herbaccous. plants, with monpetalous didynamous Slowers, a
mostly 2-celled ovary and the numerous anatropous seeds with a large flat embryo and
no albumen.—Catyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corotta tubular or bell-shaped, .
5-lobed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped. STAamMENs 5, inserted on the corolla, 1 or >
© sterile. Ovary free, bearing a long style and a 2-lipped stigma.
SuB-oRDER I. BIGNONIEAN. Trur Bienonra FAMILY,
Fruit a 2 valved pod ; seeds flat winged. Trees or woody vines.
1. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER.
Abridged from the Mexican name.
Catyx bell-shaped, 6-toothed. Cororna funnel-form, 5--
lobed, a little irregular. Stamens 4, didynamous. Cap-
SULE long and narrow, 2-celled, 2-valved, the partition con-
trary to the valves. SEEDS in a single row in each cell.—
Prees or shrubs, often.climbing, with opposite, digitate or un-.
equally pinnate-leaves and showy, fldwers.
1. TT; RADICANS, Juss. Trumpet Creeper.
Climbing by radicating tendrils; leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets 5 to 11, ovate,
pointed, toothed ; flowers in terminal corymbs; corolba- tube thrice longer than the.
calyx; stamens included.
A splendid climber in woods and thickets, along rivers. J rial Stem -20
to 80 feet inlength, ascending trees. Zeuves 10 to 15 inches long; leaflets. 2 to.3 by.
2-to 2 inches. Flowers 14% inch long, orange and scarlet showy. .
BIGNONIACE®. '355
2. T. eRanpiriora, Delaun. Chinese T, pumipet- -flowed ©
—_s
Climbing, smoot; leaves unequally pinnate; leaficts S$ to 5 pairs, ovate-acum= ©
nate, dentate-serrate; panicle terminal; pedicels nodding, bigianlular; corollu-
tube seavtely lonzer than the 5-cleft calyx. Native of China and Japan. Feswers
of arich scarlet, shorter and — than in T. radicazs.
% CATALPA, Scop., Walt... Inprsn Baan.
The iat sped nam,
CALyx deeply 2-lipped. Cononna bell-shaped, swellings
the irregular border 0- ‘lobed, spreading, wavy. STAMENS 3,
bat mostly only 2 of them anther-bearing. Pop very long
and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celle the partitions cous
ay. to the valves. SEEDS Ina sh ing row in each cell,
broadly. winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe.—-
Trees with simple opposite or ternuée-verticellai te petiolate eaves,
and terminal panicles of. white jiowers.
1. €. Brenonroipes, Walt. Cuta!ps.
Leaves heart-shaped, membranaceows, pointed, downy benentii; flowers in open
compound panicles; calyz-lips mucrosat>.
Native of the South, but naturalized 2long the Schiaylkill. near Philadelphia.
Jane. A well known ornamental! tree growing from 15 to 3) fet hich. witha
wide Berean top, and comparatively few bragehes, Leaves iarg:. heart-sh aped.
Fivw:rs white, slightly tinged with violét and dott: a With p ‘irdie and yellow in
the throat. Jud remaining on the tree autu the iellowing spring, often 1 icot long.
._+
r Ss % Tt. - ~ a Ney Zl. xe —
SUB-ORBER if. SESAME AH. Tae Sesamum Pantry,
* 3
Poi or feshy and woody frui t fs Tee! iy £ by decked; seeds wingle
3. MARTYNIA, ai, Unicorn PLANT.
In honor of Prof. John Mariyn of Cambridze, Eng. 17608
Catyx 5-cleft. Corotta gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed,
irregular. STAMENS 5, one sterile; 4 MS "CAPSULE
fleshy, and with the inner part soon becomes weeds} term
nated by-a long-beak, which at leneth -splits-inio 2-hooked
horns, the capsule opaming at the apex -between the beaks,
imperfectly 5-celled... Sezps- several, wingless, with a thick
and spongy roughened coat.— Low branching annuals, clam-
my pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor, with oppostie, petilate,
subcordate roundish léaves, and larye racemed flowers. :
-1. M. proposcrpga, Glox. Crowspur.
© sock heart-shaped, oblique, or undulate, the upper alternate; “flowers on long,
axillary peduncles; beai-s much longer than the capsule. -
Banks of the Susquehanna, near Harrisburg. -Juiy—Sept. Stem 1io 2 feet big’y |
Coroka large, pate, dullyellew, the limb nearly as broad as the leaves, tinged or
Pe as
=
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ta
ff
.
|
- porolia.. (Rucilia strepenss LL.)
' Pristly hairs. Leaves Liyt to 27eerches long. 34 to 4 as wide. Corolla 2 inches long,
254 , ACANTHACES
spotted with ycllow-or purple. Stamens bright yeleme exserted. “Woody —
crested on one side,: ‘with 2 long claws..
ta
OnvER 70. ACANTHAGEEE— tonne Hamily.
Chiefly herbs, with opposite saple leaves; _dilteniainging or diandrous stamens, in --
serted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla. EPRcit an S+celled and few-
seeded eapsule. Catyx 5-cleft. Coroiis 5-lobed, subequal. Strre thread-form.-
STIGsIA ae or 2-cleft. CApsuLE locwlicidal; snEDS-anmatropous, sapponted. by.
hooked projections of the placentzx.. 4
i. DIANTHER A. Gronoy.
louble, and antics, anthers; the separated cells. giving the appearance of
2. anthers on each filament...
os ¥X S-parted. Cononta deeply 2-lipped; the upper
bin ei cet, rotehba the Biohe spreading,. 3- parted. STAMENS:
2; ANTHERS 2-celled, the cells placed one lower down than:
the other. CAPSULE obovate, compressed, attenuaied at-
the base, 4 to S-seeded.— Perennial herbs, growingsin water,.
th narrow and entire leaves, and purplish flowers:in axu-
lary peduncled spikes or heads.
1. “PD: Aarmricana, DL. Water Wallow:,
Leaves linear-lane ceolate, eldenteas éptkc es “oblong, dense, eae ee (Tiss--
tieta pedunculosa, I.)
Borders of streams and ponds’; common, July.’Aug. oot creeping. Stem 3%
eet high, simple or sparingly. branched above. Zeaves nearly 6 inehes.- Jonge
mooth; wary. contracted to a short petéole.. Flowers: pale-purple..
£2
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2.. DIPTERTCANTHUS, Neés: < (emma partly; L.)
Gr. dipterss, 2-winged; and akantios, the Acanthus: on. account of the 2-leawd pe—
. duncles.
“eer me deeply 5 Becleft. Gononta fannel-form’ the spread:-
g lim b nearly xegularly and cqually 5-cleft. SramMzEns-
43 neiuded, didynamous-;: - ANTHERS avrow-shaped ; (enhes
=m and nearly e¢ jual.. CAPSULE somewhat compressed,.
and stalked. at the cae “ to-12-seeded,, Seeps with a mu-—
eilaginous coating.—Jerc ined herbs, with ovate or elliptical
near rly entire leaves, leafy bracts; and chest? ed bine ox purple flowers...
1. PD strepens, Nees. Livo-winged Acanthis..
Somewhat smooth; leaves ovate or ovate-obiong,.entire ; peduncles axillary, very™
short; calyx-iolcs lanceolate. acute, ciliate; spreading, shorter than the tube of the-
<
Shady woods. July. Stéeme 1 to-2: feet: Kich, often simple. clothed with white-
hright blucish-purple, ito 14 mch broads, i th 3 long and slender t tube...
SCROPHULARIACE &. 9385
3. THUNBERGIA, Linn.
Yn honor of Charts Peter Thamberg, Professor of. Botany at the Uuiversity of Upaal..
Catyx double, 5-cleft, with 2 bracts. Corona bell-
shaped, with an: inflated tube, and d+lobed limb; Jobes equal.
SrigmA 2-lobed. OApPsuLE globose, beaked,. 2-eelled.—
Mostly climbing herls, with showy axillary flowers, ©
1. T. Avara, L. Black-eyed Susan.
Siem twiningy leaves trian gularly- -cordate, sinuately toothed, 5-nerved; petioeg:
winged. July. Native of the East Indies Flowers 1 to 114.inch:broad, pale;-
Duff or orange;with a deep-purple throats
Oxvzr. 71. SUROPHULARIACER: —Figwort Fumilys
Cvicfly herbs, wiih didynamous, diandrous, or veryrrarcly 5 stamens inserted ore
Bre tue of the 2-lipped or more or less irregularrcoroWa.. Calyx of 5 more or less:
united sepals, persistent... Qvarnr2:celled, with asingle style... Erviz a 2:celled andi
meually many-seeded capsule, with the placenta imthe-axis.
Sus-ornper LL ANTIRRHINIDEA. Tre Snarpra LGON:
EF AMIEY..
Bpper lip of tle corolla covering the lobes of the ae twthe bud. oon Usyady:
sep ticidal.
1. VERBASCUM, Linnie Mururin
The ancient Latin naine, altered from: Burbascum.
Catyx 5-parted. Corona. 5-lobed;.open:or concave, ro~
tate, the lobes nearly equal rounded: Stamens 5 perfeet,.
often hairy, the anterior longer.. Sryue flattened at the apex...
CaPsuLE ovoid? or- alobose, many-secded.—TZall biennial’
herbs, usually woolly, with. alternate leaves, and ephemeral’
flowersiv terminal spikes or racemes.
1. ¥. Trapsus, Ll. Common Miullein:
Densely woolly throughout; stem sinyple tal] and! stout; aves ovate-oblong, de-
surrent; flowers-in:a: prolonged dense cylindrical spike;:lower stamens usually
~ Peardless.
Fields and roadsides; very cOmmor: . Fntroduced from.Europe. June. Sem 3.
$) 6 feet high, angular; winged. Leaves 6 to-12 inches-loag.. Flowers yellowin a-
long dense cylindric spike, :
2. -V. Boarrarta, lL. Moth Mullein.
Green and meanly smooth; lerves oblong, clasping, ecrenate-serrate; the- radécaé
ones, Petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped; raceme long and:
loose : filaments all bearded. ;
Roadsides,com:mon: Introduced from Eureve. June, July. Stem.2 feet high,.
avglel. Lewres scute, scrrate or toothed. Flowers yellow or whites, with.a puss-
5
a ee ls
errr:
cs = i 2 eel
we — ——_— =
935 SCROPHULARIACE ®.
plish tinge, on pedicels-nearly an inch jong. Stamens unequal, ppp the fila- —
ments all LOE
8. V. Lycunitis, L. White Mullein.
“ Clothea with a thin powdery wodlliness; leaves oblong, wedge-forn, greenish
above; flowers in a pyramidal panicle ; filaments white-woolly.
Old fields, roadsides, rare. Introduced from Europe. July, Aug. Stem 2to5
feet high, anguiar.. Flowers pale-yellow. Culyx small, with lanee-subulate seg-
mecnis.
2. LANARFA; Tourn: Toap-rnax..
Named from Linum, the flax, which the leaves of some ssecies resembie. *
Catyx 5-parted. CorRoLLA personate, with the promi-
nent palate nearly closing the throat, spurred at the base on
the lower side. Sranens 4, ~ didynanious. CAPSULE ovoid
er globose, opening. below the summit by 1 or 2 pores or
chinks, the orifice split into. teeth. Sreps numerous.—Tierbs
with. the lower leaves opposite or wiiorled, the upper-alternate,
and solitary, axillury flowers ofien ‘forming terminal leafy
racemes. soared
1. L. cANApEnsis, Spreng. Wild Toad-flax
Emcoth; stem slender, erect, mostly simple, with scattered lincar leaves; flavers ~
racemed, on short pedieels; spur thread-form, curved.
Low grounds. May—Aug. Annual. Stem about 1 foot high. slender; often
throwing out suckers at the base, which bear oblong, crowded, mostly opposite or
whoerled leaves. . lowers blue, ina slender raceme, variable -in size.
rT 7 Y
2. L. vtieartis, Mill. Common Toad-flaz. .
Smooth and glaucous; — erect; leaves alternate, crowded, lincar-iznceolate ;
flowers in a dense raceme, on: pediceis’shorter than the br ‘acts ; spur awl-shaped.
» Roadsides and waste places: common. Junc—Oct Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet hignf
acmetimes somewhat branched. Flowers large and numerous, pale yellow, with a
deep orange ee te, hairy m the throat, ina dense bracteate raceme, rately’ withS to -
5 spurr.
o. L. Exvatine, Mill. Sharp-pointedToadflaz.
fairy; branched from the base; leaves alternate, ovate-halbert-form petioleds
Slavers axillary, on slender peduncles; spur siender.
a -
if ‘elds. and banks, sparingly introduced. July.’ Ann.’ Stem: precambent,i te -
set high, with spreading branches. . Flowers yellow and purplish, smail.
38. ANTIRRHINUM, Linn: . Snap-pracon.
Gr. enti, like, 'rin, a-n033 from the resemblance of the flowers to the snout cf soms
animais.
Calyx 5-sepalled. Corona gibbous (not spuiabel yt at
base, the upper lip-2-parted, lower 3-parted, closed by the
prominent palate. CapsuLE without valves, opening by 3
pores,—Luropean herbs, with the lower leaves opposite, ihe
upper alternate, and showy. flowers in leafy, terminal racemes.a
SCROPIIULARIACE ®. 237
1. A. magus, L. Great Snap-dragon.
Leaves lanceolate, opposite ; flowers in raeemes; sepals glandular-hairy, smooth,
lanceolate, acute. A showy garden flower, native of England. Stem.1 to 2 fect
high. Fizwers large, rose-colored, the lower lip white and the mouth yellow, with
a gibbous prominence at the base bencath. There are numerous yaricties with.
scarlet, scarlet.and white, and white flowers. June, July.
4; SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. Freworr:.
So called from its supposed virtues in curing screphula.
CALYX deeply 5-cleft. Coroxta. subglobose; limd cons.
tracted, with 2 short lips; upper lip 2-lobed, frequently with:
a.scale or abortive stamen-at the summit of the tube. Cap--
SULE 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.—Rank herbs, with
mostly opposite, leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid:
flowers, in loose cymes forming a terminal panicle.
1. 8. wnoposa, L. Common Figwort.
Smooth, tall and*branching; Stem 4-sided;. leaves ovate, oblong or the upper.
lanceolate, acute, cut-serrate, rounded or. heart-shaped at the base. (S. lanceolata,
Pursh, 8. nodosa, Benth, in DC.)
Woods and hedges; common. June—Aug. Per. . Stem 3to 5 fect high. Leaves
3:to 7 inches long; thin, often long-acuminate. Flowers ovoid 14 to 4% inch long, .
purple-brown tinged with green.
5. COLLINSIA, Nutt..
In honor of Z. Collins of Philadelphia, an accuraig-botenist.’
CAtyx deeply. 5-cleft. Coronta, bilabiate, the orifice:
closed ; upper lip 2-cleft ; lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled
and sac-like, infolding the 4-declined stamens and style..
CAPsuLE globose, many-seeded.—Slender branching an-
nuals, wilh opposite leaves, and handsome flowers ia um-
bel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of the uj-
per leaves.
1. ©. Bicoror, Benth. Fivo-colored . Collinsia. .
Stem upright, somewhat, branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, remotely serrate or «
nearly entire, sessile with a somewhat heart-shaped base; flowers in axillary ra-
cemes. A pretty annual plant fromthe Rocky Mountains; common in cultiva- «
tion. Stem 4to8 inches high,-with opposite leaves and branches. Leaves 1 to 2.
inches long, 14 to 34 inch wide, broadest at the base. Flowers showy, 14 to 34.
inch long. Corolla white, the lower lip a beautiful violet-purple:-
6. CHELONE, Tourn. SNAKE-HEAD.
Gr. kelone, a tortoise; the corolla much resembling in shape the head of that:
animal.
Catyx.5-sepaled, imbricated. CoroLLs inflated-tubular,
988 3 SCROPHULARIACE ©.
with the mouth a little open; upper lip broad, coneave,
keeled in the middle, notched at’ the apex; the lower lip
spreading S-cléeft, bearded in the throat. Sramens 4, did;-
namous, with a 5th shorter sterile filament; ANTHERS pees:
shaped, woolly. Capsun@ 2-eelled, 2-valved, many-seeded;
SEEDS wing-margined.— Smooth pentane with upright
branching stems, opposife serrate leaves, and large while
or purplish flowers, sessile, in spikes or clusters,and close’y
imbricaled with roundish braets and bractlets.
1. OC. enapra, lL. Turtle-head. Balmony Shell-flower.
Leaves very shor te petiied, lanceolate, pointed ; flowers in dezse spikes.
Vet places; common. Aug.—0dOct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple. Leaves thick,
and somewhat coriaceous, varying from narrow to very broad-lanceolate. Flower s
large, white or rvddish..
7.. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. .
Gr. pente, five, and siemen, a stamen; in allusion to the 5th larze abortive stamen.
G atyx 5-parted.. Corouia tubular, more or less inflated,
mostly 2-lipped ; the upper Tip 2-lobed, and the lower 8-cleft,
STaAMENS 4, declined at the base, ascending above; anda
fifth sterile filament, mostly as long as the others, either
naked cr bearded. CapsuLE ovoid, 2-celled, 2-yalyed.—
Perennial kerbs, branches at the base, with opposite leaves,
nd shotey- flowers in thyrsoid panicles.
tk =P: pusescens, Soland. Beard-tongue.
Somewhat pubescent; radicul leaves petioled, ovate or oblong; stem leaves lancéo-
late from a clasping base, serrate, sometimes entire; flowers loosely panicled;
stertie filament bearded from the top to below the middle.
Hills andriver banks: common. June—Sopt. Stem 12 to15inehos hich, round,
smooth below, supporting a leose oppositely branched: panicle of bluish-purple
flowers... Circlia Linch long, gradually enlarged upwards, flattened and Lridged
ou the upper sidé. Sometimes quite smooth, when it is P. luvizatus, Svland, &e.
8.. PAULONIA, Siebold..
CALyx deeply 5-cleft, fleshy. CoroL~us-tuBE long, de-
elinate, enlarged above, mb oblique, with rounded segments.
STAMENS 4, arched downwards. CaPsULE woody, acumi-
nate ; valves septiferous in the middle. SEEDS numerous.—
A magnificent flowering tree, native of Jupan, with large
leaves, and large terminal ee of numerous purplish
flowers.
1. P. imperrAtts, Siebold. Peulonia.
Leaves broad-cordate-ovate, entire or somewhat 3-lobed, villous-caneseent on
both sides, smocthish-sbeve when full grown: A splendid tree with the abit of:
oe
oie gucll Mihi ica i
Re
ihe.
SCROPHULARIACEZ. 238
Catalpa, recently introduced in cultivation in this country! Branches crooxed,
noarly horizontal. Leaves 7 to 20, by 15 or 20 inches, opposite, on petioles.
Panicles large, terminal, many-flowered. “Corovla:2 inches long, pale-violet, striped
within, somewhat fragrant. (¢Biynonic tomontosa,.Thunb.)
9. DIGITALIS, Linn. Foxctove.
Lat. digttabulum, a thimble; from the form of the fiowers.
-Oanyx 5-parted. Corona bell-shaped, ventricose, in 5
subequal lobes. CAPsuULE ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, witha
double dissepiment.— European and Asjatic herbs or shrubs,
cultivated for ornament, with large fl-wers in showy ra-
cemes.
1.. D. purpurea, O. Purple Foxglove.
Leaves oblong, rugose, cronate; calyx segments ovaie-obiong; corolla obtuse, up-
per lip entire; peduncles aslong.as the calyx. Native of Europe. A weli known
biennial showy border flower, 2 to 3 feet high, with large, rough, Gowny Jeaves.
Flowers numerous, ina long, simple spike, large crimson or purplish, often white,
With beautiful spots within. “Medicinal.
2. D. Granpirtora, Allioni. Great yellow Forglove.
Feacves ovate or oblong-lanceciate, veiny, serrulate, amplexicaul; raceme tomcn-
tose, lax; calax segments lanceolain, acute ; corolla ventricose-bell-shanced, segments
‘broader than long, lowest twice as broad as the lateral. Native of Eurepe. A pe-
rennial plant 2 tod feet high. Flowers 1l¢inch long, yellow, varying to brownish
or prange.
10. MIMULUS, Linn. MonkKEY-FLOWER.
Gr. mimo, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla.
CALYX prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth
dapgest. COROLLA tubu lar; the upper ae erect or reflexcd-
epreading, 2-lobed; the outa spreading, lobed. BIAMENG
4. STIGMA 2-lipped. CAPsuLEe 2-celled, many-seeded.—
Prostrate or erect herbs, with square stems, opposile leaves,
and mostly handsome flowers on solitary uxillury pe-
duncles.
1. MM. rineaens,L. Purple Monkey:flower. .
Erect. smooth; leaves oblong or lanccolate, pointed, serrate, clasping by a heast-
shaped base; peduncles larger than the flowers. "Per.
Met places; common. uly, Aug. Stem 1 to-2 foct high, somewhat branched.
Flewers pale-purple, ringent. Culyz-tclh acuminate from a kroad base.
2. M. auatus, Ait. Wing-stem Monkey-flower.
Sem somewhat winged at the angles above; leaves oblong-ovate, taptring into a
petiole; peduncies shoricr than the calyx; calyx-tecth very short, abruptly pointed.
- Per.
Low grounds, rare. Aug. Stem 2 fect high wiih winged angles, somewhat
branched. Flowers palc-blue, ringent.
i:
Gr. herpestes, a creeper; from the os habit
Catyx 5-parted, unequal. Coronza bilali ea upper
Zip notched or 2-lobed; the dower 3-lobed. Sramzns 4,
didynamous. STYLE concave, dilated or 2-lobed at the
apex. SEEDS small, numerous.—Prostrate or creeping
herbs, with opposite leuves and oe solitary or
subracemose flowers.
1. H. Monnrerra, Humboldt. Wedge-leaved Herpestes.
Emooth, fleshy, prostrate; leaves wedge-obovate, entire or obscurely erenate*near
the summit; pedicels as long as the leaves, with 2 bracteoles near the calyx; calyx
segments ovate. Per.
Inundated banks. Aug: Leaves opposite, thick, somewhat clasping, variable in
size and form. Ss yery small, pale purple, on peduncles about as long as the
leares.
ae MICRANTIZA, Pursh.
Smooth, prostrate; leaves oval, entire, sessile or clasping, obscurely many-veined 3
pedicels ebracteate, nearly as long as the leaves; corollo scarcely longer than the
calyx. ,
Border of pools and rivers. Aug. A minute weed, 2 to 4 inches in length.
Leaves about gene long, 5 to7-veined. Flowers very small, blue.
12. GRATIOLA, Linn. HepaE-Hysup.
Name from gratia, grace or favor; on account of its supposed excellen$ me edicinal
Properties.
CaLyx 5-parted; the divisions narrow and nearly equal.
Coronia tubular swbbilabiate ; ; upper lip entire or 2-cleft,
the lower 3 3 -cleft. SramMENS 4, 2 sterile or:wa iting. Styne
dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. CAPSULE , 4-valved,
many- seeded. —Low mostly branched and diffuse herbs, with
opposite sessile leaves, and axillary l-flowered peduneles,
usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx.
1. G. Vireintana, L. Common LHedge-Hysup.
Smooth or nearly so; leaves'‘lanceolate, slightly serrate, narrowed at the base:
peduncles longer than the leaves; ‘calyx segments lincar-lanceolate, equal; stcrile
filaments nearly wanting. Ann,
Wet places; common. July, Aug. “Plant 4 to 6 inches high, branched at base.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches Jong, and 1% as“wide, sessile. Corolla whitish, the teba pale
yellow, often tinged with purple, scar ecly, VWinehlong. Culyz with 2 2 lincar-lanco- ©
»olate bracts, which are rather longer than the sepals. :
2. G. MEGALOCARPA, Ell. Large-pointed Hokie ilyehib
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent ; peduncles opposite, longer than the leaves;
ealyx segments linear, as long as the glcbose capsule. (G. acuminata of Pursh.)
Per. “Sue Bh tu
Ditches and pools. July, Aug. Flewers pale-ycllow, large. €apsule larger than
in any other specice, ~~
nud 4 hn thos, sage: alluding to aie of oe
CaLyx 5. ported, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla
short, erect, 2-lobed, the /ower larger and spreading, 3-cleft.
Sramens 2 , fertile and 2:sterile filaments forked, one of the
divisions glandular, the ‘cther smooth, acute, or ‘rarely with
“half am anther. Sr¥re 2-lipped at the. apex. CAPSULE
ovate or oblong, many-seeded.— Small smooth herbs, with op-
posite leaves and l small axillary flowers, or the upper raceméd.
1. I. eratrionorEs, Benth. Fulse Pimpernel.
Much branched, diffusely spreading; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, or the
lower obovate, slightly toothed or entire, mostly obtuse, the upper partly clasping;
capsule ovoid-obiong, a little longer than the calyx. Ann. (Lindernia dilatata,
and L. attenuata of Mahl.)
Lew-greznds, and along rivulets; common; flowering all summer. «Zzaves vo-
*riable. in-size, 24 to 34 inch ‘long. ~ Corolla much exsertedy nearly 34-inch long,
* bluish-white.
14. HEMIANTHUS, Nutt.
Gr. hemi, half, anthos, flower ; alluding to the uneqally divided corolts.
Canyx:4-toothed, equal. Corona 2-lipped; the upper
‘lip very short, entire; lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe long,
‘spreading. SraMENsS 2, anterior, with a scale at the base of
the filament. Sryie short. CapsvLe -globular, 1-cell:d,
“2-valved, many-seeded.—A small inconspicuous annual, with
crowded opposite roundish leaves, und minute solitary flowérs sessile
in the axils of the leaves.
1. H. micranruemorpes, Nutt. Creeping Hemianthus.
* Creeping and rooting; stém dichotomously’ branched; ledaves roundish-cvate, op-
t posite, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-veined.
Inundated banks of the Delaware below Philadelphia. Mui Sept. “Mem I to-Z
2inches long, branched.
Sup-orprr u. RHINANTHIDE®.
© Inflorescence entirely centripetal or compound. -Lateral lobes of the corclia or one of
“them outermost ti the bid.
~ 1d. LIMOSELLA, Linn. - Mupaworz.
Lat. linus, mud; in allusion to its place of growth.
-Catyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corotia shortly com-
panulate, 5-cleft, equal. SramMens 4; ANTHERS by con-
fluence celled. Sryiz short, club- ‘shaped. CapsuLs
-globular, :2:valved, many-seeded. '— Small annuals, growmg
Se lc tlre OO
742 igi SCROPHULARIACEA.
am mud, creeping. by slender runners, with entire flesh y leaves i
dense clusters arou simple 1 flowered peduncle.
eae TENUIFOLIA, Nutt. Common Mudvwort.
Leaves terete, awl-shaped. or me orm z a arcely: Gilated at the apex; scape 1-
fewered, as long asthe leaves.
Me ddy shores. vane Leaves nbexut 1 ine hl Dg. - Flowers bri wade cnate.
PLR
St Aden
AG, VERONICA, Linn. Si warn,
Neme of doubtful origin, ee Te ee
Catyx 4-parted. .Cororta with a 4-cleft spacuaa
border, lewer -scgments mostly narrcw. STAMENS 2, cne—
each side of the upper lebe of the corolla, exserted. SiYLE
entire; STIGMA single. CapsuLE flattened, usually obtuse
or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few to many-sceded. —_—
Chiefly herbs, with verious foliage, end blue, whet coler or white
Jiowei's, axillary or racemed.
* piles or racemes terminal. Derennials. =
1. V. serpytuiroria, lL. Thyme-leared Speedwell.
Much branched, at the bace, low; Lranches ascending, simple; leaves ovate or
oblong, obscurely crenate, smoothish; -raceme. elongated, many-flowered; capsule
inversely heart-shaped, as long as the style.
Roadsidcs and felds. commen; introduced and indigenous. Mape ater, Eig
| poise 3 to 8inches long, scmetimescreeping. Leaves rather fleshy, 3-V ad,
7s tolinch long. Corclia eezrcely exeecdivg the calyx, blueand white, beautifully a
penciled with yurple lines.
© Spt es or racemes exillary. Ferennials. ‘ " ak eS
2y V. scuTettata, L. Marsh Sicctlengll!
_Smocth, seconding, slender and weak; leares gesaile, lincer, acute; ae
tcothed ; racemes Very slender, zig-zag, with the flowers few and scattered ; apsute
@s¢, much broader than long, notched at both ends. oe
Moi-t places, common. Jure—Aug. Plant 8 to 12 inches high. Leaves 2tos
jxches ! tong, 4 to V4 ingh Eige- Fik.wers fiesh-colored or biuich, in simple rarely "
@ompound raccmes,
=n, i Anacaruis, L. Water Speedeell. a
Smooth, creeping and rooting at the bsse, erect skove; leates sersile, mortiy
Casping by a heart-shaped Lase, ovate- lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire; pedice’s
spreading; capsule orbicular, slightly notched. 9
Brcoks ard ditches. Junc—Aug. Stem to 2 feet high, succulent. Leaves 2to
3 inches long. 4 to 14 inch wide. ‘Flowers numerous, blue or purplish. Correia
metkcd with purple lines. f
4, V. Americana, Shweinitz. American Brooklime.
' Clea ; ;
Fmecoth, dccrmbert at the trse, then ercet; leaves ovate cr oblong, mostly pe-
teled, acntish, serrate, thickish, remewhat cordzte at ‘base j expoule: rounded,
turgid, notched. (V.Beccabunga. American authors) S *
Breeke aud ditches; cc ig Junc—Aug. Stems 8 to 15 inches high. Leeves
J to 2inches lerg, 4% to 44 as Wide. Elves ee er bluish} UT le, CD Tac mes
longer than the kay ea.
Fag
SCROPHULARIACEE.
5. V. orricinatts, L. Common Speedwell.
Pubescent throughout; stem prostrate, teoting at the base; leaves okovate-cllip-
tical or wedge-oblong, short-petioled, obtuse, serrate ; tacemes densely many-flow-
ered; ‘capsule asakcevhayaie broadly notebed.
Dry hills and woods; common. “May Ju ye tae tralia 6 to i2inches long, ©
with aseending branches.’ Leaves mosthy eHiptical, 1 to 1/4 inch long. Flowers
pale blue, in long, ereet, pedunculate spi 7 a <
**£ Flowers axillary, solitary, scarcely 9 y racemed. Annuals.
ax PERIGRINA, L. Neck-weed. - Purslane Speedwell.
_ Nearly emooth, ascending, branched; lower leaves peticled, oval oblonz, toothe4,
the others sessile, qgous: « obtuse ; ; the upper oblong-linear and entire; capsule or-
bicular, sliehtly notched.
Cultivated grounds; common, introduced... re Mie Plané often branched
from the base, 4 to 10 inch®s high. Leaves thickish. Flowérs very small, white
or pale blue, nearly or quite sessile. (ag -
7. V. arvensis, Le Corn-Speedwell.
_ Simple or diffusely branched, hairy; lower leaves ovate, crenate, petioled; the up-
permost sessile, lanceolate, entire; flowers subsessile; capsule inversely heart-
shaped, the lobes rounded.
Cultivated grounds; common, introdneed. June. Stem 3 to 8 inches high.
Flowers on short peduncles, very oe pale blue, beautifully peneiled: with pur-
ple lines.
8.. V. agrestis, L- ” Field Socedwell. »
\" Psostrate,hairy ;-leavespetioled, cordate-ovate.or round, crenate-toothed. caly2-
lobes’ ovate lanceolate; peduncles as long. a3 the leaves; cupsule-nearly onic tiene
“sharply notched, few-seeded.
Mbraneing weary at the base. J’ lewers small, light blue or white, veined.
| V. Heverm@roria, L. Ivy-lea ved Speedwell.
trate, hairy; leaves petioled, cordate, roundish, 3 to 5 tcothed or lobed; pe-
duncles scarcely lotic r than the leaves; sepals triangular, sub-cordate, acute, at
th erect; capsule aa and wrinkled, 2-lobed.
: 1ady rocks and hills; sparingly naturalized. March—May. Stem slender. 4
) 10 inches long. diffusely branched. Culyx somewhat tangled in fruit. Corvil
amaller than the calyx, blue. » .
##** Veotics. Perenniais. -
20.8. spreara; Ui. Spits ed Gardén Speodiell. J
_ Erect, tall; leares petiolate, ovate-ob!ong or lanceolate, lower ones obtuse, erenate,
wrper acute, crenate-serrate. entire at apex; raceme mostly solitary ; pedice’s much
shorter than the sepals; calyx mostly hoary-pubeseont. Cultivated in gardens;
mative of Europe and Asia. Varieties numerous, i. flowers biue, rose-color, &ec.
t7. LEPTANDRA, Nutt.
“ ~s ar. leptos, Fnac: and aner, andros, aman; in allusion to the stamens.
@atyx 5-parted; seymentsacuminate.. CoroLia tubular--
Pell- shaped ; border 4-lobed, somewhat ringent, the lower sey-
| ments narrower. STA MENS 2, and with the pistil at ‘length
umach exserted. ‘Capsuun ovoid, acuminate, 2-celled, many-.
A “igh:
~~
_ Sandy fields, introduced. May—Oct. Stem-8 to 4 inches Jeng, rcund, lezfy — i
et Sed all =... ‘ +e = in alii i. “a... > ee
=
FA4 SCROPHULARIACE. a
=~
seeded, opening at the summit.— Tall perennials, with mostly -
whorled leaves. and. dense spiked terminal racemes of white
flowers. |
1. L. Virerica, Benth. & Nutt. Virginia Speed well.
Stem erect ; leaves whoried in 4s to 7s, short petioled, lanceolate, acute or pointed
finely serrate; spikes panicled, crowded. 3
Rich moist places, often cultivated. July. Stem 2-to 4 feet high, angular, sim-
pie. . Flowers nnmerous, white, nearly sessile in long terming] and verticellate,
ovata an spikes. Cupsule many-seeded. The roet.is medicinal. Culver’s «.
AYSTC. ma
18. BUCHNERA, Linn. Brur-Hearts..
In honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist. _
CALYX tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-parted. Corormma~
salver-form,, witha straight. or..curved .tube, and a nearly ;
regularly 5-cleft limb. SrtameEns-4, included,iapproximate -
in pairs. Sryue club-shaped and entire at the apex.. CAp--
sule 2-valved, many-seeded.—Perennial: rough-hairy herbs,
with opposite leaves or the uppermost allernate, and blue fiowers in
terminal bracted spikes. ah
1. B. Amerrcana, L. Bluc-Hearts.
Rough-hairy; sfem mosily simple and wand-like ; lower leaves obovate-oblong,
obtuse; upper ones oblong.and lanceolate, sparingly and coarsely toothed, veiny ; ..
Jiowers in an interrupted spike; calyx longer than the bracts. .
Moist places. June—Aug. Siem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves.2 to 3 inehes long, -
very rough, appressed to the stem... Flowers axillary and sessile, blue or purpie.
Corolla. 1 inch long, hairy. Slamens inserted 2 in:the throat of the corolla and 2 -
in the middle.of the tube.
19. GERARDIA, Linn.
Tn honor of John Gerard an English botanist. .
CaLyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or .5-cleft. . CoRoLLA -bell--.
shaped-funnel-form, swelling above, with 5 more or less un-.
equal lobes, the 2 upper smaller.and usually more or less -
united. SrameEns 4, didynamous, included, hairy. STy1Le
elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened-at the apex. Cap. _
sule ovate, pointed, many-seeded.—Lrect branching herbs,
with the stem leaves opposite, or the upper often alternate, ana +
showy purple:or yellow. fiowers often in racemes or spikes.
Sxc. 1. GERARDIA proper.-- Leaves linear 3. flowers purple. Annual. .
1. G. purpurea, L., Firple’ Gerardia.:.
Upright, vith long widely spreading rigid branches; leaves linear, acute, rough= .
margined; flowers nearly sessile; calyz-teeth subulate. F
Swamps and low grounds. Aug—Oct. Stem 1-to 2 feet high, rough on the
angles. Leaves 34 to1 inch long, and nearly 14 inch wide, coiled up in drying.
Flowers large, axillary, often opposite, purple.
%
Bs SCROPIULARIACER. ' 245
2. G. tTenvrronia; Vahl. Slender Gerardiu.
Mach branched, very slender, diffuse; near’y smooth; leaves linear, acute; pe
@uncies axiliary, tiiread-form, larger than the flower3; calyx teeth short, acute.
Dry woods, common, July—Szpt. Stem 8 to 15 inches hich, oe Leaves!
variable, about-1 inch loag, very narrow,entire rough. Corolla } Us to 14 inch.
poms “-~ purple, spotted wi “thin, the border much spreading, smooth and neariy
equal 3
3. G. seTACEA; Walt. Sztaceous Gerardia.
Very slender;branchlets: and leiess setaceous, roughish; peduncles very mueh
longer than: tie-leaves; calyx-eath awl shaped ; capsule ovate, larger than the calyz,
at-length exserted.
Dry woods; rare. Ee Sept. Plant $ tol2incheshigh. Coretla small 14to
inch long.
Seo.-2. Pieris, Rat Leaves rather large; flowers yel’ow. Perennials. .
4. G, reava, lL. Downy Fulse Foxglove.
Pabescent with a fine close down; ste.2 tall, mostly simple; leaves ovate iancesx*
Yate or oblong; obtuse, entire, the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnstifil; pe-
duncles very short; flowers axillary. ;
Woods and rocky places, common. Anz. S’em 3 to4 feet high, erect. Lower
2 p 2 > £ ’
ferves yaviously pinnatifid, cut or toothed; upper ones very entire, - flowzr3 large,
yetiow, trumpet-shaped.
7% a a a j : >
5: G. quegcirouia, Pursh... Glaucous Fulse Foxglove.
} =
Smooth and glaucous, tall, mostly branching; lew27 leaves twiee pinnatifid ; the
upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid cr entire; peesncles pearly as long as the calyx
oaiyx-lodes linear-lanccolate, acute, as-long as the at length inflated tube.
Rich woods; common. Aug. Slem 2 to d feet high. Flowers large and of a
brilliant yellow, opposite arndaxitiary, near the top of the siem, forming s lovsa_:
epike. Corolls irumpet-shaped, 2 inches loag.
6. G. pepicuraria, L.. Bushy Gerardia.
Smoothish or pubeseent, much branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the
boves cut and toothed ; pedice’s longer than-the-calyx; calyx-lodes toothed, as leng
ag the hairy tube. ;
Dry woods; common. Aig: Stem 2to3 fect high, very leafy. Zzares 1 toS
inches lonz, aud 14 to 2 inches wide : geomet crenately incised-serrate. DWkwure
yellow, I to 14 14 inch long, villose. Sylz longer than the stamens.
S20. 3. OropHyYita, -Beath.— es leaves with a lole at the base; coradia purpie
{rarely white), spuringly hairy inside. Annual?
7. G. auricuLata, Michx.. Auriculate Gerardia.
Rough-hsiry; stzm erect, nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate or Orvaie-lanceoiate, thes
fewer entire, the others with un oblong-lanceolate lobe at the base, on each side; .
fevers Dearly sessile in.the-axils of the upper. leaves, forming a prolonged and in- ~
terrupted leafy spike,
Low grounds, rare. Aug: Sept’ Siem $ te 20 inches high. Leaves 1 to 144 by ‘
14 to % of an inch, entire on the margin, sessile. (Corolla “purple or rarely white, .
pubs sscent, dilated at the mouth, nearly 1 inch longs _.
20. CASTILLEJA, Matis Parwrzp-cur.
In honer of Custtllejo, a Spanish botanist.
Catyx tubular, flattened, ventricose, 2 to4-cleft. Corcz-
BA 2-lipped ; —" lip long and narrow, arched, keeled and .
ee a
=o SCROPHULARIACES.
flattened laterally, inclosing the stamens. STAMENS 4.
CAPSULE ovoid-compressed, many-seeded.— Herbs, with al-
ternate entire or cut~lobed lezves, the. floral ones dilated, colored and *
usually more showy than the-pale-yellew or purplish spiked flowers.
1. C. coccinra, Spreng. Scarlet Painted-Cup..
Wairy.; stem simple; root-leaves clustered; stem leaves lanceolate, pinnatifidly ‘in- .-
cised; floral-ieaves trifid or incised, colored atthe summit; calyx nearly equally 2- -
cleft, the Jobes dilated at the apex, nearly entire the length of the corolla. Bien.
Low grounds. May, June. Siem 8 to 16 inches high, simple reddish or purple.
Ploral-leaves scarlet towards the summit. Stem-lcaves alternate, sessile, with about
2, long, linear segments on each side. Flowers ina crowded spike, greenish-yellow.
The variety- palens of -Pursh, ‘haying the flozal-leayes dull-yellow-is occasionally -
found.
21. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. . CHAFF-SEED.
In'honor of Christian Schwalbe, a German botanist. -
Csatyx declined, very oblique,. tubular, 10 to 12-ribbed, .
5-toothed, the upper rib much smaller, the anterior united -—
much higher than the others. Corona bilabiate; upper lip :
arched, oblong, obtuse, entire; the dower shorter, -erect, 2- -
plaited, with 3 very short obtuse lobes: Sramens 4, didy-
namous,.included inthe upper lip. Sryxx.club-shaped atthe -
apex. . Capsunmvoveid-roundish, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded. SEEDS winged-with the chaff-like coat.—FPerenniad ©
herbs: with alternate, sessile, entire-leanes, and leafy simple sieme, | |
terminated by a loose spike of rather large duli yellow flowers. -
1. S. Americana, L. American Chafiseed.
Minutely pubescent; stem simple, leafy.; leaves ovate or-oblong, the woper sredur
ally reduced into lanceolate and linear bracts, 3-neryed; pedicelz very short, with 2 =
bractlets under tho calyx. .-
; :
Wet sandy soil; rare. May—July. FPlant-1 to 2 fect hizh,-somewhab weced -.
pubescent. Flowers dull purple or yellowish, ito 114 inch-Iong. -
22. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. Louseworr-*
Lat. pediculus, a louse; of no‘obvious application.”
Canyx:tubélar or bell-shaped, unequally 5-toothed or 2-’-
lipped... CoroLua.. strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched,
flattened, often beaked at the apex; the lower erect at the -
base, 2-crested Abéve, 3-lobed, commonly spreading. Sra-—
MENS 4, unde’-the.upper lip. . CAPSULE ovate or lanceolate, .
mostly oblique, several-seeded.— Perennial herbs, with chiefly —
spikes.
4. P. canapensis;Li. Coinmon Lousewort.
Hairy; stems simple, low, clostercd; leazce scattered; the lowest pinneiiidly ~
A
alternate: pinnatifid-deaves; and rather large flowers tw terminal §
t
VERBENACEX. QAT
parted, the .others half pinnatifid ; spike short: and‘ dense; calyx split in front,
etherwise nearly entire, oblique; upper lip of the corolla hoodéd, incurved, 2 -
~ toothed under the apex.’
Pastures and low grounds, common.«' May—July. Pldnt 5 to i2 inches highs
often several stems from oneroot. Leaves 3 to Ginches long, by:1-te 2 wide, chicfty
radical.. Cvrolla yellowish and purple, in ashort-terminal spike. Cupsule com
pressed; somewhat sword-shaped.
2°) P.“LANCEOLATA, Michx. Tull Lousewort.
Siem upright, tail; nearly simple, mostly smooth; leaves sub-opposite, oblong-
lanceolate, double-cut-toothed; spies somewhat crowded; calyx bifid, with round-
tsh-ovate segments; upper lip of the corolla truncate at the 2 apex, the lower erect 80
as to nearly. close the throat.
Low grounds. Auz., Sept. Semi to8 feet high.’ Flow2rs large, straw-coler.
Gulyx-loses leafy, crested. Cxrpsule ovate, scarecly longer than the calyx: ©
23°. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. Cow-wHeEat.
@z. sagas, black; and purosy wheat 5. from the color of the ‘seeds, as they appear -
mixed with grain.
CaLyx tubular, 4-cleft or 4-toothed.. Coroxua ringent
or personate; upper lip arched, compressed, with the margins
folded back, the lower lip somewhat longer, biconvex, 3-
lobed:at.the apex. Stamens +, underthe upper hp. Cap- -
SULE compressed, ovate, oblique or -faleate, 2-celled, 1 to 4-
seeded.— Erect branching .annuals, with opposite leaves, anc
solitary axillary,-or ieafy-spiked flowers.
M. pratense, L. Var. AMERICANUM: Benth.’ Cow-wieat.
Lower aves lanceolate or linear lanceolate; floral aves lanogolate, toothed at +
thie base; flowers remote, one-sided, axillary.
Dry woods; common. June, July. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, branched ahow.
Leasss opposite, I to 144 by 4 to l4 inch, the upper ones broader, with setaseons
gexth at the bases Piowers slender, 7 ellowish, the eorolla twios the iength of the -
ealyx: ei
Ornpern 72. YERBENACEE.— Vervain Faaily..
Bards or shrwee, with oppostis leowes; more or lass 2lépped-or trregular eorciiae, aad: |
Gcdynamous stamens, the 1 to 4 celled fruit; dry or diupacecus usually seperctiic -
wien ripe inio as many l-sesded-tadeliscent nwstiets. Calyx tubular 4 to 5-soothed, --
inferior, persistent.: OoroLka tubular, irregularly 4 to Sclefi, dechinous. Sszas -
with liétl or no albumen.-
1. VERBENA, Linn... Vervane
The Letin name for any sacred herb; derivation obseure:
CALYx tubular, 5-toothed, with one of the teeth often »
shorter than the others. Corotua tubular,: often eurved, .
salyer-form..the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Sra- -
meEus 4 (rarely but 2), included, the upper pair sometimes »
VERRENACEZ.
without anthers, Binie slender; STIGMA capitate. Cap-
BULE seperating into 4 seed-like nutlets.— Herbs, with oppo-
sife leaves, and mostly alternately spicate, bracted flowers, —
; eapitate or corymbed.
1. V. wastata, L. Blue Vervain.
Tali; leaves lanceolate cr oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. cut derraite, notholea, the
lower often lobed and: sometim2s halbert-form atthe<base; spices sender erect,
@enscly fiowered, corymbed or panicled. . Per.
Low and waste grounds; common. J uly—Sept. Stem 3 to 4 fret high, with pan--
feulate opposite branches above. Leaves- rough, opposite. Flowers small, blee,
arrang red in long, close, imbricated spikes, erect and parallel to each other. Sveds -
4.4 A Variety witao lance- -ovate, or lance-ob!ong sharply serrate leaves and smaller
figwers is occasionally met with » prebadly a hybred between this and the next
gpecics.
2. V. urvicrronia, L.- “Neitie- leaved Vervain.
_ Erect, somewhat pubescent; leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrata, :
petiolcd; spikes very slender, at lengtiy much elonzated with the Row gees sm12b9,.
loosely panicled; flowers tetrandrous::
Old fields and roadsides; common: mmteoanesa July—Sept. Per. A roughish,
hairy plant w.th slender spreading: branches, 2 to 3 feet high.- Flowers white,
very smail, remote, oa divergent, siender spikes.
3. V¥. spurtiA, Le Outleaved Vervaine
Stem decumbent, loosely branched, difuse; leaves sessile, pinmatifid, the lobas
eat-toothed; spikes very slender, loozely panicled; bracis lonzer than the calyx 3
upper stamens imperfect. Annual or Biennial.
Sandy fields and roadsides; rare. .Aug.—Oct. Stem square, 1 to 2 feet long, at
length much branched, half erect. Spikes 3 to 6inehes long, bearing very small
perplish-blue or rose-colorod flowers; at length scattered onthe spike.
4. V. ANGuSsTIFOLIA, Michx. Nurrow-leaved Vervain.
Dwarf, erect, mostly: simple; Waves lincar-lanceolate, attenuate atthe base, re- —
motely toothed; spies solitary, the flowers at first crowded.
Dry hills or sandy fields. July—Sept. A small hairy species:6 to 13 inches
high, with leaves 3 inches long, and 14 iach wide. Flowers purplish-blee, larger
than in any of the preceding species.
5. V. MELINDRES, Liind. -. Scarlet Verbena.
Stem and branches spreatiug, h iiry ; leaves opposite, obovate or broad-lanceolate,
Gseply toothed, rough: on ithe upper side, hairy et Jlowers in terminal
branches; calyx hairy, tubular, halfas long as the corrolla.+.A Beautiful perennial
border flower, native of Buenos Ayres, blooming all summer, much cultivated im
liduses and conservilorics.- Flowers of a dazling scarlet, but in the numerous ye
rieties some are white; lilac, purple, pink and flesh color. .Cvrolla with s spreading
amb, the 3 lower-scyments larger than the 2 upper ones: ~
“
9: PHRYMA} Linn» Lorsezp: ~
Canyx-cylindrical, 2-lipped; upper lip of 3 bristle-awk.
shaped teeth; /ower shorter, 2-toothed. .CoRoLLA 2-lipped;
apper Lip notched ; lower much larger, 3-lobed. STAMENS
4, included. STYLE slender. Sriama 2-lobed. Frur#
oblong, L-celled, Iseeded.—A perennial herb, with slender,
- LABIATE. * ~ 249,
branching stems, coarsely toothed ovate leaves. and.smail purplish ‘or
rose color opposite flowers, in elongated and slender terminal spikes.
1. P. Leprostacnya, L. Slender-spiked Lopseed.
) Lzaves ovate, acute, coarsely and unequally toothed, petioled; calyz in fruit re- ~
flexed.
Rich sandy woods,common. July. Stem 2 to3 feet high, with a few spreading .
branches above. Leaves 3 ta 6 inches long, thin,.on short stalks, Flowers small, ,
Mostly opposite. . ai
®. LIPPIA,Linn. (Zapanta. Juss.)
In honor of Zipp?, an Italian traveler and. naturalist.
CaLyx compressed, 2. to4,parted, 2-lipped. Coro~na~
tubular, strongly 2-lipped; upper lip notched; the lower
Touch longer, 3-lobed. Sramens 4, included. Srypz.
slender; sTigmA.obliquely. capitate... Fruir 2<celled, 2-
seeded.— Shrubs or prostrate herbs; with opposite leaves, and :
heads of flowers on axillary peduncles.
1. L. nopiritora, Michz.. og-fruit.-
Procumbent or creeping ; leaves wedge-ovate or oblanceolate, serrate abore; pe=--
duncles axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of flowers. Per.
Low grounds. July. Stem 6 to8 inches long, branching. Leaves with con-—
spicuous veins, 1 to 2 inches long, 14 to 144 as wide, on petioles 44 to 14 inch long. -
Feduncles 2 to 3 inches long, bearing ovoid or rovndish heads of bivish-white.-
flowers. .
Onprr 73. LABIATH.—2Mint Family. .
Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or Iczs- 2-lipped-*
corolla, diiynamous or diundrous stamens, and a decply 4lobed ovary, which forms -.
tn fruit 4 li'tle seed-like nutlets or achenia surrounding the base ef the single style in».
the persistent caiyx, each filled with a single erect seed. FLOWERS axillary or opposite,
without stipules. Catyx tubular, regularly 5-toothed or cieft. Uppzr Lip of the -
corolla 2-lobed or sometimes entire; the. LoweR 2-parted. _ Stamens inserted on the -
tube of the corolla... StxLE 2-lobed at the apex. ~
1: ISANTHUS, Michx. . FAnss PENNYROYEL:
Gr. 40s, equal, and anihos, a flower;-referring to the nearly regnlar corolia.
Catyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-toothed, equal, 10-nerved.
CoRoLLA nearly regular, 5-lobed; the lobes nearly equal,
rounded, spreading. SrameEns 4, nearly equal, erect,
- distant, scarcely as long as the corolla. -AgHENIA wrinkled
‘and pitted — A low branching clammy-pubescent annual, with
entire leaves, and small.pale blue flowers on short azillury 1 to 3.
Se
Jlowered peduncles,
LABIATE.
.
= = ; * re : = rau
1. TL carurevs, Michx. _ “Pulse Pennyroy
> aah Viseid hairy ; leaves aolageSiacenael strongly S-nerved.
3 A branching leafy herb with the aspect of the
a “common. July. Aug. Plant ubout a foot high. m round, sle x
r ineh-long, and 1/ as wille. » Flnwers numerous, bfue with uded stam
_ whole plent when ae emits a balsami¢ od a .
- : f 2. ‘MENTHA, ton Niner?~ aaa
* + ik: nha. or meinthe, aw as = ee
4 »
CAtyx™ bell- shape tu ular, 5. toothed,
so. CoROLLA with a shor
shaped, nearly equally 4-cleff, il e upper t ‘ul
. sii notched at the apex. iS ey eque
a SHENIA smooth.—Aromatic herbs, with op
small pale purple or whitish fiowers mostly in Ba: s
oe axillary, capitale taer ls, libeeines approxime led in-in :
spikess —~ ee ee
* Nearly smooth ; ‘ido ennials.
1... M.. vintpis, L?
Leaves. nearly sessilé; coer eels Berrate ; “flowers ix
mate loose penicied spikes ca
Low grounds; perfect natur al J uly, Aug. Stein, 1 to 2 feet high, branched,
4angled. Spi 08 80 at pe “€
whorled, a little remote om each 0 other. ~ Con ralla pale purple. ‘Style much exserted.
2. M. reine + Papper tint.
Low oretaitn and divas breoks; common. eae ;
from underground running shoots, branched, often Pp
sharply serrate, ded atthe pe Fiowers pa
Europe. - ~
oe canvesrg, L. Corn Minéé. |
>
ag sae leaves petioled,ovate or week o,
remote whorls: calyx mostly hairy:
Fields and hed zerows; common. Ray. sastem-4
hizh. . Leaves var zi oblong er ovate-lanseolate
ro 2 inends lonz, and wide, Flowers. all, num
tie exserted. ‘The plant. ahs bruised emi
¥ Lurope.
** Truly indig us species. Perennials. -
4, M. CANADENSIS, L.- Wwita Mint.
Sem low, spreading, whitish- ‘hairy: leaves petioled,. obras:
lanceolate, serrate; flowers numerous, in glebular axillary who
stamens exserted.
i i
Moist grounds and shady places; common. .J wig Sent-4 . Pient-
with the odor of Pennyroyel, 1 to 2 feet high-' LeavesBary, Sp
tapering to both ends. Flowers pale-purple. - i
1 to f high, arising
Leaves dark green,
‘Medicinal. Abana of:
Ton
ok ; a a
a LABIATE. — po La
= % a
YCOPUS, Lindi Water Horenounp.
bie pour, & foot ; from | one fancied resemblance in the leaves. e ae c
ALYX whoa iced 4 to 6- toothed. Corona
pell-s - haped, nearly equally 4-lobed, searcely longer than the
calyx. STAMENS 2. distant. AcHENTA 44 smooth, with
thickened margins. —Low perenniul “herbs, with sharply
toothe or pete leoves, and dense aaciltaia whorls if smelbabhite
fowers.
2 ae LL Vinernicvs, Li> Bia gle: wood
amen bs Estee stoloniferous at base, smoothish, obtuse Langled; leaves oblong or
olate, toothed, entire towards! the | base, short-pttioied ; calyztecth 2 ee
ces,common. Aug. Plint often purplish. Stem 10 to 15 ieee
sh, simple or baw ee Leaves oppesite, Flavcs
pifate clusters. «
BINUATUS, ‘EL Water Horehound.
i
Bem e Pictsailanpie dangled; leaves oblong-lanceolate, marrowed at both ends,
petioled, the lower ones pinnatifid, ‘the others sinuate toothed, or the uppermos¢
linear and nearly ¢ entire; calyx-teeth 5, spiny-potnted. 2
unde, common. July, Aug. Smoothish, Siem 1 to 2 feet phi Fiew-
oo white, larger than the last.
es
- Cayx ovoid- tubular, 5-toothed. CoroLta somewh:
| ; 4. ORIGAN UM, wit ‘Marsoram.
| . Gr. ores, a mountain, and a delight i
|
lipped; upper lip erect, nearly flat, slightly notehetl; =
of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes ; tube about as long as the
calyx. Sramens 4, exserted, somewhat didynamous. — Herbs
with nearly CaativBdeaves, and Be ‘plish flowers crowded inc ylindri-
eae pecs. which are imbricated.soith colored bracts.
‘59 VULGARE, L. Wild Marjoram. er
Ee:
ranthed at the summit; leaves round-ovate, petiole,
ovate, obtuse, longer than sin faa spikes roundish,
elds ny banks, eparinaly naturalized. J Sie ek Stem 10 to 15
h purple. Flowers pale-purple, in numerous small spikes
niles 3 so as to fonm 2 terminal! head.
Leaves ovalor ba cae. obtuse, entire, petiolate} hoary-paibescent ; spies roundish, \
ie pedunculate, clustered atthe ends-of the branches; bracts'roundish. Na
$ very slightly serrate, opposite. sprinkled with resinovs
ee ‘Marsorana, Ph. Sweet Bfarjoram.
A Ls aaa ae in pre for its iY aromatie
LABIATE.. ¢
5. COLLINSONIA, Linn. Horse: Barus |
In honor of Peter Colitns, of London, a&patron of botany.
CaLyx ovate, about 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper lip 3.
toothed, truncate ; lower 2-toothed. COROLLA elongated,
expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped, with the 4 upper
lobes nearly equal, the lower larger aa longer, toothed or
lacerate- fringed. STAMENS mostly. 2 , much exserted, *di-
verging. — — Str rongly-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves,
and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels in loose and- panicled
terminal racemes.
C. CANADENSIS, L. Common Horan _ Stone-root.
Nearly smooth; leaves broadly ovate, serrate, pointed, petioled; panicle Ioobe,
many-flowered; stamens 2.
Rich moist woods, common. July—Sept. Stem 1 ta 3 fect high, somewhat
branched, 4angled. Leaves thin, 6 to § inches long, and 8 to4 inches wide. Flvw- |
evs large, ‘grecnish- yellow, exhaling the odor of lemons.
6. HEDEOMA, Persoon. PENNYROYEL.
A Greek name for Mint, alluding to its agreeable ctor.
CaLyx ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the
base, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed ; lower lip 2-cleft. Co-—
ROLLA 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, notched at. the apex;
lower spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes nearly equal. STAMENS 2,
fertile and ascending, 2 lower, sterile fila aments or wanting.—
Low aromatic plants, with small leaves; and loose axillary clusters
of pale blue flowers, somewhat approximated in terminal leafy ras
cemes.
H. PULEGIOIDES, ‘Pers. American Pennyroyel.
Stem erect, branched, pubescent; leaves ovate or elongated, obsctirely ‘serrate,
narrowed at the base, petioled; whorls about 6-flowered; corolla about as long as
the calyx.
Open barren woods and dry fields, cdmmon. July—Sept. "Plant 6 to 10 inches
high, branched above. Leaves opposite, with 1 to 2 teeth on each side. Flowers
sinall, pale-blue, about 3 in each opposite axil. A popular domestic: aed herb.
‘7. CUNILA, Linn. -Dirrany.
“An ancient Latin‘name of unknown origin. 7
CALYX ovoid-tubular, equally 5-toothed, hairy in the
throat, about 13-nerved. CoroLta 2-lipped 5 upper lip
erect, flattish, mostly notched ; lower lip 3-lobed, spreading.
STAMENS 2, erect, exserted, ’ distant. STYLE 2-parted at
‘the summit.— Perennial herbs, with small white or purpligh
flowers in corymbed cymes or close clusters.
-
_—\ LABIATE. | 953
IANA, L Common Dittany.
‘Ss ns tufted, ecorymbosely branched ; leaves ovate, serrate, smooth, rounded or
‘heart-sk aped at the base, nearly sessile ; cymes peduncled, loosely corymbed.
Dry hills and rocks; common. July—Sept. Plant 1 foot high, sprinkled with
resinous and pellucid dots, much branched; branches triangled, purple. Flow2rs
orose-colored. Stamens: and style much exsevted, of the same hue as the corolla.
“Whole plant delightfully ieueraat, aad often used as a substitute for tea.
©
s BLEPHILIA, Raf.
‘Gr. blepharis, the eye lash; in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth.
CALYX ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the
throat. Coroxua 2-lipped, inflated in the throat; ‘upper lip
erect, entire; dower lip spreading, 3-cleft, with the lateral
dobes ovate and rounded. SraMENs 2, ascending, exserted.—
Perennial herbs, wah entire or toothed leaves, and small Pale
bluish | purple flowers, crowded in axillary and terminal gy! lo-
-bose capitate whorls.
1. B. omiata, Raf. Fringed Blephilia.
‘Somewhat dewny; leaves nearly ‘sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base,
~whitish downy underneath ; oe br acts ovate, acute, ciliate,;.colored as long as
the calyx.
Dry open places. July. Stem*simple, acutely - angled, 2 to 8 fect high, rarely
with lor 2 spreading branches. Leaves.1 to 244 inches slong, 14 to 1 inch wide.
| Flowers. small, numerous, pale purplish.
2. 3B. wirsura, Benth. Hairy Blephilia.
Whole plant hairy A leaves long-petioleti, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped
at the base; bracts colored, linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the calyx.
Damp woods; rare. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, with spreading branches, anil
numerous close whorls. Leaves 1.to 2 inches lone, on petioles 4 to 4 inch long.
B Coro'la scarcely 14:inch lone, pale purple, with spots of w deeper hue. Syle longer
than the stamens and corolla.
9. MONARDA, Linn. Horsemin’.
In honor of Monardes, an early Spanish botanist.
CaLyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equal, 5«
toothed. CoRoLua ringent, with a long eylindrie tube, up-
per lip spreading, 3- lobed at the apex, the middle lobe long-
er. SfAMENS 2, exserted from the upper lip of the corolla.
Olorous erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, ant showy
Blurge flowers in a few capitate whorls closely surrounded with
Boracts. =
1. Mz. pipyma, L. Oswego Tea. Burgamot.
- Somewhat hairy ; stems acutely 4-angled; leaves breadly-evate acuminate, round-
ed or slightly heert- -shapéd at the base, short-petioled; calyx smooth, incurved,
mearly naked in :the throat ; corolla smooth, elongated. Per.
Moist woods and mexdows; cultivated. July. A hahdsom: fragrant plant, 2 to
feet high, mostly branched. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, very broad, at base, ser-
ate, with seattared ‘hairs above. Flow rs crimson or scarlet, in heads, oftea pro-
iferous with large a lance late bracts, tinged with red. Corolla 2 inches long.
and
TLABIATE,
Mz FISTULOSA, ae Wild Burgamot, oF
: aabee or downy ; eaves ovate lanceolate, rounded and comewh (
mer hase, acuminate, coarsely toothed ; floral leaves — oar bracts slightly eolored ; é
‘ culyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat. :
Woods and rocky banks; common. J may sees A very variable plant 2° to 5
A: fret high. embracing several nominal species and varieties. Stem quadrangular, “s
oa with the sides somewhat concave. Leaves 2 te 4 inches a bes is Ya to % -
= inch long. Flowers purplish, rose-color or nearly white.
4 3. M. punetata, L. Horsemint.
Minutely downy ; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, wllsiak: bracts lance-
alate. obtuse at the base, sessile : calyx-tecth short and rigid, awnless; cor olla near-
ly smooth, the tube scarcely ° exceeding the calyx.
Sandy fields and dry branks. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched.
Feaves punctate. Bracts yellowish and purple. Corolla yellowish. the upper lip
- spotted with-purple. The maiale plant is very — and pungent to the —
10. SALVIA, Linn. SAGE.
Lat. salvo, to save ; in allusion to its reputed healing qualities.
s CaLyx somewhat bell-shaped, 2-lipped; wpper lip mostly
9 8-toothed, the lower. 2-dleft. CoroLia deeply 2-lipped,
a ringent; wpper fp erect, straight or faleate and vaulted,
entire or barely notched ; the lower lip spreading or pendent, ;
~-Inhed, the middle jae longer. and sometimes. notched.
be STAMENS 2, on short: filaments ; CONNECTILE transversely
| articulated to the filament, supporting at each end a cell of
the dimidiate anther. ACHENIA 4.—A large genus of which
aut few are indigenous, with usually large and shone, spiked,
4 racemed, or panicled whorls of Slowers.
1. S. nyrara, L. Lyre-leaved Sage. -
Somewhat hairy; stem nearly simple and naked; root-leaves obovate: iicreapal
er sinuate-pinnathid, sometimes nearly entire: those of the stem mostly a single
pair, smaller and narrower. the floral oblong-linear: whorls of flowers leose and
distant. forming an interrupted raceme ; upper lip of the corolla short, straight and
vaulted.
“Woodlands'and meadow, a June. Plant 10 to 12 inches high. Flowers in
whorls of about 6, distant. Corolla blue, the tube much exserted.
2. §. urricirrorra, lL. WNettle-leaved Sage.
Downy with clammy hairs, are leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed. crenate, rounded © q
at base. short-petioled ; wkorls remote, many-flowered ; upper lip of the cor ella erect,
much shorter than the lower; style bearded.
Woodlands, Western Counties. rare. Leaves very pubescent. Plowers blue,
viseid, in remote whorls. Corolla % inch long, the lateral lobes defiexed, the
middie notched.
He
¢
+
rs 7
CULTIVATED EXOTIC s1 PECIES.
3- §. orrreranaris, L. Common Sage. os ale al
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenulate, rugose ; mace dias 5 to 10-flowered i in 2 opposite q
a
ts
LABIAT A. 255
sets; calyx striate, the divisions pointed; upper lip of the corolla as long as the
lower, somewhat Vaulted. A well known garden plant, enitivated for its medicinal
properties. Stem 1 to Zfeet high. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, of a dull ereen color
aromatic. Corolla ringerit, blue or purplish. Nativé in the South of Europe.
4. S. Serarea, L. Clarry..
Leaves oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, serrate: bracts colored. coneave. lengerthen
the calyx. A stroeng-seented exetic, native of Italy. Siem 1 to 3 feet high, with
Teaves 5 to 7 Mches long and 3 to + wide, viscid.. Flowers variegated with paie
purple and yellowish-white, in whorled spikes, Brects pale purple or yellowish.
5. §. spLENDENS, Ker. Spendid Sage.
Stem erect, smooth ; leaves broad- ovate and ovate, peticl ate. rounded or acute at
base, dentate serrate, acuminate, smooth on both sides: & aets deciduous ; calz x
and corolla pubescent ; upper lép entire. A beautifal species, cultivated in gardens;
' native of Mexico. Plané2 to £ fect high, branched. #lvwers large, scarlet. Caiyz
_ searlet, after flowering becoming enlarged and as showy az the coroiia.
11. CEDRONELLA, Moench.
Gr. kedros,.a diminutive of Cedar: from the aromatic leaves of the original species,
¢. triphylla, the Bulm- uf-Gilead of English gardens.
CALYX somewhat obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved.- Co-
ROLLA much expanded at the throat, 2- lipped ; upper lip
flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleit, spreading, the
middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, shorter than
the upper lip, the lower pair shorter than the other !— Sweet-
seented perennials, with pale purplish flowers, »
C. corDATA, Benth. Creeping Cedronelia.
Low, ereeping by slender runners, hairy; leaves breadiy heart-shaped. crenate;.
petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx; whorls few-tlowered, approximate at the
summit of short ascending stems.
Low shady banks of streams. Western part of the State. rare. July. Flewers
purplish. Corolia hairy inside, 114 inch long. (Dracocephaium cordatum, Nuti )
Pd
12. NEPETA, Linn. Car-Mint.
Supposed to be frcm WNepet, a town in Tuscan s..
Catyx tubular, often incurved, cbliquely 5-teothked. Co-
ROLLA naked and dilated in the throat, 2-lipped 5 upper lip
erect, notched or 2-cleft, the /ower spreading, 3-cleft, the
middle lobe largest. SrameENns 4, ascending under the
upper lip, the lower pair shorter.— Perenniul herbs
Sec. 1. CATARIA, Benth.—Clusters dense and many-fiower ed, for ming interrupted
» spikes or raceme...
“1. _N. Cavarra, b.. Catnip.
“4 Downy, erect,. branclied ;-leaves heart-shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, peticied
- whitish- -downy underneoth;;: spiked rucemes somewhat panicled.
Waste and cultivated grounds, a very common, naturalized weed. July, Aug.
.
;
3
E
=
Stem square, pubescent, OER 2 to 3 feet high.. Flowers numerous; , white oz A
purplish, the lower lip dotted with crimson. .
Src. 2. Gtzcnoma, L-- Axillary clusters lopsely Sew: flowered. :
2. MM GLEGHOMA, Benth: Ground Ivy.
Creeping and trailing; leaves petigled,. round-kidney-shaped, cremate ; corolla’
about 3 times as long as-the calyx..
Waste grounds; in shaded places, perfectly naturalized. May Ang. Stems
prostrate, from a few inches to 1 to 2 feet long. Flowers axillary in. 3s. Corolla
bluish- urple, with a variegated throat. Anthers with the cells:diverging ata Ment
angle, each pair: approximate and forming a cross-.
_
13. DRACOCEPHALUM, Linn, Dracon-neEap,
Gr. drakon, a dragon, and iephaze, heads alluding to the form of the corolla. :
CALYX tubular, 13 to TPO-nerved, 5-toothed, the upper’
tooth much lar gests Cororba dilated in the throat, 2-lipped ;.
upper lip slightly arched and notched; the lower epreadipg,.
3-cleft, the middle lobe much larger, younded or 2-cleft.
SrAMENS 4, ascending under the upper lip.— Whorls of”
flowers mostly spiked or capitate, and usually subtended witha
large conspicuous bracts.
D. PAR¥IPLORUM, Nutt: Smail-flowered Dragon head.
Sub-pubcseent; stem erect, somewhat branched, leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolatey.
sharply cut-toothed, petioled; whorls crowded in x terminal globular or oblong:
capitate spike; bzact leafyy ovate, fringed ; biennial.
Rocky places, and gravelly sheres, alorg the Susquehanna. May—Aug. Stem:
8 to 20 inches high, obtusely 4-nngled. Upper calyz-tecth nearly as long as the co--
rolla. Corolla bluish-purple; the wpperlip, arched, -emarginate, central Icbe of thex
lower lip crenata.
14. LOPHANTHUS, Bout > Ghee Bemenen
Gr. lophos, a crest, and anihos, a flower.- .
@atyy tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed,.
the upper tooth rather. longer than the others. CoRoLLA.
3-lipped ; upper lip nearly ercet, notched; the /ower scme-
what spreading, 8-cleft, with the middle lobe broader and
crenate. Stamens 4, exserted ;. the upper pair declined ;.
the lower ascending, shortest !— Perennial upright herbs, swith
petioled serrate leaves, and small poten crowded in terminal?
spikes. f
1, il. werrerompes, Benth. Yellow Gient- Hysoup,-
Smocth or nearly so; leaves ovate, somewhat paenees epee te toca rather:
obtuse, little shorter than the corolla. .
Borders of woods.. Aug: Stem stout, smooth, eee ea to 6 feet high.
Leaves 2 to 4 inckes long, coarsely crenate-toothed. Flcwers small, greenish-yel--
tow, in cylindrical rpikes 2 to 4 inches eee. crowded with oyate-} ointed bracts: .
4
D5 7
2. L. SCROPHULARIZFOLIUS, Benth. Purple Giant Hyssup.
Stem and lower surface of the leaves pubescent; leaves ovate, acute, serrate,
erenate; calya-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the corolla.
Borders of rich woods. Aug. Sfen 3 to 5 feet high, mostiv of a purple color
branched. Leaves often cordate at base, 5 in¢hes long and ab out 3 inches wide,
~ eoarsely serrate. Flowers in crowded; axillary: verticels, forming a long, dense,
terminal spike. Corolla pale purple. Stanens and style exserted:
AEA UR,
15. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Mountain Minr..
Gr. puknos, dense, and anthemon; a blossom; from the crowded or capitate flowers.
Canyx tubular or ovate-oblong, striate, 5:toothed. Co-
ROLLA with a short tube-and a somewhat 2-lipped_ border ;
‘upper lip entire or slightly notched, the lower 3-cleft; lobes
ail ovate and obtuse... Sramens 4, distant, the lower pair
rather longest.—Perennial aromatic wpriyht herbs, corym-
Bosely branched above, often whitish floral leaves, and dease
many-flowered whorls, crowded with bracts, usually formiug
terminal heads: or close’ cymes, with whitish or flesh-colored
flowers.
1. P. rncanum, Michx. Common Mountain Mint.
Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, rermmotely- toothed, rounded at the base, downy above
and hoary with: whitish wool underneath; cymes peduncled, compound, open ;
bracts subulate. 3
Rocky woods and hills, common. July, Ang. > Stem 2 to 4 feet hich, obtusaly
4-angled, erect, covered with soft down. “lowers pale red or fiesh-colured, with
“purple spots on the lower lip of the corolla.
2: P. muricum, Pers. Veiny-leaved Abuntain Mint.
Smooth or somewhat hoary throughout, corymbasely branched ; leaves ovata or
broadly ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base,
mostly sessile, minutely toothed, rigid; whorls dense mostly in terminal heads;
outer bracts and ovate-lanceolate calyx lecth hoary with a fine close down.
Dry hilis;common. Aug. Slem 1 to 2 feet high with widely spreading branch-
es. square. Leaves opposit>, large, 44 as wide a3 long. Flowers reddish-white,
with purple spots, in dense terminak heads-whivh are about 1 iach in diameter.
- 3. P-LANCEOLATUM, Pursh: Lance-leaved Mountain Mine.
Smoothish or minutely downy, corymbostly branched above, very leafy; leaves
lanceolate or nearly linear, entire, rigid, obtuseat the base, sessile, feather-veined ;
bracts ovate-lanceolaté, barely pointed, downy. . -
Thickets and dry woois; common. July, Aug. Stem about 2 feet high. squares,
With obtuse angles. Leaves variable in width. Wiowers small, reddish-waite,
with purple dots, in numerous sorll clustered dtnse heads.
4; P. LIntrBiium, Pursh. Mlaz-leaved Mbuntain Mint.
Smooth, or nearly so; leaves narrowly linear, crowded, 3-vcined, entire; bracts
slichtiy awned ; -calyz-tecth lance-subulate.
Thickets and moist woods. July. Aug. Stem erect, 12 to 18 inches high, with
fastigiate trichotomous branches. often purplish. Leaves very narrow, punctate,
maith fasicles of smaller ones in-the axils. lowers small, whit3, id wunercas
small, roundish heads. mostly terminal.
G2F
t
- 16. THYMUS, Linn. Tayme
-LABIATE,
The ancient Greek name.
CaLyx 2-lipped, hairy in the throat, 13- nbd alpper’
Hip 3-toothed, spreading ; lower 2-cleft. CoRoLLA, short,.
Slightly 2- lipped ; _ upper lip straight and flattish, notched at.
the apex; lower spreading, equally 3-cleft, or ‘the middle.
lobe longest. STAMENS 4, mostly exserted. —Low, mostly:
prostrate and diffuse perennials, with small entire veiny leaves,
and purplish er whitish flowers.
pte SERPYLLUM, YT. Garden Thyme. ~~
Stem procumbent; leaves flat, ovate, obtuse, entire, short-petioled, more or less:
ciliate; flewers approximate at the end of the branches in an oblong head. |
Old fields, escaped from cultivation and sparingly naturalized. July. Stem
epreading, decumbent, branched. Zeaves green, more or less hairy. J lowers: |
purple spotted..
17. CLINOPODIUM, Linn Basrz.
Gr. kline, a bed, and pous, a foot; frora the stalked and flattened head of flowers.
Catyx tubular, 18-nerved, nearly equal at the base, hairy
in the throat, more or less 2. lipped ; upper lip 3-cleft, the
ower 2-cleft. COROLLA inflated in the throat, distintly 22)
lipped; wpper lip erect, entire ; lower spreading, 3-parted..
StaMens 4, ascending. — Perennials, with many-flowered
capitate whorls of purplish flowers, and numerous linear—
shaped exterior bracts forming @ sort of involucre.. ‘
i
& VULGARE, L. Wild Basil.
Erect, hairy; leaves ovate petioled, slightly toothed; whorls many- flowered, de~ |
yressed-globose ; calyx curved; bracts subulate, as long as the calyx.
Tiills and old fields, naturalized. July. Stem 1to 2feet high, square, simple or
sparingly branched, and, as well as the whole plant clothed with a whitish weols.
Blowers pale purple. : : .
{
18. MELISSA, Linn. BALM.
Gr. melissa, a bee; the flowers yielding an abundance of honey:
Catyx slightly gibbous at the base, 2-hpped; wzper ligt
3-toothed; dozer 3- veleth. €CoROLLA with ar curvedsancenaal
ing tube, 2-lipped ; weper Mp erect, flattish ; ewer spreading, |
3 lobed, the middle Iche mostly broader. ‘STAMENS » 4,9
ascending, mostly approximate in pairs at the summit.—
Perennials, with few-jicwered, loose, cne-sided clusters of white
or cream-colored ficuers, and jeu mostly ovate bracts rescm=
dling the lcaves.. . 4
(
i
“M. oFFICINALIS, B. Common Balm.
Upright, branching ; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, a more or
Tess hairy; whorls dimidiate or secund, loo-e, axillary.
Escaped from gardens, partially naturalized. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, more-
er lesspubescent. Flowers white ov cream color. Plant exhaling the odor of
lemons.
19. PRUNELLA, Linn. SELF-HEAL.
Catyx tubular bell-shaped, 2-lipped ; upper lip broad and:
flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth ; dower 2-cleft. Corona
2-lipped ; upper lip erect, arched, entire; dower reflexed-.
spreading, 3-cleft; the lateral lobes oblong, the middle one
rounded, concave, finely toothed. Stamens 4, uscending
under the upper lip; filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the
lower tooth bearing the anther.— Low perennials, with nearly
‘simple stems, and 6 flowered clusters of violet fiesh-colored flowers,
sessile in the axils of rounded and bract-llke foral leaves, imbricated
in a capitate spike.
P. yuueaRis, L. Common Self-heal. Heal-all.
Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish; corcllu
nearly twice as long.as the calyx.
Woods and fields, common. Aug. Plant 10 to 15 inches high, erect or ascending,.
somewhat branched, hairy. Flowers le rge, purple. Blorct leaves concaye, short-
pointed, tinged with purple.
90. SCUTELLARIA, Linn. Scuxtcap.
Lat. sewtella, a dish, in allusion to the form of the calyx.
Catyx bell-shaped, gibbous, 2-lipped; the lips entire;
upper one with a winged appendage on the back, deciduous
after flowering. CoROLA = abpen with an elongated tube,
dilated at- the throat; wpper lip arched, entire or nearly so,
| lower dilated, convex. SraNens 4, ascending under the
B epper lip; anthers approximate in pairs. _— Bitter perennial
herbs, with axillary, spiked or racemed jtewers, the short peduncles
opposite, 1-jflowered, often 1-sided,
* Flowers axillary, solitary:
| 1. S. @anertcunara, L. Common Skullcap.
Smooth or somewhat. downy, sab éthy branching; leaves ovate-laneeolate, acute,.
serrate, roundish and slightiy cordate at base, short-petioled ; nes on short
pedicels,
Wet shady places. common. Aug. Sfem square, 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves
1% inch Jong, and A Wide, on yery short petieles.. Flowers blue, pubescent, 14 to«
| 1 inch long..
| 2. 8. neRvosA, Parsh. Nerved Skullcap.
Smooth, simple or branched, slender; lowest leaves roundIsh, petioled; mtddie
ones ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped, sessile; «pper floral cvate-lanceclate;.
fm eutire; flowers small, opposite..
a
;
eae OAR
oe a:
eee ticle nar eniievenae se ope ene eR
“Moist thickets. June. tem 10 to 15 inches hich, weak, rene th a few ies
branches. Leaves about i inch long, 4% as wide, wits to 5 oibet te un
derneath, thin. Flowers small, pale-blue.- :
8, §. pARVULA, Michx. Sinall Skulleap.
~
aa Minutely downy, dwarf, branched and “spreading; lowest leaves round-ovate,
| 3 _ short-petioled, the others scssile, ovate, or lanceolate, obtuse, all entire or‘neaty
a so; flowers small, axillary. ’ os
a Dry banks and fields. May, Tune. Stem 3 to'6 inches high, sitaple or branched’
; from near the base and spreading, mostly purplish. Leaves 4 to 34 inch !ong,-
. es. seisile; dictinctly veined, purplish beneath. Flowers A. to oa inch ‘ong; bine, pee
. } ; 2 Flowers in azillary and terminal racemes) ~~ ‘ =
a 4, §. LATERIFLORA; i. Mad. dog ‘Shutleap.
4
i
| a Smooth; stem upright, much branched ; leaves lanceclate-ovate or ovate-oblong,
: pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded at the base, petioled ; upper floral leaves scareely
longer thau the calyx: flowers small, in lateral racemes. “4
Wet shaded places, common. Aug. Stem square,1 to 2 feet high, very. branching.
Le Leures opposite. 2 to 3 inckes lone, on petioles 1 inch long. Racemes opposite,
im ; axillary, somewhat 1-sided on long-stalks. Flowers small, blue, V4 inch long, the-
iy upper Jip scarce Iparched. This plant was.in great repute someyears ago as a cure:
. for hydrcphobia. ~
ee 5. §. prnosa, Michz.. Hairy Skullcap.
a Stem erect, mostly simple, hairy; leaves remote, rhombic-ovate, crenate, obtuee;-
: more or Jess hairy; the /owest rounded and often heart-shaped; the others wedge--
Fi ehaped at the base; wpper floral spatulate, shorter than the hairy calyx; “raceme
ia terminal, short.
i Open dry woods. June, July. Stém 12 to 18 inches high, often purplish. Leaves
; few, i to 214 inches long, 14 as wide, on petioles 1 inch long. Raceme mostly sim-
:
5 ple. few-flowered. with opposite elliptical bracts. _ Corolla tube nearly. white below,-
is blue at the-summit, 14 to 34 inch Jong,’
; 6. &. canersonns, Nutt. Canescent Skullcap.
7 Siem tall, branched, pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. acute, crenate, -
ae the upper nariowed, but the lower rounced or slightly. heart-shaped. at the base,
i) nearly smooth above, white downy beneath ; flowers in loose paniculate racemes.
eb Dry open woods and meadows. July. Stém 2 to 3 feet hich, erect, mostly pur-
sa ple. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2.wide. often with a purple marg cin and purple
spots. Flowers rather numerous, ¥4 inch long, deep blue, showy, in in ‘lateral and:
terminal racemes.
Pas =
ie 7. S. msreerirorm, L. Lntireleaved Skullcap.
p Whole plant downy, with a hacks hoariness; stem upright, nearly simpla;
i leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, remote, the upper on yery
14a short petioles; raceme often branched, leafy; bracts lanceolate.
Moist open’ grounds. June, Jaly. Stem 1 to-2 feet high, sparingly brandeeds
store, gravish-green. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, variable in width. Corolla A to-
1 inch long, bright bine at the summit, nearly white at the kase..
_ 8 S. serrata, Andrews., Serrate Skullcap.
Rather slendé T; upright; leaves ovate, cereal acute or pointed at both endg, all
tapering into ihe petiole, green and nearly smooth on both sides; the floral lance-
olate, the upper shorter than the slightly hairy calyx; raceme moslly cimple, locse, -
leafy at the base; upper lip of the corollaincurved.
Woods, Southern: parts of the State. July. Stem 2 to 8 feet ee fmocthe-
Leaves 2 to.3 inches Jong. Flewers deep. blue, 34 inch long.
LABIATE.
91. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth FaLsE: DRAGON-HEAD-
Gr. phwsa, a bladder, and sirgo, ta pa on account: of:the inflated calyx and}
corolla.
Caryx. nearly equally 5-toothed,, obscurely 10-nerved,.
after flowering inflated-bell-shaped. CoroLna 2-lipped, with.
a much exserted long tube aie inflated throat; upper Lip:
nearly erect, somewhat eoneave ;. lower lig spreading, 3-
lobed, the lateral lobes small, the middle broad and rounded.
SrA MENS 4, ascending under’ the upper lip; ANTHERS ap-
proximate.—Perenniul smooth herbs, with upright slenéer
stems, sessile leaves, and large showy flesh~eolored and purplish
flowers, opposite, in simple or. panicled. terminal: leafless, crowded?
spikes. ;
P. Virarnrana, Benth: Liion’s-heart: Dragon-head.
Leaves varying from lance-linear to-ovate-lanceolate. serrate; celyx acutely and:
almost equally 5-toothed; bracts shorter than the calyx, ovate, pointed.
Moist places, along rivers. July, Aug. Stem variable in height, 1 to 4 feet high..
Leaves opposite, closely sessile, 4 to.5 inches long. 24 inch wide, with remote shallow”
teeth, of a shining dark green. lowers in 4-rowed spikes, large pale purple,,
wbout 1 inch long, spotted inside. i
22) LAMIUM, Lina. Drapv-Nzerrizx:,
Gr. laimos, the throat; in allusion to the ringent corolla.
€aLyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5 nerved, with 5 nearly: :
equal serulate teetli.. Coroiua dilated at the throat: upper :
Lip ovate or oblong, arched, narrowed at the base; lower ’fp-
with the middle lobe: broad, notched at the apex, contracted
at base. . STAMENS 4, ascending under the upper lip; aw-
THERS approximate in pairs. — Her bs, decumbent at base, with é
the lowest leaves-smalt:and long petioled: thie middle ones eordale and:
doubly toothed, the floral nearly seesile, and axillary worled clusters.
of purplich flowers. :
- *
L. AMPLEXICAUEE, L. Common Dead-Netile. Fen-bit..
;
4
«
ye ee
Police Bi hak id Sie Se NP
wae tee on
Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or-entire, the upper.elasping ; lower whorls -
remoe, the upper crowded; coroiia gongated, the upper lip bearded, the lower
spotted ; lateral loves truneate.
Waste and cultivated grounds, introduced. Bienmiel. May—Nov. A smealis
slender herb, with ascending stems, several from the same root, 6 to 10 inches high’;
with opr osite, short, broad hairy leaves. IF lowers in dense whorls, purple, downy. ‘
Gorotla-tube- much exserted, the lowerlip snotted -with-white. f
23.. LEONURUS;. Linn.. MorHerwort :
Gr. leon, a lion, and oura, a tail, i. e. Lion’s-taul.
Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with nearly equal subulate:
teeth. CoroLua 2-lipped ; upper yp oblong, entire, some--
what arched; Jower lip spreading, 3- lobed, the middle. lobe:
;
i
PO Re,
Sanh tebeanel
ie a ot ae i
“a ae
" ‘i 2 = Se % ° my - he pine,
‘and close whorls of pale puxple flowers in ‘their axtls.
262 oy: a
ite a a a a Se
larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral oblong.
STAMENS 4, ascending | under the upper lip; ANTHERS ap-
proximate in perso! pright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves,
iy: Carpiaca, L. Common Motherwort.
Somewhat hairy, tall; leaves long- petioled: the lower rounded, palmately
lobed; the floral wedge-shaped.at the base, 3-cleft, the Iebe lanceolate ;. upper lip:
ef corolla bearded. e
Waste places, around houses, naturalized. J algae Per: Stem 2'to3 feet
hich, branched, villous. Leaves pubescent, pale beneath. Flowers in many -
whorls, white or with a reddish tinge. Corella any without, variegated within.
ye GALEOPSIS, Linn. ‘Hewp-Nerrus.
Gr. galea, a weasel, and opsis, rescmblance: from seme resemblance of the —
_to the head of the weasel.
Catyx. tubular-bell- shaped, about 5d-nerved, 5-toothed,
equal and spiny tipped.. Corona 2-lipped, dilated at the
throat; wpper Mp ovate, arched, entire; lower Ip 3-cleft,
spreading, the middie lnhe ab: cordate, the lateral lobes ovate,
the palate with 2-teeth at the sinuses' Stamens 4, ascend-
ing under the upper lip. — Annuals or bienniels, with spreading
branches and several to pay flowered whorls m the axils of the
floral leaves.
-G. Terran, L. Ciinman Hetnp Nettle
Stem swollen below the joints. bristly-hairy ; leaves ie Feces serrate; Co-
rolla 2 to 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx.
Waste nlaces, naturalized,-rather common. July. Stem to 2 feet high. re-
trorsely hisped, branched. Flowers numerous, pale purple, with darker spots im
dense whorls.
25. STACHYS, Linn. Hevea: Ne ST TLE,
Gr. stakas, a spike; in allusion to its mode of flowering.
Catyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5 io 10-nerved, equally 5-
toothed, or the upper ones ‘longer. CoROLLA 2. lipped; wp-
per lip ‘ereet or spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so ;
lower Tip usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, the middle
lobe largest. STAMENS 4, ascending under the upper lip;
ANTHERS approximated in pairs.— Mostly perennial herbs,
with 2 to many-flowered whorls, ‘approwenaed: in terminal
racemes or spikes.
1. §. aspera, Miehx. Rough Hedge-Nettle.
Stem erect, angles bafty backwards; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate
acute, serrate, rounded at the base, bristly on the midrib and veins, short-petioled
calyz bristly ; whorls about 6-flowered.
Wet banks and thickets. June—Aug. Per. Plant 2 2 feet high. sparingly branched
¥F lowers in loose whorls of 4 to 8, forming a terminal leafy spike, pale purple.
ey
U peters, | L. Marsh Hedge-Nettle.
scen ir rantoth below : leaves oblong-taneeolate. erenate-toothed,
&- or heart shaped at the base, rugose, hairy. nearly sessile; whorls 6 to 10
‘calyx rmooth, the teeth lanceolate, acute and somewhat spiny.
% We places. July, ion Per.. Sm 2 to 3 feet high, branched. Flowers pur-
; whorls, forming: aleng terminal spike.
% 3 §. nyssoprroris, Michx. Siowes Hedge-N ettle.
» “Smooth or = nearly 50: leaves Unear-oblong. sessile. obseurely torthed towards the
apex: wherls 4 to 6-flowered : calye emocth, “lanceolate, acute: corolla twice or
thrice the jength of the calyx.
Wet sandy places. July- Per Stem slender, ecg to 12 inches hich.
Leaves often linear. very finely toothed. Flawers purple, sessile in whorls near
the summit of the. stem. ~
”
<4
. 26. M ARRUBIUM; Linn. HoREHnOTND.
a A name of Pliny, said to be derived from the Hebrew marrab, a bitter juice.
- CaLyx tubular, 5 to 10-nerved, Sy equally 5 to 1@-
toothed ; throat hairy. Corotta 2-lipped; upper lip erect,
flattish, notched ; Joer oo -spreading, 3 cleft, the asuidhe
Jobe broadest. StTameENns 4, included in the tube of the
corolla — Whitish-wrooly bitter perennial herbs, with rugose
and erenate or cut leaves, and whitish fiowers.
M. vureare, L. Common Horehound.
Stem ‘ascending : leares rotnd-ovate. erenate-tocthed. petioled ; fowersin distinct _
sand dense capitate whorls: calyx with 10 recurved teeth, the alternate onesshorter,
Roadsides and waste places, commen, naturalized. July.-Ang. Stem i2 to 18
inches bigh. branched from the Ease. covered with a white wool. Flowers smali.
white, in crewed wierls. An aromatic bitter herb, much used as a domestie
. Medicime. Native of Europe. ;
27. TRICHOSTEMA, Linn. Bice Crrts.
Gr. thriz, tr-kos, 2, hair. and stema,stamen; in allusion te the hair-like stamens.
CAtyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft; the 3 upper
teeth elongated, the 2 lower short. CoroLta 5-lobed; the
’ Tobes oblong, declined; the 3 lower more or less united.
_ STAMENsS 4, much exserted beyond the corolla, declined and
then turned upward.— Lew somewhat clammy pubescent an-
nuals, with entire leeves.cnd mostly biue fiowers on solitary 1- 5
| fiowered pedicels terminating the branches. a
T. prcpotoma, L. Bastard Pennyroyel. =
“Stem pubescent: leaves lance-ablong or rbombic-lanceo‘ate. rarely lance-linears
Petio'ate, entire; flowers inveried: stumens very long, exsertcd.
Sandy fields and roadsides.common. July—Sept.. Stem 10 to 12 inches high,
obtusely dangled, bushy. Flowers axillary and terminal, becoming inverted by
the twisting of the petiole. purple. Stumens slender, curved from the lower lip of
_ — ‘to the upper, forming a beautiful arch.
why
LABIATE.
28. TEUCRIUM, Linn. “GERMANDER. a eee
Named tor Texcer, king ae Troy. x
Catyx equally -5-toothed, or the upper ‘tooth rors
‘CoROLLA 5-lobed; the upper Jobes nearly equal, oblong,
‘declined; the leer one large. SrameEns 4, exserted from
the cleft between the two upper lobes of the: corolla. ACHENIA
wrinkled.—A herbaceous downy ee with achite or
purple flowers. Dates Oy
T. Canavense, L. Wild Germander. - Wood Sage.
‘Tioary-pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded ‘at the base, short
peticled; the floral searcely longer than the calyx; whorls about -6-flowered,
-erowded in a single terminal spike; calyx a with the 3 ‘upper teeth
ro .der
Fields and roadsides, not rare. ‘July. Stem 1 to3 feet high, simple, erect, square
with concave sides. Leaves 3 times as long as wide, green above, hoary beneath.
Bracts longer than the calyx. ‘Corolla purple, rarely white, apparently without
the upper lip, instaad of which is a fissure through which the stamens-are in-
‘perted. ~ .
‘CULTIVATED EXOTICS.
£9. OCYMUM, Linn. - Baste: - et
Gr. esa, to smell; on aceount of the powerful neem of the plants.
CaLyx 2-lipped; upper lip orbicular; lower 4-cleft.
‘COROLLA inverted or sub-bilabiate; the 4 «per lobes nearly
‘equal, the lower one declinate, undivided, flat or concave,
carinate or saccate. STAMENS 4, declined ; exterior fila-
ments with a process at their base.
O. Bastzicum, L. Royal Ocymum. Sweet Basil.
Leaves smooth, ovate-oblong, subdentate, petiolate; calyx fringed. An exotic
annual from Persia, cultivated for its delightful odor. Stem about‘a foot high,
branched, retrorsely pubescent above. Zzaves smooth and soft, igs oe 2 colored.
#¥ luwers white, in simple terminal racemes.
20. LAVENDULA, Linn. LayEenper. _
Lat. lavare, to wash; the distilled avater of this plant being used as a cosmetie.
Ca Lyx tubular, nearly equal, 13 or rarely 15-ribbed, with
5 short teeth, the upper one often largest. CoroLia 2-
lipped; upper dip 2-lobed; dower 3-lebed. Stamens 4,
declined ; Jilaments smooth, "distinet, not toothed.—A small
genus of oderiferous shrubby plants, with narrow rigid leaves,
and small white flowers.
L. sprca, L. Common Lavender.
_ Leaves limear-lanccolate, tapering to the base, sessile, revolute at the edge, the
eee
LABIATZ. 265
upper ones linear-lanceolate; sptkes interrupted; bracts awl-shaped. Native in
the South of Europe. A perennial aromatic plant, exhaling a delightful fragrance,
12 to 18 inehes high, branching from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the
branches, clothed with awhitishdown. Corolla pale-lilac, much exserted. -July.
31. ROSEMARINUS, Linn. Rosemary.
An ancient Latin name; ros, dew, and marinus, of the sea.
CaLyx ovate-bell:shaped, 2-lipped; upper Tip entire, lower
2-parted. Corona bilabiate; upper lip 2-parted; lower
lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest. STAMENS. 2;
ascending, inferior, exserted ; | filaments. toothed at base.
Upper lobe of the style very short; stigmas minute, terminal.—
An erect evergreen shrub, with opposite leaves, and bright blue axil-
lary and terminal fiowers.
R. oFFicrnauis, L. Rosemary.
Leaves sessile, linear, smooth, with revolute margins; flewers peduneled. Na
tive of South Europe. Leaves dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes
whiiish beneath. Flowers bright blue, having like the leaves a strong aromatic
‘agTance like campher.
39. S ATUREJA, Tinn. Savory.
-Arabic satur, the general name for labiate plants.
‘CALYX 5-toothed, tubular, 10-ribbed. Coroua bilabiaie,
with the segments nearly equal. STAMENS 2 to 4 diverging,
scarcely exserted.— A cultivated perennial, with numerous
smatl narrow leaves, and axillary cymes of pink- colored flowers.
S. nortensis, L. Summer Savory.
Stem branching; leaves linear-obleng, entire, acute at the ends; peduncles axil-
lary, eymose. Native of Italy. Cultivated as aculinary aromatic. Stem bushy,
a to 1)4 feet high, woody at base, oftenpurple. Calyxaboutaslong as the ecrole
Corolla pink-colored- July, Aug.
33. HYSSOPUS, Linn. Hyssop.
‘Hebrew ezob; Arabic azzof; English Jeyssop.
Catyx 5-toothed: Cororuia 2-lipped; upper lip erect,
flat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted, the middle segment
largest, the tube about as long asthe calyx. STAMENs 2 to
4, “exserted, diverging.— A shou ‘y perennial, with delicate
foliage, and Bright blue flowers in one stded verticels.
H. orricrnatis, L. Common Fyssop.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; calyz-ieeth erect, middie division
‘of the corolla 2lobed, entire. Native of South Europe; cultivated for its reputed
medicinal properties. Piant 2 feet high, tufted. Flowers bright blue, appearing
‘in July.
H2
ft
.
?
ORDER D, BORAGIVACHED.— Borage Family.
266 “BORAGINACEZ.
Herbs, chiefly rough-hetry, with alternate entire leaves, and symetrical flowers with
a 5-parted calyx, .a regular 5-lobed corolla, 5 stamens inserted on its tube, ard a deeply
4-lobed cvary which forms in fruil 4 seed-like nutlets surrounding the base of the.
single seed. YFuownrs axillary, or mostly in one-sided racemes or spikes which are
revolute (circinate) before expansion, and often bractless.
1. ECHIUM, Tourn. Viprr’s Bueross.
Gr. echio, a viper; from the spotted stem of some species;
CaLyx 5-parted; scgenents subulate, erect. COROLLA
bell-shaped or funnel- form, with an unequally spreading 5-
lobed border ; lobes rounded, throat expanded, naked. Sra-
MENS 9, mostly exserted, unequal. SryYLe filiform. ACHENIA
juberculate: inperforate.— Herbs or shrubs, with entire leaves
andirregular cyanic fiowers, in spicate panicled racemes.
EK. vuuGare, Lb. YViper’s Bugloss. Blue-weed.
Rough-bristly; sfem erect, mostly simple; sfem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile }
apikes lateral, hairy, deflected; corclia-lube shorter than the calyx.
Roadsides and meadows, rare, introduced. June. Biennial. Stem. 18 to 26
gnches high. Leaves 2 to 6inches long. and 14 to 1 inch wide. wpper ones clasping. entire,
cull green. Flowers in short lateral spikes, at first ciredamae, than erect.disposed
in a long and narrow raceme; corolla reddish-purple changing to violet-blue.
2. LYCOPSIS, Linn. Buexoss.
‘Gr. lucos, a wolf, and opsis, appearance.
Corotia funnel-form, with a curved tube; the throat
closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite
the lobes. STAMENS 5, and with the style included.
ACHENIA rough-wrinkled, concave (perforate) at the base.—
Annual herbs, with blae ‘flowers; a ae Anchusa only
by the curved corolla tube.
L. arvensis, L. Small Bugloss.-
Very rough-bristly; leaves lanceolate, obscurely toothed, the upper partly clasp-
ing; flowers in leafy racemes; calyx as long (or nearly as long) as the tube of the
corolla.
Dry or sandy fields and roadsides. sparingly naturalized. June, July. Stem 1
foot high, erect, branching, roundish. eaves 5 or 6 times as long as wide. Fiow-
ers smull. Corolla sky-blue with white scales within.
3. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. -Comrrey.
Gr. sumphein, to grow together; probably in allusien to its reputed healing virtues.
Catyx 5-parted. Coroxiua oblong-tubular, inflated above,
5-toothed, the throat closed with 5 converging linear-subu-
late scales. STAMENS included ; ANTHERS elongated. Styr#
»
a a
i , -
ae <j
BORAGINACE A. 26T
iliform. ACHENIA smooth, ovate, fixed bya large perforate
base.— Oarse perennial herbs, with thick mucilaginous roots,
and one-sided nodding racemes, single or in pairs.
S. OFFICINALE, L. Common Comfrey.
Hairy; stem branched, winged above by the decurrent leaves, lower ovate-lante-
Tate, petiolate, upper and floral lanceolate; sepals lanceolate; corolla limb with 3
recurved teeth. = :
Maoist places, naturalized, cultivated in gardens. June. Whole plant rough
with dense hairs. St2m 2 to 3 feet high, bearing terminal reyolute racemes of
white and pink flowers appearing allsummer. Jtect medicinal.
4. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. Fase GromweELu.
So called from its near resemblanee te the genus Onosma.
Catyx deeply 5-parted, with linear seements. CoROLLs
sblong-tubular, with 5. erect lobes, naked in the throat; seg
m2nts converging. ANTHERS included, nearly sessile, sagit-
tate. STYLE much exserted, smooth. ACHENIA ovoid,
smooth and shining, fixed by a flat base.— Perennial herbs,
with eblong sessile nerved leaves, and yellowish-white flowers in
terminal and one-sided erect, leafy bracted speked racemes.
kL Q. VireinianuM, DO. - Firginiaw Onosmodium.
Clothed with harsh appresscd: bristles; Zzaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the
Tower narrowed aé,the base; calyxz-lobes lanceolate, half as long as the eorolla,.
Bearded with long bristles outside.. (Lithospermum: ¥irginianum, L.)
Banks and hillsides. June—Aug. A very rough erect plant about 18 inches
high. JZeaves 1 to 24 inches long, 4 to 34 inch wide, 3.to5 veined.. Flowers
_greenish-white, in leaiy racemes, which are recurved at first, at length erect.
2. QO. Caroninanum, DC. Carolina, Onosmodium.
_Clothed with long spreading bristly hairs; lzaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acute; corolla twice as long as the calyx, with deltoid-ovate lobes;
ealyx-lodes lanceolate;. anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments.
River banks and Rocky fiills. June, July. Stem stout, upright, 3 to 4 feet hich..
Ezaves 2 to 4 inches long, thickly clothed with long and shaggy hairs. Corclia~
_ bobes more or less hairy on the back..
Gr. lithos, a stone, and sperma, seed; from the hard or stony seed..
CALYX 5-parted, persistent. CoroniA funnel-form, or
rarely salver-form, 5-lobed; Jobes rounded; throat open,
mostly furnished with 5 small folds or gibbous projections.
STAMENS included; ANTHERS oblong, nearly sessile.
ACHENIA ovate, smooth or wrinkled, imperforate at base.—
Herbs, with rough-hairy or downy mostly sessile leaves, and spiked
er racemed leafy-bracted white or yellow flowers.
bg
.
BORAGINACER.
* Flowers white.
Tl. GL. arvense, L. Corn Gromwell. Wheat-thief..
Slender, hoary with minute appressed hairs; Jeaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late; calyx nearly equal to the corolla, with spreading segments; racemes few-low-
ered, the lower flowers remote.
Grainfields, and waste grounds. June, July. Annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches
high; more or less branched. Leaves 1 to 2 incheslong, brigth green, rough. Flow-
_evs small, white, subsessile, solitary in the axits of the-upper leaves. |
2. L. orricinaLe, L. Common Gromuell.
Stem herbaceous, erect, very branching above; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute;
veiny; calyx about as long as the tube of the corolla; achenia very smooth.
Waste grounds, introduced, sparingly naturalized. June, July. Stems much
branched, clustered, 12 tol8inches high. JZeaves grayish-green, rough on the. up-
per side, hairy bencath 2 to 3 inches leng, 14 to 34 wide. Flowers small, white ;.
axillary, in leafy spikelike racemes. %
** Flowers yellow. Perennials. or
5. L. arrtom, Lehm. Hairy Paccoon..
Herbaceous, hairy above, erect; leaves linear-lanceolate, rough-hairy, obtuse; tive
floral ovate-lanceelate; cerollotube about as long as the calyx, bearded at the base
inside, lobes obovate ; :echenia.ovoid, shining.
Dry woods. May, July. Stems 8 to 12 inches high, clustered. Flowers crowded
in-somewhst-scorpoidracemess. Corolla large, orange yellows
6. MYOSOTIS, Linn. Forczt-ME-nor.
Gr. mus, mouse, and ous, if ear, in allusion to the leaves of some species.
Catyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. - CoroLua salver-form ; tube
short; Zimb flat; throat closed with 5 short arching ap-
pendages, Sra MENS 5, included, on short filaments. ACHE-
EA smooth compressed.— Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs,
with entire leaves, and ‘small biwe or white flowers in naked racemes.
1. M. srricra, Link. eld’ Scorpion Grass.
Whole plant somewhat hoary; stem, erect; simple or branched; leaves_cblong,
obtuse; raceme leafy at the base, long; pedicels erect in fruit, rather shorter than
the 5-cleft calyx, corolld=tubeincluded. (M. arvensis, Pursh, M. verna. Nutt.)
Dry hills and sandy woods, rare. May—July. Ann. Whole plant of a grayish
hue from its dense pubescence, 4 to 10 inches high, at length much branched.
Feaves ¥4 tol inch long, sessile, acutish, the lower ones obtuse. Flowers very
small, white or pale blue, on terminal revolute TAnORey, short at first but at length
6 to 8 inches long.
2, M.vaxa, Lehm. Marsh Scorpion Grass. ions me-not.
Ascending stems rooting along at the base, terete, branching, sprinkled with
minute appressed hairs; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse; pedicels filiform; — than
the flowers, spreading; calyx 5-cleft; style very short.
Ditches and marshy places,common. June—Sept. Per. Stem.6 to 15 inches
high, ascending from long creeping roots. Leaves scattered, sessile, 1 te 3 inches
long. iY to ls inch wide, the lower often petioled. Flowers. small bright blue with
a yellowish eye, on pedicels 44 to 4 inch long.
8. M. pavustris, With. True Forget-me-not.
- Whole plant more or less hairy; stem angled; leaves oblong-lanceolate, avalide
he € ‘“
BORAGINACE K. 269
style-nearly as long as the 5- toothed calyx May—Sept. Per. Native of Burape,
probably wrongiy attributed to thia country also. Stem creeping, and with the
ieaves covered with close appressed hairs. Curdia bright blue, with a yellow eye,
14 to 14 inch‘in diameter. .
7. MERTENSIA, Roth: Lonxeworr.
In honor of Prof. Mertens, an early German botanist.
Ganyx short, d-cleft or S-parted: Corona trumpet
shaped, much longer than the calyx, naked or ote 5 smal
_fold3z in the throat: border. spreading, ‘d-lobed. - STAMENS
inserted in the upper. part of the tube, protruding. Sry:
long and filiform. ACHENEA aie! sinvoth or Ce
wrinkled.—S‘no0th ! perennial herbs, with pale entire ovate
leaves, and showy ae blue (rarely white) flowers in terminal
racemes.
M. Virsinica, Do. ree Cowslip. Lungwort.
Siem upright; radical ledves ovate-oblonz; obtuse; stem-leaves narrower: racemes
at first corjmbel, elouzated in fruit; corolla 4 times as long as thy calyx, naked
in the throat. (Pulmonaria Virzinica.) ;
Ailavial Danks, often eult'vatet. May. A* showy plant 10 to 20 xeHes hich,
{
wéth smooth somewirat gins ous leaves, i£t3S8 inches tong. Flowers large, bright
_ blue, 1 inch long.
8. ‘ECHINOSPERMUM M, Swartz. SvrcKsREn:
Gr. einoz, ahedgehog, and sperma, seed; from the prickly nuttets.
‘Catyx 5-parted. Corona salver-form, short;. throat
closed by short scales, the Jémb with obtase lobes. STAMENS
“included. AcH=#Nr4 erect, fixed toa central column, trianga-
poe)
%
lar or compressed, the margin armed with prickles, barved
at-the apex.—Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with oblong or
linear leaves, and small- blue flowers in- bracted racemes.
EK: Lappunsa, Lehm: Common: Stickseed. Burrseed.
Siem erect, branched above; leaves lanecolate, sessile, bristly-ciliate: coreila
longer than the calyx, border erect, spreading; ackenéa with 2 rows of hocked
prickles on the margin. |
Roadsides, probably introduced... July, Ang. Ann. Stem erect, 10 to 20 inches —
high. Leaves 1 inch long; §{ to lg wide. Fkwers miaute, blue, in leafy racemes.
& CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. Hovunn’s-Troxcve
Gr. kwon, a dog, and glossa, a tongue; in allusion to the form of the leares, . .
CALYX O-parted. Coroxua short, funnel- fom, the throa
closed with 5 obtuse scales; LOBES rounded. Sramens in-
eluded. . ACHENIA depres sed or convex, teiciedigd affixed t
the kase of the style, covered with short hocked eS :
H2*
!
a
‘ 4 bt , “3 Pigs 24 Fat ee me satin — fe
- ) e - ' i : ” ee.
| 70. | BORAGINACES.
“Coarse herbs, with mostly panicled racemes of blue, purple or white
i flowers, naked above but usualiy bracted at the base.
1. C. orrrcinats, L. Common Hound’s-tongue.
lothed with silky hairs, leafy, panicled above; lower leaves lanceolate, oblong,
‘ attenuated into a petiole; wpper lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly
heart-shaped base; racemes without bracts; calyzlebcs oblong, obtuse, shorter than -
the corolla.. ayy ;
Waste grounds, introduced. Méy, June. Bienniel. An erect. downy plant of
2 duil green color, 18 to 20 inches high. Zower leaves § to 10 inches long and 1 te
2inches wide. Flowers purplish-redin naked one-sided racemes. Fruit rough,
| adhering to the fleece of sheep. : 3
2. C. Vireinicum, E. Wild Comfrey:
Roughish with spreading bristly hairs; sfem simple;with few leaves; lower leaves -
oval-oblong, petiolate; wpner lence-oblong,clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ;~
racanies somewhat corymbose, naked ; csiyx lobes acute, vilious, about half as long-
2s the tabe of the corolia- r
Rich shady woods. May, June: Pers Stem 2 to 3 feet hich, very hairy. Root’
leaves 5 to 6 inckes Jong and halfas wide: Flowers pale blue or nearly white, in=-
a terminal corymbose panicice
3. ©. Morisoni, DC. Begger’s Lice:
Stem erect, hairy, broadly branched, leafy; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, tapering -
to the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and reughish above ; racemes pani- .
cled, forking, diverging, hairy..with leafy. bracts at.the base; pedicels reflexed im=
fruits :
Bordors of woods, rathercommon. July. Bienniel. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, fur--
rowed, with many slender remote branches. Leaves entire, remote, 3 to 4 inches-
a en ec amaeeiaeal
{i Jong, tapering to each end. Flowers very small, white or pale blue in forked ter. ~
miual racemes. Pedicels refloxed in fruit. . Achenia convex, the prickles with bar-
bed points. ‘
} CULTIVATED EXOTIOS:
10. BORAGO, Tourn. Borace.
. Canyx 5-parted. Coronta wheel-form, with acute seg
ments; ¢hroat closed with rays. FinAMENTS converging.
AcuEnt« rounded, imperforate. at base, inserted lengthwise
. into an excavated receptacle. —Mwropean herbs, with alternate -
rough leaves, end:mostly blue flowers in-one-sided clusters revolute -
before expansion: .
B. orricinauis, G. Common Borage:
Zeaves ovate, alternate, the lower ones petioled; calyx spreading; peduncle ter-
minal, many-flowered. Annual The whole plant is rough with short bristly
buirs, erect, 1 to.2. feet high.. Flowers in terminal clusters, sky_ blue, flowering alk* |
- summer.
11; ANCHUSA, Linn: Buctoss:
Catyx Siparted. Corotta:funnel-form, vaulted; tube-
atraight; orifice closed with 5 prominent scales... STAMENS>
2 -
:
H
i
* sae ¢
. | -
| - ¥ F
|
1a
~~
HYDROPHYLLACEZ. SEE
included. SrigMA emarginate. ACHENIA perforate at the:
base, with mostly rugose gurfaces.—Showy, mostly Euro--
pean plants with cyanic flowers.
A. OFFICIANALIS, L: Bugloss Ox-tongue:
Leaves lanceolate, clothed with short stiff appressed hairs; spzies one-sided, im=
bricated; calyx as long as the tube of the corolla. A rough garden plant, native-
of Britain. Siem 2 feet high, rough with bristly hairs. Leaves long, rough.-
Bracts ovate. Flowers purple. with a long hairy corolla, very attractive to beess
12.. PULMONARTA;, Linm . Lunawort.
CALYX prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed?) Corowa funnel--
form, with a cylindrical tube; orzfice hairy in 5 lines al-
ternating with the stamens. ACHENIA imperforate. —Luro-
pean perennial herbs, with mosily blue flowers.
P. orricianauts, L. Common Lungwort.
Plant rough; radical leaves ovate, cordate, scabrous ; stem leaves ovate, sessils;
ealyz a3 long as the corollatube. Native of England, but naturalized and-cuiti-
vated in our gardsns. Sim 10 to-15 inches High, with rough leaves: J’ lowers=
biue, in terminal clusters.
Orpen 76. HYDROPHYLLAGHAG.— Waterleaf Family.
' Herbs, cewek hairy, with mostly alternate and cut-lobed leaves, regular 5-parted”
and 5-androus blue or write flowers, and an ovoid entire 1-celled ovary, with 2 parietal”
few to many ovuled placente, which usually project inio the ceil and often lines it ikke~
an interior capsule. STYLE 2. cleft above. Capsutz globular, 3-valyed few-seoded.
1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Linn:. WarTeER-LEArF.
Gr. hudor, water, and phulbn, leaf, of-no obvious application to the plant.
Catyx 5-parted, rarely with asmall appendage in each
sinus. COROLLA bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the tube furnished with:
5 longitudinal appendages opposite the lobe which:cohere by
their middle, with: their edges folded inwards, forming a.
necteriferous groove. STAMENS 5, exserted; filaments more-
or less bearded. OVARY br istly-hairy. CAPSULE globose,
2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly abortive. —
North Anierican perennial herbs, with petioled pinnately or palmate-
ly veined leaves, and scorpoid bractiless clustered cymes of white or
pale blue flowers.
* Calyx not appendaged ; filaments much exseried. :
1. H: mMacropuyiiuM, Nutt. Great Waterleaf.
Bough hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate and pinnatifid, the divisions ovate, obéusa, -
soarsely cut-toothed: peduncis very long; calyz-tobes lanceolate asuminate with ax
broad base, very hairy.
272 HYDROPHYLLACE®.
= *
Allegheny mountains. July. Stem about 1 foot hish, almost leafless. Fost-
Feaves 1 foot long, with 9 to 13 divisions. Flowers white in a terminal globose
eyme, crowded. Corolla twice longer than thesepals. Flaments 34 ineh long.
2. H. Virarnicum, L. Virginian Waterleaf.
Smoothish; /eaves pinnately divided, the divisions ovaté-lanczolate or oblong,
pointed, sharply eut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent;
peduncles as long asthe petioles; calyz-lobes narrow-linear, bristly-ciliate.
Rich moist woods and fence-rows; common. June. Stem 12 to ™ inches high,
often branched from the base. Leaves pinnately cut into 5 to7 segments, on long-
petioles. Flowers white or blue, in crowded elustérs; on forked peduncles.
3. H. Canapense, L. Canadian Waterlea/.
Nearly smooth; leaves palmately 5 ‘to T-lobe id, rounded, heart-shaped at the base,
mnegually toothed; the radical leaves sometimes with 2 or 8 small and scattered -
lateral leaflets; psduncles mostly shorter than the long petioles, forked, the crowd-
ed flowers on very short petioles.
Shady woods. June. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, arising fr om a thickened root-
stock. Leaves 3 to 5 inches broad: Jabes broad, cut and toothed. Fuseicles dense,
axillary and terminal. Corolla white or variously tinged with purple, Lé to 34 inch
broad. Filamexts hairy about half Way up. 3
¥*% Cbrolla appendaged between t} Ve sepals at base; etemens scarcely excecding the
ecrolia.
4. HH. APPENDICULATUM, Michx. Auiry Waterleaf:
) rc ;
Iiairy; stem-leaves palmately 6-lobed, rounded; the lobes toothed and pointed ~
the lowest pinnately divided; cymes rather loosely fiowercd; sepals lance-subulate.
“a (Nemophila paniculata, Spreng.)
oe. Moist woods, notcommon. May. Stem 12 to 18 inches hich, branched. Leaves
on petioles 1 to 4 inches long; roundish in outline, the broad acute lobes diverzing
inasteUatemanner. Culyx nearly inch ‘long, , Sppendages: defiexed, 1 inch lowy. i
Grala blue, on long peduncles.
. ‘
| 2.) -PHACEBLEAs Juss 2 _ “i
i Gr. piakelos, a fascicle, probably in allusion to the clustered or forked racemes.
. CaLyx 5-parted. Corona open bell-shaped, 5 cleft, the
scale-like appendages in the tube s eee obsolete... OVARY
with 2 linear adherent placente, each:2-ovuled. CAPSULE
ovoid, 2-valved, 4-seeded.— Hniry herbs, with alternate di--
vided leaves and teuall; y pale blue Jlowers in foes scorpoid ricemes>
or raceme-like cymes.
‘= 1. P. prerynarirrpa, Michx. Pinnatifid Phtacelia.
Stem somewhat erect, branching, hairy; learcs pinnately divided, the divisions
er leaficts ovate, acute, ineisely lobed or pinnatifid; racemes elongated 2 to 4 part- -
ed, many-flowered ; coroila-lovesentire, twice as long as the linear-aeuminate calyx.
Hit Shaded banks and damp woods, rare. May, June. Ann. Stem.10 to 20 inches
high, often much branched from nearthe base. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long. including
the Bepele: thin and smoothish, bright blue 14 to 14 inch in diameter, the grooves -
bordered with narrow pubescent rargins. Jtuceme ercct in fruit.
2. P. Porsuit, Buckley. Fimbriate Phacelia.
Whole plant hairy; stem upright or ascending; lower leaves pinnately divided, _
petiolate, the segments few and entire; upper dceply pinnatifid, sessile-and partly
clasping, the lobes lanceolate, acute or pointed, entire; raceme-8 to 10-fowered, sim=.-
: HYDROPHYLLACE. 278
plo; pedicels elongated; calyx-lobes lance-linear,. acutish; corolla fimbriate. (P.
fimbriata, Pursh. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Nolte.) :
Moist woods and river bottoms. April—June. Biennial. Plant & to 12 inches
high, slender and with slender branshes. CvroWa light blue, 4 to 4% inch in.
diameter, strongly laciniate-fringed, nearly destitute of folds and scales inside.
3: COSMANTHUS, Nolte..
Gr. kosmos, elegance, anthos, a flower.
Catyx 5-parted, the sinuses naked. Corona broadly
bell-shaped, 5-cleft, without scales. STAMENS 4, slender,
about as long as the corolla. STYLE bifid; ovary 1-celled,
hairy above. CApsuLE 2-valved, septiferous in the middle,
2 to 4, sometimes 8-seeded. North American annual herbs,
with.allernate leaves, and white or pale blue flowers, in long bractless
racemes.
CG. pARVIFLORUS, DC. Small-flowered Cosmanthus.
Diffuse, pubecent; leaves pinnatifid and trifid, middle lobe obovate, lateral acute,
diverging; lower leaves petiolate, upper sessile; raceme solitary; calyx-lobes lance-
ovate, delete than the corolla; stamens exserted; filaments hairy at base.
River banks and hillsides, common along the Susquehanna. May. Stcm, eften
branched from the base, 4 to 8 inches high. Corolla smooth, pale biue inclining te.
violet, greenish white in the centre, the divisions rounded,
4, KUTOCA.
Gr. eutokos, fruitful
Canyx, 5-parted.. CoroLia. d:cleft, broadly, bell-shaped, -
eaducous, the tube without appendages. STAMENS 5, as
long-as-the corolla. Srynu bifid; ovary hairy. Capsuiy
l-celled, 2-valved, the valves septiferous in the middle:
SEEDS numerous, ‘rugulose. —Annuals, with alternate leaves
and showy blue or-white flowers.
E: vescipa. Viscid Eutoca:
Stem.ascending, branched, covered with a viscid, glandular pubescence; leaveg
evate-cordate, crenate-serrate ; corolla broadly bell-shaped or salver-form. A beau-
tiful garden annual, often cultivated. Stem.1 to 2 feet high, very visced, emitting
2-very disagreeable odor. Calyz-segments narrow, 24 a8 long as the corolla-lobes
Cerclla deep-blue with awhite centre sprinkled with purple in the form of a,
pentagon, 34 tolinch in diameter- Filaments hairy.
5. NEMOPHILA. GRoOvVE-LOVE.
Gr. nemos, a grove, and philzo, to love ; so called from its habitat.
Catyx 10-parted, the alternate lobes reflexed. COROLLA:
flat bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the lobes emarginate, with necteri-
ferous cavities at the base. SrAMENS shorter than the cor--
olla. CAPSULE fleshy, 2-valyed, 4-seeded..
POLEMONIACER
N. InstcNis. Blue Grove-lovte. ~
Leaves alternate, pinnatifid, with some of the divisions lobed ; calyx 4% the length
of'the corolla, with acute segments: lobes of the corolla a , Slightly emargin-
ate; anhers sagittate; style biad. A beautiful garden annual 6 to 8 inches high.
Stem branched. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 4. inch wide, the petiole beset with
hairs along each side.. Péduneles very long terete, 1-flowered. Corolla sky. blue,
white in the centre. Anthersdark purple. June—Aug. -
N. aTomMARIA, has white flowers, spotted with brown or’ black, Recs found
in: cultivation. LP w xe
ORDER TT. POLEMONIACER:—Po! emanium Family. |
= *
Herbs, with ail niaee or opposite lexves, regular 5-mzrous and 5-androus flowers,
Rie lobes of the corella convolute tn the bud, a 3-celled ovary and 3-loded style, the cap--
sule 3-celled, 3-vaived, losulicidal, few-many-seeded. CAtyx 5-cleft, persistent. Co
ROLLA with a 5-clefi border. STAMENS often. unequal or unequally inserted on the:
tube of the corolla.
i. PHLOX, Linn. LycHNIpIA.
Gr. phlox, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transfered to this genus.
sts ES
CaLyx somewhat prismatic, the segments erect. - CoRoL-
EA salver-form, the tube slender, somewhat curved, the limb:
fiat, 5-lobed. SraAMENS very unequally inserted in the tube:
of the corolla. CAPSULE ovoid, with a single seed in each
cell.— Chiefly perennial North Wea plants, with oppo-
site sessile mostly entire leaves, and purple pink or white flowers. iw
open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils, cymose, mostly:
J. .P. panrcouLata, L. Panieled Phiox.
Tall and stout, smooth; leaves ee lanceolate, lanceolate and’ orate ree eee :
acuminate, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base;
panicle pyramidal-corymbed, many-flowered; calyx-teeth awn-pointed ; corella-lobes-
obovate. :
fc Rich woods and meadows, cultivated in gardens. June, July. Stem 2to 3 feet
yi High. Leaves 3 tod inches long, 3{ to 14 wide, the lower ones distinetly petioled.
‘ Flowers very numerous, pink-purple varying to white, ina large oblong terminal
panicle. Var. acuminata, (P. acuminata, Parsh.) has -the-broad and acuminate
leaves downy underneath, like the stem, which is likewise occasionally spotted,
elow.
2. P. mactnaTa, L. Spotted Phlox:
Smooth or slightly roughish; sfem erect, simole, spotted with purple; lower leaves
lanceolate, the wpper nearly ovate-lanceolate, rounded er somewhat heart-shaped
at the base; panicle oblong, thyrsoid or somewhat pyramidal; calya-teeth triangu
lar-lanceolate, short, Soanenie pointed.
Rich woods, moist meadows and river banks, common, often cultivated. June—
July. Stem 3 te 3 feet high, mostly simple, sometimes spotted with dark pur ei
Flowers mostly purple or crimson, sometimes white, when. it is P. suareolens,
f
bracted.
* Lobes of the corolla entire. Perennials.
|
POLEMONIACES. 975.
‘Whzen the lower branches of the ‘panicle are elongated so as to forma ra
panicle, it is. P. pyramidatis, Smith.
3. P. Caronina, L. Curolina Phlox.
Smooth; sfem r r slender, branehed at the base, ascending; leaves oblong-
Janceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute, the lower witha slender tapering
‘base, the upper sessile by a rounded base, margins revelute; calys#-teeth short-acu-
minate; corolla-tube awned, segments entire.
Open woo.ls and barren places, net common. June,July. Stzm 1 to 2 feet high
from a decumbent or creeping base. ZLexzves 2 to t inches long, mostly quite nar
yow, 44 to 4 inch wilke, thick and shining. Flowers large, pink-purpie, 15 to 29 in
9 corymbose panicle.
4- P. pitesa, L. Hairy Pihloz.
Downy-hairy throughout; stems slender, rather upright; leaves lance-linear, or
marrowly acute, the uppermost broadest at the base; flowers loosely corymbed;
calyx-tecth hairy, very long, awn-lixe; coraila-lobes obovate, entire.
Barrens and wet places, May, June. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, weak. Leaves
ay wos 3 inches lonz, % to 4 inch wide, with the margins rev olute. Flowers rose-
parple or pale, the ceroilatude a third lon ger than the lorg, slender teeth of ‘the
ealyXx.
5. P. nepTens, Michx. Creeping Phlox.
Pubescent; sfem erect with procumbent suckers at base; lower leaves roundish-
obovate, thick, those of the stem small, oval or oblong, obtuse; cyme simple, $3 to
8-flowered; calyz-ieeth linear-awl-shaped. ,
Damp woods and rocky places, rare. April, May. Runners creeping and bear
ing roundish-obovate leaves, tapering into short margined Lat Stem low. 4 to
10 inches hi zh, ascending, elami my-j pubescent, with leaves )4 to 34 inch long, iy to
wide, remote. Flowers large, reddish-purple or crimson.
** Lobes of the corolla notched at the end. Perennial.
6. P. pirvaricata, L. LKarly-flowering Phloc.
Minutely downy, loosely branched from the base, the flowering stems ascending ;
teaves oval-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse; cyme corymbose-panicled, loosely flowered;
“alyz-teeth linear-awl-shaped; corolla-lobes inversely heart-shaped.
Rozky damp woods and fence-rows, common. May. Flowering-stems 9 to 15
inches high. Upper leaves nearly clasping and often alternate. Flewers large, of
a-peculiar brifliant grayish-blue color.
7. P. supunata, L. Moss Pink. Mountain Pink.
Minutely downy; tufted, procumbent, much branched; leaves awl-shapned er
marrow-linear, somewhat rigid, crowded and with numerous smaller ones clustered
in the axils; corymb few-flowered : calyzx-teeth awl-shaped ; corolla-lobes wedge-shaped,
emarzinate. :
Dry hills and sandy banks, common. April, May. A shewy plant, forming low
matted and presirate tufis, often cultivated in gardens. Stem 6 to 12 inches Jong,
with numerous assurgent branches,2 to 3 inches high. Leaves 14 inch long.
~Ae tang pink-purple or rose-color rarely white with a purple centre, J to 5 in one
corym
* «= Lobes of the corolla entire. Anuual.
8. P. Drummonpi, Hook. Drummonds’ Phlox.
Erect, dichotomously branched, glandular-pilose; leaves eblong or lancelate,
#cabrous; corymb dense-flowered; calyx hairy, segments lanceolate, setaceous,
elongated, revolute; corolla-tube pilose, segments obovate entire. July, Aug. A
Deautiful annual species, native of Texas, common in cultivation. Stem 8 to 12
inches high, and with the leayesrough-glandular. Flowers yery showy, all shades
‘from white to dark-purple, with a deeper colored centre.
.
:
date base, o2 p2tioles, % to 3% inch lonr. Flow2rs 2 inches long, white on pe<
“ CONVOLVULACER.
sh: inh np ye ine emg
A vigorous climber, in hedges an’ afl low grounis; June. July; cultivated. Flow-
ers about 2 inchesin diameter, white, ofsen tiazed with ss are opening at dawn
‘and cloudy weather.
2. (C. sprrdAmMaa, Pursh. rect Bi deed. st
Downy; stem low, and mostly simple, erect or ascending; leaves oblonz-lanceo-
Jate, subcordate or auvicled at base, obtusa or prinsed =f the apex; peduncles
usually loager than the leaves, 1-Aowered. (Convolvalus stan3, Michx. )
, Dry fields ant hilly pastures. June, July. Sten 6 to 12 inches high, not twin-
dag, branching, leafy. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 4 as wide, with an abrupt, cor-
uncles 2 to 4inches long. Br “wets concealing the calyx.
2. CONVOLVULUS, Linn. Moanrne-Grory.
Lat. cenvoivo, to entwine.
Catyx 5-parted, naked. Coronna bell- eae or fiwik:
form, with a spreading nearly entire or 5-lobed. border.
SraMENs 5, mostly incladed. Sryvuel, often 2-cleft at the
apex; STIGMAS 2, rarely 3. CapsuLn 2 to 3-celled, 2 to 3-
valved. — Chiefly foun or trailing plants, often with milky
juice, and axillary peduncles, 1-many fiowered.
Secl ConxVOLVULUsS proper.—Stigmas 2, linear; capsule 2-celled.
1. @. arvensis, L. Sinall Bindweed.
Siem procumbont or twining, low, angled, som2what hairy; aves ovate-oblong,
arrow shaped, with acutelobes at the base; 3 peduncles mesg i-flowered, bibracteate,
mear the base; sepals roundish-ovate.
Fields, common, introduced from Europe; a very troublesome weed. June,
July. Stems several fect long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, the lower ones obtusa,
on short petioles. Flowers 1 inch long, white, often with a tinge of red, on pe-
duncles longer than the-base.
Sscm. Ipoma@s, L. Stigmas 2, globular or united into-one} capsule 2-celled, 4-
seeded.
2. ©. panpuratus, L. Wild Potato-vine.
Stem trailing or sometimes twining; leaves broad-cordate or panduriform; pe-
duncles 1 to 5-flowered, longer than the petioles; calyx smooth, with ovate-oblong
s2pals; corolla open-funnel-form.
Sandy fields and dry banks common. July, Aug. “Stems long and stout, from
a thick root which often weighs 10 to 20 pounds. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and
about the same width, acute. or obtuse. occasionally som2 of them are contracted
at the side so as to be fiddle- shaped. Flowers 3 inches long, purplish and white,
opening in the forenoon. Man-of-the-earth.
3. (©. Lacunosus, Spreng. Morning-Glory.
Rather smooth; sfem creeping and twining, slender; leaves heart- shaped, point
ed, anzgular-lobed or entire, on long petioles; Spedincley very short, 1 to 3-flowered;
sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, half as long as the corolla; corolla 5-lobed.
Woods, dry fields and hills, rare.” Aug., Sept. A small-prostrate species, 2 to 6
feetlong. Leaves 3 inches long, 14% wide, deeply hear t-shaped, often deeply 3-lobed!
petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Fiowers 14 to 24 inch in Bae pine inch long, white
witt a purplish rim, the corolla 5-lobed.
Sec.m. PwHarsitis, Choisy.—Stigmas mnseiy 3, united, Sisaicken capsule 3-celled;
celta 2-seeded.
CONVOLYULAOES.
We oC ies, “ Blue Morning- Glory.
~ Stem hairy, twining; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, the intermediate lobe dilated at the
Base, the lateral ones shorter acute; peduncles short, 1 to 2-flowered..
A beautiful plant he as in the southern parts of the State, but known as a’
garden plant. July—Sept. Celyx hairy, the seements long-acuminate. Flowers
large, the tube white and the border of aclear blue color.
od. C. purpurnnus, L. Common Morning- Glory.
Twining, hairy; leaves Fe ine hnad: entire, pointed; peduncles elonga--
ted, 3 to flowered; sepals ovate-lance ox acute; corcila funnel-form, with a
gpreading entire border.
Fields and about gardens, common in A ewlt ivation. June—Sept. ‘Stem climbing
8 to 25 feet. Flowers large, beautiful, dark-purple, violet, une ‘pink, and some-
times nearly white:
Sec. ry. Bararus. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed; ovary 4 or by abortion 8 to 2-celled..
6. C. Bararus, lL. Sweet Potato.
Stem creeping, rarely twining ; [zaves heart-shaped, hastat®, angular, 5-veined,-
smoothish; peduncles lonz; flowers fascicled; sepals lanceolate, acuminate. The
Byeet potato isfound growing wild in both Indies, and is cultivated in all warm:
countries. The sfem is round, hispid, prostrate, sending out scattered oblong
tubers which are yellowish.or purplish without: Flowers large purple and white..
3. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. Cypress-vINE:
Gr. kuamos, a bean, klitos, dwarf; resembles the climbing bean, but smaller.
Sepats 5, mostly mucronate. CoroLna tubular-cylindri-
eal. SrAmens exserted. Sryne 1; stigma capitate,. 2-
lobed; ovary 4-celled, cells 1-seeded.— Pwining herbs, often
with ninnatijid divided leaves, and delicaie white yellow orange and
scarlet flowers.
z . O, VULGARIS, Choisy. Jasmine Bindweed.
Leaves pinnatifid to the midvein, ssgmants linear, parallel, acute; pedeuncles.1 to-
2flowered; sepals ovate lanceolate:
An es tect delicate vine, common in cultivation. July, Aug. Ann. Stem
Bmooth, very slender, twining and clim bing to the height of 5 to 10 feet. Flowers
14 to 34_inch in diameter, scarlet Varyens to crimscn and rose-color, sometimes
White. * Corolla tube slender, limb flat, 5-parted.
2. Q. COCcINEA, Mcench. Scarlet-flowered Morning. Glory.
Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angular at base; peduncles elongated).
about 5-flowered; calyx awned. Native of the Southern States, cultivated. July,
Aug. Annual. Flowers scarlet or yellowish-tinged.
—Svp-orper u. CUSCUTINES. Tux Doppzr FAMILY,
_ Enmeryo slenéer, spirally coiled, entirely destitute of
cotyledons s.— Parasitic yellowish or -reddish plants, with
thread-like naked stems and minuée scales in place of f leaves.
4. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dopozr.
ears 5 (varely 4)-cleft. Corotia globose-bell-shaped,
4 to Bcleth STAMENS A to D5 ies fo: Bee tube of ’
‘a corolla, furnished with a szale- like often fringed appendage
ie at their base. Styuzs 2, distinct (Soe united). Ovary
2eeled, 4-ovuled. CapsuLE mostly 4-seeded. EmBryo.
Be thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen,
entirely destitute of cotyledons!—Lzafless, chiefly annuél
yellowish or reddish she) with thread-like stems, bearing a
‘g few minute scales in place of leaves; germinating in the soil
) at lenyth pkey at the root and lien a6: entirely parasitic
on the bark-of the herbs and shrubs; flowers small cymose:
clustered, mostly white.
1. C. Heminum, Wiehe. Flax Dodder:
Siems very slender; flowzrs insmall and dense scattersd heads; corolla globular
eylindrical, scarcely exceeding the 5-parted calyx, leaves small; style at first upright;
RS not longer than the ovary.
Plax-fiolds, common: introdaucad’ from Europe. Jane. Siem reddish-oranee,
Flowers yellowish-white. Culyx thickish. Shimon: ineluled. Stigma acute. Cup
my sule deprcessed-slobose, surrounded with the witherin g corolla.
aD pS A Be OR Rin a ale ets PO Cet
eel
iz 2. €. Gronovir, Willd. Common Dodder.
Stem thickish, branched; seales oblong, fimbriate; flowers peduncled, in close or
| 43 open cymes; corclig bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with short spreading or reflexed sezmenta,
ah withering at tae base of tho capsule; éatyx-lores broad-ovate, obtuse; style diverg-
i ; ing; stigma capitate. .
ee Gai erounds, very Common, chishy onherbs. Auz., Se S’em smooth, slender
B-to. 5 feet lonz. ant with the scales of a light orange- et wholly destitute of
green, always twining from rizht to left, or hanginz in festoons. Culya and coro
‘e da more or less dostel with pellucid glands, yello wish-white.
2 8. C. compaora, Juss. Compact-flowered Dodder.
4 Bracts and sepals orbicular, concave, appressed, slightly erenate, much shorter
than the slender cylindr‘cal tube of the corolla. Flowers sessile, in dense clusters;
| . stamens shorter than the lincar-oblong sproading- lobes of tho corolla; scales pine "|
re natifil fringe.
Dry grouads, on shrubs. Southern parts of the State. i
Ps
}
Oxvzr 79. SOLANACEE.--Wightshade Family:
ie Ferbaccous or rarely shrubby plants, with a colorless juice, alternate beaves, regular
His G-nerous and 5.androus flowers, and the fruit a2-colled (rarely Sto 5-celled) many-
4 seeded capsule or berry. Cityx usually persistent. Coron. plaited or infolded;
i walvate in the bud. Srauzns mostly equally inserted on the corolia. SiryLe and
hea BTIGMA single. Pracznrzin the axis, often projecting far into the cells. ‘SEEDS.
nearly amphitropous,
1. NICOTIANA, Lian. ToBacoo-
In honor? of John Wicot of Languedoc, who is auppospa to have introduced it into-
Europe.
Cauyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corona fantiel:
with grcen or purple.
SOLANACHH. “O81
form or salver-form, usually. with a long tube; border plait. |
ed, 5-lobed. STAMENS 5. STIGMA capitate. CAPsuLE 2-
celled, 2 to 4-valved from the apex. Sreps minute.—Rank
acrid- riarectie herbs, mostly clammy pubescent, with large simple-
entire lvaves. and lurid flcwers in racemes or panicles, white tinged
1. N. nustica, L. Wild Pobacco.
Viscid-pu bescent ; Teares petioied, ovate; ccrolla-tube cylindrical, 24 longer than
tho calyx, the lobes round<d.
Sparinciy naturalized near Gwellings and old fields... Said to have been intro-
anes bs the Indians. Aug. Stem12to .Sinchcs high. Plowers greenish-yellow,
ia a terminal panicle or raceme. = =i
2: N. Tapacum, L. Virginian Tobacco:
Viecid- puboseent; leaves lanceolate, scgsile, decurrent; corolla-tube inflated af
the throat, lebes acute. Native of Contral America. Lxtensively cultivated in
the Middle and Western States, and is exported in vast quantities. Siem 410 8
feet high. paniculate ehove. Zecres 1 to 2 fret long..6 to 12 inches wide, entire.
Fiewers rose-cslor. July. Taken into tho stomach, this plant is a powerful nar-
egiie poison.
2 DATURA, L. Jamustown-WEED.
Altercd from the Arabic name, Tutorah.
CAtyYx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above
the base in fruit. Corona funnel-form, with A Ree nd
spreading 5-toothed petivled border, SramEens 5, Sriema
2lipped.. CapsuLy globular; pees 4-valved, 2-celled 5
cells 2 to 3-paried, many-seeded. cotie-porsonarts ranis
‘teeeds, with ovate dieculdr- toothed leaves, xe large and showy jlow=
ers on short peduncles inthe forks of the. branching stems.
D. Srramonium, L. @horn-Apple. Jamestown-Weed.
Teaves- ovate, smooth, angular-dentate; calz-2-tecth peisteds capsele prickly, erect.
Waste grounds and_roadsides, common; introduced. , July—Sept. Anneval.
Plant 2to3 tect, often fewering whon only 1 foot hich. . Stem smooth, hollew.
Leuwves large, siiuated at ihe bose of the 2-forked branches. Flowers 2 to 3 inches
long, solitary ; coroiitd funvel-forin, with along tube anda plaitcd b-tcothed bordes,
White with @ slight tinge of purple. -The whole plant is poisonous.
3. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. .Henpann.:
Gr. Wise huos, 2 hos, Iwamos, a bean; the fruit is said to be not poisonous ta
swire.
Gatyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corona funnel-form, ir-.
regular, border d-lobed, plaited. Sramens 5, declined
SLIGMA capitate. Garsune ovoid, 2-celled, cov:red ‘by the
‘persistent calyx, opening transvers ely all’ round’ the apes
which falls off lixe a lid.— Clammy “pubescent rank herbs,
on angled or toothed leaves and lurid flowers in their axils.
| om
en eee
Spa PD er Mahar
Sacco ae:
el
Pe re ee er ee) eh eee
WP ede ti
H. “NIGER, ne Black ecbionaad sgh ais sect
Stem branching, erect, very leafy; leaves daanitien sinuate-too
flowers sessile, i in-one-sided at length recurved leafy gpises,. “< - -
“A tall foetid weed, sparingly naturalized, erowing abou ut waste places.
Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round. Flowers large dull-yellow, berwiceae:
ple veins. A powerful narcotic. Introdueed from Europe. vf
4 NICANDRA, Adans. APPLE OF Punv.
Named after the poet Nicander, of Colophon. — p ihedans k
@atyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions arioweshalail
enlarged and inflated in “fruit, inclosing the 3 to 5-celled:
globular dry berry. Corona open-bell-shaped, with the
piaited border nearly entire. - STAMENS 5, converging.—An-
annual smooth herb, with ovate sinuate- ioaphelle or angled leaves -
and solitary pale blue jfiowers on. axillary and terminal ne
duncles.
N. PHYSALOIDES, Gert. Apple of Pere
Stem. herbacous; Teaves smooth, sinuate, angular; flowers solitary, axillary on
short peduncles; calze closed with the angies very acute.
Cultivated grounds, sparingly naturalized» Native of. Peru. Aug. Siem2 to5=
feet high, very branching. Leaveslarge, oblong decurrent. ‘Corolla “geet es
pale blue, white and with 5 blue spots 1 in.the centre.
é sah oe ss ‘
5. PHYSALIS, Linn. Grounp Onerry.
Gr. phusa, a bladder, alluding to the inflated calyx.
Cauyx 5-cleft, persistent, at length much inflated. Co-.
ROLLA spreading-be IL-shaped, with a very short tube, marked;
with 5 concave spots | at the base; border plaited, somewhat
S-lobed.. SraAMENs 5 , converging. Faurr a 2-eelled globu-.
lar berry, enclosed within. the inflated calyx.—Herbs, rarely -
shrubs, with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and axl lary”
or extra-axiliary flowers on one-flowered peduncles.
1: P. viscosa, L.. Ground Cherry: Yellow Henbane. .
Ciammy-pubesecent, low, very diffuscly branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
heart-shaped oracute at base, somewhat angled toothed or entire; flowers nodding.
Dry fields and hill-sides, common.. July, Aug. Per. A very variable plant and ~
embracing many nominal Species: Stem about 1 foot hich, more or less decumbent.
Leeves 1 to 4 inches long, % to 24 creven as wide, cute, acuminate, or often ob--
tuse at the apex. Corolla pale greenish-yellow with 5 brownish spots ab base. Ber-
ry yellowish, pleasant tasted, wholly inclosed in the much inflated cal YS.
2. P. Pumapetenica, Lam. Philadelphia. Ground*
Cherry.
Smoothish, erect; leaves obliquly seaal pointed, angled; calyx open in ‘fruit, .
scarcely inclosing the berry.
. Dry river banks. J ae Ann.. “Flowers larger than in n the preceoding opeciogy ‘n
yellow, with: brown stripes.”
‘ an
$0 NACE.
3 1B. ‘ in Linn. N IGHTSHADE. |
elise 5-to 10-parted; persistent, spreading. CoroLLa:
sesoauly. wheel-shaped ; tude very short; Limb plaited in the-
bud 3 to 10-lobed. Stamens 5 Dy exserted, converging around
the style; fi/aments very short. Berry usually 2-celled.—.
Herbs or shrubs unarmed or prickly with pinnatifid or undivided,
sometimes. geminaie, leaves, ond. lateral, solitary or extra solitary pe-
duncles.
1. §. Duncamara, L. Bittersweet Nighishade.
Stem somewhat shrubby, climbing, mostly smooth ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, .
the upper ones halbert shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobes at the base; JSiowers in-
gmail cymes, which become tateral..
Moist banks and around dvveliings, naturalized. June—July. Per. Stem-
branching several fect: long. Flow2rs drooping on branching peduncles from the
side of the stem. Corolia of reficxed segmoenty, purple, witha green spot on each
Segment. Berries bright reds
2. & nicerum, L. Black Nightshade.
' Low, much branehed and often spreading, ovate, wavy-toothed ; flowers smalf in-
Isgeral umbci-like clusicrs, drcoping; berries globular.
Waste places, common, introduced. July—Aug. Bienniel. A poisonous plana -
of no beauty, avouta fcot high. Leaves mostly erose on the margin as if gnawed
by insects. Flowers yery small, and with white-yellow anthers. Berries black.
8. S. Garotnenss, L.. Horse-Nettle.
Herbaceous, prickly; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuste-toothed or angled;
Hoary-pubescent, prickly along the midrib; flowers large in simple loose racemes};
s
berry gichular.
Roadsides, sandy soil, rare. Jane, July. eae Stem erect, prickly, branched
about one foot hich, Zeoves 4to 6 inehes long, 2 to 3 wide, usually in unequal
pairs, with 2 few larze repand lobes-or teeth. Flowers pale blue or white, 1 to 14 .
fnch in diameter, in we alracemes. Berry globular, orange-yellow.
CULTIVATED SPZCIES.
4: §° ruserosum, L: Common Potato.
Root tuberous ; siem herbaccous, winged; leaves interrauptedly pi nnate, pubescent;
flawers subcor ymbed; corolla 5-angled. This valuable plant is supposed to ba a~
ative of South America, where it still grows wild. Although it now constitutes
& large poriion of the food of men, it was scarcely known until the 17th eenturz,-
and was not extensively cultivated before the middle of the 18th. Numerous va-
‘Fieties are raised from the seed, which differ in the time of ripening, quality, form,
-eolor, size, &e.
0. §.-Mzenoncena, Lb. yg Plant.
Prickly ; leaves ovate, subsinnate, downy ; flowers many-parted. Ann. Stem
Branching, about 2 fect high. The fruit consists of large egg-shaped berries, from-
’ the size of an egs to that of a water melon, smooth, white or of a glossy purple.
_ Ei is prepared in various ways, 2nd coxsidered delicious.
$20.0. Lrycorersicum, Mill. Berries 3 to 6-celied, often torose.
6. §. Lycopsersicum, L. Zomato.
Hsiry; stem herbaccous, weak ; leaves unequally pinnatifd, segmonts ont, glam~
-
low. - Fruit large, mo= ly with or without acute ferrows. at fret or ere Q
calyx.—Llerbs, shrubs or trees, natives oe the Old Worley
eous Menenth? Frost toralose, furrowed, cinchihe: A ‘comm
eembling the potato in its weneral asnect, 2 to 4 feet high. Fl
when ripe of a beautifulred or golden. ate ‘The “ae is er in riots
ways, for rauces, stews, &o. eh pete “ps Pi
LS
CULTIVATED EXOTICS. -
7. ATROPA, Linn. Dreapiy NigHTsHape..,
Kame of ono of the three fates of Grecion mythoogy, whose ofice was to cut the
~ thread of human life.
Caryx persistent, 5-cleft. Cororra bell- shaped. Sra.
MENS 5, distant . Brrry globose, 2-celled,-situated on the
AN. BELUADONN: Pkg rh. Bees hts! ada 4
Stem horbaccous: lezves ovate, entireaacuminate ge both ends, in rairg, on chort
petioles: flowers solitary, somew hata reoping, on shor’, 1-fowsted axiVary pe
@uncles; ca’yx doeply divided into 5-ovate segments; stamens sherter than the
corola, bearing heart-shaped £lobed anthers. Native ef Europe. A powerful
nareolic poison, o!ten cultivate d. Stem Sf-ct high, branching below, ané with tke
large Jeaves purplish. Flowers pale purple externally, darker on ihe upper in:
ternal surface, and yellowish below. ZB rries about the size of asmall cherry, with
a transverse furrow, shining smdotlh: of a dark violet Llack color.
2
§. LYCIUM, (ant FALSE J ESSAMINE.
From Lyciz, the rat ve ecuniry ef tke original srecies.
@aryx 2 to 5-cleft, short. Cororna tubular; lind most
ly 5-loked, aided >, orifice closed by the heated of the
flamcnis. Sta NER ‘s4 to 5, exscried. . Brrry 2-celled;
sceds scveral, rcniferm.— Shre hes :, with the branches ondien
in spinose points aad Liften with cxiliary spinese end axillary soli
tary, flowers, or in pairs. .
li. Barsarum, Linn. Mutrimeny Vine.
Stem angular, with long pedunculous branchcs, somewhat spiny; leares often
fasciculate, lanceolate; calyx mostly 38-cleft. Native cf Barbary, cultivated and
nearly naturalized. A handrome shrub growing to the heicht, of 8 t612 fee,
with Jong, slender, trailing or hanging branckes, which overspreed walls, bes with
@ thick tangled macs. eaves emicoth, 3 timce aa long as wide. FPleers greenisE- :
parple. Berries orange-red.
9. CAPSICUM, Tourn. CAvrEnnE PEPPER»
Gr. Lapls, to bite; from two acrility of thefruit, ae
- CALYX erect, 5-cleft, persistent. CoroLia rotate, with a>
very short tube, and plaited 5-lebed limb. SramEns 5,
with converging anthers. Fruita juiccless berry, 2. to 4:
“GENTIANACBE.
celled, “many “seeded. —A large genus of ae or shrubby
plants. pervaded by a hot and pungent principle, with the leaves of-
in pairs, and axillary solitury peduncles
©: annuum, L. Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper:
Stem herbaceous, angular, branching above; leaves ovate, acuminate, entire,
petiolate, smooth; peduncles axillary, smooth; calyx angular, wilh short, acute
lobes; corolia-lobes spreading, longer than the stamens; lerry oblong or subziobos>.
Native of South America. Ann. Cultivated in gardens for its stimulating fruit,
which is well known. Sfem 1 to2 feet high. Flowers solitary, on crowded peo-
duncles, ofa greenish-white color.
10. PETUNIA, Juss.
The Brazilian name is petun, Latinized, petunia.
CaLyx-ruBE short, the limb, 5-cleft, leafy. Cononna
funnel-form, with a cylindric tube ; ca in 9, eS,
plaited lobes. Sranens 5, uncqual, included, arising fror
the middle of the corollu-tube. CapsunLe 2-valved, ee
secded.— Herbs, with simple rene: and axillary Ys solitary y
showy flowers.
1. P. NYCTAGINIFLORA. White Petunia.
Diffuse; cloth:d with clammy hairs; lower leaves alternate, ovate, obtuse, hairy
_ floral leaves sessile. cordate-orate, opporite 5 corpila-tubz cylindric, 3 or 4 times longer
¢han the spatulate sepals, limb flat, spreading. A handsome border flower, native
of Brazil. Siem 1to3 fect long. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long
2. P. viouacea, L. Purple Petunia.
Stem weak, viscid-pilose, prostrate; izaves ovate, acite, on shor t petioles ; corelia
veniricose, with ovate, acute sezments. Native of Brazil. A hands ‘ome. trailing or
climbing plant, quite popular in cultivation. Whole plant clothed with clammy
hairs. Stems several from the same root, simple or somewhat branched, 2 to$
feet long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, fleshy. nearly smooth beneath. Peduneles sa
long asthe leayes. Corolla bright purple, 1 inch or more broad, upper segmerts
emallest. These two species are found to hybridize freely. and the union of the
two produces a great number of beautiful varieties, sach a3 violet, white and pmax
ple, Zesh-color, &c., some of which are highly fragrant.
OrDER 80: GENTIAN ACHER:— Gentian Family.
Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitler juice, mostly oppostie sesstle entire leaves without
shipules, regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the eorolia, mostiy
toisted-in esiivation, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placente; te fruit a 2valved
many-sceded cupsule.—CaLyx persistent. Coz0LLa mostly withering-persisteut, the
stamens inserted on its tube.
%
1. SABBATIA, Adans. AMERICAN CENTAURY.
: Dedicated to Sabbutt, an early Italian botanist.
CaLyx 5 to 12-parted, the divisions slender, CoROLLA
a
aa
Bt Se
44
ae
Psa
: :
% %
4 y.
as
ls
ioenk saat
single ; ; stigma, capitate or 2-lipped—LZow and small branch
5 to 12. parted, wheel-shaped. Srhance Bt to 2
at length recurved anthers. Sryzte 2-parted, sl ler,
spiral divisions. -Capsuce L-celled, the valves a little intro»
fiexed.— Biennials, with slender” stems, and cymose- panicled
handsome white or rose-purple flowers.
I. §. ancunaris, Pursh. Common Centaury.
Stem square and 4-angled,; ‘tif erect, much branched above; leaves ovate, or
evate-heart-shaped; elasping; culya-lobes lanee-linear,. nearly 144 as long as the
corolla; corella-lobes obovate-elliptical. 7 ;
Dry neglected ficlds and river banks. July, Aug. Stem 12to £0 inches high,.
with Bpporite many- flowered branches. _L2aves clossly embracing the stem 1 to 2:
inches long, 14 to 114 wide, obseurely 5-nerved. Flowers showy 1 to 1}4 inch im.
diameter, dean rose color with a-yellowish*green 5-rayed star in the centre.
2. SS. eractuts, Salish. Slender Centaury:
Stem, branches and peduncles very slenier, diffuse ; leaves linear, the lower raion
oblong; clyz-seymenis linear-bristle-shaped, about as-long as the corolla; corolla
6-paried, with elliptic-oblong obtuse lobes.
Wet grounds. July, Aug. Siem’ 10 to 15 inehes high, with lone diverging:
branches. DPunicle terminal, wilh spreading few-fiowered branches. lowers pur--
ple, on long peduncles.
3. SS. sTELLARIS, Pursh. Séar-flowered Centaury.
Stem weak, nearly round; Zeaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost
linear; calyx-lobes lincar-subulate, about half as long as the obovate lobes of the=
corolla. : OR, ne
Brackish meadows. Aug., Sept. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slirhtly angular,.
9 age ap tite branched ; branehes elonzated,1-flowered. Leaves somewhat fleshy
* 1 to 2 inches long, sessile. low37rs bright pur ple-rose-color, with a yellow star in.
the eentre, edged with crimson.
4. §. cauoroipes, Pursh. Large-flowered Contemry.
Stem slender, weak, nearly round; leaves oblong-lanceolate, erect; flowers 7 to.
12 parted; sepals linear, shorter than the elliptical-lanceolate lobes of the corolla. -
Border of brackish ponds. July—Seépt. Stem 2to3 fect hich, loosely panicled
above, with few, 1-flowered branehvs. . Leaves 1 to.114 inch lone, opposite, entire;.
smooth, closely sessile, acute. Corolla 144 to-2 inches in caine bright aa
with a yellow base, segments spatulate, rounded at end.
2. ERYTHRAA, Pers. Crnravry:
Gr. eruthros, red; from the color of the flowers..
Catyx 4 to 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corona
finnel-form, with a slender tube and a 4 to 5-parted limb,
which in withering twists on the pod.. SrameEns 5, rarely
4; anthers after flowering spirally twisted. StTyLE slender,
tng annuals with subangular stems somewhat. Ree | ae and.
rose purple or reddish cymose flowers. - ¢
E. RAMOSISSIMA, Persoon, var. PULOHELLA, kann ag
Low ; stem simple below, 2-forked branched above; leaves. ovate-oblong or. er re
GENTIANACUE. O87
flowers all on short podiodls corolla-tee thrice as long as the elliptisal-obloag
lobes.
Wet meadows or shady places; rare; prob: ably introduced. J: uly. Stem 2 = 6
inecbes high, many times forked “above and forming a diffuse cyme. Lewes V4 to
24 inch long, 14 inch wide, closely sessile. Coreila bright purple, tude yellowish
ee slender, persistent and withering on the capsule.
3. BARTONIA, Muhl. (Cenravretia, Michx.)
Dedicated in the year 1801, to the late Prof. Burton, of Philadelphia.
OaLyx 4-parted. CoroLna Besply 4-cleft, without glands
fringes or folds. STAMENs 4, short. Sriaaa thick, glandu-
Jous and partly biiid. CAPSULE oblong, pointed, 1-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded.— Sinall annual or Picmigal erect fogs
with slender stems, awi-shaped greenish scale like leaves, and small
yellowish white peduncled flowers.
®. TENELLA, Muhl. Smali-flowered Bartonia. Screw-stem.
Stem smooth, branched above, branches mostly opposite, 1 to 3-flowered; leaves
awl-shaped, minute; corolla as long as the calyx; style very short.
Open woods and damp grounds. Aug., Sept, Sézm 3 to 10 inches high, square,
aie twisted. Pudunctes opposite or termi nal,simpleorbranched. Flowers smail
_ greenish white, on the ends of the branches. _Stumens inserted in the clefts of the
corolla. CeN?taureLui M 3zR1, Giisb., isoaly a varicty with the scaies and pe-
duncles mostly opposite.
4. GENTIANA, Linn. GeENTIAN.
#rom Gontius, king of Illyria, who discovered the tonic virtues of this genus.
Catyx 4 to 5-cleft. Cornotua 4 to 5-lobed, regular, most-
ly with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages at
ithe sinuses. Stamens 4 to 5, inserted upon the tube of the
corolla, short. SryLE short or none; sTiGMAs 2, persistent.
CAPSULE oblong, 2-valved, many-s seeded. — Herbs ‘of various
habits, with opposite leaves, and solitary or cymose showy
flowers.
¥ Corolla without crown or platted Ffelds : annual.
1. G. quinquErbora, Lam. Ive-flowered Gentian.
Siem 4-angied, slender, branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat heart-
- shaped and clasping at the -base, 3 to 7-nerved, minutely pointed; coroila-lobes
triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, about 14 as long as the slender obconicel tube,
_ the tube 4 times as long as the subulate sepals.
Hillsides and pastures. Aug., Sept. Stem akout1 foot high, with the branches
emed or panicled, about 5- flowered at the summit. Flowers about 1 ineh long,
“dight purplish-blue. ‘
_ ** Corolla with platted folds; perennials.
2. G. Saponarta, L. Soapwort Gentian.
Stem erect or ascending, often roughish above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, einem or
ilance-obovate, with Be aie eee narrowed at the base; culyz-lobes linear or
patulate, acute, about 14 as long as the corolla; corolla club-bell-shaped, with
Fads
ck ain 0" tt al ils 6 Nea AE eS a al haar STS Mita iy:
- “yy Fa y a ; Fs obs
a ) ’ ‘
_ authority | have here iuserted it, as indiginous to this State.
roundish-oraie, mostly odtuss, erect or conver sing lobes, ee are Bree ee vn th
2-cleft and mnately-toothed appendags; antiers united. * aby
Meadows and sides of streams, common. * Seat., Oat. A very cagabitabe om,
embraviny several varieties and nom: nal species, 12 to 18 inches high, simple, er .
smooth, wi ith opposite smooth leaves. Plow irs 14 inch long, erect, bright 1
subsessile in braaches at tae to3 of the stem, and octea solitary im th: upper az
3. G. ocHroneuca, Freel. Yellowish- White Gentian.
Siem ascending, mostly smooth; leaves obovate oviong, the lowe ast broadly obe-
vate, obtuse, the upper ones lanceolate, all nerve at the base; flowers im a dense
‘terminal cluster; culyx-loves linear, unsqaal, loner thaa the tube; corolia club-
-shaped, apex connivent or slightly expanding, _ lokes ovate, obtuse, the folds en-
tire, acute short; anthers free.
Dry grounds, rave. Sspt., Ost. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, simple. stous. Leaves
eaepmy or sessile, 2 to tincd:s long, %4 to i'4 wid, Jéw2rs 2 inches long, %
inch thiek. Gprolla pen at tov, eresnssh-Waite, painted inside with green veins
and lilac-purple stripes.
4. G. AuBa, Mahl. Whitish Gentian.
Siems upright, stout, very smooth; leaves. oyate-lanceolate from a liehrt shaped
€losely elasping base; ca!yx-lobe; ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much
sorter than the tube of the corolla; corolla inflated crubshaped, at length open,
the short and broad ovate lobes nearly tw:ce as long a3 the toothed appe ondages ;
anthers at first united; capsule nearly included.
Giadesand low grounds. Aus. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, with the flowers
closely sessile aad mach crowdel ina dease terminal cluster, and sometimes also
Clustered in the udperaxils, Culyxtojes redexel-sprealins. Corsa white more
oriess ting: wita g-echiwa or yellowish. This has g:peraily been confounded
with G. Ochroleaca, but Prof-Gzay consilers ita very “d:stinet. species, “on whose
eee CorotlaL-cleft, fim sriste on tie margins ; annwal or biennial.
5. G. criniva, Frel. Fringed Gentian.
St.m erect, branched above; branches clongated, I-flowered ; leaves lahentesiel or
evate-lanceolate, witha partly heart-shaped or rouuded base; loves of the 4-cleft
caiyx unequal, ovat» aud ianc2olate ; coralia-twe be-shaped, the limd —
with wedge obovate lobes, stronz! ty. fringed around the summit.
Low grounds and hillsides. .Sept., Oct. A beautiful species 6 to 12incheshigh,
round aud sm: 90th, with long brauches siizhtly earved at the base, becoming erect
aud strai; ght, each bearing 2 2 leav = at the middie and a single flower at- the top.
Lesves 1-to 2 inches iong, 44 to % inch wide, broadest at “the base. Flowers 2
luches lony, sky blue, finely “trins ged on the mar. 3a, —— ing in sunshine.
5. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BuckBEan.
Qr. men, month, and anti bes a flower; because the plant blossoms about thatlength
of time.
CaLyx 5- parted. CoroLia. short fannel- form, 5-parted,
deciduous; LimB spreading, d-lebed, equal, white, bearded
Within. SfaMENS 0. STYLE slender, persistent. StieMa
2-lobed. Capsune I-celled, bursting somewhat irregularly,
ca herb, with a thickish creeping
reotstoch, pleated re the membuncous bases of the long petioles,
ahich beer 3 aval or oblong leaflets -at the summit, and whites
or sliyhtly reddish flowers, racemed on the nuked scape.
|
|
APOCYNACE.®. 289
M. rerpouraTa, L. Marsh Trefoil. Buckbean.
Lzaves trifoliate ; leaflets obovate; peduucies long naked; scpals obtuse, 14 as long
as the corolla; petals acute, about as long as the stamens. t
Bogs, a ofponds. A fine plent arising from large, black roots, descend-
ing deep into the bozzy earth. Siem § to 12 inches high, round. Flowers white
or flesh-color, beautifully fringed with soft hairs at the base and in the ‘tube of
the corolla.
6. QBOLARTA, Linn. PENnNywort.
“Gr. obolos, a small coin, with which the leaves of this plant are compared,
Catyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the
leaves. - CornoLua tubular-bell-shaped, withering- -persistent,
4.cleft, the lobes oval-oblong, or sometimes spatulate. Sra-
MENS 4, inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. STYLE
short persistent: STIGMA 2-lipped. CAPSULE ovoid, 1-cel-
led, 2-valved, many-seeded.— A low and very smooth pur-
plish-2 areen perenniel with opposite wedze obovate leaves, ond | whi-
tish or r purplish terminal and axillary flowers solitary or in clusters
of 3.
‘O. Virernica, L. Virginian Pennywort.
Siem simple or with a few opposite branehes above; leaves euneate-dbovate or
reundish-rhomboidai, sessile and decurrent at base.
Rich weods, rare. April, May. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, often in clusters. Cor-
olla. pate-purplish or whitish, longer than the stamens.
Orper 81. APOGYNACHE.—Dogbane Family.
Piants with mily acrid juice, entire chiefly opposite leaves without stipules, regu-
lar 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, with the 51 slide of the corelia convolute and twist-
ed in the bud.Oatysx entirely free from the 2 ovaries, persistent. FILAMENTS dis
tinct: pollen granular, globose or.d-lobed. Fruita pair of follicles, rarely one.of
them abortive. SEEDS numerous, amphitropous. Chiefly tropical plants.
1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Decepans.
Gr. apo, away, and kucn, a dog; to which the plant was thought to be poisonous
Caxyx 5-parted, with.acute lobes. Coroxra bell- shaped,
5-cleft, with. 5 triangular appendages in the throat opposite
the lobes. STAMENS 5, mserted on the base of the corolla:
anthers arrow-shaped, longer than the filaments: filaments
slightly adherent to the 2-lobed stigma by their inner face.
Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles.— Perennial herbs, with
epposite entire mucronate deaves, ‘and small pale fiowers in terminal
and axillary cymes.
1. A. aAnpRroszmirotium, L. Dog’sbane.
Smooth, branched aborye, the branches diverging; leaves ovate distinctly petio<
e
290, ee ~ASOLEPIADACEA.
led; cymes loose, spreading, =e longer than the leaves; corolla epsn bell-cha-
ped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the calyz.
Rorders of woods and f2ncerows, common. June, July. Stem 2 to3 feet hi; b,
erect reddish. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long and 24 as wide, dark green above, |
beneath, on petioles 14 inch long. Cbroiia VA inch broad, white striped with red,
with 5 acute, Spreng segracnts —Varics, also, with the leaves downy muder-
neath.
2. A. OANNABINUM, L. Indian Hemp.
Stem and branches upright or ascending; leaves varying from oblong, ova?
ovate to heart-shaped; cymes close, many-flowered, erect, usually shorter then the
leaves; corolla with nearly erect lobes, the tube about as lene as the lanccolate
Jobes of the calyx.
Open woodsan river banks, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to $ feet hich, gon-
erally dividing above into long, slender branches. Lazves 1% to 4 inches loag, 4%
to Yas wide. Var.1, glaberrimum. ws Leaves oblong-lanceolate, on short pete:
oles, smooth, obtuse or roundel. Var. 2, puessens, DC. Leaves oblong. oval, or
ovate, downy undsrae2ath or cn both sides, as wellas theeymes, Var. 3. hypericé-
jelium. ZLeaves more or less heart-shaped at the base; on v-ry short petioles, mort
jy smooth. (A hypericifolinm. Ait.) lowers smail, with lanceolate soute eine
Corolla whitish with straight obiuse segments,
2. VINCA, Linn. PERIWINKLE.
Lat. vinsulum, a band, from tha long twining branches.
CoRoL a salver-form, contorted, border 5-cleft, the lebs
oblique, orifice 5-angled; 2 glands at the base of the orary.
7, ale follionlar, eres fusiform ; seeds oblong. — Upright
or Erattiny sirubs, soil evergreen ae and showy flowers.
1. V. minor, L. Lesser Periwinkle. False Myrtle,
Stem procumbent, trailing; leavzs elliptic lanceolate, smooth on the margins,
thick; flowers pedunsulate; sepsis lanceolate. A handsome evergreen, flowering
ingin May. Native of Burope. Stems several fect in length, round, smooth and
leafy. Leaves opposite, cmcoth andshining, aboutaninchlong. lewers solltary,
lary, alternate, bine, violet and white
2. V¥.o-magsonr, L. Create Periwinkle.
Abcantiful shrub, common in cultivation, native of Europe. Sfem1 to 2 fee$
thigh, with numerous, slender, strazzling branches, very leafy, forming light mzs-
gesof evergreen foliage. Zeave;1toz inehes long, rounded orsomewhat hearisha-
pod at base. Flowers blus, pink and white, blossoming nearly all acasons.
Orpe“es $2. ASCLEPIADACHE.—Milkueed Family.
Plants with miiky jeice and opposite or whorled rarely scaltered entire leaves, regu-
lar 5-merous, 5-androus flowers, with a wvalrale corolla, and singular connection of
the anthers with the stigma, tha eshesion of the pollen masses into waz-like masses, éc.,
a3 explained under the typical genus.
1. ASCLEPIAS, Linn. Minkweep. SILKWEED.
The Greek name of A?iculapizus, to whom thia genus is dedicated.
CaLyx small, 5-parted, persistent, spreading. COROLLA
~
\
ASCLEPIADACEZ. ook
deeply 5-parted, the divisions lanceolate reflexed, deciduous.
Crown of 5 hooded lobes (nectaries) scutcd on the tube of
stamens, each containing a horn-like incurved process. Sra-
MENS 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; FiLAMENTS
united into a tube which incloses the pistil; ANTHERS ad~-
herent to the stigma, with 2 vertical cells opening length-
Wise tipped with a membranaczous appendage, each cell con-
taining a flattened waxy pollon-mass. Sriema depressed,
5-angled, covering 2 ovaries. Founicnes 2, one of them
often abortive, inflated, smooth or muricate. SeEps furnished
with a long tuft of silky hairs at the hiluny.—Perennial up-
right herbs. with thick and deep roots, usually transversely veined
leaves. and terminal or mostly lateral peduncles between the petioles
bearing simple many flowered umbels.
& Lezves opposiie.
1. A. Cornutt, Decaisne. Common Milkweed or Silkweed.
Stem nearly simple, larze and stout; leaves ovate-eclliptical, with a slight point,
fpreading, petiolate, minutely velvety-downy underneath; wmbel nodding; divi-
sions of the corolla ovate; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth
oa each side of the claw-like horn; fwiicles muricate.
Rich soil, fields, roadsides, &c., common. July. A coarse, very milky plant, $
to 4 feet high. Zeuve; 4 to § inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, tapering at both ends,
pale. Winds several, dense, giobdose, cach of 20 or more sweet-scented flowers.
Gsrolla pale-purple, about 14 as long as the pedicels, reflexed,.leaving the crowm
quite conspicuous.
2. A. puyronaccorpzs, Ph. Polk-leaved Silkweed.
Siem simple, erect, sux»0th; lzzves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate
pointed at both ends, short petiol!ed, sm oth or slightly downy underneath ; pedicels
loose and nodling, numerous, elongated, slender; divisions of the corolla ovate
oblong, heads of th: crown truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the
_ hovn with a long projecting poiat; folitcles minutely downy.
Low shady grounds, rather common. June. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, above
maarked with 2 opposite lines of minute pubescence. Lvaves 5 to $ inches long, and
nearly 44 a3 wide. Unvels near the top, on lateral peduncles 4 to G inches long,
vs - to 2) large flowers, on pedice!s Zinches long, clus gueen.,. Crown Desa-
colored.
5. A. PurpuRASCENS, L. Purple Milkweed.
Siem simple, erect, with 2 pubescent lines; leaves elliptical or ovate-obiong, ths
lower mucronate, the upper acum-nate, minutely velvety downy undernesth,.
smooth above, contracte] at base into.a short petiole; pedicels shorter than the
mostly terminal peduncle; divisicns of the ceroila lance-ovate; hoods of thse
crown oblons; the horn broadly faicate, with a narrow and broadly infexed hori
gontal point; follicles smooth.
Border of woods and thickets,not common. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rather
slender. Leuvespale and dowry beneath, the midvein purpie. Flowers in termi:s:
na}. erect umbels, with a small green calyx, and dark purple corolla with rehlexed
“segments. a
4. A. vaRIeGATA, L. Variegated Milkweed.
Nearly amooth;, stem simple, erect; leaves ovate, oval or okovate, somewhefi
RET Sah ee amet
——
ms
ial
SS
ee re ASCLEPIADACGEZ.
—_¥_.W.WWT_—# >
Wavy, mucronate, contracted into a shoré petiole; pedicels and peduncles short,
-downy; corollx segments ovate; hoods of the crown orbicular, entire, the BS
- broad-falcafe, with a-hor monies point ; follicle slightly downy.
Dry woods. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. rece somewhat acuminate, on
pubeseent petioles. Uimbels 20 to 49- flowered, mostly globose. Corollu and crown
~ white, thelatter with a baud of purple around the pase.
5. A. QUADRIFOLIA, Jacq. Four-leaved Milkweed.
Nearly smooth; stem simple, slender; leaves ovate or ovate ‘lanceolate, petioled,
mosily a8, tiie he middle.ones in whorls of four; pedicels capillary ; corolla
segments oblong ; hoods of the crown elliptical-ovate}-Aorn very short, ineurved ;
follicie linear-lanceolate, smooth. -
Dry woods and hills; common. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet hi gh.. Leaves. thin,2
to 4 inches long, the upper and lower ones opposite. Gabels 3 2 to 5, on slender pe-
duneles 1 to i inch leng. lowers small, white or purplish, fragrant. ‘
6: A. oprusirotra, Michx. Wavy-leaved Milkweed.
Smooth and glaucous; stem simple, erect; leaves oblong or oyate-elliptical, very
obtuse, mucronate, sessile, somewhat clasping by a heart-shaped base, the margins
wary; wxubels terminal, many-flowered; hoods of the crown truncate and some-
what toothed at the summit, shorter than the slender subulate horn; follicle
smoothish. :
Sandy woods and fields. rathercemmon. July. Stem 2 to3 feet-high, bearing.a
single (rarely 2) long peduncled terminal umbel of 50 to 46 large reddish-green
fowers.- Leuves much waved on the margin; 4 to 5 inehes long arg as wide. Coroila
light purple. Crown nearly white, the serments large.
T. A. rnupra, L. Led-flowered Milkweed.
Smooth, slender, erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, subcordate
or rounded at base, on very short petioles; divisions of the corolla lanceolate,
acute; hoads of the erown oblong, acatish,with an awi-shaped horn.
Low grounds, rare. July. Stem 1 to2 feet high, with a pubescent line on one
side, beuring 1 to 3 few-flowered umbels at the nake 2d summit of thestem. Leaves
2 to4 inches lonz, reugh-ciliate, in remote pairs. Flowers reddish-purple, tinged
w.th orange.
Be tie JNCARNATA, lu. oe colored Silkweed.
Stem erect, branching above; leaves oblong-lanccolate, acute or pointed, obtuse
at the base, distinctly petioled; umbels many-flowered, erect, mostly terminal, of
ten in opposite pairs; divisions of the corolla ovate; lorns.awl-shaped, curving in-
wards. '
Wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, very leafy, with 2 hairy
lines above and on the branches and peduncles. ee 3 to 6 inches leng, 4 to
114 wide, tapering to a very acute point on petioles 14 inch long. Umbels close: 2.
to 6 togethes ab the top of the stem or branches, on a peduncle 2 inches ‘long.
Flowers small. Coroliareddish-purple. Crown flesh- -color.
9, A. TuBERosa, L. Butterfly Weed. “Pleurisy Foot.
Roughish-hairy; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, with spreading branches ;
leaves varying from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled; wmbdels
numerous, often forming terminal corymbs; hoods of the crown narowly-oblong,
scarcely longer than the slender awl-shaped horns; follicles hoary.
Dey hills and fields, common. June—Aug. oot large, tuberous. Plant 1 to 2
feet high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous corymbed umbels of showy
orange flowers on short peduncles. JZcaves sometimes broad and cordate, at others
linear and somewhat tapering at base. Cvrolla greenish-orange. Crown, bright-
orange- _Medicinal, : r
— _ ASCLEPIADACEZ. ~ a
10. A VERTICILLATA, I. W horled Millzwced.
_Smoothish ; stems slender, simple or sparingly branched. minutely hearyin lines,
-yory teafy ‘to the. summit; leaves ‘mostly whozled, “narzow-linear, revolute on the
margin; wmbels small lateral and terminal; hoods of the crown roundish- oral,
half as long-as the hooked ciaw-shapced horns. :
Dry hills. Jane—S: opt. Siem 1 to : feet high, very slender, often a litle branched
ai the sammit. Leaves 2 to Sinches long, scarcely 1 line wide, 3 to 6 in a whorl, or
the lowest anid uppermost nearly opposite. lowers smail, greenish-white, in nu-
miercus umbels about 1 inch in diameter. Ce
Ac:ratrs, EN. Hoods of the crown destitute of a horn; whence the name, from
G@, privative and ‘erws,-atcs, a horn.
HW. A. vimmrrvora, Raf. Green flowered Liileweed.
Downy-hoary; stems low and stout, ascending ; lezzes oval, orate and obovate er
eometimes almost linear, slightly petioled, mucronate, acute or obtuse, thick, at
lensth smoothish ; winvels nearly sessile, @ensely many-flowerce, globose, lateral ;
2 J b) »
crown oblong, strictly erect, sessile at the base of the tube of élaments, sherter
than the anthers. -
Dey hills and sandy fiekis, common. July—Sept. Siem 12 to 18 inches high,
sometimes clustercd. "Lower é3 2 to 3 inches lonz, thick and Goriacecous, very variablo
iv fo-m: Uindels 2 to 4, subterminal on short thick hairy peduncies. Flewas
greenish, when expanded about the length of tire pedicel.
2. GONOLOBUS . Micl chx.
Gr. gonos, an angle, and lsbos, a pod, from the ribked follicles.
Catnyx 5-parted, spreading Corotta 5-parted, wheel-
shaped, sometimes reflexed-spreading. CROWN a small and
-fleshy wav y-lobed ring in ee throat cf the corolla. ANTHERS
“horizont ab, partly ented under the fattened stignraa,
opening transversely. POELEN-MASSES 5: pairs, horizontal.
Foi.LicLes 2; turgid, somewhat ribbed. -Sreps’ comose.—
Twining herbaceous or shrubby plants, with opposite heart-shaped
Leaves, usually hairy, and Pee a or corymbed g greenish or purplish
flowers, on peduncles rising from between the peli ioles.
1. G. wirsutus, Michx. Huiry Gonolobus.
Minutely pwbeseent; leaves ovate heart-shaped, somewhat obtuse or pointed; pe-
diuncles fzw-ilowered, shorter than the petioles; pedicels very short; bractlets awl-
shaped; lobes cf the corolla obleng minutely so tly-hairy outside ; follicles covered,
with spine-like soft processes.
Rich viv er banks. Western part of the State. June, July. Stem trail: ng and?
climbing 5 to 4 feet long, the younger branches very hairy. Leaves s slightly auricue.
late at base. Umbels axillary, 3 3 to 4-fowered.. Flowers dark purple.
2. G. MAOCROPHYLLUS, Miehx. Large-leaved Gonolobius
Stem hirsute with long hairs; leaves broadly ovate-heart-sh aped, pointed ; pe-
@uncles and pzdicels longer than the petioles; bracilets linear; lotes of the corolla.
linear or narrowly oblong, downy outside; follicles ribbed and angled.
Shady banks, near Philadelphia, Barton. Chester Co., Darlington. J uly. Stem.
twining several feet long. Leaves 5 to Ginches wide. Flowers | purple and greens.
ish, fetid, i in loose cymose umbels.
J2*
i
294 : JASMINACEE AND.OLEACEZ:
‘Oaver 83. JASMINACEE.— Jasmine Family.
c >
Stirubs, often with twining stems, opposite or alternate mostly compound leaves and”
- white or yellow, mostly fragrant flowers in oppooite corymbs. Calyx divided or-
toothed, persistent. Corona regular, salver-form, the limb in 5 to°8 divisions.
Stans 2, arising from the corolla and included within its tube. Ovary free, 2-
celled, each cell with 1 erect ovule. Sryzuz 1; stigma 2lobed.. Faure a dauble
berry, or a capsule seperable into 2, 2-secded. r
JASMINUM, Linn: Jasmine.
Gr. tasme, perfume; fromthe fragrance of the flowers.
CALYX tubular, 5 to 10-cleft.. Coron. salver-form,;
tube long; fimbd flat, 5 to 10-eleft. FRruir.a double berry;
seeds 2, solitary, ariled.— Bushy or climbing shrubs, with op-
posile compound leaves on articulated petioles, and white or yelicw-
mostly fragrant: flowers in paniculate corymbs.
I? J} rrurrcans, L. Yellow Jasmine. ‘i
€mcoth, erect; branches angular; leaves alternate trifcliate, rarely simple ;-
laaflets curvel; flowers few, subterminal; calyx segments subulate; corcllu-tube
twice longer than the calyx, limb of 5, abtuse lobes. Native of South Europs. -
Stem 2 feet high, bushy. Flowers yellow, incdorous,-the tube about % inch long. .
2. J. OFFICINALE, L. White Jasmine. Common Jasmine. .
Smooth, scarcely climbing; branches subangulate; leafieis 3 to.7, lanceolsts,
acuminate; panisies terminal, few-flowered, corymbose; corolla-tube twice longer
than the calyx. - Native of Asia. A beautifuland much cultivated species, several.
feet high, with fragrant white flowers.
Orper $4. OLEACHE. — Olive Fumily.;
‘ v
Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinneie or simple leaves, a 4-cleft or sometimes -
obsolete calyx, a regular 4-cieft or niadrly 4-petulous corolla, sometimes apetalows, 2, er -
rarely 3, stamens, and a 2cclled: ovary with 2 suspended ovules in each cell, PRUE”
drupaccous, baccate or samare, usually 1-seeded by abortion. SzEDS anatropous, 4
wiih a large straight embryo usually in hard feehy albumen.
1. ~ LIGUSTRUM, Tourn:. Priver.
‘The classical name, ..
CALyx minutely 4-toothed, deciduous. Cororta funncl-
form, 4-lobed ; lobes ovate, obtuse. SramEns 2, on the tube’
of the corolla, included. SryLe very short; stigma 2-clett.
BERRY globose, 2-celled, 2 to 1-seeded.— Shrubs with Stitt
ple entire leaves on short petioles, and emall white flowers in terminal:
thyrsvia panicles.
Ih yuneaRre, L.. Privet. Prim
Leaves lanceolate and obovate, acute or obtuse, smooth, ae panicles dense ,’
terminal.
Tatroduced from Europs, used for low hedges; naturalized. May, June. A
smooth shrub 5 to 10 feet- high, with wand-like opposite branohes, andsmooth dark -
green leaves 1 to 2 inches long, Vyas wide. Berries black, globose.
29. CHIONANTHES, Linn. Frince-trez.
OLEACER. 995->
- @f. chion, snow, and anihos, blossom; alluding to the lizht snow-white elusters of
flowers.
Canyx very small, 4-parted, persistent.. Coronna of 4
long and linear patals, barely united at the base. Sramens
2, very short, on the base of the corolla. StYLE very short;
sixgma notched. Davpz fleshy, globular, becoming 1-celled.
aad 1-seeded. — Low trees or shih with entire petio! led t leaves,
gad delicale flowers in loose and drooping graceful « racemes or-
panicles.
C. Vrirarsica, L. Write Fringe-tree.
Leivez oval, oblong, or obovate-lancsolate, smoothish or rather downy; yeiny; =
frowers on slender pedicels.
Chester O>.,.Darl. Union Co. River banks and mountains,rare. Jane. A small
very ornamenial tr2e6 to 12 feet high, with opposite brinehes. Flowers white in
peodulous panicles; pstuls abontil inch long, narrowly linzar, acute, rarely 5 to 6
in number. Drups purplo with a bloom.:
3. SYRINGA, Linn... Linac.
; Gz. syrinz, a shepherd's pips; from the use once made of its branches.
€anyx small, with erect teeth. Corona salver-forn,
with the tube several times longer than the calyx; limb
eleft into 4 deep, obtuse, spreading segments. St oe 2,
short, included withia the tube. CApsure” 2-celled,
valved. — Oriental, flowering shrubs, with simple, entire tes
and nosily fragrant thyrsoid flowers.
1. 8. vunearts, L: Common Inle
~ Leaves cordats-ovate, bass smaoth, green on both sides; flowars thyrsoid; imd
of thecorolla gomaiwhat coacaye. Native of Hangary. . There aseseveral varieties
with purplish-blue, lilac-purnle and white flowers.
2 © Persica, L. Persian [nlac.
Leaves lanceolate, acute, smooth, green on both sides, sometimes pinnatifid: limd -
to} > Pp 3
¢
ot the corolla flatiish. Native of Persia. Mey. A ‘beautiful flowering shrub, -
smaller than the fret, with wand-like.branches in thyrses of white or lilac-blue -
flowera..
4; FRAXINUS, Tourn. ASH.
Gs; fraxis, @ separation, from the facility with which the wood splits. =
FLowegs polygamous or dicecious. CALYX small, 4-cle& -
ide oe
296 - QOLEACER. - ;
cr obsolete. Prrats 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the
- base, sometimes only 2 oblong or linear, often entirely want-
ing in’ our species. -SramEns 2, rarely 3 to 4. Sr¥LE-
single; stigma 2-cleft. Frurr a 1 to 2-eelled samara,
flattened, winged at the apex, 1 to 2-seeded.— Tees, with
petioled unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers in erowded’
panicles or racemes fron: the axils of the former years growth.
SC. lyz-present; corolla wanting.- gwta im
1. F. Americana, L. White Ash. --
Leaflets7 to 9, stalked, oblong-ovate, peinted, nearly entire, glaucous underneath;-
at length smooth; samara spatulate-linear, obtuse, with a long narrewed base.
Rich woods, common. Aonril, May. The white ash is-exceeded” by few trees
in the beauty and magnitude of its proportion. The trank arises ofien to the
heizht of 40 fect without a branch-and then expands into a regular summit of
about the same additional heizht. ure of the trank gray, furrowed and cracked ,-
that of the branchlets greeniah-gray, smooth. Leaves 1 foot or more long. Llow-
' ers in loose panicles.
> a> ~ xy
9 ¥: pusrscens, Walt. Med Ash.
Leaflets 7 to 9, lanceolate or ovate-Janceolate, pointed, somowHat serrate, velvety-.
downy underneath, as wellas the petioles and young branchlets; samara narrow-
ly lanceolate-spatulate, obtuse, usually with an obtuse point, tapering at the base.
Woods along streams, very common: May. The red ash resembles the last
species, so as often to be confounded withit. It rises 63 fet high with a straight
trunk, covered with bark of a deop brawn color. Leaves at length reddish under- _
l
neath. The wood is less valuable than that of the white ash.
8. FF. sucnuanprsctra, Lam. “Swamp Ash..
Branches smooth; leafists 7 to 9, ovate, serrate;smooth, somewhat downy on the:
yeins underneath, stalked; ‘samara wedge-lanceolate, obtuse, scarcely acuminate~
at the base. : ; ee
Wet woods. May. A small tree 15 to 25: fect hirh, with greenish, branchista:
Leaves 10 to 15 inches long, green on both sides, with a ¢!aucous hue underneath -
Flowers gresnish. Fruit much smaller than in the other species.
2% CUlyx and corolla bet’ wanting.
4. F. sampBuciro.iaA, Lam. Black Ash. Water Ash.
Leaflets 9 to 11, sessile by an obtuse Dass, eliiptical-laneeolate, pointed, more or~
less hairy on the veins beneath ; samara elliptical-oblong, very obtuse at bothends..
River banks and swamps. Anvil. A slender tree £0 to 60 feet high, with a very
touch wood. Branchesash-color, with dark dots. Zeaves 9 to 15 inches in lengths.
amooth above, and red-downy on the veins beneath.
DIVISION TE
APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS..
GoRoLLA none ; the floral envelopes consisting of a single
series of organs (calyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting..
ARTSTO! LOCHIACE AM, UT
Oxper 85. ARISTOLOCHIASES. — Birthwort Pa.
Climbing shrubs or herds, with alternate simple petiolate leave and perfect axillary,
solitary, brown or lurid colored flowers, with the calyx coherent below with the 2-celied
ovary, which forms a muny-seeued S-celled capsule or berry in fruzt. STAMENS 6 to 12,
more or less united with the style; anters adnate, extrorse. SzzDs anatropows,
with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen:
I. ASARUM, Giura) ASARABAGCA..
An ancient name, thought to be derived from-a, privative, amd setrony bound, be-
cause it is rejected from-garlands,
PrRiaNntH bell-shaped; dimb 8-parted, the tube wholly
adherent to the ovary. STAMENS 12: ane nts-awl-shaped,
coherent with the apex of the ovary. SryLes united into a
short column, bearing 6 radiating crested stigmas at the
apex. Fruit fleshy, globular, “crowned with the per-
sistent calyx, many-sceded. Nc maliess herds, with aromatic- ~
pungent creepthgrootstocks, bearing a nodding flower close to the
ground, between the long petioles of the kidney. ae leaves.
A. CANADENSE, L. Wild Ginger. Coltsfoot.
Downy; leaves a ine pair, broad ki daey-shaped ; periant woolly, cleft to-
the base, the segments reflexed.
Hillsides in rich woods. May. JZeaves 3 to 4 inches wide, on long and hairy
petioles. #lewers brownish purpie inside. The root has an azreeable and-aro-,
matic flavor.
- 2 ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Birtawor
From the Greek; in alluslon to its medicinal virtues.
PeRIANTH tubular, the tube variously, inflated above the
ovary, dilated at the apex and ligulate. ANTHERS 6, sub-
sessile, inserted on the style. Sriaua.5 to 6-parted or lobed.
CapsuLE 6-sided, 6-valved, many-seeded. Sreps flat.—
Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or
shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary. greenish:
or lurid-purple flowers.
ie uN. SERPENTARIA, L.. Virginia Saakeroot.
Herbaceous, low, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, from a heart-shaped base, or
halbert-form, mostly acute or pointed; peduncles nearly radical; perianth strongly
bent and inflated at the curvature, the border obtusely 3-lobed.
Rich woods; common near the Allegheny Mountains. July. Foot consisting of
numerous coarse fibres, aromaticstimulent. tem 8-to 12 inches high, pubercent,
geniculate and knotty at the base. #lowers purplish-brown, bent like the He iS. .
inflated at the two ends. Stigma 2-lobed.
od. A. SrpxHo, L’ Her. Duveiaaw s Pipe.
Woody, twining and climbing, smooth leaves round-heart- chared, slightly downy,
is
nt: S
CHENOPODIACE.
eaderneath ; pedunc’es solitary, 1-flowered, with a elasping bract; perianth
ings curved, contracted at tho throat, the border obtusely 3-lobed.
Rich mouutain woods, rare. May. Siem sometimes 2inches in diameter, climb-
fng tress. Leav-s 8 to 12 inches broad. Perianti 1 Y4,inele lons, brownish. Stig-
ge2 slightly s lobed. :
Oaper 86. CHEMOPODIAGEE!.—Goosefoot Family.
Chiefly herbs of home’g aspecl, more or less succulent, with mostly alternate leaves
withou! stipules or bracts, minute greenish flowers, with the free calyx imbricated in.
the bud; the stamens aboutus many as the lobzs and inserted opposite them or on their
base, a 1-scllel ovary becoming a 1-seed-d utricte in fru't. Catyx persistent, inclosing:
the fruit. Sryviss2, rarely 3'to5. Fiowers commonly perfect. ~
“1. CHENOPODIUM, Lina. Gooszroor.
: ) &2 Fo0So, and pows, foot, in allusion‘to the shape of the leaves.
BRS pericct. CaLyx 5-parted, obtusely 5-angled,
lly enveloping e the depressed fruit. ‘STAMENS 5. STYLES
~UrRIcLe membranaceous ; SEEDS horizontal, lenticular. —
Smooth mostly annual weeds with petioled triangular or rhomboid
toothed or entire leaves often covered with a white mealiness and
sessile flowers iz smait clusters. .
‘ ee 7,” 5
1. -C. auBum, L. Lamd’s-quarter.
Siem upright, somewhat branched ; leaves rhoemboid-ovate with a we eae
entire base, coarsely sinuate-toothcd; flowers in. panicled spikes, nearly leafics:
seed smooth and shining. ; 4
Waste grounds, common. July, Aug. A very common plant about gardens, 2)
to 3 feet high. covered with awhitish mealiness. Upper leavesmostly oblong-linear
andentire. Flowers namerous small, green, in irregular terminal erect racemes.
& greener variety is the C. virsd2 of most authors.
2. C. eiavcum, L. pes: Goosefoot.
Stems ascending or prostrate, much branched; leaves orate-oblonz, obtuse, sin-
wate or toothed, mealy-whitened underneath; racemes spiked, rather dense,.
ascending, leafless ; culyz-lobes not keeled; seeds smooth and shining.
Near Philadelphia, rare. July. Stem d-ffase thick.
3. C. nybpeaipum, L. Muple-leaved Goosefoot.
Siem erect, much branched ; lewves ovate-heart-shaped atthe bass, pointed, angled
with a few. large and distant pointed tecth; racemes loosely. panicied, BpreeiaSy
beafless;-culye-loles keeled in-fruit.- --" --+- detaches oe yea
Waste places,common. July, Aug. Stem 2to3 feet high, slender, with large
and bright green leaves. Flcwzrs greenish, ill-scented, ina loose branching cluster..
4. C. urzsicem, L. TVriangular-leaved Goosefoot.
Stem erect, branching; le aves triangular-acute; coarsely sinuate-toothed, the up-:
permost lance-linear and nearly entire; 7acemes spiked-panieled, erect; calyx-lobes
not keeled —Var. vhombifolium, Moquiu (C. rhombifolium, rT: ,), has rather:
rhombic leaves with more prolonged teeth.
‘Not common. June, JG Whole plant. yellowish-green, 1 to 2 feet bis
brenched. lowers small groven, in roundish dense clusterte.
CHENOPODIACE. 989
Amorina, Spach. Szep either vertical or horizontz, the embryo not coiled inte
@ complete ring; sTYLes often 3.—G@landular and often pubescent herbs, exhaling aw
aromatic or b2lsamic odor.
5. C. Borrys,L. Jerusalem Oak.
Stem ascending; leaves obiong, obtuse, sinuate pinnatifid, the Sar spatulate-
lanceolate; ras:mes cymose-pan:cied, divergent, leafless.
Waste al common. Jaly—Sept. Whole plant frazrant, 1 to 2 fest high,
branched. JLexzves petioled, with deep sinuses, numerous. Fiowers green, very Bue
mcrsus, in numerous short azillary racemes.
6. C. antuetMintica, L.. Wormseed.
Erect; leaves ovate-oblong, narrowed at the base into a p@iole, coarsely and un-
equally eut-toothed or sinuate; racemes elongated and spike-like, slender, Jeaficss;
talyr-loies not kecled..
Toadsides and waste places- Per. July; Aug. Plant 2 fect high, very sireng-
Fcented. the branches terminating in long spikes cf green, inconspicuous £ Lower.
Whe seeds yield the well known rermifuge Worm seed oil.
%7. C. amprosowes, L. Sweet Pigweed.
? 2
Erect, mach branched; leaves oblong, narrowed at the base into a
motely sinuate-toothed, tle upper oblong-iinear and entire; racemes 1s
@alyzcbes somewhat keeled.
Roadsides, common. Aur., Sent. Stem iS inches hich, so ’ sie
Leaves on short petioles, ucute atcachend. #lcwe7rs grecn in erect spikes.
2. BLITUM, Tourn. Bruire.
_ he ancient Greek and Latin names of some insip'é pot herb.
Frowers perfect. Catyx 3 to 5-parted, becoming juicy
and berry-like in fruit. Sramens 1 to 2. Srynes 2, united.
SEEDS vertical, compressed globular.— Nearly smooth ar-
nuals, with petioled triangular or halbert-shuped sinuate-
tovihed leaves, and mostly cupttate-clustered Mowers.
1. B. capitatom, L. Strawberry Blite.
Stem oscendins, branched; leaves triangular and somewhat halbert-chaped, sin-
mate-toothed ; clusters simple, interrupted!y spiked, the upper leafless; seed smeoth,
with a nerrow sharp margin.
Dry rich grounds. June. A weedlike plant about a foot in height.
-saaeragg pulpy and bright rea im fruit, when the lerze clusters appear like straw-
Trics.
2. B. vircatum, Lk. Slender Strawberry Blite.
Siem with spreading branches; deaves triangular-hastate, sinuate+tcothed; heads
scattered, lateral. ;
Pields and wastes places; introduced. June. Stew 2 feet in length. See
or procumbent. Leuves 2to3 by 1 to 2 inches, coarsely toothed on petio.es 1 to 2
inches long. Flowers always in axillary clusters, terminal. Calyx becoming
fleshy and red in fruit.
3. ACNIDA, Mitchell. Waren Hemp.
Gr. a, privative, and knida, a nettle; for a nettlelike plant which does not sting
- FLOWERS diccious, without bracts. STERILE FLOWERS
_
The calyx
A A GR AN SETI
een a
Foye : ; ated
Se ee ee 7r 7
‘
é
|
I
}
4
I
i
{
x =
a AMARANTUACER. Me
a
with 5 membranaceous oblong sepals and 5 short stamens. —
FERTILE FLOWERS with 3 acute sepals and a3 to 5-angled”
ovary bearing 3 to 5 linear revolute stigmas. Fruit a 3 to
5-angled coriaceous achenia. SEEDS vertical, compressed.— —
Smooth and tall annuals, with lanceolate and acuminate ‘entire peti-
oled leaves. and clustered sessile fiowers crowded in ae nny and ter-
minal spikes or panicles.
A. CANNABINA, L. ‘Common Water Hemp.
Leaves clongated-lanceolate, ops to a long mostly obtuse point; fruit acute-
angled, smooth. : “4 ey es:
Brackish swamps.common. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet hizh, slightly angled.
Eeaves a'ternate, ribbed, 2to dinches.long. Flowers small, green, in large axillany
aud terminal panicles. , ae
4. BETA, Linn. BEE.
Ps Celt ce beft, rod, the usual color of the beet. -
Qarrs S-sepaled. Sramens 5. Sryues 2, very short,
erect, with acute stigmas. Sxp reniform, embedded in the
fleshy caly x— Biennials, with furrowed stems, alternate leaves,
and glomerate green flowers in spikes or paniculate racemes.
1. B. vurearis, L. Common Leet. ,
Lower leaves ovate; rod fieshy ; flowers in dense, sessile, ‘axillary clusters. Na-
tive of South Hurope. Much eultivated for ths table. There are se 2veral varieties,
of which the purple-leaved is the most esteem2d for the kitchen, am the green-leay-
ed for extracting sugar.
2.68. Crews," i. Shanctee Meigen
Leaves with very thick veins; jlowers 3 together. Native of Pcrtugal. Root-
leaves stalked, those of the stem sessile. _#dowers green, numerous, in yery lorg
spixes. The variety Scarcity has very large leaves, w.th bat a small root, used as
asalad, &c. The vari-ty Mingel-tWurtzel has a very large root, and is much culti-
vated as food fur cattle, for which purpuse it is highty prized.
Orvrn 87. AMARANTHACEE—Amaranth Family.
Verbs, rarely stirubs, with opposite or diternate leaves, witout stipules and flowers
én keads or spices usually colored, tmbricated with dry ond searious persistent braets
which are usually colored, the sepals very similar. SEPALS 3 to 5. SrTamuws 5, or
some multiple: ‘ef 6. Ovary 1, free, lor few ovuled. Srytzlornone. S11¢mAs sim-
ple exr:compound. Fruita utricle. SE=ps pendulous.
1. AMARANTHUS, Linn. AMaRANTH.
Gr. @, not, maraino, to wither, and enthos, flower.
‘FLOWERS moneecious or polygamous, rarely dicecious, 3-
bracted. SEpats3 to 6. STAMENS 3 to 5, separate: AN-
AMARANTHACE. . ,; 801
-rHeRs 2-celled. SryLEs or STIGMAS 2 to 3, sometimes 4,
“threadlike. Urricix opening transversely ‘all round, or in-
dehiscent, 1-seeded.— Chiefly annual weedy herbs, of coarse
aspect, with alternate and entire petioled leaves, and minute spike~
clustered fiowers with green or purple bracts and calyx.
* Monecious > stamens 2.
4d. A. atsus, L. White Cock’s-comb.
Smooth; stem upright, angular, with spreading or horizontal branches; Wwawés
-obovate or spatulate-oblong, pale-green, obtuse or notched; clusters axillary, in-
conspicuous; bracts lance-oval-shaped, with spreading spiny tips longer than the
calyx.
Open waste places and roadsides, common. Aug. A very homely weed, 1 to 3
feet high. Leaves 4 to 2 inches long, somewhat wavy-margined. Flowers incon-
spicuous, concealed Sageeepe greenish bracts, in small clusters.
‘*& Stamens 5.
‘2. A. Hysripvus, L. Hybred Amaranth.
Roughish-pubescent; stem upright, grooved-angled, sparingly branched, or sim-
‘ple; leaves ovate and lance-ovate ; flowers crowded in dense compound terminal
atid axillary naked spikes; bracts peiekiaged:; nearly bristle-pointed, longer than
the flowers.
Waste end cultivated grounds,common. July—Oct. Stem 1 to 5 feet high, stout.
Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, alternate. Flowers minute, in largegreen oblong spikes,
becoming at length a dull red.
3. A. RETROFLEXUS, L. Huiry Amaranth.
Rough-hairy; stem upright, stout, often zigzag, the lower branches recurved at
the base; leaves ovate, wavy-marzined; spies compact, triply-compound, erect;
bracts awl-shaped, pointed, much lenger than the flowers,
Waste and cultivated grounds, among rubbish, common. July—Oct. -Plant 2
to 3 feet high, scarcely distinct from A. hybridus, being rougher and stouter, with
thickerand more crowded spikcs aud larger flowers.
4. A. sprnosus, L. Spiny Amaranth.
-Smoothish, ‘branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate, spiny at the axils; sterile clusters
erowded in compound panicled and naked spikes, the fertile mostly compact and
globular in the axils; bracts not longer than the calyx. =
Roadsides and-cultivated grounds; introduce@. Jitine—Sept. Stem to 3 feet
high, often purplish. Spines'4 to 4inchlong. Flowers:greenish.
5 <A. Buirum, L. Low Amaranth.
Smooth, difusely spreading; leaves ovate or rhomboid, very obtuse or notched ;
flowers in small and round axillary clusters and in naked terminal spikes; dracés
shorter than the calyx.
Gardens and waste grounds; intralucsd. July—Sept. Stem mastly prostrate
and spreading. Leaves 28 long as the petioles, 4% to 244 ag wide. lowers numer-
ous, greenish. Stamens 3.
s%% Plowers red or purplish. ‘
6. A. HypocHonpDRIAcUS, L. Prénrce’s Feather.
Nearly smooth; stem upright, stout ; leaves ovate, acute; flowers clustered on ep
Tight compound spikes or racemes. ; Bi
‘Common arcund gardens. July—Sept. - Whole plant dark red, 3 to 4 feet high,
Leaves green with a red pnrple spot or tinged with purple. Flowers bright red: -
purple aswell as the subulate bracts.
K2
batt
302... ; NYCTAGINACES.
7... A. MELANcHOLICUS, L. Lve-lies-bleeding. .
Leaves ovate lanceolate, colored; racem2s axillaty, peduncled, roundish. A beam-
‘tiful plantdrom India, 1 to 2-feet high. Flowers redd ish purple.
- ,
CULTIVATED EXOTICS.
2. GOMPHRENA, Linn. Grose AMARANTE.
Bracts 5, colored, the 3 outer ones connivent, carinate.
SePALs 5, villous. Disk (nectary) cylindric, 5-toothed.
UrricyeE circumscissile, 1-seeded.--Annual or perennial herbs,
awith opposite leaves, and givbose heads of flowers.
, ees e : F
1. “A. atoposa, L. Annual Globe Amaranth.
Stem erect, hairy; leaves oblong, pubescent ; flowers in globose solitary heads,
keels of the bracts winged. A showy flower from India, much admred for its
heads of flowers, which retain their beauty for along t “me. Stem 12 to 18 inches
high, with oppos:te axillary branches. Flowers purple.
2... A, PERENNIS, L. Perennial Globe Amaranth.
Leaves lanceolate; izads 2-leaved; flowers-with a peculisr calyx. Native of Seuth
America. Stem about 3 feet high. J’wers in giobose heads, purple, resembling
heads ofclover..’ Jaly—Oet. !
2. CELOSTA,-Linn. .Cock’s-ComMsB.
Gr. keleos, burnt; some of the species appear’as if singed”
SepALs 8 to. 5, colored; sTAMENS united at base by a
pluited disk. Sryie.2-to 3-cleft. UrricLe circumscissile.—-
Ornamental exotic herbs, with mostly alternate leaves.
©. cristata, L. Crested Cock’s-com.
Leaves ovate, acuminate; stzpules fuleute; commen pecunele sitiated; spile cl-
jong, compressed. Nutiye of Japan, where the flowers or-crests are a foot.in dizme.
ter, and ef au intense purplish red. Stem 2 feet high. June—Scpt.
Orper 68. NYCTAGINACER,
Fiorbs or shrus, wit opposite leaves, one of each pair smaller than the cther, and
a, colored prriunth resembling a corolla, with a plaited limb, fulling of from the ewer
purt which becomes indurated in fruit. STAMENS hypogynous, dcfinite! ANTEERS
2Zcelled. Ovary free, with a single, erect ovule.. Styns1: smegma }. Fema thin
uiricle,.enclosed within the enlarged inflated bract. .
MIRABILIS, Linn. Fovur-o’ctock.
PERIANTH funnel-form, tube contracted, free from the
ovary, limb plaited, entire, deciduous. Sramens 5. Sriq-
MA globose:—A beautiful genus of flowering plants, natives
of warm latitudes, with white red yellow and variugated fluwers. -
4 PHYTOLACCACEH AND POLYGONACE. 303
er
1. M. Janapa, Ll. Marvel of Peru:
Leaves smooth, cordate, acuminate; flowers in clusters; stalked, large. This well
known plant is a native of the West Indies. Stem 2 feet high. Flowers large in
axillary and terminal clusters,-with a-wide-spreading border, opening at 4o’cloek,
RB: M., bright purple: By cultivation itsports into many varicties with yellow and
white, red and white, and red and yellow flowers. June—Sept.
2. M. tonerriora, L. Long-flowered Four-o’ clock.
Leaves pubescent ; Jlowers crowded ; tube of tiie periangh very long, hairy.. Na-
tive of Mexico. Per. June—Sept. Stem.2 feet high: lowers white.
Orvrr 89. PHYTOLACCACE..—Pokeweed Family:
kt
Plants with aliernate entire leaves, and perfect flewers, with nearly the character of
Ghen-podiaceer, but usually a several-celled ovary composed of as many car‘pels united
tutd a ring and forming «& berry tn fruit; represented in the Northern States cniy
By the typical genus
PHYTOLACCA, Tourn: PoKEWEED:
Gr. phuton; plant, and the French lac, lake, in allusion to the a matter which?
the berries yield.
_ CaLyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. STAMENS.5
to 30. Ovary of 5 to 12 carpels, united into a ring, with
as many short seperate styles, in fruit forming a depre ssed-
globose 5 to, 12 gelled: berr y, with.a.single vertical seed in
each cell.— Tull and siout perennial her bs, with large petioled:
leaves, and flowers in racemes becoming lateral and opposite byt the
axillary prolongation of the stem.
~P. DECANDRA, L. Common Poke or Scoke. Garget.”
Leaves ovate, acute at both.ends; stamens 10; ee 10.
Roadsides and moist grounds.common. July spt. Root very large, poisonons..
‘Siem 5 to 8 feet high, round. smooth. branchine, a? when mature of a. fine deep-
_ crimson or purple. Leaves 5inches long, by 2 to 3 wide, smooth, entire and p:---
LS toled. Plower's greenish-white.. Fruit a dark purple berry, filled with a crimsoa-
juice. ™
Orprr 90. POLYGONACEH.—Buckwheat Famity..
Eris, with alternate usually entire leaves furnished with stipules in the form of
sheuths above the swollen joints of the stem.and mostly perfect flowers, witha, merz or
bess persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing 2 £0 3 styles or stigmas, and a single eFect
orth tropous seed. STAMENS 4 to 12, inserted on the base of the 3 to € cleft calyx.
1. POLYGONUM, Linn. KNorwEEp. siesk,
Gr. polu, many, and gonu, knee, from the numerous joints.
CaLyx mostly 5-parted, the divisions often petal-like,.per-
“sistent. STAMENS 4.109. Srybes orstiemas 2 to3) short
*
_ tinct yarietics. Sécm smooth, furrowed, shortjointcd, often very long Sndcreeplng,
POLYGONACER.
filiform. ACHENTA triangular or lenticular, usually cover
by the persistent calyx. — Herbaceous plants with jointe
stems, and smail fiowers in axillary.andterminal fascicles and spikes,
or paniculate racemes.
*PERSICARIA, Tourn. Flowers in serine or axillary spikes, white or rose colored.
Mostly annuals. fe
tl. P. PENNSYLVANICUM, L. Pennsylvania Knot-Grass..
Stem smooth, tumid at the joints; eed lanceolate, ey stipules smooth ;
spikes oblong, crowded; stumens 8; styles 2 2or1.
Margins of ponds and ditches. July—Oct. Slem2to3feethigh. Leaves 3 tod
inches long, % as wide, slightly scabrous. Spikes dense-flowered, large and sqme-.
what nodding. Flowers rose-colored, pedicellate.
2. P. Persicaria, L. Lady’s Thumb. Spotted Knotweed:.
Stenr smooth; leaves lanceolate, pointed, roughish; sheaths fringed; sprkes ovoid-
oblong or cylindrical, dense, ereet, on smooth peduncles; stamens mostly 6; styles
2, united nearly half their length.
Wasie and damp places, very common. July, Aug. Stem12 to 18 inehes hizh,.
often colored. caves 2 to 4 inches long, 4 as wide, usually marked with a dark
heart-shaped spot near the middle. Flowers greenish-purple, in spikes about k
inch long. a
8. P. LapatuirotiomM, L. Pale Knotweed.
Stem. smooth, geniculate; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,.
smoothish, sometimes hairy beneath; upper sheaths somewhat fringed; spikes cy-
lindrical or oblong; erect or nodding; stamens mostly 6; styles 2, distinct and
at length divergent. aie
Swamps and ditches, rare. Aug. Sfen 2to 4 feet high. . Leaves 3 to Stinches
long, 4 to 4 as wide, on petioles 1g to 14 inch wide. Flowers small, white, or
tinged with red, in numerous-panicled spikes.
4. P. Hyproprreern; &. Water-pepper. Smart-weed:
Smooth; Jeaves lanceolate, marked with pellucid dots, wavy-margined ; sheaths ;
inflated, fringed; spies slender and. interrupted, drooping; calyx dotted with:
glands; stamens 6 to 8; styles 2 to 3, united at base; fruit lenticular or 3-sided. #
(2. punctatum, Ell.)
Low grounds, very common. Aug., Sept. A well known intensely acrid plant,.
12 to 20 inches high, with the stem and leaves sprinkled with glandular dots.
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1-5 as wide. Flowers green, tinged with purple
white.
5. P. HypRoPIrEeRoIDEs, Michx. Mild Water-Pepper
Siem smooth, upright or ascending, often rooting at the joints along the base;
leaves lanceolate, roughish, slightly hairy or ciliate; sheaths fringed with long
bristles; spikes slender, loosely flowered, weak; stamens 7 to 8; sie 3, united be-
low; /ruit 3-sided; smeoth and shining.
“Swamps and: along streams. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 15 inches high. Leaves 2
to 4:inches long, 1-5 as wide, sessile. Spikes several crowded near the summitof
the stem, composed of small fascicles of. reddish flowers. (P. mite, Pers.)
6. P. ampursium, L. Water Persicaria.
Leaves elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, pointed or nearly obtuse, narrowed
somewhat heart-shaped at the base; spikes very dense, ovoid or ata
mens 5; styles 2; fruit flattened, smoothish.
Marshes or ponds. July, Aug. A very variable species, ees several dis-
*
POLYGONACE 2.
r floating and rooting. JZeaves 5 to 7 inches-lorg, 1: to 2 inches wide, often shin-
g. Stipules large, sheathing, mostiy torn. Flwers rose-red, in spikes 1 to 3
inches long.
7. P. Virarntanum, L. Virginian Persicaria.
Nearly smooth; stem angled, upright; leaves ovate or the upper ovate-lanceclate,
scuminate, rounded at the base, short-petioled, reugh-ciliate; sheaths cylindrical,
truncate, hairy and fringed; flowers loosely disposed in a long and ‘slender naked
‘gpike; stumens 5; styles 2, unegal.
Thickets in rich soil, common. Aug. Stem 2 to4feet high. Leaves 210 Finches
Tong, 14 as wide, on petioles 14 to %inch long, Spike 10 to 20 inches long, simpie
or witb one or two branchlets. Fiowers small, white.
8. P. ornrentTaLe, L. Prince's Feather.
Tall, branching, somewhat hairy; leaves ovate, pointed, ia ied > upper-sheatre
2)
Balver-form; spives numerous, nodding; stamens 7; styles 2.
Eseaped from cultivation, and naturalized about gardens and waste grounds.
Auz., Sept. Stem 4to6 feet high, erect, paniculutely branched. Leaves 8 to: 12
inches lonz. 4as wide. Flowers bright rose-colored; open, in numzrous large
‘plume-like terminal spikes.
93% AYICULARIA, Meizn.. lowers greenish-white, axillary ; stamens 5to& ; stigmas 3.
| & P: arnvicutaria, Ll. Knot-grass. Goose-grass.
Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong; ficwers apparently
s2ssile; sheaths much shorter than the. lower leaves; fruit enclosed in the calyx.
erences door-yards and waste places, common. June—Nov. Stems slender,
to ie foot long, smooth, branching, with short white torn stipules at the joints.
Leaves V4 to 1 inch long, VY as wide. ay lowers greenish- white. Var. erectiem, Roth,
@: um, L.) has upright or ascending stems, larger oval or elliptical leaves aud
usually 5 stamens.
10. P. renve, Michx. Slender Knot-grass:
Sxm low and slender, upright, sparingly branched, sharp-angled; leaves sessii, -
marrowly-linear, very acute; sheaths capillary-iriaged; flowcrs neariy sessile, viten
solitary, cnet -white; fruit nearly smooth, shining.
Dry soil and rocky hills. July—Sept. Plant 6 to 12 inches To, Leaves Lio 11g
inch long, % to 14 as wide, sessile, 3-veined. Fiowers greenish-white.
*** HeLxine, L. Calyx 5-parted, pale-rose-colored or white ; stamens mostly 8°; siyles
- or capitute stigmas 3; leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped ; annuals. .
i. P. arironium, L. Sfalbert-leaved Tear-thumb.
Stem groove-angled; leaves halbert-shaped, acuminate, long-peticled; fiowers
_80mewhat racemed, few; peduncles glandular-bristly ; calyx often 4-parted, closed;
stamens 6; styles 2, very short.
Low grounds. Aug. Stem flaccid, somewhat climbing, by the refiexed pets es
which beset its angles as well as the petioles. eaves 2 to 6 inches long and % as
wide, the divergent lobes at the base pointed. Clusters racemose, slender, loose,
few-flowered at the ends of the branches. Flowers pale rose-colored.
12: P. sacirratum, L. Scratch-graes: —-
Siem 4-angled; leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled; flowers. capitate; peduncles
oth ; stamens 8; styles 3, slender; frutt sharply. panglat
Low grounds, common. July—Sept.. A climbing plant often several feet in
Jength, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath, which are close-
' set wag a line of sharp: prickles pointing downwards. Leaves acute, 1 to3
, as wide, on petioles 14 to 34 inch long, withsmooth stipules. Pivv--
‘smail terminal heads...
K2*
., eS eS POLYGONAGE®,
——————— aS
oid EBs “Re Oonvorvurus, Bi: Black Bindweed. :
1% ’ 4 sbi Be procumbent, roughish; Jeaves cordate-hastate, pointed; felipe.
in small interrupted racemes; calya segments oblusely keeled; stamens 8; styles 3;
4% be ié semodthish.
‘Cultivated and waste grounds, common. Jaly—Sept. A-climbing plant 2’'to 6
- feet long, with:roughish angled stems. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as as with -
oa somewhat spreading lobes at base. lowers whitish.
; 14. P. CILINODE, Michx. Fringejointed False Buchookiie.
| Minutely downy; sheath fringed at base with refiex xed bristles; Teaves cordate and -
: ’ slightly hastate, acuminate; racemes panicled ; stamens §; styles 3.
aa Open woods and rocky hills,common. July—Sept. Stems climbing 8 to 9 feet.
Flowers whitish, ”
£5... P. puMztoruM, L. Climbing False Buckwheat.
Smooth; sheaths naked; leaves heart-shaped or slightly hastate, pointed ; ra-
demes interrupted, leafy; 3 outer calyx-lobes sarbaay] keeled,.and in frait winged;
Jruit smooth and shining; stamens 8; styles 3
Moist thickets, common. Aug. Ste m twining § to 12 feet over bushes. Zeaves -
with distinct round lobes. Flowers in long int errupte d racemes, white.
‘eee PAGOPYRUM, Tourn. Cilyx petal-lite; equally 5-parted; stamens 8 ; styles 3;
achenian 3-sided: “Annuals, 2 with trianguiar-cordaie or hastate leaves, and corynrbose =
racemes or panicles of white flowers, often.tinged with greew or rose-color. -
16. BP. Facoryrum, Lb. Buckwheat:
Smoothish; leaves cord: ste auimtnate: raceme panicled; flowers 8; honey-bearing
glands interposed Retort the stamens; fvuii twice as long as tNe calyx, with acute -
, and.entire angles. (Fagopyram esculentum, Tourn.) ; &
Old ficlds, escaped from cultivation. June—Sept. A valuable grain, much eul- -
tivated on poor Jand. Stems 2 to 4 fect high. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 4% as~
wide. . Flcwers numerous, white, fragrant.
2. RUMEX, Linn. Dock. Sorren
The ancient Latin name of unknown etymolozy.
CaLyx of 6 sepals, persistent, the 3 outer herbaceous, the -
3 inner large, somewhat colored, valvately convergent over -
the 5-angled achenium. STameEns 6. Styvies3; sTIeMAS;
tufted.— Coarse herbs, with small mostly greenish flowers,
commonly «horled in panicled racemes.
*Lsaratnum, Tourn. Flowers perfect, or somctimes polygamous; styles free; in- .
ner sepals bearing grain-like tubercles; bitter herbs, withthe petioles sheathing at the =
tase. .
1, B. verticitiatus, L.. Swamp Dock.
Leaves lanceolate, acute, flats vacemes nearly Icafless, clongated, the flowers in -
crowded whorls; sheathscylindrical; valves kroad-cordate, entire, each bearing a .
very large grain.
Wet swemps and ditches, rather common. June, July. Stem 2 to4 fect high,
branched above. Leaves. long, pate sreen, thickish, with ups sheaths. .
Whorls few-flowered. Pedécls ¥ to 1 inch Jong,
2. BR. optusirotius, L. Broad-leaved Dock.
Stem roughish;, lowest leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, rather downy on the veins. une
LAURACES. | | "807°
underneath, slightly wavy-margined, the upper oblong-lanccolate, acute; whorle .
loose and distant; vaives toothed, one of them bearing grains.-
Fields and waste places, common; introduced. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, fur- -
rowed, branching, leafy. Root leaves about 1 foot long, 5 ‘to 6 inches wide. Flow- -
ers in long, nearly naked racemes.
&. KR. enispus, 5. Curled Dock. Yellow Dock.
Smooth ; Jeaves eee with strongly wavy-curled margins, acute, the lower
trancate or scmewhat heart-shaped at the base; whorls crowded in long slexder
“Facemes, leafless above; valves entire, ovate, one of them bearing grains.
Cultivated and waste grounds, very common; introduced. June, Jaly. Stem3
to 4 feet high, from a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. Flowzrs.numercus, in a
large panicle, consisimg of-numerous racemes of halfwherls. The root is used
medicivally.
e 7 5 »Js
4. KR. sancuinets, L. _Blooiy-vened Dock.
Leaves lanceolate, wavy-margined, the lowest cordate at the base; whorls distant,
in lone and slender-Jeafiess interrupted spikes; valves entire, one of them at least
bearing grains.
Waste and cultivated grounds; sparinely introduced.. June. Stem 2 to 3 feet
high, reddish, branching, Icafy. Vit sof the leaves red, or in the variety viridis,
green.
*% ACETOSELLA, Tourn. Fle wers Giazious; styles adherent to the angles of the
ovary ; herbage acid.
° 7
Dd. KR. Acretosrita, L.*° Feld Sorrel. Sheep Sorrel.
Low; leaves lance-halbert-form, the narrow lobesentire; whorls leafless, in slender
panicled racemes ; valves ovate, without grains.
A very common weed in-sterile soil and wornfields. May. Stem 6 to 12 inckes
. Kigh, leafy.” Leaves very acid, but pleasant tasted. Flowers small, red or reddish.
8. RHEUM, Linn. Revueare
Rha, the river Volga, on whose banks the plants are said to be native.
Catyx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent. Sramens 9. Sry.zs:
33 STIGMAS multipid, refiexed. ACHENIA 3-angled, the
‘angles margincd. Perennials, with fasciculaie flowers an:
racemose panicles.
R. Reavonticum, Lb. Garden Rhubarb. Pie-plant.
Leaves smooth, cordate-ovate, obtuse; petioles channeled above, rounded at the -
edges. May. Native of Asia, cultivated in gardens for the juicy acid petioles.
Stem stout ard fleshy, 3 to 4 fect hich, hoNow with large sheathing stipules at the
joints. Leaves 1 to 2 fect long, 24 as wide, on petioles 6 to 18 inches long. Flow-=-
ers greenish-white in a terminal panicle, at first cnclosed.in a white membranecus +
bract.
Orprrn 91. LAURACHE..—Bay Family.
Aromatic trecs or shrubs, with allernate simple leaves mostly marked with minute»
pellucida dots, and clustered flowers with a regular calyx of 4to 6 colored sepals which »
are barely united at the base, imbricatcd in 2 series in the bud, free from the ovarys.
Sramensdefinite. SryLE single. Fruiva l-seeded berry or drupe.
acs.” 3 ch. THYMELEACE. is
SASSAFRAS, Nees. Sassarras. ©
FLOWERS dicecious, Se a 6-parted spreading. calyx.
oT 9, inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the
8 inner with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each:
ANTHERS 4-celled, 4-valvcd. FERTILE FLOWERS with 6
short rudiments of. stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupz
ovoid, supported on a club-shaped fleshy. pedieel_— Tr
with spicy aromatic bark, deciduous leaves, and greenish-yellow flo
ers in clustered and peduncled rae racemes, appearing with
leaves.
S. oFFICINALE, Nees. Common Sassafras. th
Leaves ovate, entire or some of them 3-lobed and cuneate at base; racemés with
limear bracts. (Laurus Sassafxas, L.)
Rich weods and hillsides: commen. April. May A tree 15 to 40 fect high. with
yellowish-green twigs. Flowers greenish-y cliow, in clustered racemes at the erd of
the last years twigs. Frutéa dark blue drupe, born on a red stalk.
2. BENZOIN, Nees. Spicze-BusH.
FLoWERs polygamous-dicecious, with a 6-parted open calyx.
The STERILE FLOWERS with 9 stamens in 8 rows, the inner
1 to 2-lobed and gland-bearing at the base; ANTHERS 2-
celled, 2-valved. FERTILE FLOWERS 15 to 18 rudi-
ments of stamens in 2 forms, and a dioeular ovary. DRuPE
obovoid, the stalk not thickened.— Si hrub with entire decid-
tous leaves. arth yellow fiowers preceding the leaves in nearly sessile -
umbel like. elusiers.
B. oporrroruM, Nees. Spice-wood.. Fever-bush.
Nearly smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath ; pedicels scarcely as long
as the flowers. (Laurus Benzoin, L.)
Damp woods. April, May. A shrub 6 to 10 feet high, pervaded with an aromatic
flavor similar to gum Benzoin. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and.about 14 as wide.
Flewers in clustered umbels, greenish, appearing before ihe leaves. Eerries tipe
in £ept.
Onver 92. THYMELEACEEE.—Mezereum Family.
“fi
4
Shrubs, with acrid and very tough bark, entire leaves, and perfeet flowers with a
regular und petal-like calyx, bearing usually twice as many stamens as its lobes, jn-
serted into ihe calyx. Ovanky solitary, with 1 ovule. Sryue 1: STIGMA undivided. .
Fruit hard, dry, drupaceous.
1. DIRCA, Linn. LeatTHERwoop. i
Gr. Dirke, the name of a fountain near Thebes. ’
PERIANTH colored, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the
border wavy or obscurely 4-toothed. - Stamens 8, long and.
~
NYSSACER. pce 309:
oe
«slender, insented on the perianth above the abil, exserted,
tlie alternate ones longer. Sryxe 1, filiform: sTIGMA capi-
tate. DRupe oval.—A much branched shrub, with jointed
branches. oval obovate alternate leaves, and light yellow Jlowers, pre-
ceeding the leaves.
D. pAtustRis, L. Moosewood: Wicopy.
Leaves oval-obovate, alten at. lepeth smovth, on very shori petioles, entiro,
vbtuse.
Damp rich woods, not common. April. Shru> 2 to 5 feet high, with white soft
od yery brittle wood, but the fibrous bark is remarkably tough, whence the com-
ion®name Leatherwood. Flowers preceeding the leaves, 3 in a cluster on a shoré.
hick peduncle. Berry oval, reddish when ripe.
2. DAPHNE, Linn. Mezereum.
From the nymph Daphne; who, itis said-was changed into a laurel.
PERIANTH 2-cleft, maresecnt; limb spreading. STAMENS.
8, included in the tube of the perianth. Stytel. Drurs.
l-seeded.— Mostly ever es shrubs, with- the leaves generally:
from the terminal buds andthe flowers from the lateral.
D. Mrezereum, L. Common Mezerecum.
Leaves deciduous, lanceo!ate, in terminal tufts, entire, sessile, about 3 from each
lateral bud; pertanth funnel-form, the segments ovate, spreading; stamens inserted
in 2 rows near the top of the tube; filaments very short; sigma sessile. .A beau-
tiful European shrub, 1 to3 feet hich, flowering in March. Flowers pink aad.
white, clothing nearly the whole plant.
Orpen 93. NY¥SSACEH.—Tipelo Fumily..
Trees, with dicecious-polygamous flowers, consisting only of the genus Nyssa,;.
which has commonly been appended to Santalaceze from which it differs in the soli--
ary ovule of the ordinary structure, suspended from the top of the cell.
K
NYSSA, Linn. TUPEto..
STERILE FLOWERS with a 5-parted calyx, and about 10
stamens on the outside of a convex disk. FERTILE with the
tube of the calyx adherent to the 1-celled ovary, th> border
4-parted und deciduous. StTAMENS 5: STYLE elongated,
revolute. FRuiT an oval or oblong berry-like drupe, with a
grooved endocarp.— Trees, with alternate decidaous smooth
and shining leaves, and axillary peduncles, bearing sterile
flowers in capitate clusters or racemes, and the fertile 2 to, 4
together or sometimes solitary.
——
pus lj
310 4 SANTALACE.
N. MULTIFLORA, Wang. Pepperidge. Soeur Gum.
Leaves oval and obovate, acute or es at both ends, entire, the petioles and
midrib hairy ; fertile flowers mostly in 3s; drupe oval.
Woods, in dry or moist soil, common. May. A middle-sized tree, with dark gray
- bark, horizontal branches, deep green and shining Icaves, and small greenish flow-
ers. The wood is very unwedgeable, on account of the cblique direction and
crossing of the fibre of different layers.
Orper 94. S ANTALACER.— Sandelwood Family.
Heris, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves, the 4 to E-cleft perianth valvate in the
bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 1to 4ovules. Stamens 4 or
5, opposite the segments of the. perianth and inserted into their basen S1yLe 1s:
eTigMA-cftenlobed. Frurra nut‘or drupe. :
1. COMANDRA, Nutt. Bastarp Toap-FLAx.
Gr. J:cma, hair, and andres, fer stamens, in allusion tothe kairy sips attached a
the anthers.
FrLoweErs perfect. Pertanra bell-shaped er urn- shaped,..
the limb 5-cleft, persistent. EramEns 5, rarely 4, the an-—
thers adhering to the lobes of the perianth by a tuft of thread..
STYLE single. Fruit dry and rather nut-like, 1-seeded,.
erowned by the persistent perianth.—ZLow and <mcoth pe-
rennial herbs, with alternate oblong and sessile leaves, an
greenish: white flowers tn terminal or axillary umbabtike:
cymes.
C. UMBELLATA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.
~ Siem round and any, leaves obovate- -oblong, subscssile, entire; cytes cory m--
bose-clustered, sevcral-flowered ; pericnth-lube continued beyond the overy, fo:m—
ing a neck to the globular-urn-shayed fruit; sfyle siender, as long as the stamens.
Dry or recky benks, common. May, June. Siems branching, 8 to 12 inches highs
smocthish. Flcwers whitis h, pumercus on short pedicels.
2. PYRULARIA, Michx. On-xvr
Name a diminutive of Pyrus, from the fruit, which resembles a small pear.
4 Frowers diecious. - Prrianru 5-cleft, the lobes re=-
eurved. STERILE FLOWERS with 5 stemens on very shert
filaments, alternate with Srounded glands. EERTILE FLOW--
ERS with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent pe--
rianth; Disk with 5 glands: stytE 1, short and thick::
STIGMA capitate. Fruit fleshy and drupe- -like.—A lew
straggling shrub, with alternate short petioled and veiny:
leaves, and smal greenish sessile flowers in simple tei minal.
spikes. .
LORANTHACES AND ULMACER. Bil
P. onerreRA, Gray. Buffalo-nut. Oil-nut.
Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed at both ends, somewhat downy, or at length nearly
| smooth, somewhat succalent.
: Rich wedted Banks and ‘mountains. ee Sfem 4 to 6 feet high, with a very
deep root. Lezves 2 to 3 inches long, oily to the taste. Flowers.in a terminal
ima greenish-yellow. Spies ripening but one fruit, which is about 1 inch long.
OxaDER 95. LORANTH ACE, — Mie Family.
Skrubdy plants with cariacesus greenish foliage, parisitic on trees, cate neribeead in
| the northe rn temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe, distinguished from the pr -
_ eading orler by th2 tru'y simp le ovule being sulitary and suspended from the apes
of the cell. Fruit a l-seeded berry.
VISCUM; Linn. Misneros.
The anc ent Latin nam>, fron viscus, glue, in allusion to the glutinons fruit.
_Fiowsa3-monesious or diesious. Parianra fieshy-
eoriacious ; in the sterite flowers 3 to4-parted, the triangular
lobas, eash with a sessile anther directly adhering to its inner
fice, end opening by several pores; in the ferti le the tube of
the perianch is combined with the ovary, the border obsolete.
Srrama sessile. Fauir a globalar berry.— Much branched
prisitical shrubs, with jointed stem3, opposite leaves and
suet flowers in shart spikes.
'V. PLavescons, Parsh. White Misletoe.
- B-anzies ro and, spreading; leaves obovate or oval, contracted at the base into s
short p tiole, 3-nerved; spices axillary, solitary; sterdle jlowers mostly trifid.
Parasitic on the tranks of old trees, especially Ehna, Oaks, aad Hiekories. April.
W a0%¢ plant: yellowish-green, 9 to 18 inches high. F lowers smal, grevuish-yel:ow.
Bux rizs pearly- white, resembling white wax.
Ozvzir 96. UYLMACHE.—Lim Fumily.
Prees or shrus3, wth alternate roughish leaves, and deciduous stipules, porfect or
rarely pryyjamius flowers in axillary clusters or solitary, with the defintie stamens in-
sented-on tre-buse f tre free pzriant: wis ts imdricaled in the bud. Pertanra free
from “a2 ovary, bell-sh wped, 4 ta 9-cleft. Srynes or sTigmig3 2; ovary 1 to Zealied.
apes i-cetled, with a sinzlz sas2 gndel s- el.
re le a. | MUS, Linn: |. EM.
The classical Latin name. - :
Psrranra bell-shaped, 4 to 9 cleft. Sramuns 4 to 9,
with long and slender tilameats. Sryies 2, short. Ovary
flat, 2- celled, with a single anatropous ovale susp2aded from
ae summit ‘of each cell. Fruita l-celled and 1-seeded.
ne
ole ULMACER.
membranaceous samara winged all nee — Trees, rarely
rd
shrubs, with rough leaves, and (often “ polygamous) p purplish
or yellowish flowers in luteral clusters, preceding the short-pe-
tvoled leaves. |
1. U. Americana, L. American or White Elm.
Leaves smooth above, downy underneath, oblong-ovate, pointed, sharply doubly
serrate; flowers in umbel-like clusters, on conspicuous pedicels; ia oval, with
weally: -fringed margins.
’ Moist woods and river banks, common. April. A large tree, 30 to 70 feet high,
w.th long spreading pendulous branches, and slender pendulous branchlets. Leaves
4 to 5 inches long, doubly denticalate. Flowers small, purplish. Stamens about 8.
2. U. Futva, Michx. Sppery Elm. [ed Elm.
Leaves very rough on the upper side, rouyhish downy underneath, ovate oblong
doubly serrate; buds rusty-woolly ; flowers nearly sessile in dense clusters ; fruit
nearly orbicular, the margins naked.
Woods, in rich, dry or moist soil, common. April. A m/ddle-sized or small tree,
20 to 4) fect high, and 9 to 20 inches in diameter, with straggling branches and
rather toagh reddish wood, remarkable for the toush muacilagiaous inner bark.
AStumens about 7 7, short, reddish.
2. CELTIS, Tourn. NeEtrLe-TREeE.
An ancient Ureek name for the Lotus, which this tree is said to resemble.
TLowers polygamous. PxERIANTE 5 to 6-parted, persis-
tent. Stamens 5 to 6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single sus-
pended ovule: sTI@MAs 2, long and pointed, recurved. Fruit
a globular drupe, with thin flesh.— Trees or large shrubs,
with pointed, petioled leaves, and greenish axillary flowers,
gee or in pairs, appearing with the leaves.
_C. occipentauis, L. Suyar-berry. Huck-berry.
Leav A rouzhish, obliquely-ovate, sharply serrate, finely acuminate, unequal and
often heart shaped at the base; jlowers smal, subsolitary.
Woeds and river banks. May. A tree 20 to 60 feet high, with the aspest of an
Eim. Leaves 2 tod inches long, with a acs long acuminatioa and very unequal at
the base. Flowers small, greeaish-white. Fruzt dull-purple or yellowish-brown,
sweet and edible.
2. C. crasstronia, Lam. Hackberry.
Leaves lanee -ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequally heart-shaped at base, reugh
and hairy on both sides; paduncies mostly 2-fiowered.
Low grounds. May. A small tree, 20 to 40 feet high, with a straight slender
traak, ‘undivided to a considerable height, covered with an unbroken hark. Leaves
8 to 6 inches Jong, thick and firm. Flowers small, apes succeeded by a round,
black drupe about the size of the Whortleberry.
8. ©. pumina, Pursh. Dwarf Hackberry.
Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal at the base, smooth
on both sides, the younger enly pubescent; pevuncies mostly 3-fewered; fruit
solitary.
River banks, along the Susquehanna. A dwarfvery straggling shreb, 3 to 10
feet high. Ledves sometimes heart. shaped, nearly as brouwd as long, with s very
short acumination. Lerries brown or nearly black.
s ores orthetropous. “noir a capoulle or Pngre 8 to 5- hiton few-seeded.
- SAURURUS, Linn. ‘Lazarp’ $-TAIL.
Gr. saura, a lizard, and oura, a tail; in allusion to the form of the inforesvonee.
Inflorescence an ament or spike of 1-flowered scales.
STAMENS mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with long and distinct
filaments. “FRUIT somewhat ‘fleshy, ‘wrinkled, of 3 or 4
-pistils united at the base, with recurved - stigmas. SEEDS
‘usually solitary, ascending.— A perennial aquatic herb, with
“heart-shaped petioled leaves, and white flowers, each from the ail of
a small bract, closely aggregated in a slender terminal spike.
a. CERNUUS, L. Eizard’s-tail.
Stem angular; — ‘Teaves cordate, acuminate.
-Margims of ponds-and streams, common. ‘June—Aug. Stém 1 to 214 feet high.
weak, furrowed. Leaves 4 to 6 inthes long, 14 aa wide, sincoth and glanceous, on
petioles 1 to 2incheslong. Spike slender, | 3 to 6 inches long, drooping at the end.
“OrpER 98. CERATOPHYLLACER.—Irnwort Family.
Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile
-monecious flowers without any floral envelopes, but with a many-cleft involucre.—
SrawEys 16 to 24. FEentite ovary free, 1-celled with a suspended ovyule; sT¥LE fili-
form, oblique, sessile, FRUIT an achenium beaked with the indurated stigma.
-REED containing 4 cotyledons.
CERATOPHYLLUM, Linn. Hornwor?.
“Gr. kev'as, a horn, phuilon, a leaf, alluding to the horn-like divisions of the leaves.
STERILE FLOWERS of 12 to 24 stamens with large sessile
anthers. I’Rurr an achenium, beaked with the slender per-
‘sistent style.— Herbs, growing ‘ander water, in ponds or slow
flowing streams ; the sessile leaves cut into 2 or 3 forking aa
rather rigid divisions.
C.- Eecuinatum, A. Gray. wien worts |
-Achenium elliptical, reugh-pointed on the sides, with a terinine] and 2 short
“Jsteral spines, the slightly winged margins armed with blunt teeth, which finally
“elongate‘and equal the lateral spines; divisions of the leayesminutely serrulate,
piostty 2-toothed atthe apex. —
Common. ae, July. Flowers minute.
OnpER 99. CALLITRICHACE: — Starwort Family.
- Aquatic sind cnmuat, with agent entire 2a ves, anil golrgiadas solitary flow2ys
ri
i
SRE ETT PO, AR
0 Sia Po a
J
aM BD all sin ahi OTS EE LOL OTT I ES TE LES: SNES
‘
Fruit 4 celled, 4-lebed and A-seeded, consisting sect a the genus
‘CALLITRICHE, Sin: “Waren Sranworr. ae
Gr. kalos, beautiful, trix, tikes, hair; alluding to the slender stems. —
‘SraMENs 1, rarély'2 : “FILAMENTS slender : ANTHERS 1-
eélled, kidney- form. SrytEs 2, awl-shaped, distinct. FRurr
indeh} ‘scent; nut-like, 4-lobed atid: A. celled, but the styles
only 2, awl-shaped, distinct. SEED solitary. and suspended,
filling each cell, anatropous.— Aquatic. small: apnea, with
opposite entire foawex te deky pts Ping lie: Sages
~
1. C. verwa,L. Vernal Water-starwort. my
Leaves 3-nervyed, the floating ores spatulate cr otoyate, the immersed Tineer;
tracts ineurved; styles constantly erect; fruit nearly sessile; the lobes par alle}-in
airs and bluntly kecled on the back.
Shellow poo'sand slow streams, common. ‘May—Sept. Stem ‘Pogting 1lto2 fiet
long, composed of 2 tubes, simple or branched. “Leaves 2 at each joint, beccming
crowded above.intoa star-like tuft-upon the surface of the water. F bapens pias,
axi! Mary 1 to 2 tegether.
2. ©. rLaTyCaRPA, Kutzing. Se
Fruit nearly sessile; the lobes paralle! in: pairs, slightly winged on the Lack; —
styles erect in the flowers, refiexcd clesely over the fruit. Rracts end foliage much |
25 in the last, the fruit twice as large : growing in similar situations.
OrvEr 100. PODOSTEMAGER. —River-weed Family.
~ Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, rescn. blir g Fea- weegeor Messer, wiih
te minute naked flowers bursting from @ spathe as in Liverworts, producing a 3 -
ecdlled many- seeczed capsule ; represented in North America‘by the | gener: ;
PODGSTEMUM, Michx. RivER- WEED.
Gr. ‘pousya‘ivot, and sfemon, stamen; the stamen pense as ifon pe ecnmon
foot stalk,
PERIANTH or BRACTS, of 2 to 3 small aw? shaped scales.
SramMENS 2, rarcly 8; FITAMENTS meneCcc!plous belew.
SYYLEs or STIGMAS 2, awlshaped. CaPsvLE 2- celled, 2-
valved, many-ribbed. SEEDS minute, very numerous cn a
thick. central placente.—Flowers axillary and solitary; pe
céll.d from a tubular spathe. - :
P. CERATCTHYLLUM, Michx. Thread-fcot.
Leaves rigid, Gichotomensly ckesica: _ filements united to aLove the micdle.
Couimon ‘in the kottom of shallow stregms. July. A small olive-green plant
rer: mbling a Sea-weed, and tenaceourly adhering tc Icose stones at the bottom,
‘similar to a Fucus, by ‘fleshy disks or preecsges in the place of roots. Jeeres uu-
merous, alternate divided into scyeral long Nnear-bristly segments, 1 to 4 inches
Jag. Flower: cx chert thick peduncies.
i
EU < eurnondiacn at 315
10 ee ~ BUPHORSIACER, ie to
Tees, shruds or herbs, often aboun ling in an acrid milky juice, opposite or alter-
nate, simple, rarely compoitnt le wes, ofien furnished with stipules, usually terminal
‘ or axillary mmeciaus or dizerious flowers, and a capsule of 2 to 3 or several L-seeded
ovaries united around a centrataxis, separating when ripe —CALyx usually valvate in
the bad, oczasiznally want! nz. P£TaLssometimes” present. Srie¢mss 2 to 3 or more,
often forked :
“ S BUPAORDIA, Linn. Spures.
Named after Euphorbus, physician to King Juba.
-PLowsrs monecious, included in a cup-shaped 4 to 5--
lobed involuere resembling a calyx or corolla, usually with
Targ2 and thick gland at “its sinuses. STreRILE FLOWERS
numerous and lining.the base of the inyolucre, each from
tha axils of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single
stamen jointed on the pedicel like the flament. FERTILE
FLOWERS solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon pro-
truded. on a long fe edicel, consisting of a 3- lobed, 3-celle
ovary. without a-calyx.or a.mere vestige. SryLes 3. 2-cleft,
therefore 6 stigmas. CarsunE 3- lobed, 3-celled; cells i
sseded.— Herbs or shritds, with a milky juice, generally oppo-
site leaves, the uppermost ofien in. whorls or pairs, or sometimes
wanting, and lateral or terminal peduncles often umbellate clustered.
4 - Stem leaves ailernate: flowers in tnroluerate umbels. -
1. E. coroniata, lL. Flowering Spurge.
Stems upright, nearly simple; feaves oblong, obtus?, entire, the floral leaves
small; wmbel divided into 5 or 6 rays, then 3 or 2 forked; glands oval, each at the
base of a petaloid. involucre>
Dev banks an] sandy fields, very common. Per. J uly—Sept. Stem slender; 1
to 2 feet hizh, mostly smooth. Leaves 1 to 2 meches long, often quite Tinear. very
entire, § seattered on the stem, yerticillate and’ opposite in the umbel.-. Corolla-liie
tnvolucre large, white, showy.
2. E. Dagiineronn, Gray. Darlington’: Spurge.
- Stem-leaves lance-oblong, pale and minutely downy undé@rneath, the sccondury or
jleral leaves orbicular dilated, all entire; wmnbel divided into 5 to 8 rays, then several
times simply forked; segments of the floral invelucre colored, entire, sub-reniform ;
ovary warty.
“Mois@ wools, Chester County; &¢: May, Jane. Per. Stem 2 to 4 fect hich,
smooth, rarely branched below the umbsl. Zeaves 3 to finches long, the floral
oval, very obtuse; the others rounded and nearly as broad aslong. Floral invelu-
ore purplish-brown within. Cuzpsulz at length nearly smooth.
32 HE, Hetrascopra. L. Sun Spurge.
Erect; "gore leaves obovate; stem leaves wedge-form, all obovate and neariy
roundel at the end, finely serrate; wmbel divided into 5 rays, then into 2s, or at
length simply forked; glands orbicular, stalked; fruit smooth and even.
Waste places, rare. July—Sept. Ann. “Stem smooth, 8 to 16 inches high,
branched from the root. Zamiee scattered en Ly ich lone, proad at the
ms
ae. ae
rounded or retuse apex. Branches of thew stly hte * Eaten
DuUuM-rous. f
A Pepius, L. Petty Spurge: OES Pia gS
Stem. erect or ascending, branched below; leaves entire, very. obtuse, 1 the oe
oval. or obovate, petioled, the floral round- -heart-shaped ;- unbel ¢ divided. into many
rays, then forking; glands long-horned; fruit roughish and thickened on the back ;
of each carpel, otherwise smooth.
Waste grounds, introduced. July, ene Ann. Plant 5 to 10 aaa high,
smooth. nvolucels or fioral. leaves large, Claspings broader than. long... Flowers-:
conspicuous. ’
a
* * Stem leaves opposite. Eads aaa or foseiculatss.
5. Ti. syprricrronta, L. Common Pao Hyebright :
Smoothish; stem branching, nearly erect; leaves ovate-oblonz or oyal-oblonz,
oblique or heart-shaped at the base, often curved, finely serrate, 3 to ‘baibbed uns.
derneath ; conynubs terminal.
Waste ond cultivated places, common. July—Sept. Ann: Stem 10to 20inches .
high, usually purple, very smooth. Leaves 4 tol inch long, 4 as wide,on very ~ _
ave pepeles, roarked with ogeng, dois and blotches, bhittey. Corymds: of small
white hoods
6. E. MACULATA, ig Spotted” Splurge’ "Milt: Purstane.
Hairy or sometimes noathiak: diffusely prostrate, very much branched from the -.
root leaves oval, minutely serrulate towards the end, unequal at the base, slight- -
S-ribbed; fruté mostly hairy; seeds 4-angied. s
Gravelly banks and open places, common everywhere. Sane Bet. Aum oak.
tom 6 to 12 inches in length, spreading flat on the ground. Leaves opposite, 44 to
¥% inch long, and as wide, “often punplish. or. with: a dark purple blotch on the ..
upper side. Heads “ot fiowers small, crewded near the summit.
ry
7. KH. Ipecacuanna@, L. Wild Ipecac. Ipecac Spurge.
Procumbent or suberect, smooth; leaves opposite, varying from obovate or oblong
to Jong and narrowly linear, entire; peduncles elongated, axillary, 1-flowered;
Fruit smooth.
Dry sandy soil, rare. May—July. Per. Stems many from a very Tong perpen-
dicular root, low anddiffusely spreading, flowering and ne sa 2 trp the.
base. Leaves yt to 2 inches long, 14 to i inch wide.
8. EH. penrata, Michx. Toothed Sone Pk =
Upright, hairy ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely - serrate- with blunt *
teeth, narrowed into a slender petiole ; flawers crowded at the summitof the stem. -
Shady hillsides, in rich soil. Aug. Ann. Plant about 1 foothigh, at first simple-.
afterwards with side branches. Upper leaves spotted. Tnvotuere: lobes. cut fringed. .
Fruit smooth, short-stalked.
CULTIVATED EXOTICS. |
9. E. Latgyrus, L. Caper Spurge. Mole-tree.
Stem erect, stout, smooth; leaves linear-oblong, entire, the floral oblong-ovate—
and heart-shaped, pointed; wmbel mostly Lrayed, rays dichotomous; oe. of i
involucre short-horned; fruit and seeds smooth.
Cultivated groundsand gardens. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. “Feil 2°
to.4 inches long, 44 to 34 wide, numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the ‘stem.
Umbel of 4 verticillate branches with a central subsessile head.
" BUPHORBTACEZ. eo 17
10. aes L. Scarlet Spurge. Splendid Buphoibe..
Stem shrubby, fleshy, armed with rigid sharp thorns; leaves ovate, tapering to
thé base, smooth, entire, acute, mucronate ; peduncles axillary, 2, to-3 times dicho-
tomous; mtg searlet,. A singular and showy oe plant...
0 &. PHYLLANTHUS, Lin.
phullon, leaf, anthos, blossom ; the flowers being attached to the leaves.
Frowers monecious. Perranta 5 to 6 parted, alike in
the sterile and fertile flowers. Sramens 3: FILAMENTS
united in a column, surrounded by 5 to 6 glands or a5 to 6-
lobed glandular disk. Ovary 8-celled, the cells 2-ovuled :
STYLES 3, 2-cleft: sTremAs 6~ OapsuLE separating into 3
‘carpels, which split into 2-valves.— Herbs or shrubs, with al-
ternate stipulate leaves, and minute axillary ‘flowers.
Pe Garorinensts, Walt. Leaf-blossom.
Stem erect, herbaceous, with alternate branches; leaves simple, entire, Oe
oval and. obovate, short-petioled; flowers few, subsolitary.
Gravelly banks. July, Aug: Ann. Stem 6 to 10 inches hich, slender: Leaves
of the stem 14 to 34 by 14 to % inch, those of the branches 14, and those of the
branchlets 14 as large. lowers very small, whitish, 1 to 3 in each axil.-
3. ACALYPHA, Linn.. _Mercury:.
The Greek : name for the nettle, which this plant resembles,
Frowsrs monecious. Psrrantu of the sterile flowers
4-parted, of the fertile 3-parted. Stamens 8 to 16: Fina-
MENTS short, united at the base: ANTHER-CELLS separate,
long, hanging from the apex of the filament. Srynes 3,
cut- fringed. CAPSULE separating into 8 globose carpels
which split into 2 valyes:—Mostly herbaceous plants, with
alternate petioled stipulate leaves, and the clusters of “steriie’ flowers
with a minute bract, the fertile surrounded by a large leaf-like cut-
lobed persistent bract.
A. Viren, LT ‘ee: siaéa Mercury.
Leaves ovate or oblonz-ovate, obtusely. serrate, long-petioled; sterile spike rather
few-flowered ; involucre of the fertile flowers heart-shaped, broad-ovate, acuminate,
veined and toothed. _ as
Fields and open places, common. Ang. Ann. -A homely weed i to2 feet hich,
smooth or hairy, often reddish in autumn. Leaves 3-veined, 1 to 214 inches long,
UWaswide. Pistillate flowers at the base of the peduncle, of the staminate spike.
2. A. CAROLINIANA, Walt. Carolinian three-seeded Mercury.
Leaves on long petioles, Phorabicowates acuminate, serrate, entire at base; bracts
heart-shaped, lobed; fertile flowers at the base of the staminate spike.
Fields, rare. J ioe Ann.- Stim 9 to 18 inches high. A peculiar speciea.
ae, ricinus, an insect, ele the fruit of ¢ those plants pees i So
-Moneecious. Sterile flowers.. PERTANTH. 5-parted._ ‘Sra- i
MENS numerous: FILAMENTS united branching. Fertile -
flowers. PERIANTH 3-parted. StYLES. 8, 2-parted. Oap-.
SULE mostly echinate, 3-celled, 8-seeded.— Herbs and shrubs, |
with peltate, palmate leaves, and monecious Sowers...
R.. communts,.L... Castor-oil Bean..
_ Stem herbaeeons,. glaucous, leaves peltate-palmate, lobes lanceclate, pea 3 cap...
Ath echinate. Aug., Sept. Native of the East Indies. In our gardensit is a tall,
smooth plant, of a light bluish: green color, but in its native. country it ‘becomes &.
tree. Leaves 4 to 12 inches in diameter, on long petioles. Cultivated extensively .
in various parts of the U.S. for the purpose of obtaining oil — seed.
5... BUXUS,- Linn... Box-woop:- ce
Winoscliué: Sterile flowers. CALYX Slowed PETALS -
2. Sramens 4, with the rudiment of an ovary. Fertile
flowers. CALYX 4.sepaled. Perans 3. Sryntms3. Cap-.
SULE with 8 beaks and 8 cells: -ssups.2.—Lver : os abriibs.
with opposite leaves, and inconspicuous flowers...
B: sEMPERVIRENS, Li Bow.
Leaves ovate; petioles hairy at the edge; anthers ovate, sagittate. . Native of Eu-.-
rope. Var. angustifolia has narrow lanceolate leaves. Var. suffruticosa the dwarf. —
pox has obovate leaves and a scarcely woody stem, highly ornamental. for edgings. =
in, gardens.
OrvDER 102. JUGLANDACER— Walnut Family. |
_ Pvoes, with alternate unequally pinnate leaves, without stipules, green -inconspicunus -
monweious flowers in aments with an trregular calyx, and a fruit which isa kind of ~~
dry drupe with a bony endocarp (nut-shell), containing a large 4lobed- erthotropous
secd. FURTILE FLOWERS solitary or in small clusters, with a reguiar.3 to 5-lobed. .
calyx adbereat to the incompletely 2 to 4-celled but only l-oruled ovary.
ie JUGLANS, Linn. Watnurt.-.
Lat. Jovis glans; i.e. the nut of Jupiter.
STERILE FLOWERS in long and simple lateral aments; the
CALYX SCALES unequally 3 to 6-parted, somewhat bracteatc
at base. Sramens 8 te 40: FILAMENTS very short. Fr-
TILE FLOWERS solitary ors several together on a peduncle at
the end of the branches: canyx 4- toothed, Aearing 4 small
petals at the sinuses. STYLES 2, very short : STIGMAS 2, . 9
samewhat club-shaped and. fringed. Faurt drupaceous, |
~fle es epicarp, and a a irregu- -
larly furrowed | endocarp or nut-shell.—Large trees, with .
strong scented aromatic bark, $c., odd-pinnate leaves of many ser- .
rate Been, and sterile flowers in aments, the fertile terminal.
1. J. orvernna, Li. Bitternuts White Walnut.
Leaflets: numerous (15 to 17), oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded at the base, :.
downy beneath; petioles and branchlets downy with clammy hairs; Jee oblong,
acuminate, clammy; the nué deeply and irregularly furrowed.”
River banks and rich woods; common. - May; fruit ripe in Sept Tree 30 to 50 -:
feet high, with gray bark, and widely spreading branches.- Leaves 12 to 20 inches-
jong. Barren flow2s in jong aments: fertile i in short spikes. The kernel is oily
and pleasant-flavored. From the bark is extracted an excellent cathartie..
2. J. nigra, Li, Black Walnut.
oaks numerous. (15: to 21), ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, subcordate at- -
base, smooth above, the lower surface and the: petioles minutely downy;-fruit glo- -
_bese, with scabrous punctures.
Rieh woods, common. May; fruit ripein Oct. A large handsome-tree 60 to 90 $
feet high, with a diameter of 3 ‘to 6 feet; bark brown, Thbe-woodis very valuable -
for. cabinet work, purplish-brown, turning. blackish with age.
2. CARYA; Nutt. Hzcxory:-
Gr. Karua, the Walnut.
STERILE FLOWERS. in slender lateral catkins, which are
mostly in threes ona common-peduncle: CALYX naked, un-.
equally 38-parted. STAMENS 3 to 8: FILAMENTS scarcely
any, FERTILE FLOWERS 2 to3.together at the-ends of the -
o
4
4
branches, witha 4-toothed calyx, and no petals. Sriema .
large, 4-lobed. Fruir globular, with a somewhat leathery .
epicarp, which splits into 4 valves, and falls away when ripe -
from the smooth and slightly 4 to 6. angled nut-shell, which
is incompletely 4-celled.— Trees, with hard and very tough
- wood, odd-pinneaie- leaves.of 5 to 9 leaflets, and sterile flowers in -
branched aments.
4&
* Seed edible and delicious: bark exfotiating-tn shaggy strips or plates.
1. €. aupa, Nutt. Shell-bark Eickory.
Leaflets 5, rainutely downy underneath, finely serrate, the 3 upper obovate-.-
Janceolate, the lower much smaller and odleng-lanceolate, all acuminate; fruié- -
depressed-globular; «ut somewhat flattened.
Rich moist woods, common. April, May; fruit in G@ct. A tall and handsome --
tree with rough end shagey bark, consisting of pe strips adhering by the mic- .
die or one end; the wood is valuable as timber, and especial) y. for fuel. The fruitis -.
eovered with a very thick epicarp separating into 4 parts, and containing a whitish
thin-shelled nut with a large richly-flayored Kernel.
2. ©. suLtcata, Nutt. Thick Shell-bark Hickory.
Lesflets 7 to 9, obovyate-lanceolate, downy underneath, sharply serrate; fruii -
oval, 4-ribbed above the middle with seas furrows; nut strongly poinied, _
slightly flattened; with 2 thick yellowish shell
Lect
CUPULIFER EE.
ee
Valleys along the Riiespeenas: apannaei aan Chittisqaaqme © = ‘Wor
feat
_berland county. May; Fruit i in Oct. A large tree 50 to 70 _ Leaves 10
“#020 inches lonz. Sterile aments very long. Nut nearly trie la cor thai C.
alba, with a thick shell.” Sn Tone gg tie a
** Seod. sweetish but small; nut haird-sheRed: Bae not Magt , :
3. ©. tomentosa, Nutt. I rolearnut. Ballau Rory.
" Leaflets 7 to 9, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate, ro
underneath; aments hairy; fruit globular or ovoid, with a ‘thick and -
which splits almost to the-base; nut somewhat 6- ane, the shell, very thick ape
hard.
Rich woods and hills, common. April, May; fru inv Oct: oh: tall: tree 40 to 50 ~
feet high, with resitous scented foliage and whitish cracked Lise ta the wood is
d celebrated for axe-handles, fuel, &c.
4, (€. microcarpa, Nutt. Small. fitted Biliry. >
Leaflets 5 to 7, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, elandalar: ‘underneath; aments smooth
Sruit roundis h-ovoid, with a thin husk; nut slightiy angled, the shell rather thin
Moist woodlands. May; jfruttin Oct; A tree 60 to 70-feet high with an even
bark. Aments long. slender; smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 “inches long, 2 to 3inches .
wide, the under surface tufted in the axils-of the veinlets:~ Bret | 34 0f an inch in
diameter.
5. ©. @LuaBra, Torr. Piy-nut. Broom: Hickory.
Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, smooth or nearly so; fruit pear-shaped
or roundish obovate, thin, splitting about half way down into 4 coriaccous valves; ~
nut hard and tough with a-sweetish or bitterish kernel.
Woodlands.¢common.* May: fruitin Oct. A larze tree witha alase bark very
tough and valuable wood, and exceedingly tough sprouts. Fruitot various forme.
+ ** Seed intensely bitter ; husk thin and soft; nut-shell thin and fragile.
6. ©. Amara, Nutt. Bitter-nut.. Swamp Hickory. —
Leaflets 7 to 11, Felten ieserate: serrate, smooth, acuminate; fruzt globular,
with ridged cr prominent seamsopening half way down; nut inversely he art-
ehaped. :
Wet woods, common: May; fruitinSept. A eracefal tee with clos2 bark, and
small pointed buds nearly destitute of seales. Nuf-shell- very thin, with an intense
ly. bitter kernel. Z 3
Orvzr 103. CUPULIFERE.— okt aes
Tees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipubes, «
and monecious flowers; the sterile in aments or clusters, the fertile solitary or chus-
tehed, furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or covering ta the 1-celled-1-sced-
ednut. STAMENS 1 to3 times as many a3 the sepals, insertedinto their bas2, Ova-
RY 2 to 7-celled, with 1 to 2 pendulous anatropous ‘ovules in each cell; all ths
ovules and cells disappearing in fruit. Fatit a bony or leathery nut, more or less -
enclosed in the eapsule.-
1. QUERCUS, Linn. Oak-
The classical Latin name.
STERILE FLOWERS clustered in slender and naked droop-
ing aments, without bracts; PERIANTH 6 to 8-parted. -Sra-
om
CUPULIFER &. el
MENS 6 to 12: anrHeRs 2-celled.. FeRTILE FLOWERS
seattered or somewhat clustered; consisting of a 3-celled 6-
ovuled ovary with-a 3 lobed stigma, inclosed by a scaly bud-
like inyelucre which- becomes an indurated cup (cupule)
around the base of the rounded nut or acorn.—A noble genus
of trees (rarely shrubs), with greenish or yellowish sterile flowers,
wm axillary, pendulous, filiform aments; the fertile inconspicuoys -
Jiowering in April and May, and ripening their fruit in October.
Sec. 1. FRUIT annual, pedunculate.—Luaves not mucronate.
* Leawes sinuate-lobed 07 pinnatifid. Wits OAKS.
1. Q. atBa, lL. White Oak.
Leaves smooth, pale or glaucous underneath, obovate-oblong, obtuse, obliquely™
and deepiy cut into 3 to 6 oblong, obtuse mostly entire lobes; cup hemispherical,
roughish, naked, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn.
Rich woods. cemmon. The White Oak is a weil known and invaluable tree 70
to 80 feet-high, with a diameter of 4 to 6 feet. Zanes bright green above, the
pap Hea in breadth,.sometimes very narrow. JVut about 1 inch long, sweet-
ish, edible.
2. Q. optusinoBA, Michx. Post Oak. Tron Oak.
Zeaves deeply cut into 5 to 7 roundish divergent lobes, the upper ones much
- longer and often 1 to 3-notched, grayish-downy underneath, pale and rough above ;
cup hemispherical, naked, about 14 the length of the ovoid acorn.- ~
Sandy soil, notcommon. May.- A-tree 30 t0 50 feethich, with straggling irrezu--
Tar branches. Fruit sessile, or 2 to 3 tog2ther on a short common peduncle. The
timber is very durable, and is much esteemed in ship building.
3. Q. MACROCARPA, Michx. Over-cup White Oak.
Leaves obovate, deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed, pale or downy underneath;
the lodes obtuse, repand; cup deep, fringed around -the margin, more than half
enclosing the ovoid turgid acorn.
Woods along rivers, rare. May. A*tree 40 to 60 feet hich, the branches covered
with acorky bark. Leaves dark-green, 10 to 15 inches long. orns very large
immérsed 3% of their length in the cup which is mossy-fringed on thé border..
4. . OLIV@ForMIsS, Michx. Mossy-eup Oak.
Leaves oblong, deeply 2nd unequally sinuate-pinnatifid, smooth, glaucous under- -
neath; cup very deep, mossy-fringed above, inclosing 34 of the elliptical-oval acorn.»
Swamps and low places, not common. A large and majestic tree 60 to 80 feet:-
high, with a diameter of 2 to 4 feet, chiefly remarkable for its smaller branches -
always inclining downwards. eaves very variable in form. Fruit 114 inch long.
This species is commonly known through Union County as the Swamp White Oak, —_
and. is considered very durable for posts, rails, &c.
=* Leaves coarsely sinwate-toothed, not lobed. CurstNut Oaks.
5. Q. Bicotor, Willd. Swamp White Oak.
Leaves on short petioles, oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base, whitish-iowny be-
neath, coarsely and irregularly sinuate-toothed; peduncle elongated in fruit; cup
hemispherical, som>times a little fringed at the border, inclosing less than one half
the oblong-ovoid acorn. : :
Low moist woods, common. A tree 40 to 60 feet high, with the bark separating
into large flat plates. Leaves 6 to 7 inches long, with 8 to 15 coarse teeth. Acorn .
large, in a small thin and roughish cup. G
CUPULIFERZ.
abendant as often to weigh the shrub to the ground. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. .
2S gee.
i Q. Paryvs, L: _ Swamp Chestnut Oak. * a ee
Zéaves on ‘Tong petioles, obovate, acute, ‘coarsely serrate with nearly u
roand'sh teeth, pubescent beneath ; cup somewhat top-shaped ; acormovate. Sia
Shady woods and river hanks. A tres 60 to. 80 feet high. Zeaves larze on pe-
tioles 1 inch long. Acorn large, sweet. The timber i is valuabie in in. ths arts.
{ares MONTANA, Willd. Rock Chestnut. Oak. * es
‘Eeaves petioled, broadty obovate, coarsely and- nearly Sapaally-bockmeae “whitish
downy underneath; peduncles short; Cun. hemispherical, wi = rugose and tubereled
scales; acorn ovate. x -
Rocky hills.common. A middle sized tree, seldom mare Sian 60 feet nigh.
Leaves with broad anlobtuse tecth on a yellow petiole. Acorn 1 to 114 inch long.
The bark is highly esteemed for tanning, and the wood makes excellent fael. ~
8. Q. Castanea, Willd. — Yellow Chestnut Oak.
Leaves on lonz petioles, oblonz-1 accdtate. obtuse at pase, acuminate, hoary- white
undérneath, equally and nearly sharply toothed; cup hemi isphérical ; acorn ovoid.
Rich mountain woods and valleys... A tree 69 to 70 fect high._ Leaves narrower
than those of the former, with acute teeth, which are callous at the point. Fragé™
middle-sized. sessile or on a short peduncle. These three Chestnut Oaks are very”
difficult to distinguish, and many prove to be only varieties of one species.
9. Q. prinowEs, Willd. Chinguapin Oak.
Leaves on short petioles, obovate and lance-oblong, coarsely wavy-toothed, downy -
underneath; peduneles short or none; cup, hemispherical; ACOFR OFOi id. ee. Chin-
quapin, Pursh:)
Sandy soil. A shrub 3 to6 feet hish, growing in patches interming! ed ‘with the
Black Scrub Oak. (Q. iicifolia, Wane.) Acorns sweet, middlé-sized.” and -£0 >
e!)
Src. u. Fruit! not maturing until the second year, nearly sessile.
* Leaves entire, narrow. :
10. Q. rmpricartA, Michx. - Laurel or Shingle Oak.
Leaves lance-oblong, acute at both ends, mucronate; thickish, smooth and ee
above, pubescent beneath; cup saucer-shaped; acorn slobular. __ ‘
Barrens and open wood!ands. A tree 20 to 50 feet high; with’ numerous irregn-
lar branches. Leaves dark green. thick and firm in texture, 3 to 5 inches long. te
as wide. Acorn small. in a fiat nearly sessile cup. The wood splits easily, and is
sometimes used for shingles. :
*+* Leaves toothed or lobéd.. BLACK AND RED pile =
11. Q. maretrorta, Wang. Black Scrub Oak
Pwarf; leaves on short petioles, obovate, wed¢e-shaped at the base, 3 to 4-angu-
- larly lobed, white-downy underneath; cup flattish-top-shaped ; acorns ovoid. ha
Bannisteri, Michx.) :
Sandy harrens and rocky hills, common. A straggling crooked shrub, 2 a je Sf et:
high, much branched. Acorns in numerous clusters on the branches. Bear Cak. .
12. Q. niara, L. Black Jack, or Brown Oak: .
Leaves broadly a: rounded or cial heart-shaped at the dase,
diated and slightly 3, or rarely 5-lobed at the end, rusty-downy underneath —
young ; acorn ovoid-glotular, half covered by the yery scaly cup.
Dry woods and sandy barrens, eemmon. A scraggy tree. 15 to 30 feet hich,
eovered with a thick rough black bark. JZeaves leathery. shining above, 4 to 8
inches long, with rounded often obscure lobes, the principal veins projecting in.
bristle points which are commonly deciduous. Acorns 24 to 1 inch jong.
CUPULIFER®.
BL Q. TINCTORIA, Bartram. Quercitron or Black Oak.
Leaves ‘obovate-oblong, slightly or sometimes deeply sinuate-lobed, the lobes
somewhat toothed, more or less rusty pubescent undvrneath ; acorn. depressed
globose, in ‘afiat sealy cup.
Dry woods common. “A large tree, sometimes attaining “the hei: ate of 80 to
f-et, with a diameter of 4 to 5 feet, anda deeply furzowed black or deep brown
bark. The inner bark is very thick ‘and yellow, used in dying. ‘Leaves 6 to 8 inch-
es long, broadest towards the end, quite variab! gle pues nearly scssile,
about half covered with the thick scaly eap.
14. Q. coccinea, Wang. Scurlet Oak.
*Leaves on long petioles, oval in outline, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with broad and
open sinuses, the lobes. divergent.and sparingly cut-toothed, 3 to.4 on each side,
smooth ; cup top-shaped, conspicuously scaly; acorn roundish-ovoid,
‘Rich woods, common. A tree 60 to 80 feethigh, with a diameter-of 3-or 4 feet.
Leaves of a brissht shining green on both sides, turning bright scarlet in autumn.
Acorns large WA to 4 immersed in the cup. The wood. is used for staves, and the
bark for tanning.
15. Q, nuBRA, L. ed Oak.
_Deaves on long petioles, oblong, smooth, pale beneath, obtusely sinuately-lobed ;
‘Tobes spreading, sparingly-toothed or entire, 4 to 6 oneach side; cup saucer-shaped,
shallow, neatly smooth, much shorter than the oblonz-oyoid acorn.
Forests, common. A tree 70 to €Ofiet high. with a diameter of 3 to4 feet.
Leaves 6:t0 1@ inches long, slightly pubescent in. the axils ofthe neryes beneath,
ehanzing to dull red or yellowish in autumn. Acorns 1 inch long, with a flat base
in curs so shallow as rather to resemble-seucers than: “Cups, eagerly devoured by
hogs. ‘Lhe wood is reddish and coarse grained,and the bark is used in tanning.
16. Q. pALusrris, Du Roi. Michx. Pia Oak.
Leuves on long petioles, cbleng, in-outline smcocth and shining. deeply pinnatifid
with broad.and rounded sinuses, the Jobes divergent, cut-lobcd and toothed, acute;
cup saue2r-sbaped, even; acorn nearly globose.
Swampy wocds, common. A handsome tree 40 to €0 feet high, with numerous
gpreading branches and light elegant.foliage. Leaves bright grecn on both sides.
Acorns namerous, small, on short peduncles, in-shallow cups... Itis called Pin Oak
oa account of its un usual number of secondary branchcs which die as the tree ad-
yances, giving the trunk the appearance of having pins or tree nails driven into it.
%
:&.. heterophylla, Michx., f., was founded on a single tree.raiscd in Bartram’s gar-
den near Philadelphia, recently destroyed, which was doubtless a hybred. It is
figurod and described by Michaux in-his Sylva Americara.
a CASTANEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT.
From Custunea, a city of Thessaly, noted for its chestnuts.
Polygamous. STERILE FLOWERS interuptedly clustered
in long cylindrical aments: PERIANTH gece 5 to 6-parted :
STAMENS 8 to 15. FrrtiLE FLOWERS 2 or d together in an
ovoid scaly prickly involucre : PERIANTH urceolate, 5 to 6-
cleft, with the rudiments of 5 to 12 abortive stamens. ‘Ova-
RY: crowned withthe perianth, 3 to 7-celled, 14 to 25-ovuled.
Nvts coriaceous, ovoid, 1 to 38 ‘ixeluded in:the enlarged
echinate 4-lobed inv olucre. —Trees and shrubs, with mostly
@eciduous alternate straight veined leaves, the sterile cream-colored
fatenre in SS amenis near the ae the brane es, and the fer
tile lowers at. their base. a Sle ptdew Sis Sales
1,-.C. vesea, L. Chestnut. rs a 2 ee
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, mucronate-serrate; SI nd ‘
sides; nuis 2 to 3 in each involucre, flattened on one or bo
Rocky or hilly woods, common, especially in stony ] land. ‘June os Frily. A Sarat
tree, with light coarse grained wood. Leaves 6 to 9 inches" long, and and Yas wide
with large uniform teeth. Aments 5to 8 inches long, yery numeroue.. "agama
3 together, of a peculiar brown, enclosed in the enlarged copies: burr whichis"
beset on all sides with sharp spines.
2. ©. pumina, Michx. Liana. ey -Dioaxf, ‘Ohestnut.
Ecaves oblong, acute; serrate with pointed teeth, white tonmybomealh nt soli-
tary. - ae: b.
Sandy woods, and sterile places. June. A shrub oremall’ te 6 to 20-feebhigh,
much branched. Leaves 3 to 5-inches long, 114 to 2 inches-wide, smooth above, on
petioles 14 inch long... Stamenate flowers in ’aments 6to 10 inches lovg. oe
pointed, scarcely halfas large as a conimon chestnut, very sweet.
38, FAGUS, Tourn. Bercn. 5
Gr.phago, to eat, in allusion to the esculent: i.
Moneecious. STERILE FLOWERS in small heads on “aedag:
ing peduncles, with deciduous scale-like bracts; PERTANTH
bell-shaped, 5. to 6-cleft: stamens 8 to 12.- Ferrite
FLOWERS 2 within a 4-lobed prickly involucre: PERIANTE:
with 4-to 5 minute awl-shaped lobes. Srytes 3: ovary
8-eelled with 2 ovules in cach cell. Nurs usually 2, sharp-
ly 3-sided, invested by the soft prickly coriaceous involuerg,
which splits to below the middle into 4-valves.— Trees with
smooth gray bark, undivided steal veined leaves, and ele
flowers appearing with the leave
»
IF. FERRUGINEA, Ait. yen Beech: P eeeSae
‘Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, distinctly and often coarsely wate obiuse =a
base; prickles of the fruitreeurved or spreading. -
Woods along streams, common.. May. A’ beautiful tree, often 50-or 60: feet high,
covercd with thick smccth ach-gray bark. Zeuves 2 to 5 inches léng, often a little
beart-shaped ‘at base, bright grcen and. shining above, “silky - underdeath when
young. JVuts small, cily, sweet and: nutritious. The Fed Beech is now considered
as only a we syith = wood sefter-and easier of clay :
“4. -CORYDUS, Tourn. Hazer-nor. ‘Frenenr.
Gr. korus, a helmet or COR, in-allusion to the farolates
Mecrecicus. STERILE FLOWERS in droeping cami
aments, the ecncave bracts and the 2-cleft:perianth combined
to form 8 lcked scales, to the axis of which the 8 short fila-
ments. irregularly cchere. FERTILE ¥LCWHRS several to-
gether in latcral and terminal scaly buds. Sricma 2, thread-
like. Cvanry 2-celled with l-ovule in each cell. Nur long,
® CUPULIFERS. S20
roundish-ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the enlarged coriace-
-ous and lacerately toothed involucre.—Shrubs, with round,
ish unequally serrate leaves, the yellowish sterile and red fertile fiow,
ers appearing wm-early spring in advance of the lexves.
1. C. Americana, Walt. Wild Hazle-nut.
Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, acuminate, coarsely serrate; involucre roundish...
bell-shaped, glandular, with a spreading flattened border about twice the length
of the fiattened nut.
Thieckets and fencerows, common. A shrub 5 to 8 feet high,-with the young
twigs, &c., downy and glandular hairy. JZeaves 3 to 6 inches long and % as wide.
Barren flowers in long pendulous aments flowering in April. Nut fine-flayored
smaller than the European hazel or jilbert.
2. C. rostrata, Ait. Beaked Hazle-nut.
Leaves oblong-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped, acuminate, doubly serrate; involu-
cre beli-shaped-tubular, prolonged above the giobular-ovoid nut into a narrow tu-
Bbular beak, densely clothed with bristlés
_Banksof streams and along mountain ravines. May. A shrub 2 to 5 feet high
with slender smooth branches. Jnvolucre1 to 114 incb long, contracted at the tep
into a long narrow neck, like a bottle, covered with short stiff hairs.
5. CARPINUS, Linn. Hornpeam. IR0n-Woop.
?
The ancient Latin name.
Monecious. STERILE FLOWERS in drooping cylindrical
aments, consisting of from 8 to 14 stamens in the axil of a
simple entire scale-like bract, destitute of a proper calyx: fik
aments very short. FERTILE FLOWERS several, spiked in
an oblong loosely imbricated terminal ament, with small de-
ciduous bracts, each with a pair of flowers consisting of a 2-
celled 2-ovuled ovary terminated by 2 thread-like stigmas.
Nor small, ovoid, ribbed, acute, each with.a simple, 1-seed-
ed, enlarged, open and leaf-like involucre.— Trees with a
smovth gray bark, with alternate undivided straight-verned leaves
appearing later than the fiowers.
C. Americana, Michx. American Hornbeam.
Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply-doubly serrate,:nearly smooth; thcole-
cre 3-lobed, somewhat halbert-shaped, somewhat cut-toothed on one side. :
“Woods along streams, common. April, May. A small tree 12 to 26 feet high
with an irregular rigid trunk, and very hard wood, covered with-a light ash-color-
ed or gray bark. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, %4 as wide, petiolate. Scales of the
fertile ament 3-paried, the middie segment: much the largest, oblique with a later-
-al tooth.
6. -OSTRYA, Micheli. Hor Hornseeam.
Gr. ostreen, a sheil; in allusion to the fruit.
Moneccious. “SteRiLE FLOWERS in cylindrical aments,
with erbicular, -ecuminzte, ciliate scales. Stamens 8 to 10,
with somewhat irregularly united filaments. FERTILE FLOW-
M2
6
Ria ees i
saeieel ak,
th, ,
te eS Leo eee eee ee ay
scl ti
N
226 MYRICACER.
ERS numerous, in a short terminal ament, with small decidu-
ous bracts; each enclosed in a membranaccous sac-like in-
volucre which enlarges and forms a bladdery closed bag in
fruit, those imbricated to form a sort of strobile, appearing
like that of the hop. ‘Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, crowned
with the entire and bearded border of the calyx, forming a
small and seed-like smooth nut.— Slender trees with bLrown-
ish finely furrowed bark, eniwre alternate leaves, and fowers ap-
pearing with the leaves.
O. Virernioa, Willd. American Hop-Hornbeam.
Zeaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply doubly serrate, somewhat downy’
Fertile ements chiong, penculcus; involucral sacs-bristiy-hairy at the base; bude
acute.
Rich weods. April, May. A small tree 20 to 20 feet high. The bark is remark-
ebie for its fine narrow longitudinal divisions. Leaves on hairy petioles, atcut
twice as long as wide. The fruit is similar in epypcarance to bheys, consisting of
membraneous imbricated sacs, containing-ccch a fiewer., The woecd is yory white,
hard and strong, much usca@ ior levers, de. Lcver-weed. Jron-wocd.
=) 3
Orpen 104. Pi¥RICACEIEE.— Sweet Gale Family.
Monacious or diacious shrubs, aniththe sterile and fertile flowers in short scaly aments,
and resinous dotted often fragrant lecwes—differing from the Birch Family chiefiy
by the 1-celled ovary with a-single erect orthotropous ovule, and a drape-like nut.
1. MYRICA, Linn. Bayzerry.
Gr. murike, the ancient name of the Tamarisk.
Diecicus. STERILE FLOWERS in oblong or cylindrica]
aments, the FERTILE in ovoid closely imbricated aments,
‘both destitute of calyx and corolla, solitary under a scale-lke
bract, with a pair of bractlets.. StTAmMENS 2 to § with the
filaments somewhat united below. Ovary 1, superior, with
3 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit asmall
globular nut, studded with resincus grains or wax.
1. M. Gaus, L. Sweet Gale. © Meadow Fern.
Leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate towards the apex, appearing later than the
‘flowers; stertie amen?s closely clustered; frust in an oblong imbricated amentace-
-ous head.
Borders of ponds and mountain lakes, rare. May. A branching. cehrub 8 to 4
fect high. Leaves dark green above, pele beneath, with a strong midvein. 34 te
1% inch long, 1% to 14 inch wide, entire 14 the length. Fertile and sterile jirwers
on seperate plants. ‘he fruit and leaves when bruised emit a pungent spicy odor.
2. M. cerirera, L. Laylerry. Wax Myrtle.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the bese, entire or wavy-toothed towards
the apex, shining and resinous dotted on both sides, somewhat preceding the Sow-
ers; éterile aments scattered, oblong; nuts secuttered and naked, incrusted with
white Wax.
BETULACES. 297
Sandy soil, rare. May. A-shrub 2 to § feet high, with a very branching top,
and grayish bark. Leaves 144 to 214-incheslong by 4 to 34. Aments sessile along
the last years branches. The fruit consists of a globular nut or stone enclosing a:
kernel, and covered with a coating of whitish wax.
2. COMPTONIA, Solander: Swarr Fern.
Yq honor of Henry Compton, Bishop of London a-century ago, a patron of botany.
Moneecious. STERILE FLOWERS in cylindrical aments.
with reniform-cordate pointed scale-like bracts, and 3 to 6
stamens. FERTILE FLOWERS in globular aments, burr-like;.
OVARY surrounded by 5 to 6 long linear-awl-shaped scales,
persistent around: the ovoid smooth nut; otherwise as in
Myrica.— Low shrubs, with long and narrow pinnatifid-lobed
leaves with small stipules appearing after the flowers.
©. ASPLENIFOLIA, Ait. Sweet Fern.
Leaves long linear-lareeolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatifid.
Dry woods and hills, common. May. A well known, handsome aromatic shrub,
T to 2 feethigh. Zeaves numerous, on short peduncles, 3 to 4 inches long, 14 inch:
wide, divided nearly to the midvein into numerous rounded lobes.
Onper 105. BETULACEE.—Birch Family.
Monecious trees or shrubs, with sterile and fertile flowers in scaly amenis, 2 or 3
under each bract, and no involucre to the naked 1-celled and 1-seeded often winged
nut, which sesults from a 2-ceelled and 2-ovuled cvary. STYLES single or none: sTIG-
MA 2.
1. BETULA, Tourn. Birca.
The ancient Latin name.
STERILE FLOWERS 3,-with:2 bractlets under each: scale or
bract of the ament, consisting each of a perianth of 1 scale
and 4 stamens attached toits base: FILAMENTS short. Fer-
PILE FLOWERS 3 under each 8-lobed bract, consisting of a
naked ovary with 2 thread-like stigmas, becoming a broadly:
winged and scale-like nutlet or small samara. SED sus-
pended, anatropous.— 7'rces and shrubs, mostly with the outer
bark usually.separable in thin horizontal sheets, ovate, serrate alier=
nate leaves, and monecious flowers, the golden sterile ones expanding
in early spring preceding the leaves, the fertile in oblong cylindrical
aments appearing with the leaves. 3
* Trees with the bark of the trunk white externally, separable tn thin sheets.
1. B. popuniroiia, Ait. White Birch.
Leaves deltoid (triangular), long-acuminate, truncate or slightly cordate at base, -
Munequally serrate, smooth and shining on both sides, on smooth ‘petioles; fertile-
aments on peduncles; scales with roundish, lateral lobes.
BETULACE.
Poor soils, in rocky mountainous woods, common. May. A small and slender,
very graceful tree, 20: to 40 fect high, with a chalky-white bark. JZeaves tapering
toa long point as tremulous as an Aspen,on petioles 1 inch or more long. Aments
long gee cory Poplartleaved Birch.
B. papyRAceA, Ait. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch.
eas ovate, acuminate, doubly-serrate, the veins hairy beneath, small above *-
tateral iobes of the fruit-bearing bracts short and rounded.
Hillside woods, common. May, June. A tree 40 to 70 feet high, with fine-
grained wood, and very tough durable bark, white externally, seperating into pa-
per-like layers. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 4 as wide dark-green above, pale
glandular-dotted underneath. Sterile aments 1 to 2 inches long,
#* Trees with reddish-brown or yellowish bark ; leaves. with short petioles.
3. B. nicra, L. Red Birch: River Birch.
" Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute at each end, dowbly serrate, whitish-and downy
underneath ; fertile aments somewhat peduncled, woolly; bracts with oblong-linear
nearly equal lobes.
Low river banks, common. May. A tree 30 to 50 feet high, with reddish-brown
bark, which at length becomes very loose and torn, hanging in shreds. Leaves 3
inches long and 2 wide, on petioles 14 to 34 inch long, dark-green above.
4, B. venta, L. Black Birch. Sweet Birch.
Leaves cordate-ovate, pointed, sharply and finely doubly serrate; hairy on the
veins beneath; fertile amenis elliptical, thick, erect, somewhat hairy.
Moist rich woods, common. April, May. A.beautiful tree 40 to 60 feet high..
with a diameter.of t,to.3 feet, covered with a chestnut-brewn dark; Branches-
slender, spotted with white. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, about 44 as wide. The.
wood has a close grain and issusceptible of a fine polish, valuable for cabinet work.
The bark and young twigs are spicy-aromatic.
#£* Shrubs with brownish bark and rvunded crenate-toothed leaves.-
5. B. pumiua, Lb. Low Birch. Dwarf Birch?
Erect or ascending; leaves obovate or roundish-elliptical, coarsely crenate-toothed,
the younger downy and nearly orbicular; fertile catkins cylindrical; scales more
or less unequal 3-lobed; fruit broadly winged.
Mountain bogs, rare. Pursh. May, June. A shrub 2to 5 feet high, with smooth
or sometimes warty branchlets, the young twigs downy. Zeaves on short petioles,
1-to 144 inch long, pale or whitish underneath.
2. ALNUS, Tourn. ALDER.
The ancient Latin name.
Monecious. STERILE AMENTS long and drooping, yt
dric, with 5 bractlets and 1 to 3 ffowers under-each scale ;
each flower with a 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens with very
short filaments. FERTILE AMENTS ovoid or oblong, the
fleshy scales each 2-flowered, with a calyx of 4 small scales
eoherent with the scales or bracts. of, the ament, which be-
come thick and woody in fruit, all coherent below and per-
sistent.— Shrubs or small — arising from large and strong
roots, stalked leaf-buds furnished with a single scale, alternate simple :
_ leaves, and the aments produced at the close of summer, and expand.
tng in. early spring.
:
SALICACE &. 329
1. A. mncana, Willd. Black Alder.
Izaves broadly oval or ovate, rounded at the base, sharp ly serrate, often coarsely
toothed, white and mostly downy underneath ; stipules oblong-lanceolate; fertile
aments oval; fruit orbicular.
Banks of mountain streams, common. Ashrub $ to 20 feet high, with smooth
brown bark. Fertile aments usually 4 to 5 ina paniculate raceme.
2: <A. SERRULATA, Ait. Common Alder. Smooth Alder.
Leaves obovate, acuté at the base, sharply serrate with’ .acute teeth, thickish,
sm oth and green on both sides, a little hairy on the yeins beneath; stipules oval ;
fertile aments ovoid-oblong; fruit ovate.
Borders of ponds and streams, common. A well knownshrub 6 to 12 feet high,
growing in clumps. JL2aves 2 to 4 inches long and % as wide, strongly veined..
Amnts 2 to 3 inches long, slender, pendulous; the for tile onss short, thick, darke
brown, persistént.
Orpzer 106. SALICACHH.— Willow Family.
Diezious trees or shrubs, with alternate undivided leaves, the fertile and sterile
Showers in aments, one under each bract, entirely destitute of calyx or corolla; the
Sruit al-celled and 2-valved capsuie, containing numerous seeds clothed with a long
icy down. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-cellod; styius 2, very short, or more
or less united, each with a 2lobed stigma:
1. SALIX, Tourn. Wittow. Oster:
Celtic, sal, near, and lis, water; alluding to their usual locality.
Dicezious. AMENTS cylindric, with entire imbricated..
scales. STERILE FLOWERS of 2 to 6 stamens, accompanied
with 1 or 2 little glands. Ferrite FrLowsrs with a small
fiit eland at the base of. the ovary on- the inner-side; srig-
MAS short. — Trees or shrubs, general/y. growing along streams,
with round and flexible branches, mostly. long and pointed
rae entire or glandularly-toothed, and terminal and lateral
ments appearing ‘before or with the Teaves.
Sec. 1. Aments lateral.and sessile, appearing before theloaves. Skrudsor smill:
trees. -
* Leaves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed ; aments ovrnd or short-cylindrical, small ;
stigmas 2-cleft.
1. §. canpipa, Willd. Mbary or White-leaved Willow.
Zvavez narrow-lancedlate, acuminate, or the lowest obtuse, pubescent above,
white-tomentose beneath; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed; aments oblong-cylin-
drical, closely flowered ; ovary densely wooily; style distinct.
Bogs in shady woods, rare. April, May. A shrub 2 to 5 feet high with reddish
twigs, smooth and shining at maturity. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long, 1 to 2 wide, -
_ Aments about an inch long, dense on short peduncles.
2. §. rristis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow.
Leaves wedge-lanceolate, almost sessile, pointed, or at the lower cbtuse- grayi
woolly on both oa the upper side at maturity nearly smooth; stipules smell,
)
hairy; aments globular when young, loosely flowered; ovary with a long hairy
beak ; style short. ; .
Sandy woods. March, April. A small shrub 1 to 114 foot high, much branched,
with a profusion of aments in spring appearing before the leaves. Leaves at length
‘numerous, thick, 1}4 inch long, often crowded. Stipules seldom seen, often re--
duced to a mere gland.
&.. §: HUMILIS,. Marshall. Sow Bush Willow.
Leaves on petioles, lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse with an ab- -
rupt point, slightly downy above; stipules small, semi-ovate and entire, or larger
and linear with 2 to 4 teeth, shorter than the petioles; aments often recurved; ~~
avary hairy; style-distinets
Borders of fields and rcadsidés, common. A‘ shrub3 to 8 feet high; varying in
size and appearance. eaves of the larger forms 8 to 5 inches long, and 3{ to 1;
inch broad. This species, as well as some of the following section often bear cone--.
like excrescences on the ends of the branches, formed of closely imbricated leaves. .
** Leaves more or less serrate, smoothand shining above ; aments cylindrical, large.
4, §. prcotor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, irregularly toothed on the sides, en- -
tire at the base and apex; stépules semilunar, toothed; aments erect; scales yery
hairy, oblanceolate, somewhat acute; ovary densely silky...
Low meadows and river banks, common. A*largeshrub orsmall tree 8 to 15 feet -
high. Leaves when young commonly obtuse and pubescent, at length beeoming
smooth and whilish-glaucous-beneath. Young catkins 114 inch long, glossy, black- -
ish with the conspicuous stipules, elongating in fruit to 214 inches.
*%* Leaves finely and evenly serrate, silky-gray or glaucous beneath ; aments ovoid
or cylindrical ; stigma 2-lobeds Shrubs. Pe es
5. §. surtcea, Marshall. Silky-leaved Willow..
Leaves lanceolate, pointed, downy above, grayish-with short silky hairs under -
neath; sterile aments small, the fertile narrowly cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales -
obtuse, round-obovate; stigma nearly sessile.
Sandy river banks. A shrub 4 to 10 feet high, with green or purple twigs which -
are tough but brittle at base. Fertile aments in flower 34 inch, at length 144 inchs
long. Anthers at first reddish, then yellow, and finally brown.
6. 8. peTronaRis, Smith. Long-stalked Willow.
Leaves lanceolate, pointed, smooth above; glaucous beneath, silky at base, mest- -
ly unequal; stipedes lunate; aments appearing before the leaves, the fertile ovoid- -
cylindrical, loosely flowered ; scales very hairy, obovate; style short but distinet.:
Sandy river banks and low grounds, common. A shrub 6 to 10 feet high, some-
what resembling the last, but the mature leaves are smooth beneath, and dry less «
black. Fertile aments shorter and broader, the eapsule spreading and showing the -
RialKBe ’
*#&% Filamenis seperate; stigmas undivided. Smatl trecs. .
7. S. viminauis, L. Basket Oster. Basket Willow.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long and acuminate, entire or obscurely crenate, .
white-silky beneath; si/pules very small; amenfs cylindrical-ovoid, clothed with .
long silky hair; ovary long ard.narrow; styles elongated; stigmas linear, mostly —
entire.
Wet meadows; introduced from Europe.. A°middle sized tree, with slender and
flexible branches. eaves 3 to 6 inches long of a beautiful lustre beneath. Fila-.-
ments yellow: -Anthers orange. Considered the best species for basket making.
Src. 1. Aments lateral, with 4 to 5 leafy bracts at the base, appearing with or;
before the leaves: stamens 2-——Shrubs or small trees.
|
|
‘
5
|
4
|
;
;
SALICACER, 32,
al Of
——
8. 8. corpaTa, Muhl.. Heart-leaved Willow. k
Ezaues lanceolate or ovyate-lanceolate, sometimes truncate or heart-shaped at:
base, acuminate, sharply toothed, smooth, paler beneath; stipules reniform or
ovate, toothed, often large and conspicuous, or sometimes small and almost entire;
aments appearing with the leaves, leafy at base, cylindrical, the fertile elongating
io fruit. ; ;
Low river banks and lodw msadows. A shrub 2 to 6 feet or a small treo 6 to- 18»
feet high, with leaves 4 to Ginches long. Jvrtile aments 2 to 3 inches long.
9. §. AnaustaTa, Pursh. Narrow-leaved Willow.
Lzaves lanceolate, acute, long and tapering to the base, slightly toothed, smooth..
and scarcely glaucous beneath; stipules semi-cordate ; aments large, appearing be- -
fore the leaves; ovary tapering intoa long style.
Banks of streams. A large shrub or small tree 8 to 15 feet high, with very long
and slender twigs, and long and narrow leayes.
we
Szc. mt. Aments peduncled (long and loose) borne on thesummit cf lateral leafy
branches of the szeason.— Shrubs and trecs, with the branches very brittle at the base. .
* Ovary sessile, smooth ; stamens 2: .
10. S. aupa, Li. White. Willow. Yellow Willow.
Leaves lanceolate or. elliggtc-lanceolate, pointed, toothed, clothed more or less
with white silky hairs, es ally beneath; stipules lanceolate; stigmas nearly ses-
sile thick and recurved. An introduced tree of rapid growth, attaining a height
of 60 to 80 feet, with several varicties.- Var. 1, viTELLINA, has_yellow or light red
branches; leaves shortet and broader. (8.vitellina, Smith € Borrer. S. Pameachi~.
ana, Barret.) War. 2, CHRULEA has the leaves nearly smooth at maturity.
%* Ovary stalked, smcoth; stamens 2 to 6.
11. S. Fraqinis, L. Brittle Willow. Crack Willow.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath, serrate with infiexed”
teeth ; stipules semicordate, pointed, toothed; stamens mostly 2. e
A tall and handsome tree, with smovth and shining branches, introduced from::
Europe, and cultivated for basket-work, with several varieties. Var. 1, DECIPIENS,
has dark brown buds, and the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very
obtuse. (S. decipiens, Hofman.) Var. 2, RussztiaANa, has the leaves long and
bright, strongly serrate, the younger ones, and upper branches of the annual.
shoots, silky-downy; stipules large and acuminate. (S. Russeliana, Smith.)
12. §S. nicrA, Marshall. Black Willow.
Leaves narrowly-lanceolate, pointed and tapering at each end, serrate, mostly-
amooth, green on beth sides; stipules small, deciduous; glands of the sterile flow-
ere 2, larze and deeply 2 to 3-clefi; stamens 3 to 6, ;
Margins of streams. A tree 15 to 25 feet high, with a rough black bark.
Branches very brittle at base, pale yellow. Sterile aments 3 inches long, and often.
with but 3 stamens in the upper scales.
13. §. wucrpa, Muhl.. Shining Willow.
Leaves ovate oblong or lanceolate and narrow with a long acumination, smooth..
and shining on both sides, serrate; stipules oblong, toothed; stamens mostly 6.
Overflowed banks of-streams. A handsome spccies, sometimes 12 to 15 feet high,:.
eften flowering at the height of 3or 4 feet. Branchkessamooth, dark shining green:
Leaves broad and glossy above.
14. 8. Bapyronica, Tourn. Weeping Willow.
Branches pendulous; leaves lanceolate, ecuminate smocth, glaueous beneath;>
stipules roundish, oblique, acuminate; ovary sessile, ovate, smooth. This beautifal::
r x
33 SALICACE.
fpecies is a native of the East, and has been cultivated until nearly naturalized.
The long slender drooping branchlets very naturally indicate the common name of
the tree. Only the fertile plant is known in the United States.
#** Ovary stalked, hairy; stamens2.
15. 8S. tonarrorra, Muhl. Long-leaved Willow.
Eeaves linear-lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remote-
ly denticulate with projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young, at length
nearly smooth; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed; scales hairy at the base, often
glandular-toothed at the top in the sterile aments; stigma very long, sessile.
River banks. A ‘variable rooting species 2 to 12 set high, with brown branches
and white branchlets, often prostrate.
2. POPULUS, Tourn: Popnar. ASPEN.
Lat. populus, the people, being often planted by the public ways.
Dicecious. AMENTS cylindric. Braors (scales) of the
aments irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. FrLowerrs from a
cup-shaped disk, which is obliquely lengthened in front.
Stamens 8 to '30, with distinct filaments. Sitiamas 4,
elongated. CAPSULE superior, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded. SEEDS comose.— Trees, with soft wood, usually broad
and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves on long
petioles, and long drooping aments, appearing before the leaves.
1. P. TREMULOIDES, Michx: American Aspen.
Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, with a sharp short point, dentate-serrate, smooth
on both sides, with downy margins; scales cut into 3 » 4 deep linear divisions, .
fringed with long hairs.
Woods and open fields, common. April. A tree 20 to 50 feet high, with smooth
ereenish-white bark. Leaves 2 to 214 inches long. 21¢ to 3 wide,. on petioles 2 to 3~
inchez long. which are laterally comnressed. so that they are thrown into a continued
agitation by the slightest breeze. Witte Poplar.
2. P. GRANDIDENTATA, Michx. Large-toothed Aspen.
Leaves roundish-ovate, with large and irregular sinuate teeth, white-silky-woolly
when young, at length smooth on both sides; scales cut into 5 to 6 unequal emall
divisions, slightly fringed:
Weods and groves. rather common. A tree 40 to 50feet high, with a diameter =
of 1 foot. straight, covered with a smooth. greanish bark. Leaves 3io 5 inches jong
and nearly as wide; generally at the extremities of the distant, coarse and croeked-
branches.
3. P. HETEOPHYLLA, L. Vurious-leaved Poplar.
Leaves roundish-ovate or heart-shaped, obtuse. serrate, white-woolly when young,
at length nearly smooth, oxeept on the veins beneath.
Swamps. May. A tree 40 to 60 feet high. with round branches. JZéaves large,
wazually quite blunt, the auricled lobes at the base often conceal the insertion of -
the petiole
4, P. AncuLaTa, Ait. Water Poplar. Cotton-Niood.
TIeares broadly-deltoid, or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate or cut-serrate,
eguminate. . :
Bsnks of streams. March, April. A‘tree of large dimensions 40 to S0 Ket high,
BALSAMIFLU &. ' 333
and 1 to 2 feet thick. with acately angled or winged branches. Leaves often 7 to8
inches long, and about as wide on the young shoots; whilst on fiill-grown trees
they are only 2 to3inches long. The buds are covered with resin..
5. P. BALSAMIFERA, L. Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac.
Leaves ovate-acuminate, finely serrate, smooth on both sides, white and reticu-
late-veined beneath; scales dilated, slightly hairy; stamens very numerous.
Borders of rivers and swamps, rare. April. A tree 60 to 70 feet high; and 1 to
1% feet thick, with round branches. The buds are covered when young with a
balsamic resin.
CULTIVATED SPECIES.
6. P. cAnpicaNns, Ait. Balm-of- Gilead..
Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate, obtusely and unequally serrate, whitish be-
neath, somewhat 3-veined ; petioles hirsute.
Woods, common in cultivation. April. A tree 40 to 59 feet high, and 18 to-30
inches in diameter, with smooth and greenish bark, and large dark green foliage.
Fertile amenis 6 inches long. The buds are covered with a balsamic resin, much
used in domestic practice. ,
7. P. pmatata, L.. Lombardy Poplar.
Leaves smooth, deltoid, acuminate, serrate, about as wide as long; trunk lobed *
and sulcate. Native in Italy as its name imports. It has long been cultivated in
this country, and is found in the vicinity of all old settlemenis.
8. P. auBA, L. Abele. Stlver Poplar.
Leaves heart-shaped, broad-ovate, lobedand toothed, acuminate, dark green and
smooth above, very white downy beneath; fertileaments ovate; stigmas 4. A high-
ly ornamental tree, native of Europe. The silvery whiteness of the lower surface -
of the leaves produce a striking contrast with the dark green of the upper.
Ornver 107. BALSAMIFLUE.— Suecet-Gum Family.
Trees, with a balsamic colorless juice, aliernate palmatety lobed leaves, deciduous
stipules, and monacious flowers in seperate roundish aments, destitute of calyx or co-
volla, the fruit of 2-beaked and 2-celled several-seeded woody capsules: consists only of
the genus
LIQUIDAMBAR, Linn. Swerr-Gum.
Tat. liqguidum, fluid, and Arabic ambar, amber, in allusion to the terebinthine .
juice that flows from the tree.
STERILE FLOWERS in conical clusters, naked. STAMENS
numerous, intermixed with minute scales : FELAMENTS short.
FERTILE AMENTS consisting of 2-celled ovaries, subtended
by minute scales, all more or less cohering and hardening in
fruit, forming a splerical’head, the capsule opening between
the 2 awl-shaped diverging styles. SrEDs.small, often abor-
tive.— Tree, with alternate simple or lobed leaves deciduous
stipules and racemed nodding aments, inclosed in the bud by a.4-
Yeaved deciduous involucre:
a ee to al ts SO een
A TET IT er ;
PLATANACEE AND URTICACE.
L. Sryraciriua, L. Sweet-Gum. Bilsted.
Leaves rounded, deeply 5 to 7-lobed, smooth and shining, firely glandular-ser-.
rate, the lobes pointed.
Moist woods. April. A large and handsome tree, with finely graincd wood and’
gray bark, with corky ridges on the branchlets. The young twigs are yellowish,.
putting forth leaves of @ rich green, Which are fragrant when bruised, turning
deep red or crimson in autumn. Fruit when mature about 1 inch in diameter,
forming a brownish woody and prickly strobile.
OnverR 108. PLATANACEHA.—Plane-tree Family.
Trees, with alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathing stipules and moneeious fimsa--
ers in seperate and naked spherical aments, destitute ef ealyx or corolla; the frui$
club-shaped 1-seeded nutiets, furnished with brisily down along the base: consisting.
only of the genus
g
PLATANUS, Linn. Burronwoop:
Gr. platus, broad, in allusion to the ample shade of its foliage.
STERILE FLOWERS of. numerous stamens with clavate:
small scales intermixed: FILAMENTS very short. FERTILE
FLOWERS in seperate aments consisting of inversely pyra-
midal ovaries mixed with little scales: sTYLE rather lateral,
awl-shaped, or filiform, simple. NUTLETS coriaceous, small,
tawny-hairy below, containing a single orthotropous pendu-
lous seed.. :
T. P. occmentatis, L. American Plane or Sycamore..
Leaves angularly-sinuate-lobed and toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed ; fer-
tile heads solitary, suspended on a long peduncle.
Banks of streams. A very large and well-known tree, witha white bark sepera--
ting early in thin brittle plates. Zcaves woolly when young, alternate, on long pe-
fioles. Aments axillary globose. :
2. P. opnrenTatis, L. Oriental Sycamore. ni 3
A handsome shade tree, native of the East, is occasionally met with in cultiva--
tion.
Orprr 109. URTICACEH.— Nettle Family.
Trees, shrubs and herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, monacious or diaciaus:
flowers, furnished witha regularcalyx, free from the mostiyl-celled ovary which
Forms a l-seeded utricie or achenium in fruit. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
calyx and opposite them. Comprising several very distinct suborders.
Suporper 1. MORE. ‘Tur MvuLberry FAMILY.
Shrubs or trees with a milky juice. Fruit fleshy, composed of the fleehy calyx or:
receptacle..
URTICACES. 339
1. MORUS, Tourn. Muzzzrry.
- r. Morus, the ancient name.
FLOWERS monocious or dicecious; the two kinds in sepe-
rate axillary ament like spikes. Canyx 4-parted, the sepals
ovate. STAMENS 4: FILAMENTS elastically expanding.
Ovaxy 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing :
STYLES filiform, stigmatic down the inside. AcuENTUM
ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent berry-like calyx,
the whole tertile spike thus becoming a compressed berry.—
Prees, with milky juice, alternate mostly lobed leaves and in-
conspicuous flowers.
?.
1. M. rupra, L. Led Mulberry.
Leaves neart-ovate, serrate, rough above, downy beneath, pointed, sometimes
variously lobed; flowers often cicecious; fruit dark purple.
Rich woods, common. May; fruit in Jaly. A small spreading tree, covered
with a grayish much broken and furrowed bark. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, 24 as
wide, satire or divided into lobes, thick. dark green. Berries compounded of a
great number of small ones, of an agreeable acid flavor.
2. M. ausa, L. White Mulberry.
Leaves obtiqucly heart-ovate, acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth snd shi-
ning; fru whitish.
Naturalized uear houses. - Asmall tree, native of China. Leaves 2to4 inches
Jong, 24 as wide, acute, petiolate. lowers green, in small, roundish spikes or
heads. This and the variety multicaults are cultivated tor feeding ailkworins.
3. M. niara, L. Black Mulberry.
Lezwzs scabrous, cordate, ovate or lobed, obtuse, unequally serrate; fertile spikes
-oval.—Native of Persia, cultivated for ornament. #ruzt dark red or blackish, of
£2 aromatic acid favor. ,
2. BROUSSONETIA, L’ Her.
In honor of P. NW. Broussonet, a distinguished French natnralist,
Fiowers polygamous, in cylindric aments. CaLyx 4-
parted. PISTILLATE AMENTS globose; RECEPTACLE cylin-
dric-club-shaped, compound ; cALYx 3 to 4-toothed, tubular.
OVARIES becoming fleshy, club-shaped, prominent. STYLE
g ‘> pea, p
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lateral. Sexzps 1, covered by the calyx.—Trees, native of
Japan.
B. papyrirera, L. Paper Mulberry.
Leaves of the younger tree, roundish-ovate. acuminate, mostly undivided, of the
aduit tree 3-lobed; fruit hispid —A fine hardy tree, often cultivated, with a low
bushy head, large, light green, downy leaves, and dark red fruit somsawhat larger
than peas, covered with long purple hairs.
Ani aS Nn nla a Ait iin title TLIO tre»
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iq
URTICACEA.
8. MACLURA, Nutt. |
Dedicated to Wiliam Maclure, Esq., of the U. S., a distinguished geologist.
FLowers polygamous, in aments. OVARIES numerous,
coalescing into a compound globose fruit, composed of 1-seed-
ed, compressed, angular, wedge-form carpels. Sryzs 1, fil-
iform, villous.— A ductescent tree, with alternate entire leaves,
without stipules, and axillary spines.
M. auranrraca, Nutt. Osage Grange. Bow-wood.-
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, obscurely denticulate, somewhat acuminate, cori-
aceous, smooth and shining above, strongly veined beneath. A beautiful tree, na-
tive on the banks of the Arkansas. Leaves 4 to 5 inches long, 114 to 214 wide, on
short petioles. Fruit about as large as an orange, golden yellow when ripe, sus-
pended by an axillary peduncle, which amidst the dark glossy foliage forms a beau-
tiful contrast.
336
Suzorprr m. CANNABINEA. Hemp Famiy.
Erect or twining herbs, with a watery juice. FLowERs dicecious, the sterile race-
Mmedor panicled. Styite3 2. HERTILE FLOWERS in a cone-like ament.
4. TIUMULUS, Linn. Hoe. -
Lat. humus, moist earth; the hop flourishes only in rich soil.
FLOWERS dicecious; the STERILE in loose axillary pani-
cles : SEPALS and STAMENS 5. FERTILE FLOWERS in short
axillary and solitary spikes or aments: BRACTs foliaceous, im-
bricated, cach 2-flowered : caLyx 1-sepaled, embracing the
ovary. ACHENIA invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx, to-
gether forming amembranaceous strobile.-—A rough perenniad
twining herb, with mostly opposite heart shaped, 3 to 5 lobed leaves
and the flowers in axillary panicles and strobile-like amenis.
H. Luputus, L. Hop.
Leaves mostly 8-lobed, deeply cordate at ‘base, on long petioles.
Banks:of streams, 4ruly indigenous. July. Stem twining withthesun. Calya-
scales in fruit covered wirh orange-ccolored resinous grails, in which the peculiar
bitterness and aroma of the hop resides.
5. CANNABIS, Tourn. Hemp.
The-ancient name, of obscure etymology.
FLOWERS diccious; the STERILE in axillary compound
racemes or panicles: SEPALS and STAMENSD. VERTILE
FLOWERS spiked-clustered, 1-bracted : CALYX of a single se-
pal, swolleu at the base and folded round the ovary.—A tall
roughish -annual, with digitale 5 to T-parted aves, and axillary
Ph ag staminate in cymose panicles and the fertile in cessile
spikes. -
‘ = wa »
URTICACER, aaa
C. sativa, L. Common Hemp.
Leaves palmately 5 to 7-foliate, the leaflets lanceolate, serrate, the middle one
‘the largest.
Waste places, escaped from cultivation. Jane. A tall erect shin cultivated for
*the sake of its fibre, which is the best of all materials for cordage and sail-cloth.
{Flowers green, small.
‘Suzorper m1. URTICEAR. Nertiz ‘Famity proper.
Herbs (in our country) with watery juice, and flowers in spikes, heads, or panics.
- .BIYLE single or none.
5. URTICA, Tourn. ‘Nertiz.
‘ Lat. uro, to burn; some of the species are armed with stinging hairs.
-FLowERS monecious or dicwcious; the sTERILE most tly
“with £ sepals, and 4 stamens: the FERTILE with 4 or 2 sep-
‘erate sepals, and no rudimentary stamens. ACHENIUM ob-
long or ovate, flattish — Herbs with stinging latrs, stipulate
leaves, and greenish flowers in axillary panicles, racemes,
-spikes, or heads.
Sec.1. Urrica proper. Sterile culyx'4-parted; the fertile of ‘4.very tinequal sa-
= pals, the 2 outer small, the inner foliaceous.—Leuves opposite.
1. U. qractiss, Ait. Slender Nettle.
Sparingly ‘bristly, tall and slender; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3
*to 5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base, smoothish, on elongs-
‘ted bristly petioles; flower-clusters in slender-and loosely panicled branched spikes.
Fencerows and moist ground, rathercommon. July. Per. -Plant 2to 6 feet
“high, with scarcely any “stinging hairs except on the petioles and sparingly on the
_ principal veins, not downy. ” Flowers minute, green.
2. U. pretca, L. Dicecious or Stinging Nettie.
Very bristly-and stinging; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, pointed, very déeply ~ ser-
-rate, downy underneath as well as the epee part of .the stem; flower-clusters ix
panicled branched spikes.
__ Waste places, common; intreduced. June—Aug. Per. Stem 2 to 4 feet hizh,
~branching, ‘obtusely 4-a nzled, with opposite short-petioled leaves, 3 fo 4 inches long,
and about 4 as wide. Flowers small, green. Whole plant-copicusiy beset with
stinging bristles.—Like the last mono-dicecious.
3. U. urens,L. Small Stinging Nettle.
Leaves elliptic or roundish-ovate, somewhat 5-nerved,- acutely serrate, with
“spreading teeth ; flower-clusters nearly simple, 2 in each axil, shorte? than the pet-
sfoles.
Cultivated grounds, rare ; introduced from Europe. Salty. Aan. Stemi to 15
“inches high, stinging. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long en slender petioles
Sec.2. Laporrza,Gaud. Sterile calyx d-parted, the fertile of 2 equal sepals :—~
Ezaves alternate.
4. U. Canapensis, L. Canadian Nettle.
Leaves ovate, obtusuly serrate, pointed; flowers in long and- ieee eg
branched, ana “a lower sterile, the upper fertile.
838 | URTICACER,
Moist shady grounds, along streams, common. Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 6 feet
high, branching, stout, erect. Leaves often 6 inches long, strongiy feather-vei
This species has very tough and strong fibres, and was formealy proposed by
Whitlow as a substitute for hemp.
6. BQAMERTA, Jacq. Farse Nerruz.
.Named after G. R. Behmer, a German Botanist.
FLOWERS moneecious or diccious, minute. Srerins
FLOWERS with 4 sepals, and 4 stamens. FrrTine with a
tubular or urn-shaped entire or 4-toothed calyx inclosing the
ovary. STyr= awl-shaped, stigmatic down one side. ACHE-
NUM elliptical, closely invested by the persistent calyx.—
Herbs or shrubs, (nearly allied to Urtica) with oppostie or
alternate leaves and clustered flowers in axillary spikes.
B. cyninprica, Willd. Common False Nettle.
Smoothich ; stem tall and simple; /ezves mastly opposite, oblonz-ovate or ovate;
lanceolate, pointed, serrate, d-nerved, on long petioles; fowers dicecious or some-
times intermixed, in clusters.
Moist thickets, common. June—Aug. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feat high, obtusely
4argicd. Leaves 2 to 4 inches jong, 4 as wide. Flowers minuie greenish, in
slender mesy le es, the sterile interrupted, the fertile mostly uninter-
rupted, ih ‘ ,
: ae:
- Bhat ,
7. PILEA, Lindl. Srinetesss Nerrnz.
FLOWERS monecious; the two kinds often intermixed in
tbe same panicle, bracted; the sTERILE of.3 to 4 sepals and ©
stamens; the FERTILE with 38 more or less unequal sepals }
er divisions and an incurved scale before each. STIGMA }
sessile, pencil-tufted. ACHENIUM minutely warty.—Smooth ©
or hairy herbs, with opposite long petioled leaves ; the flowers in ax-—
tllery clusters.
P. pumina, Lindl. PRichweed. Clearweed.
Low: stems smocth and shizing, treaslucent; leaves ovate, coarsely toothel,
pointed, 3-nerved, smoothish; flower-clusters much shorter than the petiole; sepals
of the fertile flowers lanceolate, somewhat unequal. :
Cool and moist shaded places,common. July—Sept. Ann. Stem 4to18 inehes
Bish, with smco:h pellucid branches. Flowers very small, greenish,
8. PARIETARIA, Tourn. PxnwiTory. .
Lat. paries, a wall; from the place where soms of the species grow.
FLOWERS monccious or polygamous, in clusters surround-
ed by a many-ckft invelucrate bract. CALYX 4-parted :
STAMENS 4, at first incurved, then expanding with an elas
tic force. STYLE terminal, short or none: STIGMA pencil-
CONIFER. a 339
tufted. anal herbs, with usually alternate leaves, and green
flowers in axillary clusters.
_ —. Pennsyztvanica, Muhl. American Pellitory:
Low, simple or sparingly branched, minutely dowasy; léavas- obvlong-lanceolate,,
very thin, veiny, rouzhish with opague dots; flowers often: perfect. shorter than
the involucral leaves; fertile calyx beil-shaped, 4 cleft to the middle; stigma sessil-..
Shaded rocky banks, rare. June—Aug. Ann. A small homely weed 6 to 12
inches high. Leaves:sitermate, hairy, 144. to 2 inehea long, 4. inch. wide, on pe--
tioles. F’dowers-dense, ‘begith and reddish-white.
Suncrass U. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS..
OvuLEs not enclosed in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen
without the intervention of a pistil, and. becoming. truly
naked seeds, the carpel being represented. by a flat open
scale or leaf, or entirely wanting. CorrLEeDoNs often more
iuan two.
Orpen 110. CONIFERZS.—Pine Family.
Trecs or shruds, with resinous juice, mostly with niga corse entire leaves,
and monecious ordiectous flowers in aments destitute o yx or corolla. OVULES
orthotropous. ExpBryo in the axis of the albumen. (Wood destitute of ducis,
composed chiefly of a homogenzous larze woody fibre which is marked with cirow--
lar disks on two sides.) Comprisesthe three following sub orders...
Sunp-oRDER I. ABIETINEA. Prorer PINE Faminy.
FeRTILE FLOWERS in aments, consisting of open imbri-
eated carpels in the form of scales subtended ‘by a bract, in
fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovutzs 2, adherent to ‘the
base of each carpellary scale, with the orifice turned down-
ward.
1. PINUS, Tourn. + Pinz..
Phe classical Latin name.
FLOWERS monecious. Srrogize large, conical; cAR-
BELLARY SCALES thickened at the summit,. becoming strong
and woody in fruit. CoryLepons 3 to 12 , linear.——Zrees,
often cf the loftiest dimensions, with evergreen, needle: -shaped leaves,
in fascicles of 2t0 5 from the same slender buds, sheathed by the
searivus bud-scales at the. base. Flowering in May or June; the cones
maturing the seeds In the autumn of the second year.
_ * Leaves 2 cr 3 ina sheath, rigid, scales of the cones thickened at the end, and. most-
w tipped with a point or spine; bark rough.
and
a tre be as ~ ‘ F
‘ey sia ‘a e+e i id “i
340. 2=S—”*é<“‘«i*‘;*‘CONTRERA
-I. P. ryops, Ait. Jersey or Scrub Pine.
Leaves in pairs, rather short; cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved, the seales ‘
sipped with a promment-and straight awl-shaped prickle.
Barrens and sterile hills, common. A straggling tree 15 to 40 feet bigh, with:
Spreading or drooping branchlets; young shoots with a. Pe) glaucous: bloom.
Leaves 134 to 234 inches long. Conés 2 to 3 inches long.
2. P. niapa, Miller. Pitch. Pine.
a
}
Leaves in threes (rarely in fours) from very. short sheaths, flattish; cones ovoid--. |
;
4
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conical; the scales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle.
Barren sandy or gravelly plains, common. A tree 30’to’70 feet high, with very’
rough and dark.bark, and hard wood saturated with resin. Leaves rigid, 3 to.B»
inches long, dark green. Cones usually clustered in 3s or 4s, 2 to 3 inches long.
3. P. REsINOSA, Ait... Red Pine.
Teaves in pairs, from a sheaths, semicylindrieal, elongated ; cones Ovoid-coni--
eal; scales pointless, dilated in the middle. (P. rubra, Michz.)
Dry. woods, banks of streams; northerm parts of the State, Pine Creek, Lycom-.
ing Co., Canisteo, TiogaCo. Atree 50 to 80 feet high, with reddish and rather<.
“smooth bark, and compact wood, softerthan that of P. rigida. Leaves dark green,.
5 to 6 inches long. Cones about: 3. inches long, sometimes aggregated in large and~
close clusters.
4. P. mitts, Michz: Yellow Pine.
Leaves in pairs (rarely in 8), from:long sheaths, channelled, slender; cones ovoid
or oblong-conical; the scales slizhtly enlarged at the end, tipped with a minute and=
weak prickly point.
Dry gravelly or sandy soil, common: -A tree 60 to-80 feet high, 18 to 36 inches:
thick, straight, producing a very durable; fine-grained, moderately resinous tim--
ber, valuable for flooring, &e. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, softer than in any of the-
preceding, dark green. Cones 2 to 3 inches long.
5. P. MonTANA,N: #ome Pine.
eaves in pairs, short, rigid, very acuminate; coves large, growing in clusters,.
sometimes on the trunk of the tree.
Mifflin, Centre and Union Counties. This somewhat doubtful species was first
discovered. by Mr. F. H. Miller, of New York, growing on the south slope of the
seven mountains in Miffin county from thence to the Natural Bridge west and
south to Cumberland Co., Va. Since then I have found it on high sterile land in
the western partof Union Co. The trunk is short, rarely exceeding 30 feet in
height, with a rough bark and conical top. Foliage light green, very disagreeable
6 the touch. Cones very large,.4 te 6 inches-Jong and 3 to-4 inches i in diameter.
This may prove to be the Zable-mountain Pine of Michx.
** Teaves 5 in a sheath, soft and slender ; scales ef the cones pointless end mot thick-
ened at the end ; bark smooth.
6. P. Strosus, L. White Pine.
Téaves in fives, very slender, rather glaucous, with deciduous sheaths ; cones-nmar-
row, cylindrical, nodding, somewhatcurved. .
Cool and damp.woods, commagn. The White Pine is one of the most majestic
and most useful of forest trees. The.trunk is. straight, covered with a smoothish
bark, and fsom 80 to 120 feet high, with a diameter of 2to 4 feet, or more. Leaves
about 4 inches long, bluish-green, forming a very soft and delicate foliage. Cones
4 +06 inches long; the scales very slightly thickened upward. ~
2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir.
The classical Latin name,
STERILE AMENTS scattered or somewhat clustered towards=
4
4
4
ee arn ae See ee ae ee Te ee
ei “ht
CONIFER A. ee 341s
the ends of the branchlets; Scaxes of the strobiles thin
and flat, not thickened at the apex, nor witha prickly point.
SEEDS with a persistent wing.—Handsome trees or shrubs,
with evergreen, scatiered, short, frequently 2-ranked leaves..
Sec. 1. Cones long, erect, lateral. Park smooth, with blisters of baleam.— Leaves
Fiat, becoming 2-ranl.cad, silvery-whitened underneath, obtuse or notched at the-apez.
1. A. BALSAMEA, Marsh. Balsam Fir. Silver Fir.
Leaves narrowly Jinéar; cones cylinérieal, large, violet-colored; tracts oborate,
gerrulate, tipped with ay abrupt slender point, slightly projecting. appressed.
Cold damp woods and swamps; Muncy Creck, Lyeoming Co. A beautiful ever-
green, much cultivated for ornament. The branches are nearly herizontal, gradu-
nily becoming shorter upwards, forming a regular pyrimidal head. Leaves 34 tol
inch long, growing upon the sides ana top cf the branches, of a bright green above
and silvery-white beneath. Concs 3 io 4 inches long, 1 inch thick, the ecales very
broad and rounded.
2. A. Feasert, Pursh. Double Balsam Fir. Fraser’s Fire
Faves narrowly linear, often emargirate, glouccus keneath’; cones smcall, oblong
ovate ; bracts oblong-cuneate, short-pointed, the upper part-much projecting and
reflexed.. (A..balsamifera, Michx.)
_ Mountains, Lewis Lake, Pokena mountain, end Bear meadows, Centre Co. A
hich!y ornamental tree, much resembling the “ Norway Fir” in folioga. Leaves
14 to 34 inch long, of a yeHowish green color. Cones 1 to 2 inches long when me-
ture, distinguished by the long-peinted, viplet-colored, refiexed bracts, Sterile
ements terminal.
Szc. um. Coneshanging; terminal; sterile aments scatlered—— Leaver evergreen.
*ZLeaves-2-ranked, flat, whitened underneath.
3: A: Canapensis, Michx. Hemlech Spruce.
E2aves linear,;flat, obtuse; cones oval, of fey gcales, ecmewhat longer than the
Feaves.
Hilly or rocky woods, and along mountain streams, comntion. A well known tree,
70 to 80 feet high, with a lizht spreading spray, and delicate foltage, bright above,
Biilvery underneath. Cones 34 inchlong. The bark isextensivoly used in tanning.
** Leaves needie- shaped, 4-anguiar,.equally distributed a around the branches.
4. A: ALBA, Michz. White Spruce. Single Spruce.
Leaves slender, spreading, of a glaucous or light: bluish-green hue; scales of the
oblong cones entire. o
Oold swamps and moist woods, rare; Bear Meadows, Centre Go. A tree 40 to
féet high, slender, with light-colored bark,. slender and often drooping branchlets,
aad pale som:what spreadiag leayes,-74.to 34 inch long. ones small, 1 to 114
iach long, pale-brown..
. §.. A. wiepa, Poir. Black:or Double Spruce.
Eexves short, erect, rigid, very dark green ;. cones ovate with the scales wavy and
toothed at the apex.
Swamps or mountain woods. A tree 40to 70 feet high, with a straight trunk,
and lofsy pyramidal head. The: leaves thickly cover the branches, about 14 ineh_
long. Ces 1 to 2 inches long, reddish-brown. .
3: LARIX, Tourn. Laron..
' ‘The ancient nome...
AMENTS lateral and scattered; bud-like. STERILE FLOW:
N2*
342 - CONIFER Z.
ERS nearly as in Pinus. Cowes ovoid, erect, the bracts and”
scales. persistent; otherwise as in Abies.— Trees, with de-
ciduous soft leaves, collected in fascicles of 20 to 40, (developed
in early spring) and crimson or red fertile aments in fiower.
L. AMERICANA, Michx: American Larch. Tamarack.
eaves nearly filiform, without sheaths; cones ovoid, composed of few rounded
scales, inclining upwards; bracts elliptical, often hollowed on the side.
Swamps, notcommon. Black-Hole Valley, Lycoming Co. A beautiful tree, 30°
to 70 feet high, often cultivated: Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, collected in bunches .
of 12 to 29 on the side of.the branches. Cones deep.purple, 4% tv-linch long.
SUB-ORDER U:. CUPRESSINE A... Cypress. FAMILYS.
FERTILE FLOWERS consisting of few carpellary scales, .
without bracts, bearing 1 to 8 erect ovules. on their base, ,
forming a closed strobile or drupe-like fruit.
4; ‘THUJA, Tourn: Agsor Vita.
-Gr. Thua, Thuota, the ancient name of some resinous:eversreen, :
FLOWERS nroneecious on different branches, in very smalk:
terminal ovoid. aments: ANTHERS 4; sessile. FERTILE.
AMENTS of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each:
bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Co--
TYLEDONS 2,— Trees or.shrubs, with. evergreen- squamose m=
bricated leaves. .
1. T. ocorpenratts, L... American Arbor Vite.
Leaves ovate-rhombic, with a gland on the back, appressed-imbricated in 4 rows’:
on-the 2edged bramchicts; scales of the cones pointless, 1-seeded ; seeds broadly -
winged. rs
Swamps and cool rocky. banks, rare.. A tree 20 to 30 fest high, with very tough =
and recurved branches. Cones about 144imch‘long, ye#owish-brown.: The “wood is. zs
very light, soft and durable.
The THUJA ORIENTALIS, Chinese Arbor Vite a beautiful evergreen shrub, with ;
bright green foliage, is common in cultivation...
5... CUPRESSUS, Tourn... OypREss:
The-classical name.
FLoweERs monoecious on different branches, in ,terminal:
small.aments. STERILE AMENTS composed of shield-shaped:
scale-like filaments, bearing 4‘anther-celis undér the margin. —
FEeRTIEZ AMENTS globular, with-.seales in 4.ranks, bearing -
several. erect ovules. ConrE globular, firmly closed, but ~
opening at maturity. SEsDs compressed, narrowly winged.
COTYLEDONS <2 or 3.—Strong-scented. evergreen trees; with;
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CONIFER 2. 343
very small and scale-like closely appressed-imbricated leaves, and
very durable wocd. ‘
_@: vayores, L. White Cedar. :
Leaves minute, ovate, with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4
rows on the 2-edged branchlets; cones spherical.
Swamps, rare. May. A tree 30 to 70 feet hish, with-white, fine-grained and very
Wsht, soft and durable wood. Cune scarcely larger than a pea, few-seeded.
— = ee
6. TAXODIUM, Richard. Earp Cypress.
Gr. Tuxas, the Yew, and oides, resemblence.
FLOWERS moncecious on the same branches. STERILE
AMENTS spike-panicled, of few stamens. J'eRTILE AMENTS
ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with 2 ovules at the base of |
each scale. Conz globular, closed, composed of very thick
and angularsomewnhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled
seeds at their base. Corynrpons 6 to 9.— Trecs with liaear
a:ranked and deciduous leaves.
T. pisticHuM, Richard. American Cypress: /
Leaves linear, strictly 2ranked and spreading; sometimes awl-shaped and im--
bricated on the flowering branchss; sterile aments paniculate, pendulous, leafess;
cone obiong-globose.
Swamps, along the Delaware, rare. A large tree sometimes attaining the heigit
of 100 fest or more, with a wide spread and often depressed -head. Mliage light
| green and open. Cones linch in diameter. The timber is light fine-grained and
durable. *
ree ee
ot ets Ae lcd nt halt AS lA II cis ine RT OR tT DS ge VS Wick oe Satie lj uA ae eS antl cal ath ell
7: JUNIPERUS, Linn. Jonrer.
The classical name.
FLowers dicecious, or sometimes moneccious, in very
small lateral aments: ANTHERS 4 to 8, I-celled. Frrtine.-
AMENTS ovoid, of 5 to 6 fleshy, 1 to 3-ovuled scales ; in fruit.
forming a sort of drupe or. berry, scaly-bracted underneath. .
_ SeEeEps | to 3, long. Coryitepons 2.— Evergreen. trees or
shrubs, with awl.shaped or scale like rigid leaves.
1: J. communis, L.. Common Juniper.-
Le21025 in threes, linear-awl-shaped, pri ckly-pointed, spreading, longer than the=
ovoid berry.
é Dry woods and sterile hills. May. A shrub, with numerous prostrate spreading -
tranches, spreading nearly fiat.on the ground, rarely ascending. Leaves in whorls:
of 3, % inch long, brighiigreen except the glaucous-white concave upper. surface...
Berries dark-purple, as large as a pea.
2. J. VinGINIANA, L.. Red Cedar.
Zeaves 4-ranked, much crowded, on young plants and rapidly-growing shoots awk -
shaped and somewhat. spreading in pairs or threes, on older lateral twigs very
small and scale-like, closely imbricated, triangular-ovate.
Dry rocky hills, common, generally in limestone regions. April. A small
with numerous horizontal branches. Berries small, bluish, covered with a white -
aa, .
% ee
Gee
LA
i ning LEN i a Cv le lk Bat dB :
a a 4) er. \ Pe, mh ‘in > y - al
CONIFER &.
| = . F 4, : 5 = —s
Fowcer, The wocd-is fine-grained and compact, -of & reddish hin, very light and
‘durable.
8. J. gaprsa, L. Szvin. A widely spreading or almost prostrate shrub, native
of South Europe, is scmetimes found in cultivation. (J. iiiosiantat Var. humilis, -
Hook: >»
Speouput m. TAXINEA Pee
FERTILE FLOWERS solitary, consisting of a naked ovule,.
ripening into a drupe-like or nut-like fruit.
8. TAXUS, Tourn. Yew:
The classical name:
Frowens mostly dicecious, axillary from scaly buds. Sra-
MENS 8 to 10, monodelphous; ANTHERS peltate, 6 to 8-
celled. FERTILE FLOWERS solitary, scaly-bracted at ihe
base, consisting of a single ovule, becoming in fruit a fleshy.
L-seeded drupe. Corynepons~2.—'rees or shrubs, with»
evergreen, fiat mucronate, rigid, scatlered 2-ranked leaves.
T. CANADENSIS, Willd. American Yew:
Stems diffusely spreading; Zeaves linear, with slightly revolute margins; sterile:
receptacle globose.
Moist shaded banks and hills, near streams. April. A small evergreen stragling ©
or-prostrate bush, with the general aspect of a dwarf hemlock spruce. Leaves’
mearly an inch long » green on both sides, arranged in 2 opposite rows on the sides
of the branchlets. ’ Drupes oval, concaye or cpen.at the gummit-redand jnicy..
when mature.
.
- %
Stems with no manifest distinction into: bark, wood, and
pith; but the woody fibre and vessels collected into bundles
or. threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular
tissue : perennial trunks destitute of annual.layers, increas-
ing by internal accretions. Leaves mostly parallel-veined
(nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom seperatiug by an
articulation, alternate, entire. FLOWERS commonly in threes.
EMBRYO with a single cotyledons (or if two they are alternate).
| CLASS IT
ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS.
|
|
Sus-chass Ii. AGLUMACEOUS-ENDOGENS.
Plants of the endogenous structure, with flowers con--~
structed on the usual plan; perianth verticillate, consisting.
of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or wanting.
Orvek 111. ARACEIE.— Arum Family.
Plants weth acrid.or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves, and *
smonectous or perfect flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded tg @
spathe. Wuorat envelopes none, or of 4 to6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry.
1. ARUM, Linn. Inoran Turnip.
The ancient name, of.unknown meaning. .
FLOWERS moneecious, the upper sterile and the lower fer-
tile, or sometimes polygamous dicecious, on the base of aw
elongated spadix, surrounded by a hooded spathe, convolute
at base. PERIANTH none. ANTHERS crowded and some-:
what whorled on the spadix, nearlysessile. Brrry 1-celled,
many-seeded.—Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock
er.corm,; sending up a simple scape, sheathed with the petioles of the
simple or compound veiny leaves. .
1. A. TRarpHyiiuM, L. Indian Turnip. Jack-in-the- Pulpit:
Leaves mostly 2, divided into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets; spadix club-
shaped, obtuse, much shorter:than the spathe; spate ovate, acuminate, flat and«
deflected above.
Rich moist woods, common. May. Corm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, with an in~
tensely acrid juice. Lcaves 2 to 7 inches long, 14 as wide, smooth. Spathe with the -
petioles and sheaths green, or frequently variegated with dark and whitish stripes=
oR spots. Berries bright scarlet,.in a dense.head, ripe in.gutumn..
fet RATA EARN i et Nath BAMA isa NAD died Bel ieee
, ete
ean deme - —o
0% es wie 2 SNR Le Ob ry ES
ARACEAE.
2. <A. Dracontium, L. Green Drayon. Dragon-root.
Leaf mostly solitary, pedately divided into 7 to 11 oblong-lanceolate pointed
leaflets; spadiz mapiorins to a long and slender point, beyond the oblong and point-
ed spathe. j
‘Tow grounds, alone streams, common. May. Oormsclustered. Laf large and
Piet ing, ona petiole 1 to 2 feet long. extending much beyond the peduncle.
Spathe greenish, rolled in a tube, with a short erect point. , Berries scariet.
2. PHUTANDRA, Raf. Arrow Arum:
Gr. pella, a shield or target, and andres, stamens; ‘fronr the shie!d-shaped stamens.
FLOWERS monoecious, thickly covering the long and 1a-
pering spadix Ptoae ont; the staminate above, and the
pistillate below. SPatue convolute-throughout, elongated.
PERIANTH none. STAMENS peltate. Buany i eclled, 1:
geeded.— A stemless perenni ial herb, with pedi iss leaves
aid simple sexpes from the root of. thick tufied fibres
P: Vireinica, Raf. Avrrow-leaved Arum.”
Acaulescent; leaves cbieng, hastate-cordate, acuteat the anex,the lobes obtuse ;-
spache elonz ated, incurved; spadiz covered with flowers oT ihe whole jength.
{Arum Virsinieum, ZL. Lecoutia, Torr 5
Swampy borders of ponds and streams, common. June. A smooth dark green
plant. with scapes 8 to 15 inches high. Leaves radical, numerous, § to i2 inches
long, 1g a3 wide, on petioles $ to 12 inches long. Berries 1 to 3-seeded, grecn when
ripe. ;
3. CALLA, Linn. Warer Arum.
An ancient nam>, of unknown meaning.
SPATHE spreading, ovate, persistent. SpADIx -oblong,
entirely covered with flowers, the lower perfect, the upper
often staminate only; destitute of a: perianth. ANTHERS
with slender filaments. SriamMa-sessile. Berries distinct,
few-seeded.— Perennial aguatic herbs, itl a creeping thiche-
tsh rootstock, bearing heart. shaped lon o-petioled leaves, and.sol itary
scapes.
C. PALUSTRIS, |. Saeueare Calla. Common Water Arum.
Leaves cordate; athe ovate, flat ; > & adix covered with.oy aries intermixed with
? rc 7
stamens.
Bogs and shallow waters, rare. June. A fineplant. Zeaves2to 3 inenes long,
wide, on long petioles, with andinvolute acuminate point. Scapeb to 8 inches
high, roundish, smooth. re Spathe clasping at the base, greenish-yellew, white and
soft withia. Spadix Li lineh long.
The C? Eriorica, (Ethiopian CaHa) A beautiful plant from “Cape Good Hope is
often met with in greem houses and parlors.
4, SYMPLOCARPUS. Salish. Skunk CABBAGE.
Gr. sympleko, connection, and karpos, fruit; the berries being united. |
SpatueE hooded-shell-form, pointed, fleshy. Spaprx ob-.
ARACER. 847
long, entirely covered with perfect flowers. PrRIANTH
deeply 4-parted, persistent. STAMENS 4, opposite the pe-
rianth lobes, with shori filaments. Sryrze 4-angled, with a
‘minute stigma. Srrps berry-lrke, imbedded in the enlarged
and spongy spadix.— Perennial herbs, pervaded with a strong
odor, with @ thick descending rcotstock bearing coarse fibrous roots,
and a cluster of very large and entire veiny leaves, preceded by the
rearly sessile spathes.
S. raripus, Salisb. Common Skunk Cabbage.
Leaves ovate, heart-shaped, short-pctioled; spadiz globular, much shorter than
he spathe. (Ictodes, Eigt.)
=)
Moist grounds, common. March,’April. LZegres 1 to 2 fect long, smeoth. Snaihe
-spetted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, inecurved. #rwit ripe
in Sept., forming a rough and gicbular mass, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, in decay
_ +shedding the bulblct-like secds. Mecicinel.
5). ORONTIUM, Linn. GoLpENn-cLus.
An arcient name, of obscure origin.
‘PATHE none. Frowrrs crowded all over a cylindrical
epedix, perfect; the lower with a 6-paricd perianth and 6
¢tamens, the upper with 4. Ovary free, l-celled; STIGMA
ecssile, minute. Fruita green utricle or dry berry.— An
aguatie perennial, with a detp reotsicek, long-peticled and entire
nerved foating lecves, and the spedix terminating the scepes which
thicken upwards, covered with yellow fiowers.
Q. aguaticum, L. Common C'slden-clud.
Leaves ovate-iancedlate; spire or spadiz cylindric on a club-shaped ecape.
Ponds and marshes. May. Jecaves 6 to 10 inches Icng, % to 24 as wide, smocth
oO: a Gcep green, velvet-like above, paier Leneath.. Scape 8 to 15 inches long, end-
ing in a spaGix cf a rich yellow coler, covered With smail perfect yellow Lowers.
6. ACORUS, Linn. Cataarus.
“ér. @, privative, and Lore, the pupil of the eye; a supposed remedy for.sore eycs.
SPADIX lateral, sessile, emerging frcm the side of a scape
which resembles the leaves, densely covered with flowers.
PERIANTH 6-sepaled. Stamens 6. ‘Ovary l, free: stie-,
MA minute, sessile. Fruit at length dry, 1-few-seeded.—
Pungent arcmatic plants, especially ihe thick creeping rootstocks,
whith send up ensiform leaves, and folicceous scapes bearing the
spediz on one edge. a
; + a
A. Catamus, L. Sweet Flag. Common Calamus.
Scape prolonged and leaflike far beyond the cylindrical spedix.
Margivs of sireams end wet mecors, not rare. June. Rhizema horizontal,
ercimetic. Leaves sword-slhaped, 2 to 3 feet Jeng, and 1 te % inch wide. Spadia
2 to & inches long, sessile ch the cice of the xaze, coved with minute greenish,
flowers.
aera Wie eS
¢
*
Se ae te tae EN ta Si ay Re I eT ae ee a Sette atte:
k,
wm capes es =O Ec cyeoagpic st
nD se au Fe &N 4 a
348 LEMNACEA AND TYPHACE.
Orper 112. LEMNACER.—Duckweed Fumily. ‘
Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct . -stem ana
Foliage, but a flat frond, producing one or two monecious flowers from a chink a
the edge or upper surface, and usually hanging roots from underneath. Fructifica-
tion much as in Araceze, of whicn these plants appear to be minute and gteatly
reduced forms.
LEMNA, Linn. DBuckweep.
The Greek name of uncertain meaning.
FiLowers 2 to 3, appearing from the margin of a flat
frond, enclosed in a ‘spathe, m moncecious: the sterile consist-
ing of 1 to 2 stamens with long filaments; the fertile of a
1-celled ovary, a short style and a simple stigma. Fruira
utricle.—Lfloating annuals, consisting af-a stem and leaf
confounded (frond) sending down from the under surface,
roots which hang loosely in the water, and producing the
spathaceous flowers from the margins, which-are seldom found.
1. L. minor, L. Lesser Puckweed.
Fronds roundish-obovate, thickish,often'grouped; root-sélitary;*ovule solitary ;
seed horizontal.
Stacnant water, very common; but not yet féund in flower in this country.
Fronds 1£ inch long, somewhat feshy, inereasing rapidly by gemme (young fronds)
s0 as cfien completely to cover the surface of the water. =
2. L. trisutca, L. Star Duckweed.
Fronds oblong-lanceolate, from a stalked base, thin, denticulate at the tip, pro-
liferous from the sides near the middle se as to form crosses; flowers very minute;
ovule solitary, half.anatrepous.
Ditches and ponds; rarely in flower. Fronds 14 inch or mere long.
3. L. potyraizA, L. Larger Duekweed.
Fronds roundish-evate, thickish, flat above, palmately veined, (4 to 14 inchlong)
often dark purple beneath; roo%.2 bundle of § to-10 simple fibres in the middle of
the frond.
Stagnant waters,-rare. It is said never to have been seen in flower in this
country.
Orpen 113. ‘TYPHACER. a Family.
Marsh herbs, with nerved arte! linear sessile leaves. and moncecious flowers on a spa-
- dix or in heads, destitute of proper flora’ envelopes. Ovary tapering into a slender
style, and usually an elongated tongue- -shaped 1-sided stigma.‘Fruit nut-like when
Tipe, L-seeded. .SEED suspended, amatropous.
1. TYPHA, Tourn. Car-ram Frag.
Gr. typhos, a:marsh ; alluding to the plaee of its growth.
FLoweErs in long and-yery dense cylindrical spikes, termi-
TYPHACEH. 349
nating the stem; the upper part consisting of stamens, in-
termixed with simple hairs ; the lower or fertile part consist-
ing of ovaries, surrounded by club-shaped bristles, which
form the copious down of the fruit. NuTLETs minute, very
long-stalked.— Marsh herbs, with perennial roots, very de-
ciduous spathes or bracts, and narrow leaves sheathing the base of the
erect thickish jointless stems.
1. T. watiroria, L. Common Cat-tail. Reed-mace.
Leaves linear, nearly flat; sterile and fertile spikes close together or continuous,
_. Borders of ponds. Jaly. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, round and smooth, leafy below,
terminated by the large cylindric spike, which is 6 to 10 inches long, 1 inch thick,
brownish at the surface.
2. T. aneustiroria, L. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail.
Leaves channeled towards the base, narrowly linear; sterile and fertile spikes a
Hittle remote.
Muddy pools and ditches, rare. July. Stems and spikes more slender, and the
Jeayes narrower than in the last.
2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. Burr-rEep.
Gr. sparganon, a fillet, from the ribbon-like leaves.
FLowErs collected in seperate dense globose heads, scat-
- tered along the summit of the stem, subtended by leaf-like
bracts, the upper ones sterile, consisting merely of stamens
with minute scales irregularly interposed; the lower or fer-
tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each sur-
rounded by 3 to 6 scales much like a calyx. HRUIT nut-
like when mature, 1 to 2-celled.— Aquatic herbs, with fibrous
perennial roots, simple or branching stems, sheathed by the base of
the linear leaves.
1. §. RAMosUM, Hudson. Great Burr-reed. 3
Stem erect, branching above ; leaves triangular at base, the sides concave $ scales of
the fertile flowers thickened and dilated above; stigma linear, longer than the style.
Borders of ponds and ditches, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high, round.
Leaves i to 2 feet long, 14 to 14 inch wide, thickish. Heads.of flowers light.green ;
fertile ones 2 to 5, the lowest generally somewhat stalked, sterile ones above, more
umerous, smaller, sessile. Stigmas often 2.
2. S. Americana, Nutt. American Burr-reed.
Stem erect, mostly simple; eaves triangular at the base, the sides flat; stigma
e#onical, oblong, oblique, .ahout 14 as Jong as the slender style.
Small streams and ponds,common. Aug. Siem 1 to 2 feet high, simple or di-
yvided.at hase. Leaves mostly radical, 1 to 214 feet long, 44 inch wide, keeled at
base. Fertile heads sessile, mostly 3, below the several barren ones, with the situ-
ple styles conspicuous.
3. S. NATANS, L. Foating Burr-reed. —
Stem weak; leaves flat, thin, often doating; heads few, the sterile 1 to 2; stigma
Oblong, shorter 63 the style,
350 NAIADACEZ.
Ponds and streams, common. Aug. Stem longand slender, and with the leaves —
floating. Leaves when floating, elongated, narrow, and pellucid.
Onpen 114. NAIADACER.—Ponduweed be
Immersed aquatic plants, with jointed stems and sheathing stipules within the pe-
tioles, or sessile sheathing bases, inconspicuous mono-diecious flowers, which arenaked
or with a free merely scale-lilce calyx. STAMENS definite. Ovariss 1, or 2 to 4, free,
l-ovuled. Stigma simple, often sessile. FLowers usually bursting from a spathe.
Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. ;
1.- NAIAS, Linn. Natap.
Gr. Naias, water-nymph ; from the habitat:
FLOWERS dicecious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary,
solitary and sessile. FERTILE FLOWERS consisting of a
single ovary tapering into a shortstyle ; straMAs 2 to 4, awl-
shaped. STAMENS 1, with a slender filament. Froir a
little seed-like nutlet, ‘enclosed in a loose epicarp.— Slender
branching her ‘bs. growing entirely under water, with opposite and
whorled crowed linear leaves, sessile and dilated at the base, and very
small flowers, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in
the axils,
1. N. rorxinis, Rostk. Bending Water Nymph.
Leaves membranaccous, spreading, narrowly linear, very minutely denticulate,
opposite or in 8s, 4s or Gs at the joints; stigmasusually 3 to 4. (N. Canadensis, Afichz.
Caulinia, Willd.)
Ponds and slew streams,ccmmon. July—Sept. Stem 6 to 20 inches long, many
times forked. Leaves 1g to 1 inch long, less than 1 line wide. Flowers very small,
sessile.
2. N. minor, L. - Smaller Water Nymph.
Leaves alternate or opposite. lincar-subulate, recurved, prickly-toethed, rigid.
In water, not common. Aus. Stem long, submersed, rather rigid. Plswere
gmail.
2. ZANNICUELLIA, Mitchell. Hornep PonpwEeEp.
In honor of Zunnichelli, a Venitian botanist.
FLOWERS moneecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds
from the same axil; the sterive consisting of a single stamen,
with a slender filament; the fertile of 2 to 5 (mostly 4)
sessile pistils in a cup-shaped involucre.. SriGMA large and
peltate. Fruit a nutied, on a short stipe, beaked with a
short style. — S’ender branching herbs, growing entirely under
water, with very slender stems opposite or aiternate long and
linear ihread-form entire lewves, and sheathing memtbr aneows
stipules.
NAIADACE. sak
. Z. pauustris, L. Common Horned Pondweed.
Stem filiform, floating; style half as long as the fruit, which is flattish, some-
what incurved, even, more or less toothed on the back, nearly sessile.
Ponds and slow streams. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, round, smooth.
Leaves grass-like, 2 to 3 inches long, sessile. Flowers issuing from axillary bracts,
small, 2 together, a sterile and fertile.
3. POTOMAGETON, Tourn. PoNnDWEED.
Ur. potomos, a river, and geiton, near.
Frowers perfect, spiked. PrriantH single, 4-leaved.
STAMENS 4, nearly sessile, opposite the perianth lobes.
Ovaries 4, pedicellate: stiaMa sessile or nearly so. Fruit
4 sessile nutlets or drupes, flattened on one or two sides.
SEDs hook-shaped.— Mostly perennial aquatic and submersed
herbs, with creeping and rooting stems, two-ranked pellucid leaves,
united membraneous sheathing stipules, and small greenish flowers
3 to 10, in apedunculate spike, rising above the water.
* Leaves of two forms, the upper floating.
1. P. natans, 8. Broad-leaved Pondweed.
Leaves all long-petioled, the floating ones coriaceous, oval, elliptical, or ovate,
ehiefly rounded ora little heart-shaped at the base, many-nerved; tmmersed ones
linear or lanceolate; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles; fruit shori«
pointed, more or less keeled on the back.
Ponds and slow waters, common in the Susquehanna. July, Aug. Stem slender,
1 to 3 feet long, branched. Sptie 1 to 2 inches long, 20 to 40-flowered. Varies with
the lower leaves all reduced to petioles.
2. P. optonaus, Viv., Fries. Oblong-leaved Pondweed.
Leaves oblong-elliptical ; muitlets small, obtuse and pointless, always rounded at
the back.
Pools and ditches. Floating leaves oblong-elliptical or oblong-lanceolate. Fruaé
rounded, not half as large as in P. natans.
3. P. HETEROPHYLLUS, Schreb. Various-leaved Pondweed.
Floating leaves elliptical or oblong, or the lowest lance-spatulate, on long pe-
tioles; immersed leaves lanceolate or linear, sometimes elongated and grass-like,
flaccid, obscurely denticulate or roughish on the margins, the lower sessile ; 76-
duncles much thicker than the stem, elongated; spike cylindric, many-flowered.
Pools and shallow slow streams, common. Aug. Stems numerous, branehed,
filiform. Floating leaves 1.inch long, very variable. Peduncle 1 to 2 inches long.
Nutlets roundish, flattened on the sides, obtuse and rigid on the back.
4. P. wygpripus, Michz. Hybrid Pondweed.
Floating leaves oval or lance-oblong, 5 to 7-nerved, on petioles; immersed lcaves
fapillary; spzke globular, few-flowered, on a short somewhat club-shaped peduncle.
Shallow pools andstreams. Aug. A delicate species, with thread-like branching
stems 1 foot or more in length, and the floating leaves 4 to 34 inch long, some-
times none. Fruit nearly “round, flattened on the sides, somewhat Keeled and
crested on the back.
** Leaves all submersed, uniform.
5. P. Ltucens, L. Shining Pondweed.
Lewes eH adtdeideiate, flat, large, the short petioles eontinuing in & thiek midri by
ao2 ALISMACEZ.
small pointed ; peduncles thicken ed upwards; spikes eylindrical, many-flowered ;.
mutlets slightly keeled.
Ponds and deep streams. June. Stem long, branched. Leaves large, very pel-
Tucid, and when dry shining above, beautifully veined, 3 to 5 inches long, 4 to E
inch wide, acuminate, each with a lanceolate bractabove the base. Spike 2 inches
long, of numerous green flowers.
6. P. perFowratus, L. Perfoliate Pondweed.
Leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes
Found ovate, obtuse ; spikes terminal, with a few alternate flowers; nuélets rounded
on the back, short-pointed.
Ponds and rivers, common. July. Stem 2-forked, very leafy, 6 to 10 inches
jong. JZeaves shining, 1 to 114 inch long, 14 as wide, obtuse, flat, more or less
Wavy or crisped- Sptke on a peduncle, 1 to 2 inches long.
7. BP. pAuciFLoRUS, Pursh. Grassy Pondweed.
Stent very slender, and filiform, flattish; leaves narrowly linear, acutish; spikes
pag orgie short-peduncled;. wutlets obliquely lenticular, distinctly crested om
the back.
Ponds and streams, common. July, Aug. Zeaves numerous Z to £ inches Jong;.
Scarcely 1 line wide, obscurely 3-nerved, of a bright green color. Flowers 3 to 5;
greenish, on a terminal peduncle an inch long.
8. P. pectinatus, L. Fennel-leaved Pondweed.
Stems thread-like, many-times forked; laves bristle-form, l-nerved; spikes intez=
Pupted, on long peduncles ; 2utlets rounded-obovate.
Ponds and deep streams. June. Plant much branched and leafy. Leaves 3 to:
6 inches long, less than 1 line wide, thickish. Spike in clusters of 3 or 4 seperated:
im fruit by considerable intervals. Fruit purplish.
*** Stipules none; leaves all opposite and tmmersed..
9. P. prnsus, L. Dense Pondweed.
Leaves pellucid, elliptical or lanceolate, clasping; spike few-flowered, short-pe-
duneled, reflexed in fruit; nwilets beaked and keeled. Bethlehem, Schwenitz.
OrpeR 115. ALISMACHH.— Water-Plantain Family.
Marshy herbs, with parallel-veined leaves sheathing atthe base, scapelike flowering’
stems, and perfect or monecious flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx
and corolla; sepals and petals each 3, distinct. STAMENS definite or indefinite. Ova-
RIES 3 to-many, distinct or partly so. SDYLES. and STIGMAS as many as the ovaries.
FRuIT dry, indehiscent, 1 to 2-seeded..
SUB-ORDER I. JUNCAGINEZ. Arrow-Grass FAMILY.
CaLYx and coROoLLA colored alike (greenish). SEED. ana-
tropous, with a straight embryo.—Leaves petiole-like without
@ blade.
1. TRIGLOCHIN, Linn. Arrow-Grass.
Gr. treis, three, and glochin, a point; in allusion to the points of the capsufe.. ;
SEPALS and PETALS nearly alike, ovate, concave, deciduous.
ALISMACER. 353
Sramezns 6, with oval anthers, on short filaments. PIsTILs
united into a 3 to 6-celled compound ovary; STIGMAS ses-
sile: OVULES solitary. CAPSULE splitting when mature
into 3 to 6 carpels, which seperate from a central axis.—
Herbaceous aquatie or marsk plants, with ensiform rush-like leaves,
sheathing the base of the slender and jointless scape, and small
greenish flowers in a spiked raceme, bractless.
T. MARATIMUM, L. WSea-side Arrow-grass.
Scape and leaves fleshy, thickish; fruit ovate, acutish, of 6 united carpels which
are rounded at the base and slightly grooved on the back.
Salt marshes, rare. July. Scape 18 inches high, from a horizontal rootstock.
Eeaves linear, smooth, thick, 6 to 12 inches long, less than a line wide. Flowers
greenish, 30 to 40 on the cbtusely angled seape. 4
2. SCHEUCHZERIA, Linn.
In honor of the two brothers Scheuchzers, Swiss botanists.
SEPALS and PETALS 6, oblong, acute, persistent, spread-
ing. STAMENSs 6, with linear anthers. Ovarzes 4, globe-
lar, slightly united at base, with flat sessile stigmas, 2 to 3-
ovuled, in fruit forming 3 diverging and inflated capsules, 1
to 2 seeded, opening along the sides.—A low perennial bog-
herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending
simple stem, which ts partly sheathed by the grass-like leaves. termé-
nated by a loose raceme of a few flowers with sheathing bracts.
S. patustris, L. Marsh Scheuchzeria.
Peat bogs, rare. July. A rush-like plant, 8 to 12 inches high, angular. Leaves
4 to 6 inches long, semi-cylindric. Flowers yellowieb-green, on shori pedicels,
each axillary to a bract.
SUB-ORDER H. ALISMEZ.
CALYX green and persistent. Corona white, deciduous.
SEED campylotropous.—Leaves commonly furnished with a
blade.
3. ALISMA, Linn. WaArTeR-PLANTAIN.
Gr. alysmos, anxiety, from the supposed remedial preperties.
Fiowers perfect. Prrans and sepaus 3. STaMEns 6.
OVARIES and STYLES numerous, ina simple circle on a flat-
tened receptacle, forming coriacious achenia in fruit.— Agua-
lic perennials, with radical several-ribbed leaves, and the scape with
whorled panicled branches, bearing small white or pale rose colored *
Jlowers..
02*
6 354 HYDROCHARIDACE.
A. Piantaao, L. Common Water-Plantain.
Eeaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, narrowed rounded or somewhat cordate at
the base, 3 to 9-nerved, on long petioles; panicle louse, compound, many-flowered.
Ditches and marshy places, common. July, Aug. Seape 1 to 2 Set high. Leawes
4 to 6 inches long, 24 as wide.
4. SAGIFTARIA, Linn. Arrow-HEAD.
Lat. sagitta, an arrow; from the peculiar form of the leaf.
FLOWERS moneeeious, rarely dieecious or perfect. PETALS
3. SEPALS numerous (about 14). Ovaries many, cellect-
ed in a spherical head on a globular receptacle, in fruit form-
ing membranaceous achenia, covered with the pezsistent
style.—Marsh or aquatic herbs, with milky juice and fibrous
roots, radical, mostly sagittate leaves sheathing at the base the scapes,
which bear the white or whitish flowers in 3s.
Sec. I. SAGITTARIA, proper. Flowers monoecious, rarely dicecious.
1. S. varrapitis, Engelm. MSS. Gray. Common
Arrow-head. Variable Arrow-head.
Leaves triangular-arrow-skaped, or entire, oblong, lanceolate, lincar, and some
times mere naked petioles; scapes simple.
Ditches, pools, streams, and moist grounds, common. July, Aug. Petals white.
“This with its Protean varieties of which almost every pool and stream furnishes
- @ goodly number, embraces many nominal species of authors, and may safely be
held to include all that are found within our limits,’ Gray. The largest forms
bear sazittate leaves 12 inches or more long and 7 wide, others have both the
main blade and the lobes linear, many bear entire leaves, or else mere naked pe
tioles; the smallest forms being only from 3 to 5 inches high.
Sec nm. Ecsrvoperus, Richard, Engelmann, in Gray. Flowers. perfect. Sta
mens 7 to 21. -—
2. S. pusrnna, Nutt. Dwarf Arrow-head.
Leaves linear, obtuse and short, with foliacious summits; Seape simple, about ag
long as the leaves, umbellately 3 to 8 flowered, some of them becoming proliferous
runners; pedicels elongated, recurved; pefals inversely heart-shaped; stamens
about 9; styles much shorter than the ovaries.
Muday margins of ponds and streams. Aug. Scape 2 to 4inches high. Leaves
rarely ever subulate 1 to 2 inches long, scarcely a line wide. lowers 3 to 6,
each ripening 8 to 1 carpels..
OrvEr 116. HYDROCHARIDACHEE.—Froq’s-bit Family.
Aquatic herbs, with diwcious or polygamous regular flowers on seape-tike peduncles
Jrom a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are
united into a tube and coherent with the 1 to 6-celled ovary. STAMENS 3 to 12, dis-
tinct, or monadelphous: ANTHERS 2celled. SticmAs 3 to 6. Fruit ripening under
water, indehiscent, many-sceded..
I. UDORA, Nutt. Water-wEERm
Gr. udor, water; in allusion to, its place of growth.
Polygamous. FLOWERS solitary and sessile, from a seasile
HYDROCHARIDACER. 355
and tubular 2-cleft axillary spathe. STERILE FLOWERS
minute, with a 6-parted perianth; ANTHERs 9, oval, nearly
sessile. FERTILE FLOWERS with 3 to 6 oblong anthers, and
the perianth extended into an extremely long and capillary
tube, the small lobes obovate, spreading. Sryue long and
filiform: sTr1GMAs 3, large and spreading, 2-lobed. Ovary
3-celled, with 3 projecting pointed placentae, each bearing a
few orthotropous ovules. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-
seeded.—A perennial herb, growing under water, iokth long
branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and veinless. 1 nerved
sessile, whorled or opposite leaves, and very small whitish sessile
flowers.
U. Canapensis, Nutt. Ditch Moss. Water-weed.
Leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, finely serruiate, ia $s and 4s; perianth Rade
filiform. (Blodea Canadensis, Hichz. Serpicula verticillata, Muhl.)
Ponds and slow streams. July. Stem submersed diffusely 2-forked, filiform
Teaves 14 to 4 inch long, less than 1 line wide, thin. Flowers minute, of a dinzy
white, the slender hair- ike tube 2 to 3inches long. The staminate flowers break
oT, and float on the surface, where they expand and shed thir pollen to fertilize
the stigm.is, which are raised to the surfauc: by the exeessively prolonzel caly=
take.
2. VALLISNERIA, Micheli. Tapr-arass.
In honor of Antonia Vullisneri, an early Italian botanist.
Dicecious. STERILE FLOWERS numerous, crowded in a
head on a conical receptacle, inclosed in an ovate at length
3-valved spathe, which is borne on a very short scape : PE-
RIANTH 2-parted: STAMENS mostly 3. Ferrie FLOWERS
solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe which is borne on a
very long scape: PERIANTI elongated, 6-parted; the al-
ternate segments linear; tube linear, coherent with the 1-
eelled ovary: STIGMAS 3, large, 2-lobed. OvuLes very nu-
‘merous on 38 parietal placente. Fruit clongated, cylindric,
berry-like, 1-celled, many-seeded.— Stem/ess plants, with long
and linear grass- like leaves, growing entirely under water,
and spiraé scapes.
U. sprrauis, L. Eel-grass. Tupe-grass.
Leaves linear, thin, long and milpon ike, obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somawhat
nerved and netted-veined.
Slow waters,common. Aug. Per. Leaves all ralical 1 to 2 feet long, 14 inch
wide, grass-like, smooth and deep-green. Pertanth reddish-white. The staminate
elusters of flowers break away from the bottom, as in Udora, and float on the sur-
face, where they expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which
are raised to the surface = this time; fertilization being thus accomplished, the
filiform scapes which are 2 to 4 fest long, coil spirally and draw ths ovary under
water to ripen.
= saeiaiaemnneniniaiie
306 ; ORCHIDACER.
Orper 117. ORCHIDACEE.—Orchis Family.
Perennial often acaulescent herbs, with fleshy corms, or tuberous fasciculated roots,
simple, parallel-veined entire leaves, and irregular 6-merous flowers ; the perianth ad-
kerent to the 1-celled ovary with 3 parietal placenie, gynandrous stamens, und pollen
colering in waxy or mealy masses. P#RIANTH SEGMENTS in 2 rows, the outer (calyz)
usually colored aad petaloid like the inner, the lowest one (/zp) different from the
ethers and often spurred. STAMENs 3, nnited with the style and thus forming the
eolumn, on which the 2-celled anther is variously situated.
I. MICROSTYLUS, Nutt. AppER’s-MouTH.
Gr. mikros, little, and slylos, a diminitive column or style. .
SEPALS spreading. Peraus filiform or linear, spreading:
Lip auricled or halbert-shaped at the base, entize or nearly
go. CoLUMN very small, with 2 teeth or wings at the sum.
mit. PolLEN MASSES 4, collateral, cohering by pairs at the
apex.— Small herbs, ean y from solid bulbs, producing sim-
ple stems or scapes, which bear 1 or 2 leaves, and a raceme of
minute greenish flowers.
M. OPHIOGLOSSOIDES, Nutt. Chnmon, tilde eam
Leaf solitary near the middle of the stem, ovate, clasping ; raceme short and eb-
tuse; pedicels much longer than the flowers ; itp aia: auricled at the base,
3-toothed at the summit.
Damp woods, rare. July. Stem 4 to10-inches high, 5-angled, with a single leaf
about 2'4 inches long and 1 inch wide. Flowers whitish, minute, numerous, in a
terminal raceme an inch or morc in length.
2. LIPARIS, Richard. TwAysiapeg.
Gr. iparos, fat or shining; in allusion. to the smooth leaves:
SEPALS and PETALS nearly equal, linear, or the petals:
filiform, spreading. Lyp flat, entire often bearing 2 tubercles
above the base. CoLumN elongated, incurved. POLLEN
MASSES 4, collateral.— Small perennial herbs, arising from
solid bulbs, with 2 root-leaves and a low scape, bearing a ra-
ecme of fev purplish or greenish flowers.
1. L. wiemrouia, Richard. Laly-leaved Twayblade.
Leaves 2, ovate, shorter than the scape; petals filiform, reflexed ; ip large, wedge-
obovate, abruptly short-pointed. (Malaxis liliifolia, Wild.)
Moist woodlands. June. MSeape 6 to,8 inches. high, triangular. Leaves radical,
8 to 6 inches long, 14 to 4, as wide, tapering into a sheathing base. Flowers rather
karge, 10 to 20 in a terminal raceme; the 3 sepals- greenish-w shite, 2 upper petalg,.
yellowish-white, and the large lip white:
2. LL. Losewy, Richard. Smaller Twayblade.
Leaves 2, elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, sharply keeled; scupe angular; lép obo-
wate or ovate, entire. (Malaxis Goreeatin: Bart.)
Bogs and wet meadows, rare. dune, July.. Scape 5 to8 inches high,.3 to S-angled..
ORCHIDACER. 307
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1 inch wide, sheathing at base. Flowers small, erect,
about 4, appressed to the rachis in a thin raceme, greenish-white.
8. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Corat-roor.
Gr. korallion, coral, and rhiza, root; the root being: coral-like..
Fiowers ringent; the sEPALS and PETALS nearly alike,
the lateral ascending and the upper arching; Lrp recurved,
spreading above, 2-ridged below, adherent at the base of the
straightish column. ANTHER 2-lipped, terminal: POLLEN
MASSES 4.—Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green
foliage, with much branched and toothed coral-like root-stocks, and
simple scapes furnished with sheaths, bearing dull colored flowers in.
spiked raceme.
1. ©. murtiriora, Nutt. Large Coral-root.
Scape many-flowered ; lip wedge-ovate, 3-lobed, the middle lobe recurved, 3 times
as long as the lateral ones; ovary and capsule oblong. 7
Woods, about the roots of trees; commom Aug., Sept. A brownish or purplish
plant 10 to 18 inches high, with a few sheathing bracts instead of leaves, and 10 to:
30 rather large brownish-yellow flowers. Lip whitish, spotted with crimson, 4 to»
inch long. Spur yellowish, conspicuous.
2. ©. WisTAaRIANA, Conrad. Smaller Coral-root.
Scape few-flowered; lip oblong, minutely 2-toothed near the base, minutely
motched; spws obsolete; ovary elongated.
Woods, near Philadelphia. June, July. Plant about.6 inches-high, with 3 to:1é
flowers, nearly as large as in ©. multiflora,
3. C. rnnATA, R. Brown. arly Coral-root.
Scape few-flowered ; lxp oblong, 2-tooshedinear the base; ovary and capsule oblong:
or club-shaped; spur obsolete.
Swamps and wet woods. May, June. Scape slender, 5 to 8 inches high, yellow-
ish-green, with 3 or 4 membraneous sheaths. Flowers 5 to 10, dingy-yellowish ;-
lip white, seldom. spotted.
4. C€. opontroruiza, Nutt. Small Late Coral-root.
Scape several-flowered ; lip roundish,.entire, thin witha crisped or wavy margin}:
ovary and capsule globular or roundish oval’; spw7 none.
Rich woods, about the roots of trees. Aug., Sept. Scape 8 to 10 inches high, »
little enlarged at the base, with 2 or 3 sheaths. Flowers 10 to12in a terminal
| capes raceme, purplish ; lip whitish, spotted with purple, with 2 oval protue-
rances on the palate.
4, APLECTRUM, Nutt. Apam anv Eve:
Gr. a, without, and plektren, » spur; from the total want of the latter..
FLOWERS ringent. SEPALS and PETALS nearly equal.
Lip with a short claw, free, 3 lobed, with a 3-ridged palate ;
without a spur. ANTHER situated a littl below the sum-
mit of the column. PoLnEN-mAssEes 4.—A perennial herb;.
with a simple scape, invested below with 3 greenish sheaths,.
springing up in May from the side of a thick globular solic’
ES TR
358 ORCHIDACE..
bulb or corm, which also produces late in the summer a large
oval, many-nerved and plaited petioled green leaf from tts
apex, lasting through the winter.
A. HYEMALE, Nutt. Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve.
Rich shady woods,rare. May, June. Bulbs 2 or 3 together, horizontally con-
nected, often 1 inch in diameter, filled with exceedingly glutinous matter. Leaf
solitary. 4 to Ginches long, elliptic acute at each end,on a petiole 2 to 3 inches long,
inserted on the summitof tha bulb. Flowers brownish, erect, racemed, on a scape
lfoothigh. Z’p whitish and speckled. Cupsule large, smooth, nodding.
5. TIPULARIA, Nutt. Cranerry Orcs.
Tipula, the crane-ily; from the fancied resemblance of the flowers.
SEPALS and PETALS spreading oblong or spatulate. Lip
3-lobed, prolonged underneath into a filiform spur twice as
long as the flower. CoLUMN narrow and wingless. ANTHER
lid-like, terminal: POLLEN-MASSES 2, each 2-parted.—A
perennial herb, with solid bulbs, connected horizontally, pro-
ducing a single ovate nerved leaf, and along and naked slen-
der scape, bearing a many-flowered raceme of greenish flow-
ers, tinged with purple.
T. pisconor, Natt. Two-colored Crane-fly Orchis.
Pine woods, rare. July. Scape 10 to 18 inches high, with 1 or 3 sheaths at the
base. Leaf solitary on a slender petiole. Flowers small, nodding, greenish with
& tinge of purple. Spur nearly 1 inch long.
6. ORCHIS, Linn. Orcuts.
The ancient Greek name.
FLowers ringent. Szepans and perazs nearly equal, all,
or nearly allconverging upwards and arching over the column.
Liv turned downwards, with a spur on the under side at
base. PoLuen-masses pedicillate, collected into 2 large
masses borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is at-
tached to the 2 glands of the stigma: GLANDS contained in
a common little pouch.— Perennial herbs, with showy flow-
ers in a spike.
O. specraBiiis, L. Showy Orchis. .
Leaves 2, radical, oblong-obovate, obtuse; scape angular, naked, few-flowered,
gearcely longer than the leaves; bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; spur club-shaped,
snorter than the ovary.
Shady woods. May, June. Scape 4 to 7 inches high, arising from a thick fleshy
fibrous root. 5angled, smooth. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long. Sepals and petals all
vaulted, pink-purpic; lip ovate, undivided, and with the obtuse spur white.
ORCHIDACE.&. 859
7. GYMNADENIA,R. Brewn. Nakep-Granp Oxcuis.
Gr. gymnos, naked, and aden, a gland.
FLOWERS as in Orchis. ANTHER-CELL parallel; the ap-
proximate glands naked.
G. TRIDENTATA, Lindl. Three-toothed Gymnadentia.
Lower leaf oblong, rather acute ; wpper leaf much smaller bract-like; flowers
few, in an oblong terminal spike; lip wedge-oblong, 3-toothed at the apex.
Wet woods, and swamps. July. Stem slender, 6 to 12 inches high, with a single
leat. Spike 6 to 12-flowered, compact. Flowers pale yellowish-green. Spur club-
shaped, curved upwards, longer than the ovary.
8. PEATANTHERA, Richard. Fatse Orcuis.
Gr. platus, wide, and anthera, an anther.
FLowers as in Orchis, but with the lateral sepals spread-
ing. ANTHER-CELLS diverging at the base; the two naked
glands widely separated. Lip with a spur at the base.—
Perennials, with spicate or racemose flowers, often showy.
% Scape 2-leaved ai the base; spur very long; lip entire.
1. P. orspicunata, Lindl. Round-leaved Orchis.
Leaves very large, orbicular, spreading flat on the ground; scape bracted, bear-
ing many flowers in a !oose raceme; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; kp
linear-spatulate. drooping, nearly 3 times as long as the sepals; spur curved, slen-
der, linear-club-shaped.
Rich shady woods, Bear meadows, Centre Co,, rare. July. Scapel to 2 feet high,
with several small appressed scales. Leaves 2. very smooth. shining above, silvery
underneath, 4 to 8 inches wide. Flowers yellowish-green. Lip 34 tol inch long.
Sper 1% to 2 inches long.
** Stem leafy ; lip entire about the length of the spur.
2.. P. Bracreata, Torr. Bracted Green Orchis.
Lower leaves obovate, the upper oblong, and gradually reduced to lanecolese
bracts; petals linear-lanceclate, erect; lip oblong-lincar, truncate and minutely 8
to 3-toothed.
Damp wools. June. Siem 6 to 12 inches high, with 6 to12 small, green flowors
in aloose spike. Zip more than twice the length of the sac like, somewhat 2-lobed
spur. :
d. P. ruAva, Gray. Yellowish Orchis.
Stem leaty ; lower leaves objong acute; upper Janceclate, acuminate; spike denge,
eylindric: petuls ovate; lip obiong, obtuse. toothed at the base, and with a small
protuberance on the palate; spur filiform, rather shorter than the sessile ovary,
Wet places. June—Aug. Sten. 10 to 20inches high, with smail greenish-yellow
flowers, in along spike at first dense. at lengih Joose. Leaves about 3, with long
sheaths. 3 to 7 inches long, and 34 to 2 inches wide.
**# Stem leafy ; lip fringed along the side, undivided, shorter than the spur ; ovary
with an acuminate beak.
4. P. oristata, Lindl. Crested Orchis.
Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated, the upper gradually reduced to sharp-pointed
360 ORCHIDACEZ.
bracts; spike oblong or cylindrical ; petals roanded, crenate ; iip ovate, with a tornm-
fringed margin; spwr shorter than the ovary.
Swamps, rather common. June,July. Stem1 to 2 feet high. Flowers small,
yellow, in-a crowded terminal spike. |
5. P. crraris, Lindl. Yellow Fringed Orchis.
Laaves oblong or lanceolate, the upper passing into pointed bracts; spile oblong,
rather closely many-flowered ; lateral sepals rounded, reflexed ; petals linear fringed
at the apex; lp oblong, about 4 the length of the spur.
Swamps and wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem1 to 2 feet high, with a
short spike of very showy flowers. Zeaves sheathing at base, the lower enes 3 to 5
inches long. Flowers bright orange-yellow. Zip furnished with a very long and
«sopious capillary fringe, 14 inch long.
6. P. BLEPHARIOGLOTTIS, Lindl. White Fringed Orchis.
Lower leaves lanceolate, channeled; spike oblong; petals oblong, slightly cut or
toothed at the apex; lip oblong or Jance-oblong.
Swamps, rare. June, July. Stem 1 to 134 foot high, with the lower leaves 6 to8
inches leng, the upper gradwally smailer. lowers pure white, in a dense oblong
spike. Lip fringed in the middle.
* t+ Stem leafy ; lip 8-parted shorter than the long spur, narrowed at the base im-
toaclaw. Flowers white or greenish. -
7. P. LAcera, Gray. Lagged Green Orchis.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals oblong, linear,
entire ; lip 3-parted, with wedge-shaped segments; spur filiform, club-shaped, ag
long as the ovary. |
Swamps and moist thickets. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, slender.
Leaves few, 3 to 6 inches long, mostly acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, numerous,
Lip with narrow divisions, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes.
xeAEK Flowers purple.
8. P. pyscoprs, Gray. Small Purple Fringed Orchis.
Leaves oblong, theupper passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindri-
ea), densely many-flowered ; lower sepais round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovate
or spatulate, denticulate above ; divisions of the lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-
cleft into a short fringe.
Moist meadows. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high, smooth, slender. Flowers bright
purple, in acrowded spike 4 to7 inches long, small, very showy, fragrant. Lip
short-stalked, scarcely 14 inch broad, its 3 fan-like, spreading segments, as well as
the petals beautifully fringed. par nearly 1 Inch long.
9. BP. rrmprrata, Lindl. Large Purple Fringed Orchis.
Lower leaves oval or oblong, the few upper ones passing into lanceolate bracts,
spike or raceme oblong, loosely-flowered; lower sepals ovate, acute; petals oblong,
fringe-toothed down the sides; lip fan-shaped, with pendant, largedivisions, many-
cleft into a capillary fringe. (O. grandiflora, Bigl.)
Wet meadows, rare. June. A superb plant, 144 to 2 feet high, with a thick,
hollow, stem with a few sheathing bracts at base. Leaves 2 or 3 principal ones 4
to 7 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, the upper ones linear, 1 or Z2inehes long. Flow-
ers very large, showy, lilac-purple, in a terminal raceme 3 to 6 inches long. Lip
much dilated, 34 to 1 inch broad, with a deep and nearly capillary crowded fringe,
10. P. peERAM@NA, Gray. Sringeless Purple Orchis.
Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate; spike oblong or cylindrical,
densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded-obovate, raised ona
claw; lip large, with broadly wedge-shaped divisions, the middle one 2lobed. (0,
fissa, Pursh. P. fissa, Lindl.)
ORCHIDACE®. 361
Moist meadows and banks, rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, slightly winged.
eaves 4to G6inches long. Flowers large and very showy, violet-purple. Lip 3%
inch long, with minutely and variably toothed divisions. Spur 114 inch long.
9. ARETHUSA, Gronoy. ARETHUSA.
Dedicated to the Nymph Arethusa,
FLOWER ringent, with the lanceolate SEPALS and PETALS
nearly alike, united at the base, ascending and arching over
the column. [rp spreading towards the summit, bearded
inside. CoLUMN adherent to the lip below, dilated at the
apex. PoLLEN-MASSES granular, 2 in each cell of the lid-
like terminal anther.—A beautiful low herb, with « sheathed
scape from a globular solid bulb, bearing a single large purple flow-
er, and a solitary, linear, nerved leaf.
A. putposa, L. Bulbous Arethusa.
Sphagnous swamps, rare. May. Scape 6 to 10inches high, the lower part bear-
ing 3 to 4 loosely sheathing scales, with lanceolate points, from-the upper of which
there is often a linear-lanceolate leaf. lowers 1 to 2 inches long, very handsome.
bright-purple. -Lip yellow and white, bearded in the middle.
10. POGONIA, Juss. Pooonta.
Gr. pogon, a beard, from the bearded lip of the original species.
irregular LS anc ALS separate anc
FLOWERS irregular, the SEPALS and PETALS separate and
somewhat spreading. Lip crested or 2-lobed. CoLuMN
free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. ANTHER terminal,
stalked, with 2 farinaceous pollen-masses, 1 in each cell._—
Perennial herbs, with 1 to 5-leaved stems, and purplish flowers.
1. P. opHrocrosserpEes, Nutt. Adder’s-tongue Pogonta.
Root fibrous; stem bearing an oval or lanceolate, clasping leaf near the middle
‘and a smaller leaflike bract next the flower; lip spatulate, beard-crested and
fringed.
Bogs, common., June, July. Scape 8 to 12 inches high. Flowers mostly soli-
tary (sometimes 2 to 3), handsome, 1 inch long, pale-purple.
2. P. VERTICILLATA, Nutt. Whorled Pogonia.
Root of thick fibres; stem bearing a wherl of 5 oval or oblong-ovate pointed ses-
sile leaves at the summit, 1-flowered; sepals narrowly linear, twice as long a3 the
oblong petals; Kp short, 3-lobed, the middle lobe wavy and crested.
Bogs, rare, June. Scape about 12 inches high. Flowers mostly solitary; the
*sepals 2 inches long, brown; petals paler and obtuse.
11. CALOPOGON, R. Brown. Catorocon.
Gr. kalos, beautiful, and pogon, beard; from the bearded lip.
SEPALS and PETALS nearly alike, spreading, distinct. Lip
rather spreading, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded
along the upper side. Conumwn free, winged at the apex.
a ee ee ee ee
362 ORCHIDACE.
Se SSS eee
ANTHER terminal, sessile; PonLEN-MASSES 2 (one in eack |)
cell).— Scapes from a solid bulb, sheathed below by the base
of the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several showy flowers.
C. putcuetius, R. Br. Grass Pink.
Leaf linear, 8 to 10 inches long, sheathing the base of the stem. Scape 12 to 18
inches high, 2 to 6-flowered. Flowers 1 inch broad, pink-purple, fragrant. Sepals |
and petuls ovate-lanccolate, acute. Lip beautifully bearded towards the spreading
summit with white, yellow, and purple clavate hairs.
12. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Lapres’ Tresszs.
Gr. speira, a coilor curl, and anthkos, blossom.
SPIKE spiral. FLowerrs somewhat ringent; the lateral
sepals rather oblique at the base and nearly opposite the lip,
the upper one cohering with the petals. Lyp oblong, con-
cave and embracing the column below, with 2 callous pro-
cesses at base. CoLUMN arching, obliquely short-stalked, |,
mostly with a 2-cleft beak. ANTHER dorsal: POLLEN-MASSES |
2, club-shaped, affixed to a common gland.— Perennial herbs,
with elustered tuberous roots sending up mostly naked scapes, bear- |
ing a spirally twisted spike of small white flowers, bent horizontally, \
I. S. gracriis, Bigl Slender Ladies’ Tresses.
Leives radical, ovate, caducous; scape very slender, smooth, sheathed; spil-e
slender, with the flowers in a straight or usually spiral row; bracts ovate, pointed;
lip spatulate-oblong, strongly-wavy-crisped.
Hilly woods and sandy plains. July. Aug. Scape 8 to 12 inches high, erect, with
a few sheathing scales or leaflets. Leuves 1 to 2 inches long, thin, sometimes fall-
iug of before the flowers expand. Flowers white, 1-5 to 14 inch long; the calli at
first oval, at length elongating and incurved.
2.. S. cernuA, Richard. Nodding Ladies’ Tresses.
Leaves radical, linear-lanceolate, veined, those of the stem smaller, passing inte
bracts; spike dense, minutely pubescent; bracts ovate-lanceolate, pointed; lip
oblong, furnished with 2 minute callositics at the base.
Wet grassy places,common. Aug.—Oct. Seape 6 to 18 inches high; the root »
leaves 4 to 12 inches long. Spike thick, 3 to8 inches long, seldom twisted. Fluw- |
ers white or crsam-color, fragrant.
13. GOODYERA, R. Brown. RarrresNAKE PLANTAIN.
Dedicated to John Goodyer, an early English botanist.
FLOWERS ringent. CALYX herbaceous, upper sepal
vaulted. Lip saccate at the base, sessile, over the 2 lower
sapals. CoLUMN small, straight. PotLeN-MASSES 2, con-
sisting of angular grains, loosely cohering by a manifest
web.—Lerennial herbs, with a root of thick jihres from a
Jleshy somewhat creeping rootstock, bearing a tuft of thiskizh
uct oled leaves next the ground, and small greenish-white flowers in
a spike on a slender scape. j
et
ORCHIDACE. 363:
2 1. G. pupescens, R. Brown. Rattlesnake Plantain.
Lroves radical, ovate, conspicuously reticulated and blotched with white; scape
sheathed, with numerous flowers in a crowded spike; l’p infiated with an abrupt
ovate apex; stigma rounded at the summit.
Rich woods. July, Aug. Scape8 to 12 inches high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches lone»
contracted at base into a winged petiole, scarcely half as long, dark green, veined
with white. Fvowers whitish, in a terminal oblong spike.
2. G. REPENS, R. Brown. Smaller Rattlesnake Plantain.
Small and slender; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat reticulated with white>
flowers several in a loose 1-sided spike; lip inflated, with an oblong obtuse apex}
stigma distinctly 2-toothed.
Rich woods, under evergreens, and on mountains. Aug. Scape 6 to 8 inches
high. Zeaveslinch long. Flowers greenish-white.
14. LISTERIA, R. Brown. TwAyptane.
In honor of Martin Lister, an eminent British botanist.
SEPALS and PETALS nearly alike, spreading or reflexed.
ip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or
2-cleft. CoLUMN wingless: STIGMA with a rounded beak.
AntHeR dorsal, ovate: POLLEN-MASSES powdery, in 2
masses, joined toa minute gland.—VPerennial herbs, with
jibrous rovis, the stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the
middle, and a spike or raceme of greenish or brownish purple small
Jlowers. ;
%. L. Austratis, Lindl. Twayblade.
Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender; flowers very small, on pedicels twice the
length of the ovary; lp linear, slightly sagittate at the base; 3 or £ times as long
as the sepals, 2:parted, with the divisions linear-setaceous.
Damp thickets, rare. June. Plant 4 to 6 inches high. Leaves 14 inch long.
Flowers small, purplish on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels.
2, LL. CONVALLARIOIDES, Hook. Large Twayblade.
Leaves oval-roundish, sometimes somewhat cordate at base, often acute; raceme
loose, pubescent; flowers on slender pedicels; ip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed, at the
epreading apex, and 1-toothed on cach side at the base; sepals narrowly lanceolate,
spreading, twice as long as the lip, ;
Damp mossy woods, rare. June. Stem yery slender, 5 to 10 inches high, sheathed
with a few bracts. Zeaves nearty ? inch Tong, 24 as wide. Flowers dark brown
and green, the purplish lip nearly 4 inch long.
15. CYPRIPEDIUM, Linn. Lapy’s Surpper.
Gr. Kupros, Venus, and podion, a sock or slipper..
SEPALS spreading; the 2 anteriar distinct, or commonly
united into one under the lip. PrTAts similar but usually
narrower, spreading. Lip a large inflated sac, somewhat
slipper-shaped. Cox~umn short, 3-lobed, the middle lobe
dilated and petaloid, the lateral keaying a 2-celled anther
‘
\
«
»
ay
7
|
OL Re oo Noe
SS ree
e64 CANNACE.
under each of them. SricMA terminal.—VPerennial herbs,
with tufted fibrous roots, large many-nerved plaited leaves, sheathing
at the base, and solitary or few large and showy flowers.
* Stem. leafy, 1 to 3-flowcred. Flowers yellow and white.
1. ©. pusrscens, Willd. Large Yellow Lady’s Slipper=
Stem leafy; sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals longer than the lip, pointed ;.
lip flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above; sterile stamen triangular.
Bogs and damp low woods, rare. May, June. Stem 2 feet high, pubescent..
Lexves large, pubescent, 3 to 6 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, plaited, acute. Flow-
ers 1 to 3, greenish-yellow, spotted with purplish-brown. Z7p1}¢ to 2 inches long,
much inflated, pale yellow.
2. C. PARVIFLORUM, Salish. Small Yellow Lady’s Slipper.
Leaves oval, pointed ; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate; lip flattish above and be-
Tow; sterile stamen triangular, aeute..
Rich iow woods. May, June. Stem 10 to 15 inches high. Leaves clasping the-
base, pubescent, 3 to 5 inches wide, strongly veined. Flowers yellowish, fragrant,
she portanth more brown-purple than in C. pubescens. Zip bright yellow, 34 to 4.
anch_long..
3. ©. canpipum, Muhl. White Lady’s Slipper.
Ecaves oblong-lanceolate, acute; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip flattish, laterally-
eonvex above; sterile stamen lanceolate. ;
Low grounds, rare. May. Stem 5 to 19 inches high, slightly pubescent, 1-flow=
ered. Jetals and sepals greenish. Lip white, 34 inch long. ;
** Scape naked, 2-leaved at the base.. Flowers purplish.
4. (C. AcAULE, Ait. Common Lady’s Slipper:
Downey; scape leafiess, 1-flowered; Icaves 2, oblong, obtuse; sepals oblong-
Tanceolate, pointed, nearly as long as the linear. petals; dip drooping, cbovoid, with-
@ fissure in. front; sterile stamen rhomboid, pointed. (0..humila, Salish.)
Moist woods and sides of mountains, common. May, June. Scape § to 12 inches
high, with a bract at the top. Leaves 5 to7 inches long, 2 to 4 inches wide, plaited
and downy. Flowers solitary, large purplish or pale pink. Zip nearly 2 iaches:
long, veiny, purple or sometimes nearly white.
Orver 118: CANNACERL—Indian Reed Family.
Tropical plants with the nerves of the leaves diverging froma midrib, theirregular-
perianth with 3 petaloid filaments, only one of which is. fertile, with a-1-celled anther.
Hrut a 3-celled capsule. S&ED round, nok winged.
CANNA, Linn. InDIAN REED:
The Hebrew: name of the reed..
PERIANTH unequal, variable in the number of its parts.
scarcely lip-shaped. SrAMENS petaloid, only one with half
an anther-on-its edge. SryxeE flat, strai ght, nearly free.
Ovary 38-celled, with: many ovules. FRurr membraneous,.
3-celled, with a deciduous granular surface. SEEDs round,
smooth.— An extensive genus of herbaceous tropical plants,
AMARYLLIDACE®. 365
with erect stems bearing distant sheathing leaves and handsome
flowers in spikes or racemes.
C. Inpica, L. Indian Shot. Indian Reed:
A beautiful plant often found in cultivation, native of the East Indies: Stem-
beaves 1 to 2 feet long, and 3 to 6 inches- Wide. #lowers searlet and yellow, borne
in a spike.
Orper 119. AMARYLLIDACEE.—Amaryllis Family.
Chiefly bulbous and scape bearing herbs, with linear flat root-leaves and regular
6-androus flowers, the tube of the 6-parted perianth coherent with the 3-celled ovary.
ANTHERS introrse. Styte single. CapscLe 3-celled, Icculicidal, many-seeded.
ZaEDs with feshy albumen.
1. AMARYLUIS, Linn. AMARYILIS..
A poetical name.
PERIANTH with 6-petal-like similar divisions. Sra-
MENS 6, inserted in the throat of the perianth: ANTHERS
versatile. CAPSULE membranaceous, 3-lobed.—A splendid
genus, with the long linear leaves and scape from. a ceated budb, and
the showy: flowers issuing from a I to 2-leaved spathe.
A. Atamasco, L. Atamasco Lily.
Spathe tubular, 2-cleft, l-flowered; perianth .unnel-form; stamens and siyle de-
clined.
Shady woods, rare. June. Zeaves a foot long: linear, concave, smooth. F'low-
€7s Solitary, white and pink, 5 inchesieng. cea scape 6 inches high.
A. Formosissima, L. Jucobea Eity.. A Beautiful flower from Mexico, sometimes
cultivated. Flower dark red, on ascape 6 to 19 inches high.
2. AGAVE, Linn. AMERICAN ALOE.
Gr. agavos, wonderful, in allusion to A. Americana, the Century-plant.
PERIANTH tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted; the
divisions narrow, nearly equal. SrsMENs 6, soon exserted :
ANTHERS linear. CAPSULE coriaceous. 8-celled, many-
seeded. Sreps flattened —A splendid American genus,
with mostly thick and fleshy radical leaves, often spiny or cartilagt
nous teeth, and a large many:flowered pyramidal panicle on a scape.
A. Virernica, L. False Aloe.
Stemless, herbaceous; leaves linear-lanceolate, fleshy, smooth, with cartilaginous
serratures on the margin; scape simple, smooth; the flowers scattered. in a loose-
spike, with leaf-like scales. nie
Roeky banks, southern part of the State.. Sept Seape 3:te:6 Set high, round,
loosely spicate above. Flowers greenish-yellow, very fragrant.
A. AMERICANA, Be ial Aloe.. Century Plant. A splendid herbaceous plant
=
366. - AMARYLLIDACEE.
from tropical America, is sometimes found in our conservatories: Leaves radical,.
3 to 6 feet long, 4 to 12 inches wide, very thick, spinose-toothed. Scape rising to:
the height of 15.to 25 feeb, bearing a-pyramidal panicle of yelleow-flowers-
3:. HY.POXI1§;.Linn: STar-Grass: _
Gr. hypos bexzeath, and.ozus, sharp; on-eccount of the pointed base ofthe fruit.
SPATHE 2-leayed: PERIANTH:persistent, 6-parted, spread--
ing, tae 3 outer. divisions somewhat herbaceous. STAMENS-
6; with erect anthers. CAarsurm crowned ‘with the withered:
or closed perianth, not opening by.valyes. SEEDS roundish.—-
Ataulescent small herbs, with grassy and’ hairy linear leaves, .
and yellow Aowers on slender scapes from @& solid bulb.
H: exzota, L. Star-grass.
Teaves lingar; grasslike ;:scapg umbellately 3 to 4-flowered, mostly shorter than-
tke leaves.
Meadows and open woods,eommon. Jilly. . Scape4to6 inches high. Leavesail
radical, 6 to 12 inches long, 14 inch wide. Flowers.usually_4, yellow within ,green--
-ish without... -
TIVATED! EXOTICES
4; GALANTHUS, Linn... SNow-prRor-
Ge. gala, milk, anthos, flower; on account of the whiteness of the flowers,
FLOWERS spatiaceous. SEPALS 38, concave; corona formed:
f'3'small‘emarginate petal:like segment ; stigma simple.—-
Anornamental bulbous exotics sending. up Uns eile ete g Gs
seape with: a single white flowers.
G. ntvates,.G. Skrow-drop-
Béaves linear, radical, keeled, acute; scape 1-lowered. Native of the Alps; flow- -
erifig in-early spring. . Scape3 te 6inches high; arising’ from a perennial bulb;
bearing -a single, large noddimg- fidwer as white as snow, issuing from a.spathe~
Crown (petals) striate with greens.
5. NARCISSUS, Linn: Darropiz. Jonquiu:
Gr. narke, stupor; from-the effects produeed by the smell of some specics.
Perramce: regular, 6-parted.. Czown: nronophyllous;.
bell-form; salver-form, or with the tube funnel-form. Sra--
MENS 6, skort:. Sryze longer than the stamens: STIGMA.
3-parted.— Showy, bulbous exotics; with linear or ensiform-
leaves,.and yellow: straw:-color or white flowers, issuing. from:
a withering. compressed. spathe, opening. on one side.
1. N Jonguiina, E.. Jonguil:.
Teaves linear; scape.1.to'3-flowered ; segments of the perianth Fis AM ellipte
eal or spatulate, acute; cwp.(corona) bell-shaped, crenate.. Native of Spain. April,-
HEMODORACE. 307
May. Scape 9 to 12inches high, roundish, slender, bearing a few fragrant flowers,
of a rich chlorine yellow, 114 to 2inches in diameters Gup.14inchleng.. Leaves
$to 10 inches long, with the edges somewiiat rolled:
2. N. pa@ricus, L. Pet's Narcissus:
Scape 1-flowered; segments of the perianth,imbricate at base, somewhat reflexed,
nearly round; crown short, flatj rotate, crenulate; 3 anthers shorter than the tube.
Native of South-Europe.. June.. Scape about 1 foot high, bearing a single white
flower, 114 to 2 inches in diameter ;:the cup or crown singularly adorned with cir-
cies of crimson, white and yellow.
3. N. Psrupa-Narcissvs, bh. Dafodil:.
Scape 2-edged, straight, striated}-segmenis of tite perianti ovate or spatulate-
ovate, sulpher-yellow; crown very long, with a crenate-serrate orifice. Native of
Bngland. April, May. Zeaves linear, 9 to 12 inches long, striate, veined. Scape
§ to 12 inches high, bearing at the top a singilé large fiower, about 2 inches in
diameter, commonly doubled by cultivation. Cup 114 to 2 inches long, orange-
yellow.
4. WN. sunpnurrvs, b. Sulpher-coléred Daffodil.
Scape 2-edged; leaves linear, flat; spathe 1-flowered; segments of the pertuntA
elliptic-spatulate; . crewn. somewhat bell-form, crenate. May, June. Flowers
straw-colored,.2 inches in diameter, on.a scape 1-foot high. Crown 14 inch long
orange-yellow.. Sfylelong.c
6. LEUCOJUM, Linn. Snow-Frake.
PERIANTH regular, 6-parted :. SEGMENTS equal, spreading:
STAMENS 6, equal: ANTHERS long. STYLe clavate, longer
than the stamens.—L otic bulbous plants, with ensiform-
leaves and ofteu. numerous white Howers wsuing trom-a-termi-
_nal spathe..
L. zstivum; i. Sumier Snow-Flake;
Zeaves long, ensiform; spathe many-flowered,.long; divisions of the perianit
regular, oval. June. A pretty border flower; native of Austria. Scape 1 to 2:
feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, inch wide. Spathe 2 to 3 inches long, with 3
te 16 fiowers, on peduncles at. last-1)4 to 24 inches long... Flowers white; the di-
vasions tipped with green. .
Orpen: 120? HEMODORACERR—Bloodivort’ Family.
Herbaceous plants, with flbrous perennial roots, equitant leaves and perfect 3 to >
androus regular flowers, which are- usually more or less woolly outside; the tube of’
the 6-lobed perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely.the lower part, of
the 3-celled ovary. STYLE single, sometimes 3-partible. CAPSULE crowned or inclosed<
_by the persistent perianth; 3-celled, loculicidal, 3-many-secded.:
ALETRIS; Linn.. Srar-crasss.
Gr. Alziris, a female slave who grinds corn, in allusion to the apparent’ mealinese=
of the flowers. :
PERIANTH cylindrical, tubular-bell-shaped, rough-wrinkled
868 - TRIDACE,
on the outside, 6-cleft at the summit. Sramens 6, ‘inserted.
at the base of the lobes, included. Syne avl-shaped, 3-
eleft at the apex. CAPSULE ovate, inglosed in the roughened
perianth, 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the summit.—
Perennial and smooth siemless herbs, with very little fibrous:
xoots, spreading clusters of thiw flat lanceolate leaves, and
small white or yellowish flowers, iw a_slender spiked raceme.
A. FARINOSA, L. Star-grass. Colic Root.
Leaves lanceclate, acuminate, smooth ; Jlowers pedicelate, oblong-tubular ; lobes.
lance-oblong. ; ~
Grassy sandy or gravelly woods, not common. July, Aug. Scope 2 feet high,
With several minute bract-like leaves. lowers white, appearing as if sovered with:
& rough powder.
OrvEr 121. IRIDASEH..—Jris Family.
Frerbs with equitaat 2-rani-ed leaves, and regular or irregular perfect flcwers, the
Sule of the €-cleft petul-lihe periunth coherent with the 8-celled ovary, and 3 distin.
or monodelphous slamens wiih extrorse anthers. Friowers from a 2-leaved spathe,.
usually showy and ephemeral. StYLes single: stigmas 3. CAPSULE 3-celled, lccu-
licidal, mary-secced.
1.- TRIS, Linn. FEowrr-pr-Lvcs.
Gr, Iris, the rainbow deified; on aceount of the iene and various color ef the
blossoms. 4
PERIANTH 6-cleft, the 3 outer divisiens spreading or re=
fiexed, the 3 inne: smaller and erect. STAMENS distinct,
placed before the outer divisions of the perianth, and under
the 3 petal-like stigmas. CAPSULE 3 to 6-angled. SrEpDs
flat.—Percnnials, with sword-shaped or grassy sige ang
large blue, white and ycllow flowers.
1. I. versicotor, L. Blue Flag.
Stem stouf angled on one side, more or less flexuous; leaves sword-shaped; pe-
stanth beardless; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides flat; copsule cbloxg,-
turgid, with rounded angles:
Wet places, common. May. June. Stem 2: to 3 feet high, rarely branched, frem.
a large fleshy creeping root. Leaves 34 inch: wide. Flowers 2 to 6 at thé summit.
of the stem, blue, variegated with green, yellow and white at the base.
2. I. Vireriea, L. Slender Blue Flag.
Stem slender, round, smooth; leaves narrewly linear; per-anih beardless; ovary
S-sided, each side deeply 2-grooved; capsule triangular,.aoute at both ends.
Wet meadows, rare. June. Root tuberous, creeping. Siemito 2 feet high,
somewhat flexuous, round. Flowers 3 teo.6 at the summit of the: — blue and
yellow, mcre delicate than in the prececding..
3. I. cristata, Ait. Crested Tris.
Scape mostly 1-fowercd,as long as the leaves; perianth beamded; the beard crested
TRIDACEZ. 369:
Mountains, southern part of the State. April, May. Scape 10 to 15 inches high,
bearing a solitary flower. lowers blue and yellow.
CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES.
4. I. pumina, L. Dwarf Iris.
Scape short, 1-flowered ; spathe shorter than the tube; reflexed sepals narrower
than the erect petals. April, May. Native of Hungary. A handsome dwarf
Epecies, euliiyated in the edgings of walks Zeaves numerous, 4 to 6 inches long,
broad-sword-shaped, suberect. lowers large, deep purple, bearded on a very short
scape. —
5. I. oonroneuca, L. Yellow Iris.
Beardless ; leaves ensiform, depressed, striate; scape sub-terete, many-flowered ;
evary nearly round, somewhat-6-angled. July. Native of the Levant. Stem-2
to 4 feet high. Leaves 114 to 2Zeetlong. Flowers yellow or sulphur-colered. Can-
aule 2 inches long, round.
6. I. Germanica, Lb. flower-de-Luce. Fleur-de-Lis.
Sten many-flowered; leaves long-ensiform; sepals reflexed, bearded; petals emar-
sinate, bent inwards at the point. Native of Germany, common in gardens. June.
Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Zcaves numerous, 1% to 2 feet long, 34 to 1 inch wide.
Hlowers 3 to 4 inehes in diameter, purple. Sepals with a beautiful yeHow and
white beard.
7. I. xrpaium, Ll. Bulbous Eris. Spanish Flag.
Root bulbous; leaves linear, strongly channelled, the margins confluent towards.
the apex; scape few-fiowered. June, July. Native of Spain. Leaves 6 to 10 inches.
high, thick and fleshy, }4 inch in diameter, white on the upper or hollow side,
round towards the point. Flowers very showy, blue yellow and white, the cuter
perianth lobes short, on ascape 10 to 12 inches high.
2. SISYRINCHIUM, Linn. Buvz-nvep Grass.
Gr. sus, a hog, andrugchos, asnout; from afancy that hogs are fond of rooting it up:
PERIANTH 6-parted ; the divisions equal, spreading. Sra-.
MENS 3, monodelphous. S#¥uxE short :: sTIGMAS 3, involute,.
filiform. CApsuLE globular-3-angled. srxEps globular.—
Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceo-
late leaves, and small mostly blue flowers in wmbelled clusters
from @ 2-leaved spative.
S. Bermupiana, L. Common Blue-eyed Grass.
Scape winged, naked or 1 to 2-leaved; leaves narrow and grass-like; spathe um--
bellately few-flowered; divisions of the perianth obovate, more or less notched at
the end, and bristle-peinted from the notch.—Var. anceps (S. anceps, Cav.) has a
broadly winged scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathes longer tham
the dowers.—Var. 2. MUCRONATUM (S. mucronatum, Michz.) has a slender and nar-
rowly winged-scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe acute, unequal, one
of them usually longer than the flowers. ‘
Moist meadows, common among grass. June—Aug. Scape 6 to 10 inches high.
A EELS - oe
a . I IPOS TE LE LOTT I LE
IRIDACE A,
Flowers small, delicate, blue, changing to purplish, 4 to 6 opening in succession.
Spathe often purplish. There are various intermediate forms..
t
CULTIVATED EXOTICS..
3. PARDANTHUS, Linn. BriackeiErry Lity.
Gr. pardalis, a panther, and anihos, flower ; the flowers are- spotted like the pan tier.
SPATHE of 2 or 3 ovate short bracts. PERIANTH regular,
6-parted; the divisions equal. Stamens 3, with thread-
like filaments. Sti¢MA straight or incurved, fixed by the
base, subfliform.— An ornamental garden plant, with yellow-
thi and reddish spotted flowers. —
P. Cuinensis, L. Blackberry Le
Stem round, flexuous, leafy; leaves ensiform, vertical, sheathing; pores somes .
what dichotomous and corymbose; perianth flat, spreading; segments lance-linear. —
}
July, Aug.. Native of Sowth Africa. Comnion in cultivation: Stem 2 to Sfeet |
high. Leaves tapering to an acute point. Flowers yellow, spotted with red, 1 to
14 inch in diameter. Fruit composed of numerous black glossy seeds attached !
round the rachis, resembling a blackberry.
4. CROCUS, Linn. Sarrron. Crocus.
Named from the youth Crocus, who, aceording to Grecian mithology, was changed |
into this flower.
Prrrantu funnel-form, the segments united at base inte’
a slender tube. STrAMENS 8. SrieMA 38-cleft, convolute,
crested.— Bulbous plants, with a radical 1 to 2 ‘leaved thin
transparent spathe, the long tube of the a: nearly or quite sessile
upon the bulb.
I. ©. sativa, L. Saffron Fae
Zeaves linear, revoluteon the margins; stigma 3-parted, as long as the corolla,
refiexed. Sept. From Asia. LZeaues radical, with a longitudinal white furrow
above. Flower nearly sessile on the bulb, with a long white tube, and purple el-
liptical segments. Stigymas long, emarginate, exsert of a dcep orange color. The
stigmas compose the saffron of the shops so much used for medicinal and coloring
purposes. There is a variety with yellow perianths.
2. C. vernus, L. Spring Saffron.
Leaves short, linear; stigmas included within the flower, with 2 short wedge-.
shaped segments. Native of the Alps. Scape 1 to2 inches high, 3-sided. Flowers
mostly purple, often yellow, pale blue or white, very variable; tube very slender,
gradually enlarged upwards, closed at- the mouth with a circle of hairs; limb bell
shaped, shorter than the tube. <Anthers yellow, sagittate. March, April.
5. TIGRIDIA, Linn, Tiger FLower.
Name in reference to the large spotted flowers.
Spare 2-leaved, carinate, 1-flowered. PrRiIsnTH 6-
DIOSCOREACEE AND SMILACER. oie
parted, with oblong segments, upright-spreading ; the altern-
ate ones the broadest. STAMENS 3, monodelphous: FILA-
MENTS united into a long tube: ANTHERS subovate, double.
Sry filiform, the length of the tube. CapsuLE oblong,
8-sided: SEEDS numerous, roundish, covered with a pulp.—
Showy South American bulbous plants, with large, very evanescent
yellow and red spotted fiowers.
T. Pavonra, L. Tiger Flower.
Siem simple, flexuous; leaves sword-shaped, veined; segments flat; petals pandu-
riform. July—Sept. A superb plant, native of Mexico and Peru. Sten 2 to 24%
feet high, erest, round, leafy, somewhat branched. eaves erect, 8 to 12 inches
long, smooth. Flowers 5 to 6 inches broad, yellow, variegated with scarlet, crim-
scn and purple, very evanescent, lasting but a few hours, but a new one appears
daily for several weeks.
OrpER 122. DIOSCORHACEE.— Yam Family.
Twining herbs or undershrubs, from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocis,
ribbed and netted-veined leaves on petioles and small diacious 6-androus and regular
jlowers in spikes.~- OvARny adherent, 3-celled. Srrxies 3, united below or distinct
Fruit usually amembranaccous 3-angled or winged capsule.
DIOSCOREHA, Plumier. Yan.
In honor of the celebrated Greck naturalist, Dtoscorides.
FLOWERS very small, diewcious. STAMENS 6 at the base
of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth : FILAMENTS sub-
ulate. Srynes distinct nearly to the base. CAPSULE 3-
celled, triangular, 38-winged. Sxeps 1 or 2 in each cell,
flat, with a membranaceous wing.— Climbing perennials, with
alternate oflen heart-shaped leaves, and inconspicuous vreenish flow -
ers in axillary branched racemes or spikes.
D. vinuosa, L. = Wild Yam-root.
Verbaceous; leaves mostly alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours,
more or less heart-shaped, pointed, 7 to 11 ribbed. Var. quaTERNATA, (D. quaterna-
ta, Walt.) has the leaves more acuminate and 7-neryed, the lateral nerves 2-parted.
Thickets and old fields, common. July. A slender vine twining over bushes,
sometimes 10 or 12 feet long. # lowers minute, greenish-yellow, the sterile in pen-
duious panicles; the fertile in pendulous simple racemes.
OrvDER 123. SMILACHR.— Smilax Family.
Herbs or shrubs, often climbing, with ribbed and conspicuous netted veiny leaves,
regular 6-androus flowers with the 6-parled perianth free from the 3-celled ovary.—
FLowers dicecious or perfect. Ovary 3-cclled,1 or many-seeded. Fruita few to
many-seeded berry.
S12 ‘SMILACER. is a ae
SMILAX, Tourn. Comer eet
-An ancient Greek name ef obscure —
Lat
Diccious or polygamous. PERIANTH ¢ 6 ‘aul fae .
ing segments, deciduous. STAMENS mos 6, inserted at
the base of the perianth segments: FILAMENTS short.
Srramas 8, thick, on a very short style. Burry globular,
1 to 3- celled, 1 to 3-seeded. SzEps globose, <pebended.
orthotropous. ae hrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, often ever-
green and prickly climbing by tendrils on the petioles, with greenish
stems, cordate ov ovate leaves, and small flowers in axillary Pedunclen
umbels,
Sec. 1. SMmmmax proper.—Stems woody, often prickly; ovules solitary.
* Leaves broad, thickish, often persistent.
1. §S. rorunpironiA, L... Common Greenbrier.
Stem nearly round; brancilets more or less 4-angular; leaves round-ovate, often
broader than long, slightly cordate, a, short-pointed, 5- igaee. peduncles
scarcely longer than the petioles.
Moist thickets, common. June. Stems armed with stout scaitered priate
often climbing 20 to 30 feet. Flowers yellowish-green in small globose axillary
umbels. Berries bluish-black.
2.8. QUADRANGULARIS, Willd. Square-stemmed Greenbrier.
Branches and branchlets square, armed with stout scattered prickles; leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base, 3 to ia peduncles
about the length of tthe petioles.
Dry woods. June, July. Leaves about 3 inches toniesig as wide, thinnish, some-
times minutely rough-ciliate on the margin. J iowers greenish-yellow. Berries
black.
** Teaves, broad, thin, entirely deciduous; priciles bristle-léke.
‘3. SS. misprpa, Muhl. Hispid Greenbrier.
Stem round, the lower part very hispid; leaves ovate, mostly heart-shaped, point-
ed, strongly 5-nerved; peduncles 6 to 10-flowered, 2 or 3 times the length of the
petioles.
Moist thickets: June. Stem climbing high, densely beset below with shining ~
brown weak and slender prickles; the tiowering branches often naked. JZeaves 2
40-5 inches long, minutely rough on the margins, bright green on both sides. Pe-
duncles 114 to 2 inches leng.
Ssc. m. CopRosMANTHUS, Torr.—Stem herbaceous, not prickly. Zeaves long-
petioled, thin.
4. §. HERBACEA, L. neo Flower.
Stem erect and recurving, or climbing; lcaves oyate-oblong or rounded, mostly
heart shaped, 7 to 9-neryed, mucronate or pointed, smooth; tendrils sometimes
none; peduncles very long, compressed.
Moist meadows and river-banks, common. June. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, climb-
dng or leaning on other plants. Lcaves very variable, on petictes 1 to 3 inches
long. Flowers numerous, on peduncles 3 to 6 inches long, yellowish-g verte in glo-
bose axillary umbels of about an inch in CnaaNeR; exhaling the stench of carrion.
373
TRILLIACEZ.
Orver 124. TRILLIACER.—Trillium Family.
ig
_ Herbacepus plants, with simple stems, vertieillate, net-veined leaves, and large termi-
| nal mostly solitary trimerous flowers. PERIANTH G-parted. Stamens 6to10. Ovary
% free, 3 to 5-celled, with as many styles. Fruit succulent, 3-tod-celled. SrrEns
| } numerous.
1. TRILLIUM, Linn. Terrie.
Lat. trilex, triple; all the parts being in threes.
Fiowers perfect. Sepaus 3, lanceolate, spreading,
herbaceous, persistent. Prraus 3, larger. Sramens 6,
' with linear adnate anthers, on short. filaments. STYLEs 3,
uwl-shaped, distinct or united at base, stigmatic down the
inner side. Brrry 8-sided, ovate, 3- celled. SEEDS hori-
ontal, several in each cell. Tent ’ perennial herbs, with a
tout simple stem rising from a short and abrupt tuberous rootstock,
bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 broadly ovate leaves, and a ter-
minal large flower.
1. T. cernuum, L. Nodding Wrillium. Wake-Robin.
Leaves broadly rhomboid, pointed, nearly sessile; petals white, oblong-evate,
pointed, recurved, somewhat wavy.
; Moist woods. May, June. Stem slender 10 to 15 inches high. Zeaves 3 to 5
inches in diameter, nearly round. Flower white, pendulous beneath the leaves,
- ona peduncle 1 to 244 inches long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, green, 1 inch long.
| Petals 34, to 1 inch long, tol inch wide.
2. T. erectum, L. Purple Trillium. Birth-root.
Leaves broadly rhomboid, abrupy acuminate; petals dark dull purple, ovate,
somewhat pomted, flat, spreading.
Ric woods, common. May. Stem 12 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3-nervyed, 3 to
| Gincheslong. Flower on a peduncle 2 inches long,soon reclining. Petals1 to 4
inch long, ercenish outside. Ovary brown-purple. Medicinal.
3. T. GRANDIFLORUM, Salish. Large-flowered Trillium.
Leaves obovate-rhomboid, pointed, barely sessile ; -pefals obovate, spreading from
an erect base, longer and much broader than the sepals, white, changing to rose-
eclor.
' Rich woods, rare. dune. Siem10 to 12 Inches high. Flower on a slightly in-
clined peduncle, which is 2 or 3 inches long. Petals 2 to 21 214 inches long, broadest
near the apex.
4, TT. ERYTHROCARPUM, Michx. Patnied Triilium.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, short petioled; petals ovate or
> oyal-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, nearly ee as long as the sepals
shorter than the peduncles.
_ €olddamp. woods. May, June. Stem S$ to 12 inches high. Leaves long acumi-
mate, 2-nerved, 3 to 4 inches long, 24as wide. FPetals1 inch long, white; painted
with purple lines at the base. Medicinal.
5. TT. sesstne, L. Common Sewile Trillium.
\ Leaves ovate or oblong, sessile or nearly so, acute; petals lanceolate, erect, much
longer than the sepals, dark dull purple.
7)
.
od
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RO ee ae ee a Oe ee eee
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;
i
“374 LILIACER. .
Rich woods, rare. April, May. Stem 6 to 8 inches high, smooth, or: : rather
thick. 114 to 214 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, smooth and entire. & Sepals green,
34inch long. Petals narrow, 1 inch long. . :
6. TT. nrvawx, Riddell. Snowy Trillium.
Small; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse; vetuls oval-lanceolate, obtuse FOmey Dil
avavy, White, as long as the peduncle, longer than the sepals.
Rich shady woods, rare. April. Stem 2 to 4 inches ‘high, from a thick ibnirons
root. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, by 4 to 1 inch wide. Sepals green, Much narrower
than the petals. Fetals 34 tolinch long. Styles leng and filiform. ~
2. MEDEOLA, Gronov. INDIAN Cucumprr-noor.
Named after the sorceress Media, from its supposed miedieiear virtues. :
PERIANTH revolute, of 8 sepals and 3 petals. SramEns
6, inserted at the base of the perianth: FILAMENTS thread-
like, } longer than the linear-oblong anthers. Styizs 3, fili-
form, recurved-diverging, deciduous. BERRY spherical, 3-
celled, few-seeded.—A perennial herb, with a simple slender
stem rising from a hori zontal and tuberous white rooistock, bearing
a whorl of 5 to 10 sessile leaves near the middle and another of 3
smaller ones at the top, sudtending a sessile umbel of small recurved
Jjiowers.
M. Virarnica, L. Cucumber Ros.
Leaves of the lower whorl obovate-lanceolate, positetls upper ones ovate.
Rich damp woods, common. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Flowers 3 to
6, greenish-yellow, reflexed, with long dark red reilexed stigmas. ~
Orver 125. LILIACEAE. —Lily Family.
Herbs, with paratle-nerved ae or sheathing leaves, regular perfert 6-(rarely 4)-
androus flowers with a petal-like 6-merous perianth free from the 2 to 3-celled ovary.—
Sramens 6 inserted into the perianth; ANTHERS attached by a point. Srytz single;
BTIGMA simple or 3-loked. Fruiv a 3-valved loculicidal capsule or berry, few-many-
seeded.
TrizreEl ASPARAGEA. Tuz ASPARAGSS TRIBE.
Fruit a few-seeded berry, 2 to 3-celled. Rootstocks creeping or tuberous.
1. ASPARAGUS, Linn.
The ancient Greek name.
PERIANTH 6-parted, spreading above. STAMENS 6, with
peltate anthers. SryrEe short: stigcmMa 3-lobed. Berry
spherical, 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded.— Perennials, with much-
branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks, narrow
leaves in clusters, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers.
’
a
Sy
:
Va
LILIACES. S7D
A. orricIANatis, L. Garden Asparagus.
Siem herbaceous, erect, rounded, much branched; leaves thread-like, fasciculate
and flexible; peduncles jointed in the middle.
|
Cultivated in yardens, and naturalized. June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Flowers.
small, solitary, drooping. Berry globose, red. :
-2. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. Sotomon’s Seat.
Gr. polus, many, and gonu, knee, alluding to the many jointed steme and rhizoma..
: PERIANTH tubular, 6-lobed at the summit. Sramens 6,
inserted on or above the middle of the perianth-tube, in-
eluded. Ovary 3-celled: sryuE slender: sTIGMA capitate
or triangular. Berry globular, blue or black, the cells 1
to 2-seeded.— Perennial her bs, with sineple erect or curving
stems from thick and knotted creeping rootstocks, mostly alternate an@
sessile or half clasping nerved leaves, and axillury nodding green-
sh flowers.
1. P. cANALECULATUM, Pursh. Great Solomon’s Seal.
Stem stout, angled or channelled; leaves oblong-ovate, obtusely pointed, partly
elasping, smooth, nearly equally many-nerved; peduncles 2 to 6-flowered,-smooth ;
JSilaments smooth, shorter than the anthers, inserted on the middle of the perianth-
tube. (Conyallaria canaliculatum, Ail.)
Rich sandy river banks, common. June. Stem to 5 feethigh, curved. Leaves:
3) i ome)
green on both sides. Ferianih cylindrical-oblong, greenish-white.
2. P. puBEscEens, Pursh. Smaller Solomon’s Seal.
Stem round, or slightly grooved on one side; leaves ovate-cblong or elliptical-
Tanceolate, minutely downy and glaucous underneath, with 3 to 5 principal nerves,
Bessile; peduncles 1 to 2-flowered, smooth ; filaments minutely glandular-puberulent,
inserted near the summitof the perianth. (Convallaria pubescens, Afuhl.)
Woods and rocky banks,common. May, June., Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slightly
eurved. Pzrianth 4 inch long, cylindrical-oblong, greenish. Ovules “often 6 in
each cell.
8. SMILACINA, Desf. Fatse Sotomon's Sat.
Name a diminutive of Smilax, to which this genus, however, has little resemblance,
Prriantu 4 to 6-parted, spreading deciduous. STAMENS
4 to 6, inserted at the perianth- ‘lobes: FILAMENTS slender :
ANTHERS short. _ Ovary 2 to 3-celled. Sryz#s short and
thick: sTIGMA obscurely 2 to 3-lobed. Berry globular,
1 and 2-seeded.— Perennial herbs, with simple stems from
r creeping or thickish rootstocks, aliernate nerved leaves, and white
ofien fragrant flowers in a terminal simple ‘or compouud raceme.
S5c I. SMILACINA, Desf.— Divisions of the pertanth and stamens 6.
1. 8. Raczmosa, Desf. False Spikenard.
_Minutely downy ; stem somewhat: flexuous ;- leaves: numerous, obleng or oval—
Tanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, abruptly short: petioled ; ‘raceme compound, panicled;
ovary 3-celled.
t
:
fl
-276 LILIACH.
Moist woods. May, June. Stem zigzag, 2 feat high from : a thick sa fleshy root-
stock. Zeaves 4 to 6 inches long, about WA as wide, contracted into a long acumi-
nation. Flowers very numerous, small, white, on white: pedicels, with white ex-
serted filaments. Berries pale red, speckled with puzple, aromatic..
2.. S. STELLATA, Desf. _ Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal.
Smooth or nearly so; leaves 7 to 11, oblong-lanceolate, acute, minutely ciliate,
slightly clasping, thickish; aceme simple, few-flowered; ovary 2-celled.
Moist banks. May, June. Stem about 12 inches high, round. eaves smooth,
glaucous beneath, 4 to 6 inches long, 34 to 1 inch wide, tapering to ms apex. Flow:
ers‘about 8, white, stellate. Berries blackish.
8. §. trirorta, Desf. ZLhrec-leaved Solomon’s Seak
Smooth, dwarf; deaves 3, sometimes 2 or 4, oblong or oval-lanceolate, sho rt-pointed,
narrowed into.a sheathing base; raceme simple, ovary 2 to-3-celled. ~-
Swamps. May, June. Stem 3 to 6 inches high. Zeaves smooth on the margin,
about 2‘incheslong,¥4 as wide. Faceme terminal, erect, consisting of 4 to 6 white
flowers. Perianth-lobes spreading. ' Anthers prownish. Berries red.
Sec. 1. Martantaemum, Desf. Divistovs of the perianth and stamens 4.
4, §. prrowta, Ker. Two-leaved Solomon’s Seal.
Smooth or nearly so; stems low, mostly 2-leaved ; leaves heart-shaped, petioled or
sessile; raceme simple, crowded.
Shady moist woods, common. May. Stem 38 to 5 inches hirh, with 2° or some-
times 3 leaves near the summit, and often a larger radical - leaf on a long petiole:
Flowers white, small, fragrant, in an oblong raceme, one inch long. Berries rea-
dish, speckled.
=
4. GLINTONIA, Raf
Dedicated to De Witt Clinton:
PERIANTH 6-parted, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous.
Stamuns 6, inserted, at the base of the segments: FELA-
MENTS long. and thread-like : ANTHERS linear-oblone. OVARY
gvoid-oblong, 2-celled ; sryLE long, compressed : STIGMA
depressed. “BERRY ovoid, blue, few. to many-seeded.— Acau-
lescent perennials, with slender er eeping rootstocks, sending up a
naked scape, sheathed at the base by 2 to 4 large oblong or oval ciliate
leaves, and bearing rather large, umbelled or ran ely single, white or
greenish flowers at the summit.
1. ©. BoREALIS, Raf. Northern Clintonia.
Umiel 2 to 7-flowered; ovary with 10: to 12 ovules in each: cell: . —_
borealis, Att.)
Cold moist mountain weods. June. Scape 6 to 8 inches high. Leaves radical,
5 to Sinches long. Perianth 4 to 34 inch long, greenish- -yellow. Berry blue.
2. ©. uMBELLATA, Torr. Small-flowered Clintonia.
Umbel 12 to 30-fiowered; cells of the berry 2-seeded. (Convallaria umbeliata,
Bfichx.)
Rich woods, through the Alleghenies. June: Scape many ioweneal 9 to 12 inches:
high. Leaves 2 to 5, 6 to 9 inches long. Flowers 15 to 30, white, i ala
purple Ye to ¥%. inch long, odorous.
4 ra ;
ty le Bh sae — we
LILIACEE. 377
5. OCONVALLARIA, Linn. Ln.y or THe VALuey.
Lat. convallis, a valley, the locality of some species.
PERIANTH bell-shaped, 6 parted: Sramens 6, divergent,.
arising from the base cf the segment. Berry globose, 2-
eelled.—An elegant sweet-scented perennial herb, often culti-
vated in gardens, with mostly 2 radical ovate leaves, and & slender
scape bearing white: flowers.in a single rank.
O. masauis, L. Lily of the Valley.
Scape naked, smooth, semi-cylindric; leaves nearly radical,ovate; raceme simple;
one-sided.
Allegheny mountains, common in cultivation. May. Scape 6 inches high.
Beaves 4to T inches long, ovate-elliptical, pointed.
TRIBE 2. ASPHODHELE. THE ASPHODEL TRIBE.
Fruit a few to many-seeded capsule, 3-celled, loculicidal.. Seed: anatropous or
amphitropous..
Sze. 1. Not bulbous:
6. HEMOROCALLIS, Linn. Day Liny--
Gr. hemera, a day, and AQillos, beautiful ; its flowers lasting: but a day.
Perranre funnel-form, lily-lke, the sort tube enclosing
the ovary, the-spreading limb 6-parted. Sramens 6, insert-
ed on the throat of the perianth: FILAMENTS long and
thread-like, declined: sTIGMA simple. CAPSULE rather
fleshy, 3-angled, 3-valved, with several black round seeds in
each cell.— Showy perennial exotics, with fleshy fibrous roots,
vyadical linear, keeled 2-ranked leavesand yellow or reddish
owers, (which collapse and desay after expanding for a
single day) borne on tall scapes.
k HH. Funva, lL. Common Day Lily.
Inner divisions of the pevianth wavy and obtuse, the veins branched.
Damp grounds, escaped from-cultivation and naturalized. July. Leaves nu-
merous, about 2 feet long, and‘an inch wide, sxrooth, acute. lowers large, tawny
orange or reddish. Scape round, thick, smooth, 3 feet high. Style striate:
2. H. ruava, L. Yellow Day Lily.
Divisions of the perianth flat, the veins undivided. Native of South Europe..
July. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, 4 inch wide, keeled. Scape 2 feet high, branching, .
Blowers large, yellow, sweet-scented. Cultivated.
3. H. GRamMiInea, Ll. Grass-leaved Day Lily.
Leaves grass-like, linear, keeled; 3 inner perianth lobes larger, waved, the cuter’
smaller. Native of South Europe. July. Leaves 6 to 18 inches long, narrower
and mueh smaller than in either of the preceding species. Scape 9 to 12 inches
high, 3 to-6-flowered. Perianth orange-yellow on the inside, reddish on the outside ..
Rare in Cultivation. A
#
¥
378. " EILIACER.
7. FUNKIA, Gert. Japan Day Linizs.
PERIANTH funnel-bell-shaped, 6-parted. SrameEns 6.
FinAMENTS long, declined, the upper ones the shortest:
ANTHERS oblong, fixed. by. their sides, turned up at the ends.
Str Le long,. declined, superior, furrowed : STIGMA obtusely
d-angled. CAPSULE 3-sided, 8-celled, 3-valved. . Szzps
very numerous, flat. — Ornamental perennial herbs, from Ju-
pan, with somewhat heart-shaped long-petioled leaves, and
white or. bluish. flowers on bracted: scapes.
I. FE. anpa, Gert. White Day Lily. | ;
Eeaves cordate, ovate, acuminate; perianth. funnel-form, with a long tube~
Aug., Sept. Scapeito2 feet high. Zeaves smeoth, on long radical petioles 3 to 5
inches wide-. Flowers large, white, very fragrant, 3to-4 inches long, somewhet
crowded, each axillary toa large bract. Anithers yellow.
2. KF. c@runi, Gert. Blue Day Lily,
Leaves heart-shaped, .on petioles; perianth tubular-bell-shaped, swelled: Jailyy-
"I Aug. Scape 2 to 3 feet high. Bracis yellowish. Flowers bluish-purple, 2 to 2
? inches long, the slender tube enclosing the oyary3. border inflated, round-be L--.
shaped. Anthers blue-
3. TF. Sapontca, Geert. Japan py Lily.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lancecolate; perianth funnel-form, with sonrewhaé-
"yeflexed segments. July, Sept. Zeaves 3 to 4 inches long, narrowed into a petiole
of 4 to 5 inches in length. Scape slender, 12 to 18 inches high. Flowers much,
a smaller than in the preceding species,. pale purple, 1 to.2.inches long..
8. ASPHODELUS, Linn. Krxe’s Spuar.
Gr. a, privative; sprallo, to surpass; a fiower net surpassed in beauty.
PentantH 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves, covering”
the ovary. SraMzENs 6); issuing from the valves. CAPSULE.
globular, many-seeded.—f'ine garden. plants with showy
flowers. ee
1. A. toreus, L.. King’s per: Yellow Asphodel.
Stem leafy ; leaves linear 3-nerved. A-showy garden perennial from Sicily, of~
the easiest culture and rapid increase. June. Alem 2 to3 feet high, thickly in--
vested with the long linear hollow tapering striped leaves. Flowers yellow, in a.
yery long spike. . :
2. A. RAMOosUs, L. Branching Asphodel:
Stem naked, branched; leaves ensiform, keeled, smooth; pedunclé.as Jong. as the.
bract. Native of-South-Europe. June. Not. so.tall es the preceding, but with. ~
longer white flowers. ;
x
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ee
ape , Sec. u- Bullous. ' =
4 9, ORNITHOGALUM, Tourn. Stsr-or-BETHLEREM..
< Gr. ornithos, a bird, and gala, milk; why so called is not obvious.
PERIANTH deeply 6-parted, spreading above the middle ::
|
= Ps
es Slee
the divisions several, nerved. Frmaments 6, flattened-awl-
shaped. Srytes 3-sided: sTiGMA 3-angled. CapsuLE
roundish-angular, with a few roundish seeds in each ceil.—
Perennial herbs, with radical leaves and a naked racemose or-
corymbed seape from a coated bulb:
O: uMBELLATUM, L. White Star-of- Bethlehem.
Flowers corymbose, 5 to $8 on long spreading pedicels; sepals green in the middle:
outside. ‘
Moist meadows, naturalized; common in gardéns:. Native of England. June.
Scape 5 to 8 inches high. Zeaves linear and narrow, emarginate,5 to 8 inches long,..
with 2 white limeon the upper side. Flowers white. few in-a loose corymb. Pe--
rianth-lobes beautifully marked with a longitudinal green stripe on. the outside.
10. ALLIUM, Linn. Oxtox. Gartic.
The ancient Latin name cf the Garvic.
PERIANTH of: 6 entirely colored sepals, which are: distinct:
er united at the very base, 1-nerved, becoming dry and more
er less pac deis FuaMEnts. awl- shaped or dilated at
their base. 2YLE filiferm: sTIGMA simple. CAPSULE
lobed, 3-celled,.3-valved, with a few black and rough seeds
in each cell. ites scented and pungent acaul lesecnt herbs;
with the mostly radical leaves. and the scape from @ coeitert’
bulb; the flowers ina simple umbel, and a 1 to 2-vaived spathe..
* Umbel often densely bulb-bearing with or wiikout fowers.
1. A. vinzatz, L. PMield Garlic.
Scape slender, clothed with the-sheathing bases ef the leaves below the middle;
feaves round, hollow, slender, channelled abcvye: filaments much dilated, the al--
ternate one-8-cleft, the middle divisions anther bearing.
Moist meadows and fields, naturalized and some places very troublesome. June.
Buib ovoid, small. Zeaves 6 to i2inchesleng. Scape 1 to 24% feethigh, bearings
snathe of 2 small bracis at the top, and an umbel of rcese-colorcd and green flowers
at the top with which bulks are sometimes intermixed.
2. A. €anavEnsis, Kalm. Wild Meadow Garlic.
Scape leafy only at the base ; leaves narrowly linear, flattish ; wmlel few-flowered ;-
jiiaments simple, dilated below, about as long as the perianth.
Moist fields, common. May,June. Leaves very long and narrow. Scape 12 to>
15 inches hich, round, smooth, bear'ng a spathe of 2 ovate acute bracts at the top,
with a head of bulbs and fiowers. Flowers whitish or paie rose-color, on pedicels ;-
the bulbs are-sessile, each furnished with a bract beneath.
** Umbel bearing only fiowers.
5: A. cerNuUM, Roth. Nodding Carlie. Wild Onion..
Seape naked angular; Po often nodding at the apex, beariz loose or-
drooping many-flowered-ambel; leaves linear, elongated, sharply keeled; sepals:
eblong-ovate, acute, much shorter than the slender filaments; ovary €-toothed at-
the summit, becoming a roundish 3-seeded. capsule« ;
Banks and steep rocks,common. July. Scape 10 to i2 inches high, bearing a.
lsose umbel of 20 to 30 flowers. Leaves @to 12 inches long. Flowers white. or:
LILIACE.S. 379
>
eet ee ee ee = ee ee
830 LILIACE.
rose-color. The variety with white flowers grows abundantly in- steep wie)
places along the Susquehanna. The plant is very strony-scented!
4. A. tricoccum, Ait. Wild Leek. Lance-leaved Giclin
Scape naked, bearing an wie many-flowered umbel ; leaves lance-oblong or ellip-
tioal, flat; sepals obtuse, oblong; capswe strongly 3-lobed,
Rich shaded sandy woods, rare: July. Bids clustered, pointed. 2 inches johe.
’ Leaves 5 to 10 inches long, 1 to 14% inch wide, acute, tapering into a petiole, ap--
pearing in early spring and decaying before flowering. Scape 12:t0-15 inches ees
bearing a thin 2-leaved deciduous epple at the top, withan umbel of 10. to 20
white flowers.
5: _A. TRIELORUM, Raf. Mountain Leek. Fs
Scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves;-leaves lanceolate, nerved.; umbel
féw-flowered. Pursh. ; : ae
Mountains, rare. May, June.
CULTIVATED EX€TIC SPECIES,
6. A. sativum, L. Common Garlic:
Bulb compeund; stem leafy, bulbifercus ; stamens tricaspidate. Native of Sicily:.
July. Stem 8 feet high. Flowers small, white. Bulis strong-scented and acrid.
7.. A. Scu@noprasum, L. Chives. Cives.. .
Scape as long as the round subulate leaves. Flowers small,- rose-color. June.
Common in gardens. fs
8. A. Porrum, Ll. Leek.
Sem compressed, leafy; leaves sheathing at base; stamens tricuspidate. Native’
of Switzerland. July. Zoot bearing a scaly cylindrical Dalb.. Skim 2°feet high,-
bearing long lincar alternate sheathing leaves, and at the a! a large umbel of
small white flowers.
9. A. Cuppa, L. Common Onion.
Scane-fistulous, swelling towards: the base, longer than the tercte fistulous leaver, -
Native of Hungary. Universally cultivated for the kitchen. Culture has pro-
duced numerous varieties.
/
11.. H¥ACINTHUS, Linn, Hyacrnra:
As fabulous name.
PERIANTH sub- -globose or bell-shaped, regular G.cleft..
STAMENS 6, issuing from the middle of. the segments..
@vARY with 3 necteriferous pores atthe summit. CAPSULE
3-celled, about 2-seeded.— Ornamental bulbous plants, native
of the Levant, with fragrant. white, pink blue and purple
flowers. —
H: ontenranis, 4. Common Hyacinth: |
Perianth funnel-form, half 6-cleft, swelled at the base. May. The hyacinth is
w well known garden flower, long prized and cultivated. Leaves thick, linear-
lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long. Scape 5 to 10 inches high, thick, bearing a dense
tiyrscid raceme-ofi different shades of blue, pink, purple or white fragrant flowers. .
LILIACE &. 381
re. POLYANTHOS, Linn. TUBEROSE.
Gr. polus, many, anthos, flower; the plant bearing numerous flowers.
PERIANTH funnel-form, incuryed. FILAMENTS mserted
into the throat. Sriama 3-cleft- Ovary at the bottom of
the perianth —A Leautiful bulbous exotic, with white fragrant
flowers.
P. TuBERosA, L. Tuberose. ;
Leaves linear-lanceolate; flowers alternate, in pairs: perianth-lobes oblong. Na-
tive of Ceylon. Aug., Sept. Scape scaly, 2 to 3 feet high, with white regular fiow-
ers of a delicious fragrance.
TRIBE 3. TULIPACE &. TULIP OR TRUE Liny TRIBE.
Fruit a many-seeded 3- eile loculicidal capsule. Secds anatropous. Perianth:
6-leaved.—Bulbous.
13. LILIUM, Linn. Env.
The: classical Latin name.
Prrtantu funnel-form or bell- shaped, colored, of 6 dis-
tinct sepals, spreading or recurved above, with a necteriferous
furrow at the base, deciduous. STAMENS 6, scmcwhat ad-
hering to the bases of the sepals : ANTHERS linear, versatile.
STYLE elongated, somewhat elub-shaped: sTI@MA 8-lobed.
| €APSULE oblong, 3-celled, containing numerous flat secd's
_ densely packed in 2 rows in each cell.—YPerennial scaly
bulbous herbs, with simple stems, numerous alternate-scatiered
or whorled short and sessile leaves and one to several large and
showy flowers.
+ Flowers erect, bell-shaped, the sepals narrowed below into claws:
| 1. L. Purapetpuicum, L. Wild Orange Lily.
‘Leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper chiefly in whorls of 5 to §;. flewers 1 to 3 or
gzometimes 5, open-bell-shaped, with lanceolate sepals.
Open woods, hillsides and’ fence-rows, not rare. June—Ame. “Stem 2 to 3 feet
high, round, smooth, simple. Zeaves 2 to 3 inches long, 44 to % inch wide, 1 to 3
nerved. Flowers large, reddish-orange, the inside spotted with purple near the
base, 2)4 inches long, on a peduncle I to 3 inches long.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, scattered; flowers sclitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-
elawed sepals wavy on the margin, and recurved at the summit, the margins cf
the claws involute.
Low sandy soil, and meadows, rare, Monto Co. July. Stem 12 to 18 inches
high, bearing a single large termina! scarlet flower, spotted with dark purple and
| —— inside. Sepals ovate or, rhombic-ovate, with the mid-vein green on the
2. L. Carespaa, Walt. Wild Red Lily. Catesby’s Lily.
a2 eS a a ee
<9Reee 9
FN ke ee,
seth tn
382 : LILIACE.
** Flowers nodding, bell-shaped, the sessile sepals revolute.
3. L. Canapenss, L. Wild Meadow Lily.
Leaves remotely whorled; lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerver
rough; Jlowers mostly 3, sometimes 5 or more, long-peduneled, funnel-bell-shaped,
the sepals recurved-spreading above the middle..
Moist meadows, common. June, July. Stem 2 to 8 feet hich. Flowers 1 to 3,
sometimes 5 to 20; pendulous, yellow or orange at the base, densely spotted with:
brown-purple inside and outside above, 2 to 3 inches long.
4. L. supersum, L.. Turk’s-cap Lily. Superb ‘Eay.
Lower leaves whorled; lanceolate, pointed, ssiooth, 3-nerved, upper ones seattered 7:
Flowers often 3 to 40:in a pyramidal raceme, nodding with revolute sepals.
Rich low grounds rathereommon. July, Aug. A superb plant 3 to 5 feet high,
With an erect, round, straight stem. Flowers bright orange, with numerous dark
purple spots inside. "Sepals 3 inches long, linear-lanceolate, beautifully and fully
revolute. 3 ; ;
CUEFIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES: -
5. L. tTrarinum, L. Tiger-spotted Lily.
Leaves scattered, sessile, 3-nerved. the upper ones cordate-ovate ; sepals revelute;.
papillose inside. Aug. Native of China, common in cultivation. Slem 4 to 6 fees:
Kigh, woolly, bearing bulbs in the axils of the ieaves. Flowers large, dark orange:
er reddish, spotted with black, in a pyramidal raceme. Sapals 4 to 6 inches long;
beautifully revolute, scabrous on the midvein, inside. .
paid Plower s bell-shaped. :
6. LL. BULBIFERUM, L. Orange Lil ly. Etre Inly.
Leaves scattered, 3° veiited, ee when young; flowers bell-shaped, erect
rough within. July. Native of Italy. Stem thick, round. 2 to 4 feet high} bearing:
emall, roundish bulbs in the axils of the leaves, léwers large, oranye-colored,.
acabrous within. Gommon in cultivation. '
7. L..canpipum, L. Common White aly.
Leaves scattered, lanceolate, narrowed at the base; flowers bell-shaped, smooth:
oa the inside. July. Native of the Levant.. A much cultivated and beautiful
ee plant, wlth a thick stem, 3: te. 4 feet. high. Flowers, large, snow-white,.
very fragrant, in a terminal raceme, oy
14. ERYTHRONIUM, Linn. Doc’s-roorm: VioLer:
Gr. eruthros, read, which is inappropriate as respects our species.
Perianti liltaceous, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, re-
eutved or spreading above, deciduous, the 3 inner usually
with a callous tooth on eek side of ‘ite erect. base and a
groove in the middle. Frnaments 6, awl-shaped > ANTHERS.
edlong-lincar. Sryne elongated. Capsune obovate, con-
tracted at tae base, 3- valved. SEEDS ovate. — Nearly ‘stem-.
less bulbous perennials, with two smooth and shining flat leaves
tapering into petioles and sheathing the base of the 1 —— ;
scape.
/ Fis
B82
- 7. KE. Americanum, Smith. Yellow Dog’s-tooth Violet.
Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, involute at the point, spotted; scape naked; sepals
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inner ones bidentate near the base; style club shaped
stigmas united.
Meadows in sandy soil, common. April, May. A beautiful little plant. Scape
6 to 9 inches high. Leaves 2, spotted with purple, and.dotted 5 inches long, one of
them nearly twice as wide as the other. lower drooping, yellow, revolute in the
sunshine, spotted near the base. ‘i ‘
LILIACEE.
2.- E. ALBIDUM, Nutt. White Dog’ s-tosth Violet.
Leaveze elliptical-lanceolate,. spotted, not dotted; sepals linear-lanceolate, the
inner without lateral teeth; style thread-like and club-shapcd; stigma 3-cleft.
Low thiciets and sandy meadows, often in company with the other species.
April, Mey. Leaves. without an acumination, including the petiole 4 to. 5 inches
long, scapes with parple. Scupe 6 to7 inches high, bearing a single white flower.
Sepals 1}4 inch long.
15. FRIFTILLARIA, Linn. Crown IMPERIAL.
Lat. fiztiilus, a chess-board; aluding to the checkered flowers.
PeRIANTH bell-shaped, with a broad base and necteriferous
avity above the claw of each segment. STaMENs 6, as long
as the sepals. SEEDS flat.—Buldous pereniial exotics, with
showy, but ill-scented flowers.
1. -F. impertais, L. Common Crown Imperial.
Raceme comose, naked below; leaves lanceolate, acute. May, June. Native of
Persia. A showy flower of easy culture, common incultivation. Stem thiek,1 to
2 feet high, the lower part inserted with the long leaves, the upper part is naked,
bearing at the top a cluster of several red or yellow nodding flowers beneath a
crown formed by the pairs of leaves at the base of each pedicel.
a. FE. MALEAGRIS, L. ‘Checkered Crown Tneperial.
Leaves alternate, linear, ee chit. stem 1-flowercd. May. Native of Britian
Stem a feet hich, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves. Flower usually soli
tary, large, nodding, and beautifully checkered with purple pale red or yellow.
16. -TULIPA, Linn. Tutt.
Persian thouliban, a turban; alluding to the form of these magnificent flowers.
PeRtAnTH bell-shaped, with sepals. STAMENS 6, short,
subulate: ANTHERS 4-angled. Srtiama thick. CapsuLE
oblong, triangular. SEDs flat.—Bulbous exotic perennials,
with radical leaves and a showy solitary flower on a scape.
1. T. Gesnertana, L. Common Tulip.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flower erect, smooth, with obtuse sepals. May. Native
of Persia. There are more than 500 varieties enumerat: ad in catalogues, with red,
searlet, erimsen white yellew, brown, purple, striped , blotched and fringed flowers
ee SUAVEOLENS, L. Sweet-scented Early Tulip.
Leaves linear-lanceolate ; flower erect; smooth with asute sepals, the alternate
x.
MELANTHACES!. —
ones lanceolate, the ethers oyate. Native of Persia. Tiare mostly, yellow, B
fragrant, appearing in April. > ; “i
Trine 4._ ALOINEA,
| ae Fruit ‘geelled, s-valved, with a e~ dehiscence, opening at the s ie me
»
eS Seeds numerous. Not bulbous.
= 17. YUCCA, Linn Apam’s NEEDLE. -
i = ; Jucea, the Tidian name. — =
i Perr ANRH inferior globular or bell-shaped. Suanemaal
ij with awl-shaped laments. SryLe none. CapsuLmoblong,
with 3 obtuse angles 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the:
| summit. SEEDS flat.—LZvergreen perennials, with narrow
is Jilamentaceous radical leaves, and a scape of numerous white flowers,
in aterminal panicled raceme or spike,
. 1. Y. aneustiroria; L.. Narrow: incl Yucca.
Leaves long linear, filamentose on the margins, mucronate. Aug. — Native of the
Southern States. Zcaves 10 te 15 inches long, 4 to 34 inch wide, with white.
threads along the margin. Panicled spice terminal, on a seape 2 to 3 feet high,
many-flowered. lowers globular-bell-shaped, white.
2. Y. FILAMENTOSA, L. Adam’s Needle. ‘Sights.
Leaves lance-linear, filamentose, mucronate; 3 inner sepals broad-lanceolate;
capsule large oblong-obovate. July, Aug. Native of the Southern States. Leaves
12 to 18 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide; very filamentose on the margin. Scape 3
to 5 feet high, beaaing a terminal panicle of numerous white = agrant flowers.
LPerianth giobose.. Stigmas recurved, spreading.
OrpER 126. MELANTHACE.— Jelanthium Family.
NES CES si at
ak ge
Be ATE. pe eatin tl nt ete eS ka
Herbs, with perfect or polygamons and- regular 6-merous and G-androus Jlowers, |
the petaloid perianth, free from the 8-celled ovary, extrorse anthers, and 3 (sometimes
united) more or less distinct styles.
a
~~.
ii z SUBORDER I. ‘UVULARIER, THE BEELWORT FAMILy.
f 4
aig Pelle soon deciduous, the divide distinct, petaloid.
1} Sryies united at the-base or throughout. Fruir a 3-celled
i: few-seeded berry or loculicidal capsule.— Stems from small
i perennial routstocks and fi ibreus roots, ovate or lanceolate membra-—
iE naceous sessile or clasping leaves, and pen fet Jlowers on sobleiy or
lflowered peduncles. — WISE
1.. UVULARIA, Linn. ‘Buea
owers Bp hangene, o) on the he or palate
" ~
a Sinn Ft Svea iota 5 —
oot a sl | =
{ ; : 2
|. 7 ea
Lil .
* . a
MELANTHACE 385
late-lanceolate, with a necteriferous groove or pit at the
base of each. STAMENS 6, with short filaments: ANTHERS
leng and linear, adnate. Sryze deeply 3-cleft. Capsune
triangular, 3-celled, 3-valved from the top, with a few obo-
yoid seeds in each ee from creeping root-
stocks, alternate sessile or clasping leaves, and pale yellow nodding,
mostly solitary flowers. :
* Leaves clasping, per foliate. .
1. U. GRANDIFLORA, Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort.
Leaves oblong or elliptical-ovate, pale and very slightly pubescent underneath;
sepals smooth within; anthers nearly pointless; lobes of the capsule with convex
sides.
Rich woods, rare. May, June. Sten 12 to 15 inches high, passing through the
perfoliate leaves mear their bases, dividing into 2 branches at the top, one of which
Lara a large pendulous pale-yellow flower. Perianth 114 inch long. Anthers %
inch long.
2. U. perromata, L. Perfoliate Bellwort.
Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath ; sepals granu-
lar-roughened inside; anthers pointed; capsule-lobes with concave sides.
Moist woods and thickets, common. May, June. Stem 8 to 12 inches high,
passing through the perfoliate leaves near the base, 2-branched at the top. Leaves
2 to 3 inches long, 24 to linch wide. Flowers pale-yellow, 34 to 1 inch long.
#* Leaves sessile.
3. U. sEssitironiA, L. Sessile-leaved Bellwort.
Low, smooth; leaves.oval or lance-oblong, pale, glaucous underneath ; styles
wnited to the middle, longer than the.obtuse anthers; capsule triangular ovate.
Low woods, commen. May. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, forked near the summit.
Leaves 1to1 inch long. flowers 1 to 2 onaslender axillary peduncle, cream-
colored, 34 inch long. .
4, VU. puspervua, Michx. Puberulent Bellwort.
Leaves shining, ovate, green, minutely puberulent, as well as the branches;
styles united below, as long as the short-pointed anthers; capsule ovate, sessile.
Mountains, southern parts of the State.
2. PROSARTES, Don. Prosarrzs.
Gr. prosartas, to hang from; in allusion to the suspended ovules or flowers.
_ PeRIANTH bell-form, 6-parted, much as in Uvularia.
SrameEns 6, the thread-like filaments inserted at the base of
the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules suspended
from the summit of each cell. Srynes united into. one:
STIGMAS 3, short, recurved. Berry ovoid, pointed, 3 to 6-
seeded, red.— Downy low herbs, widely branched above, with
clesely sesstie, ovate leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers on
ee
slender terminal peduncles, solitary or few ‘ an umbel,
P. nanuainosa, Don. Pale-flowe rosartes.
Leaves oyate-oblong, acuminate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base,
: 6
MELANTHACE #.
closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; sepals lance-linear,
acuminate, soon spreading, twiceas long as the stamens. (Streptopus, Michz.) —
Rich woods, rare.. May. Stem 12 to. 15 inches high, with 2 to 3 forks ncar the
summit. Flowers greenish-yellow, the sepals 4 inch long, marked with conspicu-
ous cross-veinlets like the leaves.
38 STREPTOPUS, Michx. ri A
Gr. streptos, twisted, and pous, foot, or staik. ,
PERIANTH 6-parted, recurved spreading from a bell-shaped
base, the 3 inner sepals keeled. SramMuNs 6: FILAMENTS
short, flattened: ANTHERS arrow-shaped. Ovary with
many ovules in each cell: stTyLes and even the stigmas -
united into one! Berry red, roundish-oyoid, with several
seeds in each cell.—/ierbs with. somewhat stout stems, dt-
vergenily spreading branches, ovate and acuminate round clasping
leaves, and small flowers on slender filiform peduncles.
1. S: ampiexiroztus, DO. . Glasping Pwist-Stalk.
Leaves obiong-ovate, closely clasping, very smooth, glaucous beneath; peduncle
abruptly bent er contorted near the middle; axthers. aor! entire; stigma
entire, truncate.
Low cold wocds, rare. June. Stem 2 to 3 feet hich, rough at the base, forked.
Flowers greeni: h-white, on a filiform peduncle, bent rouad the clasping base of the
leaves, rarely 2-ilowered. —
2. §. RosEus, Michx. Rose Twist- Stalk. ‘
Leaves ovate-obiong, clasping, finely ciliate on the margin, green on both sides;-
branches sparingly bent with short bristly hairs; anthers 2-horned; stigma minutely
o-cleft.
Cold damp woods, rare. May, June. Per. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, 2 or 3-
forked at the upper part. Flowers rose-colored, 1 to 2 on filiform nodding peduncles.
Sus-oRDER TI. MELAN THIEA. THE TRUE Corcurcom
FAMILY.
PERIANTH mostly persistent, the sepals distinct or rarely
their claws united. Sryies 3, seperate. - PRuit a 3-celled,
d-parted capsule.—LHerbs with acrid poisoneus properties,
and sometimes polygamous or dicecious flowers.
4. MELANTHIUM, Gronov., L.
Gr. melas, black, anthos, flower; the flower becoming black after blossoming.
Polygamous. PERIANTH petaloid, rotate, deaply 6-parted ;
the segments somewhat cordate, raised on slender claws,
with 2 glands at the base. STAMENS 6, on the claws of the
perianth. SryLEs short, awl-shaped, tipped with simple
minute stigmas. CAPSULE ovyoid-conical, 3-lobed, 3-eelled,
. aie 2
MELANTHACES. 887
-)
many-sceded.— Tull perennials, with simple stems, lance-
linear grass-like leaves, and an ample pyramidal panicle of cream-
colored racemose fivwers.
1. M. Vireinioum, L. Virginian Melanthium.
_ Leaves linear-lanceolate, long ; sepals ovate-hastate, at last oblong, flat, the glands
distinct; filament cohering with the claws beyond the middle.
Wet meadows, rathercommon. July. Stem 3 to 4 fect high, leafy. Leaves 9 to
15 inches Jong, somewhat clasping at base. Flowers greenish-white, the perfect
and sterile mixed, on short pedicels, in simple altermate racemes, together consti-
tuting a pyramidal panicle 10 to 15 inches long.
2. M. nypripum, Walt. Hybred Alelanthium.
Leaves long-linear, nearly smooth, clasping the stem; sepals round-rhomboid or
broadly ovate, wavy, the glands united; filaments involved in the lower part of
the involute claws.
Low and high grounds,rare. July—Sept. Stem 2 feet hich, leafy. Leaves vary-
ing from lance-linear to lanceolate. Perianth very open, yellowish-green.
5. VERATRUM, Tourn. Fause HELLEBORE.
Lat. vere, truly, atrwm, black; in allusion to the color of the flowers or root.
Frowers pelygamous. PrERIANTH of 6. spreading and
separate sepals, more or less contracted at the base, without
glands. SraMENs 6, free from the sepals and shorther than
they, recurving. Sryzus 3, short, awl-shaped. CAPSULE
oveid, membranaceous, 3-lobed, the carpels distinct at the
summit.— Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems,
plaited 3-ranked leaves, and raceme-panicled dull or dark flowers,
V. vinipe, Ait. White Hellebore. Indian Poke.
Leaves broad-ovate, plaited ; panicle pyramidal, with compound racemes.
Swamps and low grounds, common. June. Stem stout, very leafy to the top,
2to4dieet high. TZecves large, sheathing thestematthe base. Flewers yellewish-
green, moderately spreading. oct very poisonous.
6. AMIANTHEMUM, Gray. Fry-Potson.
Gr. amiantos, pure, and anthos, flo wer ; alluding to the unspotted glandless perianth.
FLOWERS perfect. PrRIANTH widely spreading, the dis-
tinct petaloid sepals oval or obovate, sessile. WILAMENTS
capillary. ANTHERS kidney-shaped or heart-shaped. STYLEs
filiferm. CApsuLE ovoid conical, 3-lobed. SrEps nearly
wingless, 1 to 4 in each cell—Perennial herbs, from a
bulbous base. with simple scape-like stems, linear-keeled grass-hke
leaves, and handsome flowers in a simple or rarely compound dense
raceme.
A. Musc&%TOXIcuUM, Gray. F'ly-Poison.
Leaves broadly linear, elongated, obtuse, as long as the scape; raceme simple,
oblong or cylindrical ; capsule abruptly 3-horned; seeds oblong with a fleshy red
‘coat, —
LOAM EOE EL LI PLE
ee Oe
“ . Sie
;
:
388 JUNCACER. ine ee
Shady swamps, rare. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves mostly radical, 10
to 15 inches long, 44 toI inch wide. Raceme 3 to 9 ees long, dense-flowered.
Perianth and stamens white.
7. HELONIAS, Linn. Utconw.
Gr. helos, a swamp; the place of its growth.
Frowers perfect. PERIANTH of 6 spatulate-oblong per-
sistent sepals. STAMENSs 6, longer than the sepals: ANTHERS
roundish-oval, 2-celled, blue. SryLEs 3, revolute, stigmatic
along the inner side. CAPSULE obcordately 3-lobed, locu-
licidally 3-yalved, the valves deeply 3-lobed, many-seeded.—
A smooth perennial, with a hollow naked scape from a tuberous
rootstock, numerous leaves,and a simple short dense raceme of pales
purple flowers. -
H. suniata, L. Purple-flowered Unicorn.
Leaves inversely Reais or oblong-spatulate, flat, nerved; scape leafless. (EE.
latifolia, Mich.)
Sandy swamps,rare. May. Scape 1 to 2 feet hich, thick and fleshy. Leaves 10
to 18 inches long, 1 to.144 inch wide. Flowzrs purple, with obtuse sepals.
8. CHAMALIRIUM, Willa. DEVIL’s-BIT.
Gr. chamai, on the ground, and leirion, a lily; of no obvious application.
FLOWERS diccious. PERIANTH of 6 spatulate-oblong
sepals, persistent. STAMENS 6, longer than the sepals:
FILAMENTS thread-like: ANTHERS yellow. FERTILE FLOW-
ERS with rudimentary stamens. StTyLes 3, linear club-
shaped, stigmatic along the inner side. CAPSULE ovoid-
oblong, not lobed, loculicidally 3-valved from the apex,
many-seeded.— A smooth perennial herb, with a slender stem
from a thick premorse tuberous rootstock, clustered spreading leaves,.
and a long slender spiked racame of yellowish-white flowers,
©. tutevm, Willd. @nicorn Root. Blazing-star.
Leaves fiat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole; fertile seape
very leafy; sterile spike nodding; stamens exserted. (Helonias dioica, Pursh.)
Low moist grounds, rathercommon. June. Syke at length 6 to 10 inches long.
showy. Root-leaves 4 to 8 inches long, 4 to.1 inch wide, somewhat whorled at the
base of the scape. Flowers small, very numerous, yellowish-white. The fertile-~
plants are taller, more erect, but with fewer flowers. Medicinal.
Ornper 127. JUNCACER.—Rush Family.
Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with jointed stems and a regular persistent perianth
of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or ‘rarely 3, stamens with introrse anthers, and a X
to 3-celled ovary, forming a 3-valved 3 to paca ied capsule. STYLE single. SEEDs.
anatropous, with a minute embryo inclosed at the base of the albumen.,
JUNCACEZ. ——- 389
1. LUZULA, DC. Woop-rusu.
Italian, lucciolu, a glow-worm; from the dew glistening upon its flowers.
PERIANTH persistent, 6 parted, spreading. STAMENS 6.
Stiamas 8. Capsute 1-celled, 3-valved, 3 seeded.—Pe-
rennials, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves and spiked-
crowded or umbelled flowers.
1. L. prnosa, Willd. Pilose Wood-rush.
Leaves lance-linear, hairy; peduncles umbelled, simple, mostly 1-flowered; sepale
pointed, shorter than the obtuse capsule; seeds tipped with a curved appendage.
Woods and banks. April, May. Stem 6 to12 inches high, czspitose at the base.
Radical leaves numerous, 2 to 4 inches long, veined, fringed with long white hairs.
Punicke 8 to 12-flowered, umbelled. Flowers reddish-brown.
2. UL. cAmMpestris, DC. Common Wood-rush.
Leaves fiat, linear, hairy; spikes 4 to 12, somewhat umbelled, ovoid, straw-color,
som: of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile; sepyls acuminate, awned,
longer than the obtuse capsule; seeds with a conical appendage at the base.
Dry fields and woods. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches Ligh, caespitose at base. Leaves
graas-like 2 to 6 inches loug, very hairy on the margins. lowers. reddish-brewa,
in oyoid or oblong nearly erect spikes.
2. JUNCUS, Lian: Rusa. Boa-Rusn.
* The classical name, from jungo, to join, alluding to their use for bands.
PERIANTH spreading Doe 6-parted. SraMeEns 6,
or sometimes 3. SricMas 8, subsessile. CAPSULE 3-cell ed,
loculicidal, many-seeded.—Chiefly perennials, with pithy
stems, and ymose, panicled, or ciustercd small greenish or
brownish flowers.
© Leaves none. ee and simple from matied running rootstocks. steomeite $.
1. J. errusus, L. Common or Soft Rush. Buil-rush.
Scape soft and pliant, finely striated; panicle diffusely much branched, many-
flowered ; sepals green, lanceolate, very acute, as long as the obovate very acute
_ eapsule; stamens 3.
/ Marshy ground, very abundant. June. Scape 2 to4 feet high, erect, terminating
in along tapering point. unicle bursting from a fissure in the side of the scape
above the middie, sessile. Flowers ereenish, with white anthers.”
| ®+ Scapes nalced, some of the sheaths at the base leaf-bearing. Stamens 6..
: 2. J. seraceus, Rostkow. Bristly Rush.
Seape slender, filiform; panicle loose, rather simple, few-flowered ; sepals lanceo-
late; very acute, especiaily the 3 exterior, longer than the obovate pointed capsule.
Swamps. June,July. A very slender species, growing in tufts about 2 feet
high. Szapes sheathed at base, turning light chestnut-color. Punicle small, 20 to
-@0-flowered, bursting frem the side of the scape, below the summit.
#2@ Stems leaf-bearing. Leaves round or flattened laterally knotted, or jointed.
3. J. scorntporpEes, Lam. Many-headed Rush.
Siem erect, so ae weaves round; panicle rather simple, bearing 5 to 8
9
—_ ~
"e = ¢@
att eet en en Le Se”
= mn "
‘a
ii
12
1
i
q
a4
JUNCACE.
pale-green densely many-flowered spherical heads; sepals rigid, awl-shaped, and
somewhat awned. especially the outer, as long as the triangular acuminate capsule ;
_Seeds barely pointed at cach end.
- Wet borders of streams, rather common. July, aa Stem 1 to 3 feet a
from a thickish creeping rootstock. Remarkable for its burr-like green heads
usually 4 inch in diameter.
4, J. parapoxus, E. Meyer, in Gray’s Flora.
Stem stout and round; leaves tere te or somewhat flattened ; ; panicle decompound
heads numerous, globular, 8 to 15-flowered; sepals lanceolate, somewhat awl-point
ed, rigid; seeds conspicuously tailed at both ends.
Wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem1 to 24% feet high. Heads less dense,
fewer-flowered, and sometimes smaller than the foregoing. ‘ Remarkable for the
loose white seed-coat prolonged at both ends into a tail longer than the body of
the seed.”
5. J. AcuMINATUS, Michx. WSharp-fruited Rush .
Stem erect, terete; leaves slender, nearly terete; paxicle terminal, with rather
slightly spreading branches; heads 8 to 8-flowered, chestnut-colored; sepals linear-
laneeolate, very acute, shorter than the acutely triangular capsule; seeds tail-
pointed at both ends. -
Peat bogs and borders of ponds. July, Aug. Sfem10 to 15 inehes high. Flowers —
pale-green or purplish, mostly 3ina head. Cupsule turning deep chestnut-brown.
#+** Leaves joiniless, flat and open. Stamens 3.
6. J. MARGINATUS, Rostkow. - Grass-leaved Rush.
Stem leafy, erect, flattened; leaves linear, grass-like, nerved; heads globose, 3
to 8-flowered; sepals oblong, the 3 outer with the bracts slightly awned, the inner
obtuse and pointless, as long as the globose capsule ; _ seeds minutely pointed at
both ends.
Moist sandy places, common. July. Siem 1 to 3 feet hish, tuberous at the base,
with numerous root-leaves. Punicle simple or compound. Sepals soft, ehestnut-
purplish, with a green keel.
*%%%* Teaves channelled or involute, thread-form or almost setaceous. Stamens 6.
7. J. TeNuIS, Willd. Slender Rush.
Stems slender, wiry, simple, leafy only near the base; leaves setaceous-linear,
channelled; cyme shorter than the involueral leaves; flowers solitary one-sided,
nearly sessile ; sepais lanceolate, very acute, alittle longer than the obtuse capsule.
Low grounds and fields, very common. June, July. Stem caespitose, 10 to 13
inches high. Flowers green, shining, somewhat racemose or one-sided on the
branchlets.
8. J. Gerarpt, Loisel. Black Grass.
Stems simple, flattish, leafy, rigid; leaves linear-bristly, channelled; panicle
terminal, cymose, longer than the Involucral leaves, rather crowded; sepals ovate-
oblong, obtuse, nearly the length of the obovoid obtuse capsule.
Borders of salt-marshes, common. Aug. Sfem 10 to 18 inches high, slender.
Foliage deep-green. Outer sepuls deep chestnnt-brown, with a deep Ereen, Keel.
9. J. Buronius, L Toad Rush.
Annual; stems diffuse, ie and slender, leafy, often branched at the ties: > panz-
ele forking, spreading, the flowers remote; sepats lancenhees awl-pointed, muck
longer than the oblong obtuse capsule.
Low grounds and roadsides, very common. June, Aug. Stem 3 to9 inches highs
tufted, divided towards the top. Panicle a spreading, few-flowered, pale-green.
Flowers greenish. P
PONTEDERIACE. B95
# €2£¢* Stems leaf-bearing ; leaves terete, short. Stamens 6.
10. J. noposus, L. Jointed Rush.
Stem erect, slender, 3 to 5-leaved; leaves terete, short; heads 1 to 2, or severat
and clustered, globose, 10 to 20-4owered; sepals Peet awl-pointed, nearly as
long as the slender 3-angled capsule.
Gravelly borders of streams, &c., common. eae Rootstocks slender. Siem 6
to 20 inches high. Headsina loose panicle, orin a dense cluster. Flowers brown-
ish or greenish.
OrveEr 128. PONTEDERIACER,— Pickerel-weed Family.
Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe; the petra
loid 6-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary, and the 3 or 6 mostly unequal or
dissimilar stamens inserted in its throaf. PrRIANTH-LOBEs coloreé alike. Sryiss 1:
sTiams 3 to 6-cleft. CapsuLe 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. SrEps numerous, with
somewhat mealy albumen.
‘1. PONTEDERIA, Lion. PicKEREL-wEEp.
Dedicated to Pontedera, Prof. at Padua at the beginning of the last century.
PERIANTH funnel-form, 6-cleft, 2-lipped; the 3 lower
lobes spreading, and their claws, more or less seperate down
to the base. STAMENs 6, unequally inserted, 3 near the
base and 3 near the summit of the tube: ANTHERS oval,
blue. Ovary 3-celled; 2 of the cells empty, the other
containing a single suspended ovule. Urricne 1-celled,
filled with the single seed.— Siout herbs, growing in shallow
water, with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-
petioled mostly cordate leaves, and a 1-leaved scape, termi-+
nated by a spike of violet-blue ephemer al flowers.
P. corpaTa, L. ‘Ceminon Pickerel-weed.
Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, kunt; spike very dense, froma spathe-like bract—
Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Torr., has triangular-elongated and tapering leaves, scarcely
cordate at base.
Ponds, common. July—Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, bearing a single smooth
giossy leaf, 4 to 7 inches long and1l4 to 3inches wide. Flowers aggregated by 28
and 3s, sessile bright blue, with a pair of small yellow spots onthe upper lobe.
2. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Payon. Mup PLaNrary.
Gr. hetera different, and axer, for anther; the anthers being dissimilar.
SPaATHE several-flowered. PrRIANTH salver-form, witha
slender tube, the limb somewhat 6-parted. Stamens 38, 2
of the anthers ovate, yellow, the 3d oblong or arrow-shaped,
greenish. CAPSULE incompletely 3-celled, many-seeded.—
Creeping or floating low herbs, with mostly rounded long-
eS eee a ee eee ee
: “ lp i
392 roe COMMELYNACE®,
petioled leaves, and a 1 to few-flowered spathe bursting from
the sheathing ‘side or base of a petiole, with blue or white
flowers. ce .
Hl. renirormis, Ruiz & Pavon. Mial Piantain.
Leaves round kidney-shaped ; spathe oblong-acumisate, 3 to 5-flowered.
Muddy margins of streams. July, Aug. Stem prostrate and rooting in ths
mud, partly floating. JZewves semicircularly nerved, on petioles 2 to 3 inches leng.
Flowers white.
3: SCHOLLERA, Schreber. WATER STAR-GRASS.
_ Dedicated to Frederick me Schotiler, a German botanist.
PERIANTH salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lance-linear
spreading segments on a very long filiform tube. Sramzns
3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped anthers (or rarely an
abortive fourth one): FILAMENTS nearly equal, subulate.
CAPSULE oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1-celled,
many-seeded.— A grass-like herb, growing -wholly under
water, only the small pale yellow flowers expanding on the
surface, with slender branching stems, clothed with linear
translucent sessile leaves and 1-flowered spathe:
S. GRAMINEA, Willd. Common Water Starwort.
In flowing streams, common in the Susquehanna. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet
long. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, very narrow. J lowers. yellow, with a tube 13g
{nch long and a thick style.
Onver 129. COMMELYNACEE.—Spiderwort Family.
Herbaceous plants, with jointed often branching leafy stems, and mostly perfect and
6-androus flowers, with the perianth free from the 2 to 3-celled ovary. Pxrrianra in
2 rews; outer row herbaceous, 3-leaved; inner petal-like, ephemeral. STAMENS
6, hypogynous, Sryie1: stiama undivided. CapsuLe 2 to 3.celled, 2 to 3-valved,
loculicidal, 3 to several-seeded.
1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Day-rnowEr.
Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists, J. € G. Commelyn.
PERIANTH in 2 rows; outer one 3-leaved, calyeine; inner
3-leavod petal-like. STAMENS 6, unequal, 3 of them fertile,
one of which is bent inward: 3 of them sterilé and smaller,
with imperfect cruciform anthers: FILAMENTS naked. Cap-
BULE 3-celled, 2 of the cells 2-seeded, the other l-seeded or
abortive.—Herbaceous plants, with branching stems, tance-
linear leaves contracted at the base into sheathing petioles, the
Aloral one cordate and clasping, folded together or hooded
“XYRIDACE®. 853
and forming a kind of spathe inclosing the blue or white
ephemeral flowers.
1. C. ancustiroLiA, Michx. Narrow-leaved Day-flower.
Stem usually reclining and rooting at the joints; leaves lanceolate or linear- ~
- Tanceolate ; spathe heart-shaped, folded together; peduncles usually divided, the
smaller branch 1-fowered or sterile; petals unequal, the lower one much smaller ;
capsule 2-celicd..
Damp rich woods and banks, rare. J Ls Per. Plant aay, smooth, 12
to 18 inches high. Zeaves 3 to 5 inches long, 34 to 14{inch wide, varying from
Tance-linear to lanceolate. Spathe veiny, 3 to 5-flowered. Flowers deep blue.
Stamens 2, perfect. Z ~
2.-C. Viroerinica, L. Virginian Day-flower.
Stems upright, smooth ; leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, the upper surface and
margins rough backwards; shcaths fringed with rusty bristles; spathes crowded
and nearly sessile, broadly dilated ; peduncle several-flowered ; petals nearly equals
capsule 3-celled.
Alluvial shaded river-banks. July, Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet hich, erect.
Leaves 5 to 7 inches long, 2 inches wide. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. Flowers
blue, clustered at the top of the stem. Stamens 3.
| ‘C.. C@LESTIS, with blue or white flowers is sometimes cultivated.
2. TRADESCANTIA, Linn. SpipEerwort.
Named for Tradescant, gardner to Charles the First.
Frowers regular. Supazs herbaceous. Pzrats all
alike, ovate, sessile. STraAMENS 6, all fertile: FILAMENTS
bearded. CApsuLE 2 to 3-celled, the cells 1 to 2-seeded.—
Herbaceous perennials, with keeled linear or lance-linear leaves, and
ephemeral white purplish and rose-colored flowers in axillary and
terminal umbelled clusters.
1. T. Virerinica, L. Common Spiderwort.
Leaves lanee-linear, Be nice tapering from the sheathing base to the point,
ciliate ; umbels terminal, many-flowered ; calyx pwhbesceut..
Moist shady woods, common in cultivation. May—Aug.. Stems thick, round},
Jointed, 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves numerous, 12 to 18 inches long, by 14 tol
inch wide. Flowers blue, i im gardens often purplish: or white, soon fading.
2. TT. rosea, Vent. Lose-colored Spiderwort.
Small and slender, smooth; lcaves linear, long, ciliate at the base; wmtel simple:
or sometimes a pair; calyx smooth.
Moist woods orsandy fields, common. May. Stem 8 to 12 inches high. Leaves:
grass-like, 6 to 8 inches long, about 44 inch wide. SF lewers rose-colored, mueh
maailsr than in the preceding species..
OrnvER 130. XYRIDACEA.—Xyris Family.
Rusirlike herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base by a naked scave, which ts
terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with extrorse anthers, a glumaceous
ealyz, and a regular corolla. Fruit a 3-valved capsule containing many anatros.
pous seeds ;—chiefly represented by the genus.,
=
Oe te ee
394 ERIOCAULONACE.
XYRIS, Linn. YELLOW-EYED Grass.
Gr. zyros, sharp, in allusion to the pointed leaves. :
PERIANTH in 2 rows; outer row glumaceous, 2 of the
seoments boat-shaped or keeled ; ; lnner row petal-like, with
claws, m more or less a STAMENS 6, 3 fertile with
linear antlers, and 3 sterile, plume-bearing. Sryum 8-cleft.
CAPSULE oblong , free, 1- celled, with 3 parietal plasentze, 3-
valved.— Rush- Talbe herbs, with narrowly linear rigid radical
en sheathing the scape, and yellow flowers in a terminal dense
ven
1. X. CAROLINIANA, Walt. Common Velloadbeiyel Grass.
‘Scape flattish, somewhat 2-edged at the summit, l-angled below, smooth; leaves
linear-ensiform, flat; head globular-ovoid; lateral sepals obscurely torn-fringed
above on the winged Keel, rather shorter than the bract.
Wet meadows. rare. July, Aug. Per. Scupel to 2 feet high, somewhat te he
at the base, often spirally twisted. Leaves few flat, 6 to 2 inches long, 4 te 1,
inch wide. Veials rather large, yellow, the claws turning brownish. .
2. X. BREVIFOLIA, Michx. Short-leaved Yellow-eyed sede
Teaves subulate, ensiform, short; head globose; ptfuls shorter than the sepals
slichtly notched. :
Wet meadows, rare. July. Per. Scape i2to 18 inches high, compressed near
the summit. Zeaves much twisted. Flowers yellow. ;
Onpzn 131. ERIOCAULONACE.—Pipewort Family.
Aquatic cr marsh plants, usually aearicscent, with linear eclluler spongy leaves
naked scapes sheathed at the base, and bearing dense heads of monccious or diecious
minute flowers in the axils of minute Lracts, with a double perianth, introrse anthers
and a 2 to 8-celled 2 to 3-seedel capsule; principally represented ge the pune
ERIOCAULON, Gronov. Prpzwort.
Gr: erion, wool, and kaulos, a stalk; from the woolly scape of many species.
Frowers chiefly moncecious; the central ones of the
head sterile, bearing 4 or 6 stamens, the exterior fertile.
Szpats 2 or 3, the lateral ones -boat-shaped. CoROoLLA
tubular: and 2 to 3 5-lobed in the sterile flowers; of 2.or 3
sepals in the-fertile, cach bearing a black: gland. Styne 2
to 8-parted.. CAPSULE 2 to 3-celled, loculicidal.— Herbaceous
plants, with smooth ofien pellucid ‘leaves, simple scapes bear-
ing a single head, the bracts and perianth whitened at the
summit with a clothing of dense fine wool and the outer bracts
scarious, often empty and forming a kind of tnvolucre.
EH. seprancuiare, Withering. Jointed Pipewort.
Scape slender, 6 to 7-angled or furrowed ; leaves subulate-cnsiform, conspicuous.
ly cellular, pellucid; outer bracts obovate, rounded ; ; head small, round, 7
Se ee ee
395
Ponds and borders of swamps. Aux. Per. Svape 2 inches to 6 feet long, ac-
cording to the depth of the water, pellucil and eellular. Zeaves submersed, in
small tuft at the boftom, 1 to 3 inches by 1 to 2 lines, awl-pointed, tapering from '
a flattened base. Head lead-color, 44 to 1ginsh broad. Stamens 4.
CYPERACEX.
Sun-cuass IV. GLUMACE, or GLUMACEOUS EN-
DOGENS. _
Plants of the endogenous structure, with the flowers in-
vested in an imbricated perianth of glumes instead of a
calyx. Ovary with one cell containing a solitary ovule
and becoming a l-seeded achenium or caryopsis.
OnpEer 132. GYPERAGHH.— Sedge Family.
) ;
Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots and solid stems (calms), closed
sheaths, and spiked chiefly 3-androus flowers, one in the axil of each of the glume-like
imbricated bracts, destitute of any perianth, or with hypojyncus bristles or scales in
tts place, and a 1-celled ovary, with a single erect anatropous ovule, in fruit forming
an achenium. STyiE 2-cleft, when the fruit is fattened or lenticular, or “o-cleft
when itis S-anguiar. :
1. DULICHIUM, Richard.
Gr. duo, two, leiken, a scale; alluding-fo the glumes in two rows.
SPIKELETS 6 to 10-flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2
ranks on axillary solitary peduncles cmerging from the
_ sheaths of the leaves: SCALES 2-ranked, lancevlate. Pr-
_ RIANTH of 6 we 9 downwardly barbed bristles. STAMENS
| 3.. Srrte.2-cleft above. AcnENrIUM flattened, linear-
cblong, t Sete eens the long persistent style. —P, erennials,
with skort fiat linear 3~ranked leaves, and round simple jointed
culms, leafy to the summit.
; ‘Tas fy pepe ae one
D.. SPATHACEUM, Pers. Spathaceous Dulichium.
Borders of ponds, common. July—Sept. Culm 1 to2 feet high. Leaves flat,
spreading almost horizontaliy in three directions. Spikeicts $4 inch long, brownish,
ona filexuous rachis. Scales rusty Yellow. : .
2. CYPERUS, Linn. GALINGALE.
The ancient Greek name.
SPIKELETS many to few-fiowered, disposed in a simple or
compound terminal umbel. ScaLzs 2ranked, deciduous
with age. Sramens I, 2, or mostly 3 PERIANTH none.
STYLE 2 to 3-cleft, deciduous. ACHENIUM lenticular or
triangular, naked at the apex.—Mosily perennials, with simple
sears
i
te ate FF Le
396 , Creme
mostly triangudar culms leafy at the base, 1 to several leaves ut the
summit forming an involucre te the umbel, and unequal peduncles
sheathed at the base. .
SecI. Prorevs, Beauv.—Siyle 2-cleft: achenium flattened.
1. ©. ruavescens, L. Yellow Sedge.
Stamens 3; spike linear, rather obtuse, 14 to 30-flowered, clustered atthe end of
the 2 to 4 very short rays; scales obtuse, l-nerved ; acheniuwm shining, orbicular.
Low grounds, rare- Aug. Culms 4to10inches high, Leaves narrow, as long
asthe culm. Spi%elets 5 to 8 inches long, yellowish. IJnvolucre 3-leaved, very
unequal. ; :
2. (©. DIANDRUS, Torr. Diandrous Galingale.
Stamens 2; spikes lance-oblong, rather acute, 14 to 2!-flowered, scattered or clus
tered on the 2 to 5 very short or unequal rays; scales oblong, rather obtuse, brown-
Inargined; achenium oblong-ovate.
Low grounds. Aug., Sept. Culms 6 to 12 inches high, o‘ten weak and somewhat
decumbent, clustered. Stumens sometimes 3 in the upper axils. Var. CASTANEUS,
Torr., has oblong-lanceolate, shining close chestnut-brown scales, and scarcely ex-
serted style.
8. ©. Creaverti, Torr. Delicate Galingale.
Stamen 1; culm bristle-form, terminated by a single and similar erect involucral
leaf and a solitary lamce-limear 10 to 12-flowered spike ; scales Jinear-oblong, rather
acute, 3-nerved; achenium oblong-obovate.
Near Philadelphia, Dr. Cleaver. Culm 4 te 6 inches high, triangular. Spike 4g
inch long much compressed. :
Scc. a. Cyperus proper-—Style 3-cleft. Spikes many-flowered. Achenium tri-
angular. ;
* Stamen 1: umbel contracted or sessile.
4, (©. INFLEXUS, Muhl. Odorous Galingak.
Dwarf, io tufts; spixes oblong-linear, about 8-flowered, collected in 2 or 3 ovate
heads; scales oblong, tapering into a long recurved point; involucre $-leaved, very
long.
Sandy shores. Aug. Ann. Culms 2 to5 inches high, densely clustercd. Leaves
linear, as long as the culm. Uiabel often sessile. Spicelets yellewish. Piané
aweet-seented like Metilot in drying.
** Stamens 3: culm triangular.
5. C. strigosus, L. Tail Galingate.
Culm mostly stout, tuberous at the base; umbel simple or compound, many-
rayed; rays numerous, elongated; spikes lincar-lanceolate, flat, 8 to 10-flowered,
very numerous; scales oblong-lanceolate, strongly nerved, acutish.
Low and cultivated grounds, verycommon. Aug., Sept. Culm 1 to 8 feet high.
Spikes 1 to 2 inches long, consisting of 20 to 80 spikelets. Scales loosely imbricate,
yellowish on the sides. Ye
6. ©. pentatus, Torr. Toothed Galingale.
Culm slender; umbel 4 to 7-rayed, compound; spikes 3 to 6 on each partial ray,
elustered, oblong or ovate.lanceola te, Hat, 6 to 30-flowered; scales strongly keeled,
with very acute tips; joints of the Q snaked; acheniwm obovate, minute.
Sandy swamps. Aug. Rhizoma creeping. Culm 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves
somewhat rigid, pale yellowish-green. Scales reddish-brown on the sides, green on
the back. Pure
bt
CYPERACE 2. 397
7. C. rricunmis, Vahl. S/ender-stalked Galingale.
Culm slender, wiry, often reclined ; spéves numerous and clustered in a dense
head, or in 1 to 3 additional looser heads on spreading rays, 6 to 10-flowered ; scales
vate, blunt, loose; achenium obovate.
Dry sterile soil. Aug. Cwlm1 foot high, clustered, tuberous at base. Leaves
linear, dull green. Scales yellowish-green, with a scarious margin.
*** Inner scales herbaccous, free.
| 8. (©. EryTHROHIzZOS, Muhl. Led-rooted Galingale.
Culm obtusely triangular ; wmbel compound, many-rayed ; involucre 4 to 5-leaved,
very long; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong-cylindrical heads, 10 to 18-.
flowered; scales lanceolate, mucronate.
Wet alluvial banks.. Aug. Culm 2 to 3feet high, smooth. Leaves shorter.than
the-culm. Spikes bright. chestnut.colored. Root fibr ous, red.
3D. HEMICARPHA, Nees.
Gr. hemi, half, and ede straw or chaff, in allusion to the single inner scalelet on
one side of "the flower.
SpPrKE many-flowered, ovoid, one or few in a lateral clus-
ter, sessile. ScALEs imbricated in many ranks, ovate or
obovate. INNER SCALE single behind the flower, very thin.
PERIANTH none. STAMEN 1. SryueE 2-cleft.—Low tufted
annuals ; the naked culms with bristle-ke leaves at the base.
Hi. sussquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf Hemicarpha.
Dwarf; involucre 2-leaved, 1 long as if a eontinuation -of the bristle-like culm,
the other a minute leaf; spikes 2 or 3; scales tipped with a short-recurved point.
Sandy shores. July. Culms 1to4 inches high, in dense tufts, leafy at base.
Zeaves setaceous. Spikes 4 inch long, sometimes solitary. Scales very numerous.
4. ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown. SprKz-rvusu.
Gr. elos, a marsh, and charis, to delight in; being marsh plants,
SPIKE single, terminating the nuked culm, many to
several-flowered. ScaLes imbricated on all sides in many,
rarely -2 or 3 ranks. Perianra of 3 to 12 (usually 6)
bristles, often rough or barbed downwards. SrameEns 3.
STYLE 2 or 3- cleft, bulbous at the base, jointed with the
apex of the lenticular or mostly obtusely triangular achen-
jum.— Chiefly perennial leafless herbs, with tufted culms
sheathed at the base, sume of them often sterile from matted er creep=
ing rootstocks.
1. E. quaprancunata, R. Brown. Sguare-stalked
Sptke-rush. Bin.
Culm even, sharply 4-angled, 3-of the sides ave, the fourth wider and flat;
®caies broad-ovate, very obtuse; achenium smo frowned with a beaked tubercle
Shallow water. Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, with purple sheaths at. base,
Spike 1 to ly ng a Scales with a scarious margin, dotted with purple.
.
Se a ere SN te tt ted
Sy a
398 CYPERACEA. |
Ne get ih Dials,
2. KE. oprusa, Schultes. Odtuse Spike-rush.
Culms nearly tercte, tufted; spize globose-ovoid, many-flowered ; scales very
numerous (80 to 180), densely crowded in many ranks; style 3-(rarely 2)-cleft
achenium obovate, shining, tumid-mar aa about half the length of the 6 bristles,
<towned with abroad tubercle.
Muddy places, very common. July. Guus 8 to 15 inches high. Spike thick
and obtuse. Scales with a green midrib. —
8. E. patustris, R. Brown. Common Spike-rush.
Culms nearly terete, striate, rising from running rootstecks; spikes oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered; scales ovate-oblong, loosely imbricated in
several ranks; achenium obevate, somewhat shining, crowned with a flattened
tubercle, shortcr than usually 4 bristles.
Marshes and low meadows, common. June—Ang. Culm 1 to2 feet high, stout
and tall when growing in the water, or slender and lower when in grassy grounds.
A very variable species. Spike 14 to 44 inch long. Seales reddish-brown, with a
broad and translucent whitish margin and green keel.
4. KE. InTERMEDIA, Schultes. Intermediate Spike-rush.
Culms capillary, wiry, striate-¢ rooved, densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffuse-
ly spreading or reclining; spike oblong ovate, acutish, loosely 10 to 18-flowered ;
gcales oviong, ebtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achentum smooth,
obovoid, tubercled, nearly equalling the 6 bristles.
Wet slopes, common. July. Culmsvyery vsti to 12 incheshigh. Achen-
dum light brown.
5. HK. tenuis, Schultes. Slender Spall
Calms almost capillary, erect, sharply 4angular, the sides coneayve: spike ellip-
tical, acutish, 20 te 30-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad
scarious margin and green keel; achenium obovate, roughened; bristles 2 Ls 3,
half the length of the achenium, or wanting.
Wet meadows and bogs, common. July. Culm 8 to 12inches bigh, very slender,
with 1 or 2 purple sheaths at base. Spike 14 inch long.
6. E: acicunanis, R. Brown. Capillary Spike-rush.
Culms finely capillary, 4-angular; sptice 3 to 8-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong,
‘rather obtuse, greenish with pirple sides; achentum obovate-oblong, rather acute
ateach end, tumid, with 3-ribbed angles, longer than the 3 or 4 very fugaceous
bristles. '
Muddy places, and margins of brooks, common. Junc—Aug. Culm 2 to 8 inches
Jong, clustered, slender. .
5: SCIRPUS, Linn. Burrusn. CLus-Rusu.
The ancient Latin nameZof the Bulrush.
SPIKES many or several-flowered, terete, mostly clustered,
often appearing lateral from the extension of the involucral
leaf like a continuation of the culm. ScALzs regularly
imbricate on-all sides in several ranks. PERIANTH of 8 to
6 bristles. Sramens 3. Srvywe 2 or 3-cleft, simple at base,
deciduous, ACHENIUM lenticular or triangular.— Chefly
erennials, with the culms sheathed at the base, sheaths usually leaf-
earing, and solitary y conglomerated or corymbose spikes,
CYPERACER. Pte 399
Bec. 1. Scnirus proper—Bristles ricil, mostly barbed downwards.
‘Jy. S. pLantFourus, Muhl. Flat-leaved Club-rush.
Culms triangular, loosely tufted, leafy at the base; leaves linear, flat, as long ag
the culm, rough on the edges amd keel; spice ovate or oblong, 5 to 7-flowered, rusty
color; scales ovate, with a strong green keel prolonged into an awned tip; bristles
440 G, upwardly hairy, as long as the blunt achenium.
Dry or moist woods, rare. June. Culnvs6to12 inches leng,rough on the edges.
Scales yellowish.
2. S. PUNGENS,, Vahl. Pungent Club-rush.
Culm sharply 3-angled throughout, with concave sides; lz1vcs 1 to 8, elongated,
keeled and channelled; spikes 1 to 6, capitate, ovoid, long, overtopped& by the point-
ed involucral leaf: scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft ait the apex ;-anthers tinped
with a minute fringed appendage; style 2-cleft; bristles 2. to 6, shorter than the
obovate smooth achenium.
Borders of fresh ponds and streams. July, Aug. Culm'1 to4 feet high. Leaves
4 to 10 inches long. This is the species used for rush-bettonw chairs. —
Bs: BD. LACUSERIS, L. ° Bulrush. Tall Club-rush.
Culm large, eylindrical, eradually tapering at theapex; spies ovate- oblong, nu-
merous in a compound umbel- like panicle, turned to one side, rusty brown; scales
ovate, mucronate; bristles 4 to 6; acreniwm obovate, mucronate.
Fresh water ponds and lakes. July. Culm 3 to 8 feet hich, 14 inch thick at the
base, tipped with an erect pointed involucral leaf, shorter or longer than the
panicle. Scales brown, minutely pubescent.
4. §. peprnis, Pursh. Weak-stalked Club-rush.
Culms slender, tufted frora fibrous roois, leafiess, sometimes l-leaved at the base
re age 1 to Sina sessile cluster; scales round-ovate, greenish-yellow; style 2
to S-cleft; bristles 4 to 6, longer than the obovate shining achenium.
Low grounds, and banks of streams. Aug. Ann. Culms 6 to 12 imehes high.
Spikelets apparently bursting from the side of the culm 2 or 3 inches frem the top.
Bristles retrersely hispid.
5. §. atrovirens, Muhl. Dark-green Club-rush.
Culm rigid, obtusely wlneag very leafy; leaves brosdly linear, flat, rough
_Mmargined; umbel cymose-decompound, irregular, the numerous spikes clustered
15 to <0 together in dense heads; bristles 6, scarcely exceeding the obovoid cous
pressed achenium.
Low grassy ground,common. J uly. Culnv about 2 feet hich, leafy nearly to
the top, smooth. Svpiies ovoid. dark-lead-colored or olive-green, turning brownish.
ZJavolucre of 3 principal eaves, dark-green.
Sze u. ‘TRICHOPHORTM, Richard.—Brisiles 6, capillary, tortuous, smoothish.
Stem leafy. *
6. S. trneatus, Michx. Loose-flowered Wool-grass.
Culm triangular, leafy; leaves linear, flat, rouzh on {he margins; wmbels termi-
nal and axillary, loosely cymose-panicled, drooping, the terminal with al to 3-leaved
¥nyolucre; spikes oblong, becoming eylindrical, on filiform pedic¢els; scales ovate,
pointed with a green keel.
Low grounds. July. Culm1 to 3 feet ie Bristles pimps scarcely exceeding
- the scales.
“Sies2 ERropHorum, Michx. Wool: grass.
_ OGulm nearly terete, very leafy; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid; panicle
decompound, large, loose; spikes ovate, clustered on the lateral pedicels, woolly
ee Ee PE ee ee ee a? eee
400 : ' CYPERACER.
at maturity ; bristles rusty-colored, much longer than the pointless eae 3 achen=
tum short-pointed..
Wet meadows, common. July, Aug. A:somewhat variable species 2to 5 feet —
high, leafy near to the top. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, fiat above, rough ¢ on the max. ©
“gin. Scales with the sides brown and the Keel green,
6. ERIOPHORUM, Linn. CorrTon-GRass.
Gr. erton, wool or cotton, and phora, bearing.
SprkE many-flowered. ScatxEs imbricated all round in
several ranks. PERIANTH woolly, of numerous flat hairs,
much longer than the scales, persistent aud forming a silky
er cotton-like usually white tuft in fruit. SramMens 3.
Sryte 3-cleft— Perennials, with mostly leafy stems, and
mostly umbelled spikelets, finally + with long silky hairs.
1. E. Virerytcum, Lb. Firginian Cotton-grass:
Culm rigid, nearly terete below, obtusely triangular above; leaves narrowly--
linear, elongated,.flat; spies crowded in a dense cluster or. head ; wool rusty-color,-
3.times the length of the scale; stamen 1.
Bogs and low meadows, common. July, Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, leafy. 4
Scales with pale sides and a green keel. airs very numerous, tawny.
-2. HE. ponysracuyon, b. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass.
Culm rigid, obscurely triangular; leaves linear flat, or barely channelled belows-
triangular at tle point; involucre 2 or 3-leaved; spikes several, on nodding pe--
duncles, some of them: clongated in fruit.
“Bogs and marshes,common. June, ripe in Aug. A variable species. Culm 1
to 2 feet high, smooth. Scales green, at length brown. Hairs very nifinerous,
long, white ‘With a reddish tinge, 1 inch long. ’
:
|
7. FIMBRISTYUIS, Vahl. |
Lat. jimbria, a fringe, and stylus; a style; from the ciliate style.
SPIKEs several to many-flowered. Scares regularly im-
bricated'in several ranks. BristLes none. STaAMENS Ito ~
8. SryyE 2 or 3-cleft, with a thickened or bulb-like base,.
deciduous. Perennials -avith leafy culms, and Shag os
belled spikes, as in Scirpus. |
SeEc..I. EIMBRISTYLUS proper.—\ASiyle 2-cleft, mostly flat and ciliate on the margin..
eo. > E. maxa, Vahl. :
Culms grooved and fiattish, slender; leaves cliiefly from the base, narrowly linear,
flat, channelled; ciliate-denticulate, glaucous; wmbel simple or compound ; involu--
ere about 3-leayed ; spikes ovate, acute; stamen single 3 achenium 6 te — on
each side.
Low clayey soil. July, Aug. Culm 4to12 inches high. Umbel small,some of —
the rays divided.* Spikes 14 inch long...
Src. 0. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. Style 8-cleft, seperating from the: triangular: |
achenium.
2. FE. AUTUMNALIS, Roem. & Schultes.
Low, tufted; culms flat, often diffusely spreading; leaves flat, very acute.;. ine
CYPERACEZ. 401
“waluche Deaved; umbel usually decompound ; spies oblong, acute, single or 2 or 3
~ together at the end of the rays; stamens 2 or 3; achenium obovate-triangular. ~
Muddy grounds. Aug.—Oct. Culm §-to i2inches high. JZzavez mostly radi gal
Scales rasty-browa with a green keel.
3. FH. oapinuaris, Gray. Capillary Fimbristylis.
Low, densely tufted; culms capillary, much longer than the bristle-form leaves;
sheaths hairy at the throat; involucre 2 or Sleaved; umbel compownd or cymese-
panicled; spikes ovoid-obleng; stamens 2; achenium very obtuse, tipped wi-h the
minute bulb.
Sandy fields, common. Aug. Culm3te8 inches high. Zzaves mostly radical.
Scales rusty-brown with a green kecl. :
8. CHERATOSCHGINUS, Nees. Hornep Rusa.
Gr. keras, a horn, and schoinos, a rush,
Sprxes 2 to 5-flowered, one perfect, and 1 to 4 staminate.
Scauus few aad loosely imbricated, the lower empty. Px-
RIANTH of 5 or 6 rigid or cartilaginous bristles. ‘STAMENS
S. STYLE simple, entirely hardening into a a beak with
a narrow base, much exseried, and several times longer than
the flat and smooth achenium.— Perennials, with crvang: ular
leafy culms and large spikes clustered in simple or compound t ermunal
and capillary cymes.
1. ©. connicunata, Nees.
Cymes Cecompound, diffuse ; brasil es awl-shaped, siont, unequal, shorter than the
aohenium.
; e
Wet places. Auz. Culm 3 to 6 fect hich. triangular. JZcaves 12 to 16 inches
long, 4% inch whis. #ruié with the beak i inch long.
ie
25
oi
es cr)
9. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beaxk-rusu.
Gr. rugchos, a snout, and spora, see
SPIKE ovate, few to several- ise Scawzs loosely im-
bricate, the lower ones srialler and em pty. Bristizs 6,
rarely more. STAMENS mostly 3. STYLe 2-cleft. AcHEN-
1uM lenticular or globular, crowned with the persistent base
of the style. — Perennials, wii more or less triangular leafy
eulms, and small spikes in terminal and axillary clusters, cymes or
heads,
1. R. cymosa, Natt. Tufted Beak-rush,
Culm triangular; sao linear, at; cymes corymbose; spies crowded and eins-
tered; achenium round-odovate, twice the length of the bristles.
Low grounds, rare. July, Aug. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, slender.
2.. KR. apa, Vahl. White Beak-rush.
Culm triangular above; leaves nearly bristle-form; spikes several ecorymb-clus
tered, lanceolate; stamens usually 2; acherium ovoid, narrowed at the base, shorter
than the 9 to 11 bristles,
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CYPERACE..
Bogs and swamps, common. July, Aug. Culm slendor, 12 to 20 inches 1
smooth. Spikelets about 2-flowered. Scales lanceolate, whitish, whenold brownis ae
3.. RB. CAPILLACEA, Torr. — Capillary. Beak-rush.
Culm triangular, slender; leaves bristle-forms spikes 3 to 6 in a terminal cluster,.
and mostly lor 2:0n'a remote axillary peduncle;. acheniwm- oblong-ovoid, aed
about half the length of the 6 stout bristtes..
Bogs and rocky river-banks. July. Culm 6 to-9 inches high: Spticelets 1 to 3-
flowered. Scales’ light-brown, oblong, mucronate. ©
4, R. @LoMeRata, Vahl. Clustered Beak-rush.
Culm obtusely triangular; leaves linear, flat; spikes very numerous in distant:
clusters or heads, ovoid-oblong; acheniwm cle 2 margined, narrowed at the.
base; bristles 6, downwardly barbed.
Low grounds.. Aug. Culm.1 to.2 fee high, ridacuge Leaves flat, shorter than:
the culm. Scales. lanceolate, brow be — S ;
10. OCLADIUMYP
Gr. klados, a twig or branch
-TWIG-RUSH..
application uncertain..
SprKes: ovoid or oblong. ScanEes few, imbricate in a
somewhat trifarious manner ;‘ the lowest empty. _ BrIsTLEs:
none. STAMENS. 2.. SryLE 2 or 3-cleft, deciduous..
AcHENIUM ovoid or globular.—Perennials, with leafy stems:
and terminal and axillary 'y. corymeds or panicles.
@: maRicormpzs, Torr. Snooth Twig-rush. Bog-rush.
Culm obscurely triangular; cymes small, compound ; spices clustered in heads of
8 to § together on 2 2 4 peduncles; style 3-cleft, with entire lobes.
Bogs and ponds. July. Culm 2 feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves channelled, -
with a long compressed point.. Scaics. about. 6, prong lower ones usually empty. .
TT. SCLERIA, Linn:. Norrosm.
Gr. skleria, hardness; from the bony or crusted fruit:
FLOWERS moneecious.. FERTiie sprKes 1-flowered, usuale-
ly intermized with clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes..
Scates loosely imbricated, the lower empty.. Sramuns k
to 3. Sryxu. 3-cleff.. Acumnrum. globular, seated im a
shallow or saucer-shaped disk.— Perennials, with. triangular:
leafy culms,.and fascicted or panicled spikes.
Sxc. I. SEcCLERIA proper._——Perianth lobed or a ring, often’obscure:
1. S:.TRIGLOMERATA, Michx. Yhree-clustered Niitioaak :
Culm broadly-linear leaves roughish; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axil--
jary, in triple clusters, the lower-peduncled; stumens 33 achenium.ovoid-glubular;.
slightly pointed: . .
Low grounds. June, July. Culm:2:to 3 feet Hick, leafy. Beaves 2 to 3 lineass
wide, rough:on the margin.. Scatés purplish. Acheniwm large and white. .
2. §. paucirtora, Mubl. Few-flowered Nut-rush.
Somewhat dowzy.or nearly smooth; leaves narrowly linear; clusters few-flowered}=
Dll te nt al eatin
ee
ie
a CYPERACESS 403
cts ciliate; scales smoothish ; tubercles ot the perianth in 3 pairs at the base of:
the shining roughened achenium.
2
.
Swampsand@hills. July. Cwlm-9to 15 inches high, roughish above. Fuseteles
2or3; the lower lateral ones when present. peduncied.. Achenium white, rough:
with elevated points.
Sxc. u. Hypororem, Nees. FPeriant none: stamens 1 or 2.
3. S. verrioinnara, Mahl. . Whorled Nut-rush.
Smooth; culm simple, slender and With the li inear leaves smooth ; Fascicle £ to 6;-
alternate, sessile, distant; bracts minute, setaceous ;:scales smooth ; achenium glo--
Bose, rough-wrinkled, short-pointed,
Swamps. June—Aug. Culm.6 to 10’ inches high, very slender, peagite by’
an interrupted aume or fascicle-of 4. to 6 rather distant sessile clusters. Scales:
purple..
12. CAREX, Linn. Supan.
A classical mame 0:
te signification:
SPIKES one or several, vandr gynous, moncecious or rare--
ly dicecious. Scavus of the spikes L-flowered, equally im-
bricated around the axis. Sramens 3, rarely 2. STYLE:
single, included: stigmas 2 or 3, elongated, exserted..
Ovary inelosed in an inflated sac (perigynium). ACHEN-
zuM lenticular, plano-convex. or tr iangular, crowned with the-
lower portion of tae style.—Fferennial her ‘bs, chiejly flower--
ang in April or May, often growing tn wet places, with tri-
angular culms, grassy leaves usuatly. rough on the margins:
and keel, and bearing the spikes in the axis of green and
leaf-like or scale-like bracts.
Src. 1. Spikes -staminate at the summit:
3 Stigmas 3..
1. ©. pouyrricHoipss, Muhl. Bristle-stalked Sedge.
Culm slender ;. leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm ; spike very small, fews-
flowered ; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, obtuse, slightly nerved, entire at the-
spex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale.
Low grounds and bogs, common... Gulm.afoot high, very slender:~ Fertile flowe-
ors 3 to 8.
2. ©. pepuncuLaTa, Muhl. Peduncled Séedge.. é
Spikes about 4, on long peduncles, very remote; sheaths with green tips much:
shorter than-the stalks; perigynia with:a long attenuated base, the orifice minute--
ly notched, a little longer than the dark purple scale.
Dry woods and rocky hillsides, rare.. Culms 4 to 10 inches-hich, tufted, prostrate:
at maturity.
3. ©. UMBELLATA, Schk. Umbelled Sedge..
Tufted; culms very short; staminate spike short, ereet, sometimes: with a few-
pistillate flowers; fertile. spikes 4-or 5, ovoid, few-flowered, the uppermost close to»
the sterile spike and sessile, the rest on radical peduncles of about an. unequal.
height; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, acuminate.
Siocky hillsides. Oulms in dense tufts 2 = inches high. Zeaves radical, nar-
yom, rough, longer than the culm.
CYPERACEZ.
| Bie:
C. PENNSYLVANICA, Lam. Pinkeiiaee Sed.
Sterile spikes erect, commonly on a short stalk; fertile spices usually 2, apy
mate, nearly. sessile, ovcid, 4 to 6-flowered ; perigynium roundish-ovoid, “y
short-and abrupt minutely-toothed beak about the length of the ovate pointe
ehestnut-colored scale.
Dry woods and hillsides,common. Culms tufted, 4 to 12 inches high, slender,
rough above. Lezves short, somewhat glaucous.
+5. -C. vestira, Willd. Short Woolly Sedi Je.
Sterile spikes lor 2, the uppermost cylindrical, short-stalked ; fertile spies 1 or
2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong; perigynia avoid, downy, neryed, short-
1% beaked, a little longer than the ovate pointed scale.
Sandy soils, rare. Culms about 2 feet high, tufted. Leaves flat, shorter than
the culms, rough.
6. C. TENTACULATA, Mahl. Long-potated Sedge.
Sterile spikes solitary ; fertile spikes 2 a oid, oblong, or cylindrical, densely
flowered, approximate and diverging rizontally; perigynia crowded, ovoid, in-
fiated, very long-beaked, 2-teothed at the apex, longer than the’ long-subulate
scale.
4 Wet meadows, common. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, triangular, rough on the
- angics. Leaves bright green, longer than the culm.
7. ©. mntumescens, Rudge. Swollen Sedge.
; Sterile spies ovlong, peduncled; fertile spiices 1 or 2, ovoid, loosely 5 to 8-flowered,
closely approximated, sessile, or the !ower on a very shortly exserted peduncle;
perigynia ovoid, erect-spreading, tapering into a long beak, much Jonger than the
evate cuspidate seale.
Wet grounds,commeon. Culm slender, 15 to 20 inches high, with 1 to3 fertile |
Bpikes closely crowded together. Zeaves broad-linear, rough cn the’ margin.
8. ©. ronnreunaTAa, &.” Tall Yellow Sedge. —
Sterile spite solitary, small, short-stalked, or sessile; fertile <pikes 3 cr 4, ovoil,
very remote, the lower on exserted peduncles; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering:
to a long point, exceeding the ovate white long-awned scale. 2
Swamps. Guim 2 to 4 feet high, leafy. Leaves flat, smooth secede yellow--
ish. Bracts long, foliaceous.
9. C. LUPULINA, Muhl. Hop-lilse Sedge.
Sterile spikes short-peduncled; fertile spikes 2 or 3, oblong-ovoid, erect, the upper:
‘ approximate, the lower on more or less-exserted stalks; perigynia erect, infiexed,.
a long-beaked, much longer than the lanceolate awned scale. Var. 1. PEDUNCULATA,
Beck. Feriile spikes all peduncied, distant; thes upper sabumbellate.
Swamps and wet meadows, not common. A coarse robust species 2 to 3feethighy
with very thick culms, long bright green leaves, and. very thick spikes 2.or 3 inches:
in length.
10. @. vestcartA, L.
Staminate spikes 2 or 3; fertile spies mostly 2, oblong;: or cylindrical, stout, ap-.
proximate, the upper. sessile, the lower on-a short rough staik; pertgynia oblong--
evoid, 17-nerved at base, 10-nerved oho with a short tapering beak, breader-
than the long pointed scale.
Marshes, rare: Chester County, Darlington. A bright green plent about 2 feet.
high. Guim sharply angled and rough, shorter than the leaves.
11. ©. scaprata, Schweinitz. Lough Sedge.
Fertile spikes 4 or 5, cylindrical, erect, rather.distant, densely flowered, the lower-
oe
CYPERACEE.
stalks; bracts without sheaths; perigynia- ovoid, contracted at the base,
eryed, rough with an oblique notched beak, longer than the ovate brown
+meadowsandswamps. @ulm 18 inches high, and: with the dark green leaves
cts very rough.
12. C. pepiiis, Michx. Weak Sedge.
Sterile spikes solitary, occasionally fertile at the apex; fertile spikes with loose
alternate flowers, on a somewhat zigzag rachis; perigynia oblong, baperine at each
end twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate awned scales.
Moist meadows. June. Culm 1 to2 feet high, weak and slender; sometimes
procumbent, leafy. .Leaves-narrow..
13. C. oticocarpa, Schk. Few-fruited Sedge.
Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes small, 3'to.8-flowered ; style very
short, thickened towards the base ; ; peigynium pee EE a witha slightly
oblique point. TO af
Woods. COklm 6 to 12 inches high Leaves longer than the culm, rough om:
the edge, dark green. S/catis smo .?*
14. C. puantacinea, Lam. Plantain-like Sedge.
Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate; fertile spikes mostly 4, oblong, 5 to 8-flowered ;:
Bracts very short, dark purple or the lowest greenish at the apex; perigynia epion Zr
acute at each end, recurved at the apex.
Shady woods.. @ulm 8 to 20 inches high, erect. eaves ment, broad, aes
Snervyed. °
15. C. GRANULARIS, Muhl. FRound-fruited Sedge.
Sterile spike sessile, or short-stalked, occasionally bearing a few fertile flowers; :
Fertile spikes 3 or 4, cylindrical, densely flowered, remote, the 2 lowest peduncled ;:
perigynia roundish-ovoid, nerved; minutely pointed; bracts longer than the culm.
Wet meadows, cemmon: Gln 10 to 15 inches high, erect or somewhat decumbent...
16: ©. anctes, Willd. Pale Sedge..
Sterile spike solitary. Saeialan- ; fertile spikes 2 mS 4, slender, loesely flowered ;-
perigynia ovoid, narrowed ateachend. Var.1. Srrratuta has the spikes oblong,..
more densely flowered, and the perigynia obovoid with a shorter point.- (C. blanda,.
Dew.)
Open woods, common. €ulm-6 to 12 inches hich, triangular, leafy near the base...
Leaves 28 long as the culm, pale-green and somewhat glaucous.
‘I7. C. Buinata, Schk. Tujlated Sedge.
Sterile spikes 2 or 3; fertile spikes 1 or 2, mostly 1, approximated, oblong or eylin-
drical, stout, sessile or on short, smooth stalks: perigynia spreading, oyoid, long-
Beaked, twice as long as the lanceolate scale..
Wet meadows. Culm 114 to 214 feet high, triangular; rough ahote, leafy. .
Bracts and leaves narrow, about as long as the culm.
#8. ©. nysrericina, Willd. Porcupine Sedge-
Sterile spile solitary; fertile spikes.2 to 4, obloug-cylindrical, densely flowered, -
the uppermost nearly sessile, the lower on long stalks, at length nodding; perigynia:
evoid; inflated, eee; many- nerved, beaked, twice as long as the oblong awned
scales.
~ Wet meadows. A pale or Schtweltinebins plant, 1 to 2 foet high. Leaves long,.
linear-laneeolate. Fertile spikes 34 to 11% inch long.
CYPERACEA.
“© Stigmas 2. Spikelets mostly sterile at the summit. .
19. C. Bromormes, Schk. Brome-like es “aed
Spikes 4 to 6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, some of the central ones wholly fe les. .
a ‘perigynia erect, nea arrow-lanceolate, with a ta pering point, longer than the lanceo-
late seale; syle jointed at the basa. “
Swampy grouuds,common. Culm 12 to 18 — hich, ichaae, argc above.
Scale light brown. Occasionally dixecious.
3 20. .C. vutprnoipEa, Michx. Fox Sedge.
: Spike oblong and dense, or more or less interrupted, of 8 to 10 crowded clusters;
perigynia ovate from a broad base, with a more or less wai. beak, diverging ut
maturity; scale ovate, euspidate.
s Low grounds, common. Culm 18 to 24 eo high, shied triangular above,
es leafy. Spikes 14 to 24% inches long.
21. C. strpata, Muhl. Beaked Sedge.
Spikes 10 to 15 aggregated, or the lower ones distinct and sometimes compound;
periyyria lanceolate, with a long beak tapering from a truncate base, longer than
the scale. !
Swanips and low grounds, common. Culm 1 to 3 feet hich, thick and succulent. —
. Spike 2 inches long, straw-color.
22.. C. RosEA, Schk. . Rose Sedge. a 1
i Spikes 4 to 6, the uppermost ap proxinzate, the others all distinet rr ‘the lowest
~ often remote; perigyxia oblong, 8 to 10 in cach spike, narrow at the ‘base, togzh
en the margin, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale.
Moist woods and meadows, esmnvon. Culm-12to 15 inches high.” Spikes yellow- —
_ish-green. Varies with weak siender culms, and small 3 to flowered spikes.
23. (C. ReTRoFuEXA, Mubl. Fetreflexed Sedge.
Spikes 4 or é, all appro ximate, the 1 er Zlowest distinct but not remote; pertgynia
about 5 to 7 in each spike, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, smooth on the margin, spread-
ing or reflexed, not much exceeding the ovat elanrpalete pointed scale.
Mcist meadows and pastures. Culm 12 to 15 inches high, slender.
(24. C. cepHaLopuora, Muhl. | Oval-headed Sedye.
Spies 5 or 6, small, and densely aggregated into a short oveid head; perigynia
Broadly ovate, with 2 or 4 distinct nerves on the outer side, scarcely longer than —
a the ovate roughly-pointed scale; achenium roundish-ovate; style short tumid at
tke base. ; ‘
Woods and fields, common. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, leafy at base. Whole plant. —
green.
25. ©. causprrosa, L. Smaller Bog Sedge.
Sterile apikes solitary or sometimes 2, eylindrical-ob! ong; fertile spikes mostly 3
eylindric, obtuse, distant, the lower on a short exsert peduncle; perigynium ovoid
or oval, scmewhat acute, smcoth, mostly longer than tke oblong obtuse blackish
scale. :
Mountain boss.. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, slightly round above. “Leaves flat,
Sight green. Beck , :
26. .C. crinrra, Lam, ringed Sedge.
Sterile spi hes 1 or 2 often with fertile flowers variously intermixed; Fertile epikes
8 to 5, long-cylindrical, densely flowered, on exserted nodding stalks; bracts longer —
than the culm; perigyie roundish-obovate, slightly inflated, ae set
shorter than the oblong light-brown seale., —
CYPERACES. 407
Wet meadows and borders of rills, common. (ulm 2 to 4 feet high, sharply
@ngied, w-th pale leaves abeut éineh wide. Fertile spikes 2-to 3 inches long.
») 27. (©. stricta, Lam.
Sterile spikes 1 to 3; the feritle 2 to 4, cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the
summit, sessile or the lower on a short stalk; lower bracts auricled, seldom ex-
ceeding the culm; perigy nia evate-acuminate or elliptical, with ashort, entire, or
slichtly notched point, usually shorter and breader than the reddish-brown scale.
Wet meadows and swamps, common. (ulm 2 to 214 feet high, slender sharply
triangular, rough. Leaves shorter than the culms, haaee rigid, rough and glau-
ous. Grows in large thick tufts.
28. (€. ALOPECOIDEA, Tuckerman. ‘ Fox-tail Sedye.
Head of 8 to 10 aggregated spikes, oblong, dense ; perigynia compressed, obseure-
ly neryed, ovate, somewhat longer than the scale; achenium pyriform.
Woods not common. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, rough on the angles. Spike yellow-
Ash-green.
Bsc. u. Spikes pistiliate at the summit.
& Stigmas 2.
29. (©. Fraseri, Sims. Fraser’s Sedyze.
Spike simple, ovoid; perigynium ovoid-subglobose, entire at the point, striate,
longer than the oblong scale.
Mountains. Culm about a foct high, sheathed at base. Leaves radical, broad,
wavy. Beck.
30. OC. sTELLuLATA, Good. Star-like Sedge.
Spikes 3 tod, distinct, obovoid-er roundish at maturity; perigynia ovate, acumt-
nate, scabreus on the margin, at length spreading horizontally, longer than the
ovate aeute scale; achentum oblong or ovate; style slightly tumidat the base. (C. —
écirpeides, Sch.)
Swamps end wet meadows, common. Culm 8 to 18 inches high, stiff, leafy be-
low. <A yariable plant embracing several nominal varieties, some of which OCC
Biooaliy bear diecious spikes. ;
31. C€. scoparia, Schk. Broom-like Sedye.-
Spikes 5 to 8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more or less approximate, somejimes
forming a dense head; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, tapering into a long slender
beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale.
Low meadows, common. Culm 1 to2 feet hich, triangular rough above. Leaveg
long and narrow. Spice brownish or straw-colored when ripe.
$2. C. LacopopiorpEs, Schk. Hare’s-foot Sedge..
Spice 10 to 15, approximate, alt —. and sessile; perigynia ovate-lanceelate,
twice as long as the ovaie-lanceolate scale; ackentum narrowly oval, on a short
sialk. War. crisTATA has the spikes closely aggregated, with the perigynia spreading.
Wet fields, common. Culm 1 to 2)4 feet high, furrowed. Spike sub-cylindrie
when young.
33. (©. sTRAMINEA, Schk. Straw-colored Sedge.
Spikes about 6, roundish-ovoid, approximate; perigynia orbicular-ovate, much
xompressed, broadiy and membranaceously winged, somewhat longer than the
Janceolate scale; achenium sessile, oval.
Wet meadows, borders of woods and fields. Tse variable species, including seyerad
mominal species.
GRAMINE.
® * Stigmas 3. | ~~ i ig +
34. C. SHortrana, Dew. hot s Sedge. joe
-
Spikes about 5, cylindrical, erect, more or less distant, and the lowest rather re-
mote, all androgynous and densely flowered’; pe rigynia broadly- -obovate, ‘abruptly
contracted at the base into a short stalk, but little longer than the short-pointed
somewhat obovate scale.
Marshes, Southern parts of the Siate.
35. C. mibiaceA, Mull. Afillet-like ee 4
Sterile spiice solitary, pedunculate; fertile spikes 3, slender, cylindrical, on filiform —
nodding peduncles; perigynia ovoid triangular, slightly beaked, entire at Yon
orifice, as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale.
Wet meadows. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, slender, leafy below. Leaves” narrow, mal
ebout as long as the culm, yellowish-green.
86. C. squarRosa, L. Sguarrose Sedge.
Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, obtuse and very thick, rigidly erect on short stalks;
perigynia longer than the lanceolate pointed scales, which are nearly concealed by
the crowded bases of the fruit.
Low meadows. Culm 2 feet high, triangular, rough, leafy. ee 1 to 2 inches
long, 4 to 34 inch in diameter, densely flowered.
Orver 133. GRAMINER.—Grass Family.
Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate 2- ranked
leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the hypegynous flow-
ers.imbricated with 2-ranked glumes or bracts. STAMENS 1 to 6, commonly 3:. AN-
THERS versatile, 2-ceHed. SryLEsmostly 2 or 2-parted: stigmas feathery or hairy.
Ovary 1-celled, forming a seed-like grain (caryopsis) in fruit. FLOWERS green, in
small spikelets, arranged im a spiked raceme or panicled manner.
1. LEEBSIA, Solander. Wutre Grass.
Named in ‘honor of J.D. Leers, a German botanist.
SpiKeets 1-flowered, perfect, flat. GuUMES none. Pa-
LEZ (outer perianth) compressed-carinate, awnless, bristly
ciliate. STaMENS 1 to 6. SrigmMAs feathery, the hairs
branching.—Perennial marsh-grasses with fiat leaves, which
with the sheaths ure rough upwards.
1. L. ornysompeEs, Swartz. Cut-grass. False Rice.
Panicle diffusely branched, often sheathed at the bese Stowers elliptical, with 3
stamens; palew strongly bristly ciliate.
Wet places, common. Aug., Sept. Culm retrorsely scabrous, 3 to 5 feet high.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very rough with hooked prickles. Panicle with
many widely spreading and fiexuous branches.
2. L. Vireinica, Willd. White Grass.
Panicle simple, the lower branches spreading, the fiowers closely appressed and
somewhat imbricated on the slender branches; flewers oblong, with 2 stamens;
pake sparingly ciliate, greenish-white,
e GRAMINER. 409
woods. Aug. Chim 2 2to 4 feet high, slender, branched. erect or decumbent.
“= linear-lanceolate, rough. Panicle terminal, at levee much exserted.
%
2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Winn Ree
‘Gr. Zizanion, the ancient name of ‘some wild grass.
FLOWERS moncecious, the staminate and pistillate in 1-
flowered spikelets in the same panicle. GLUMES none, or
only rudimentary. Pate 2, herbaceous, concave, awnless
- in the sterile. StTaMENs 6. SrigMas pencil- form.— Large
and often reed-like water-grasses, wilh the spikelets jointed with the
clavate pedicels, very deciduous.
1. Z. aquatica, L. -Indian Rice. Water Oats.
Panicle pyramidal; the lower branches spreading and staminate. the upper erect
* “and pistillate; pedicels strongly club-shaped ; lower palee long-awned, rough; styles
distinct.
Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water. Aug. Ann. Culm3to9
foet high, stout terete. smooth. Jeaves 2 to-3 feet tong, linear-lanceolate. Panicle
terminal, a foot or more long. Grain linear, slender, 44 inch long; gathered for
food by the North-western Indians.
2. Z. MiILIAcEA, Michx. Mfillet-like Water-Rice.
Panicle Giffase, pyramidal; staminate and pistillate flowers intermixed; awns
hort; styles united; grain ovate.
Swamps, &c. Aug. Per. Culm erect, 6to10 feet high. Leaves involute, very
dong, narrow, glaucous. Panicle terminal, large.
3. ALOPECURUS, Linn: Fox-tarn Grass.
Gr, alepex, a fox, and-owra, tail; in allusion tothe form of the spike.
Spixetets 1-flowered. GuLumes 2, boat-shaped, and
“*Keeled, nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceed-
ing the lower paleze, which is awned on the back below the
middle; uppor palese none. SraMENS 3. Sryues mostly
_ united: stiGMAs long and feathered.— Panicle spiked, cylin-
dric, terminal.
A. -ARISTULATUS, Michx. Wild Water-Foezxtail.
Glaucous; palee rather longer than the obtuse glumes, which are wedge-shaped
at the base, and hairy on the back and margin; awns twice as long as the flower;
‘anthers oblong.
Wet meadows, rare. June, Aug. Per. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, ascending,
Knee-joimted at the base, smooth, terete. Leaves Hnear-lanceolate, very -acute,
Apike-nearly 2 inches eae re
4, PHLEU M, Linn. ‘TrMorHy,
' 4n ancient Greek name.
Giumes 2, much longer than the pale, no equal,
boat-shaped, beaked or mucronate. Pate % included in
T2
a”
GRAMINER. ©
the glumes, “awnless, truncate. SryLEs distinct. — Spike
very dense, cylindric. , Pe
P, PRATENSE, L. Timothy. Herd's-Grass.
Spike cylindrical, elongated; glemes -ciliate-on the back, truncate, tipped with a
‘bristle less than half their length.
Meadows, &c., naturalized, and much cultivated. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, ditple,
smeoth. Leaves fiat. smooth and glaucous. Spike green. <Anthers purplish.
Esteemed very valuable for hay.
5. VILFA, Adans. Rusa-Grass.
SPIKELETS 1-flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle.
GiuMEs I-nerved, carinate; the lower one smaller. Paez
2, much alike; the lower one l-nerved, rather acute, longer
than the glumes ; the upper 2-keeled. SramMens mostly 2.
SricMAs simply feathery. Grain oblong or cylindrical,
deciduous.— Culms wiry or rigid: leaves : tnvolute, their
sheaths often enclosing the lateral panicle. Flower nearly sessile t in
the glumes.
1. V. VAGINZFLOBA, Torr. Hidden Fuaeele Rush- Grass.
Culins alender, ascending; leaves inyolute- awl-shaped ; : panicles simple and spiked,
the lateral and-often the terminal concealed in the sheaths; glumzs equal, abowt
‘as large as the pales.
Sandy soils. Sept., Oct. Ann. Culms about a foot high, tufted.. Leaves with
& slender point. Punicie obleag compressed, few-fcwered.. Anthers purple.
2. V. ASPERA, Beauv. Rough-leaved Rush- Grass.
Lowest leaves yery long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute
and filiform point; the upper ones short, involute; sheaths partly inclosmg the
contracted panicle; palee mueh longer than the unequal glumes.
Sandy fields and dry hills. Sept. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, simple, terete. Zeave®
1 to 2 feet long. Punicle lateral and terminal. Pulee rough above, smooth or
hairy below, of greatly variable proportions. :
6. SPOROBOLUS, R: Brown. Drop-sEED GRASS.
Gr. spora, seed, and baillo, to cast forth.
Sprxetets 1- (rarely 2)-fowered, in a contracted or open
panicle. HFLOWxRS nearly. as in Vilfa ; the -palea longer
than the uvequal glumes. Sramens 2 or 3. GRAIN a
globular utricle, containing a loose seed, deciduous.
S. gunceus, Kunth. ush-like Drop-seed Grass.
Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elongated ; culm naked above, bearing
& narrow loose panicle; pod ovate, rather ce oe bp mae one ae as long ag
- the upper one.
_. Dry seil.. Aug. Culm 1 to2 fect bizh, spies int ong, sing br)
ee
a a
ee eee
2 GRAMINES. ao =
7. AGROSTIS, Linn. Bent-Grass.
Gr. agvos, a field; the place of growth.
SPIKELETS l-flowered, in an open panicle. GLUMES:
somewhat unequal, usually longer than the pales, pointless.
PALE very thin, pointless, naked ;, the lower 3 to 5-nerved,
mostly awned on the back; the upper often minute or want-
ing. STAMENS mostly 3. Gratn free.—Culms usually:
tufted, slender, bearing a diffuse panicle.
Src. I. ERIcHoODrIUM,. Michx.— Upper palee none, or obsolete.
1. A. scasrum, Muhl- Rough Thin-grass..
Culm. geniculate at base, assurgent’; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, scabrous on
the margin; panicle at length diffusely spreading. pale green, the branches-short 3:
glumes uneg aal, longer‘than. the awnless pale. (A. perennans, Gray.),
Damp shaded places. July, Aug. Per. Culms.1. to 2:feet.high. Leaves 4 to 6:
inches long, 1 to 2 lines wide.. ;
2. A. LAXIFLORUM, Michz.. Hair-grass.
Gulms very slender, erect; leaves short.and narrow, lance-linear, the lower soon
involute; panicle very loose and divergent, purplish ; glumes unequal acute, longer
than the awnless or short-awned palece.
Dry fields, common, May, June. Per. @ulm.18 inches high. Lower leaves. 5
to 6 inches leng, becoming filiform. Spikelets clustered at the extremeties of the
branchlets. A: somewhat variable species.
Src. n. Agrostis proper.—Upper pale manifest.
3. A. VULGARIS, With. Sed-top. Herd’s-grass.
Rootstocks creeping; panicle oblong, with spreading short branches; ligule very
short, truncate; lower palew nearly capalbng the glumes, chie‘iy awnless, 3-neryed.
{A. hispida, Willd.) : .
Low meadows, introduced. Cuim 1 to 2 feet high, mostly upright: Zeaves linear
Funicle purple, 4 to 6inches long. A valuable grass.
4. A. auBA, lL. White Bent-Grass. Fiarin- Grass.
Panicle narrow, contracted after flowering, the branches rough; ligule oblong or
linear; lower pale rather. shorter than the giumes 5-nerved, awnless, or.rarely
short-awned on the back.
Moist meadows and fields, introduced; native northward. July. Culm 1 to 2.
feet high, ascending, rooting at-the lower. joints.. Punicle greenish-white or. bare--
ly tinged with purple.. A-valuable grass.
8. CINNA, Linn. Woop Rrrp-GRrass:
SPIKELETS 1-flowered, flattened, crowded in an open
panicle. GLUMEs lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, nearly
equal. Pate 2, nearly equal, compressed, shortly stipi-
tate, naked at the base, the lower one longer than the upper,
short-awned near the summit. STamen 1, opposite the up-
per palez. GRAIN linear-oblong, free-—Perennial, rather
sweet-scented grusses, with simple upright culms, bearing: a large
compound terminal panicle, and linear-lanceolate flat leaves. .
ie aie ol
— ° = =. . " ss,
412 GRAMINES.-
C. ARUNDINACEA, L. Common Wood Reed-Grass.
Panicle spreading, mostly contracted in fruit; lower glume and the upper palea
about 14 shorter than the lower palex. :
Moist grounds. Aug. Oxzlm simple, smooth, 2 to 5 feet high. Zeaves a foot or
more in length, linear-lanceolate, rough-on the margin. Punicle 8 te 12 inches
long. Flowers: green or purplish. a :
9. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. Dnop-sezp Grass.
Dedicated'to the Rev. Dr. Muhlendurg, a distingnished. Ameriean.botanist:
SPIKELETS 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely open pani-
eles. GLUMES mostly acute, persistent;. the lower rather
smaller or minute. FLOWER very short-stalked. or sessile in
the glumes. Patrausually bearded at the base, deciduous
with the inclosed grain, often equal; the lower 3-nerved,
mucronate or awned at the apex. Sramens 3.—Chiefly
perennials, with branched: and often diffuse rigid culms and short
narrow leaves..
1. M. sopotirera, Gray. Shooting Mulilenbergia.
Culms ascending, sparingly branched ; panicle contracted, filiform, simple, with:
appressed alternate branches; glumes barely pointed, almost equal, 4 shorter than.
the equal palese; lower palew mucronate-at the-tip..
Open rocky. woods. Aug._ Culm 2 feet high, producing youns. dhenta) from.the
roots. Jeaves pale green, ~ somewhat scabrous. -Fanicie with the flowers rather:
trowded..
2. M. Mexicana, Trin. Mexican Muhlenbergia:
Culms ascending, much branched ; panicles lateral and terminal, often included’
at the base, contracted, dense-flowered; glumes acuminate awnless, unequal; pale:
about as long as the glumes, equal, awnless.
Moist grounds. Aug. Root creeping. Culms 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves broaa-
linear, flat. Punicles numerous, terminating the branches, pale g green or purplishe-
8. M. syztvarica, Torr. & Gr: Wood Muhlenbergia.
fulms ascending, much branched and diffusely spreading; panicle slender, con-
tracted, denscly-many-flowered; glumes almost equal, Liga nearly as:
long as the lower long-awned palege.
Low or rocky woods, common. Sept. MRootcreeping. Culm 2 to 4 feet high.
4. M, WiLLpENowt, Trin.
Culms uprizht, slender. simple or sparingly branched; panicle contracted, slene-
der, loosely flowered; glumes slightly unequal, short-pointed, half the length of
the lower long- awned palez.. (Agrostis tenuiflora, Willd.) —
Rocky woods. A g. oot creeping. Culm 3 f’et high, with swelled and pube--
scent joints. Leaves few, spreading, strongly nervyed.
5. M. prerusa, Schreber.. Drop-seed. Nimble Will.
Culms diffusely much branched; panicles contracted, slender, rather loosely
many-flowered, terminal and later: al; ; glumes very minute, the lower obsolete, the-
upper truncate; awn about twice as long as the palex.
Dry hills and woods. Aug., Sept. Gulm 8 to 18 inches high, compressed. Leaves: 4
gough. Bristle purplish. .
GRAMINER. 4138
0. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. Snort-nusKk Grass.
Gr. brachus, short, and elylron, husk; from the very short glumes. .
SprKELETS 1-flowered, with a filiform pedicel of an abor-
tive second flower, few in a simple appressed raceme. Lown:
G@LUMES obsolete.. Patem involute, inclosing the linear-.
oblong grain, somewhat equal, the lower 5-nerved, the upper:
2-pointed. Sramuns 2; the linear anthers and’ stigmas
very long.—A merennicl grass, with simple culms, rather
downy sheaths, broad and flat lanceolate pointed leaves, and large
spikelets.
B. ARISTATUM, Beauv.
Culm erect, from creeping rootstocks; ae simple, loose.
Rocky woods, common. June. Culm 1 to 3 feet high, slonder. Leaves 4 to 6
imches long. Lower palew with a very long awn. Spikelets ¥4 inch long,
ll. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. Rrep. Bent-Grass,
Gr. calamos, a reed, and agrostés, a grass. ©
SPIKELETS 1-flowered, in: an- open, contracted, or spiked
panicle. GiuMeEs 2, keeled or boat- shaped, often acute,
nearly equal. Patan 2, mostly shorter than the glumes,
surrounded with a copious tuft of white bristly hairs; the
Jower one bearing a slender awn on the back or below the
tip, rarely awnless. STAMENS 3. GRAIN free.— Perennials,
with running rootstocks, and mostly tali and simple rigid fiowers.
1. C..Canavensis, Beauv. Canadian-Reed- Grass.
Panicle oblonz, loose; lower palve-nearly as long. asthe lanceolate acufe glumes,
bearing an exceedingly delicate awn below the middle; rudimentary pedicel minute.
(Arundo Canadensis, JMichx.)
Wet grounds. July. Rather glaucous. Culm 3 to 5 feet hieh. Leaves a foot
Yong, flat, narrow. umicle erect, much divided, at length spreading, often purplish.
2. (C. conFinis, Nutt. Close-flowered eed-G'rass.
Panicle elongated, narrow, the branches appressed after flowering, pale; lower
poalee nearly equalling the oblong-lanceolate actite glumes, with a rather stout and
slightly exserted awn between the middle and the base; pappus nearly as long as
the flower.
Swamps. July. Culm erect, simple, about 3 feet high. Leaves about 14 ineh
wide, smooth. Fanicle-5 to 8 inches long.
8. (©. coarctaTaA, Torr. Glaucous Reed- Grass.
Fanicle contracted, dease ; aie pale shorter than the acuminate ops of the
lanceolate glumes, awned; pappus 74 as long as the flower.:
Wet meadows. Aug. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, simple, somewhat Jen Leaves:
linear-lanceolate, scabrous and somewhat hairy. Punicle 5 to 6 inches long,
12. STIPA, Linn. Fratruer-Grass..
Gr. stypa, tow; in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the-feathery awns of some
of the species:
SPIKELETS 1-flowered;. the flower stipitate. LOWER. PA+-
i al
GRAMINE.
LEH coriaceous, cylindric-involute, closely embracing the
smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, bearing a long
and twisted simple awn, jointed with its apex. STaAmMENS
‘mostly 3. Sriamas plumose. speek with narrow vie
volute leaves az. a loose panicle,
S. avenaces, Gb. Black Oat- Grass:
Culm slender; leafy at the base; leaves nearly bristle-form; panicle onctadioy
somewhat one-sided; palee. blackish, ia as long as oe pointed glumes; awn:
very long, naked... -
Dry or its woods. “July. Culm 1 to 2 fect high. ee rasta ‘6.tp-
8 inches long. —re nodding. Awn 2 to - inches TGR ; = te
1B. ARISTIDA, Li Linn. Tae ee GRASS:
An ancient Latin name, from arista, a beard or awn.
FLOWERS stipitate. GLuMES- unequal, often brisile-- |
pointed. Lowerr PALE tipped with atriple awn; the up-
per much smaller. ScaLzs 2, entire, smooth.—Annuals or-
perennials, with.branching culms, narrow, often. involuie leaves, and:
racemed panicles.
1. Ax picHotoma, Michx. Poverty Grass.
Culms in tufts,much fork-branched; spizelets in short contracted raeemes;:
flower rather shorter.than the glumes; lateral awns very short, the middle not:
longer.than the pales, bent-downe
Sterile soils. Aug. Ann. Culm 5 to 15 inches high.. Leaves fist, very slender;..
smoothish. Racemes on club-shaped peduncles. 4
2. A. puRPURASCcENS, Poir. Purple Three-awned Grass.
Culms mostly simple, filiform, erect; leaves very narrow, fiat; panicle spiked,
densely flowered; awns nearly equal, dor 4 times the length of the rie the -
middle one rather longest.
Sandy fields and woods. Sept. Per. Culm 2 to3 foot high, clot hed with long--
smooth leayes below. £7 "anicle 1 foot long, purple. .
I4. SPARTINA, Schreber’ Corp on Mars GRAss.
Gr. sparlina, a cord; on account of its long and tough leaves.
SPIKELETS. imbricate, I-flowered, much compressed.
GLUMES and PALES unequal, awnless. STAMENS 3. STYLES.
long, mostly united below.—Perennials, with. simple. and*
rigid reed like culms, long. and. tough leaves, very smootis. sheuaths;,
“and racemed spines:
1. 8. cynosurnorpes;. Willd: Fresh-water -Cord-Grass:.
Leaves very long, filiform,at the end, keeled flat, at length convolute; spzzes6 te> —
40, scattered, spreading; glumes awn-pointed ; style 2-cleft at the summit.
Banks of,streams and marshes. Aug. €ulm 3 to 8 feet high, smooth, terete...
Reaves 2 to. 4 fect long, narrow. Spikes | linear, 2 or 3 inches tone stray-color
GRAMINEZ, : 415
y }
2. §. sunena, Willd. Rush-like Cord-Grass.
Culms low and slender; lea ves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute; spikes T
to 5, short-peduncled; glumes acute, rough-serrulate on the back; palew rather”
obtuse; styles distinct nearly to the base.
Balt marshes and river banks. July, Aug. Root creeping, forming thick tufts.
Culm 1 to 2 feet high, rigid, smooth. JLeaves 6 to 10 inches long, smooth. Spikes
usually 3... ;
Mi.
Td. _ ATHEROPOGON, Muhl:
Gt. ather, a bristle, and pogon, a beard; the:beards being bristle-like:
SPIKELETS one-sided, nearly. sessile, alternate, 2 or 8:-
flowered, the terminal flower abortive. GLUMES 2, mem--
branacecus; uncqual ; the Icwer shorter. LowrR PaLEa 3--
nerved, 3-toothed at the apex, the upper S-nerved and 2-
toothed. ABORTIVE FLOWERS pedicellate, neutral. Sra.-
MENS 3.— Spikes short, arranged in. a-raceme.
As AapLuporpEs, Muhl. Bristle-beard Grass.
Culms erect, in tufts; sheaths comnionly hairy ; leaves narrow, acuminate; spikes
Mnear-oblong, almost sessile, horizontal,- numerous or. rather remote, forming ax.
strict raceme ; rachis tipped with a slender naked point.
Dry rocky banks, rare. Aug. Per. Cuim1to3 fect high. Leaves lanceolata, .
attenuate at the end. Spies 20 to 40 on short flat peduncles. <Anthers brigh#.
wed.
I6.. CYNODON, Richard. Brrmupa Grass:
Gr. kwon, a dog, and odows, a tooth.
Sprxunets 1-flowered, with a naked rudiment of a second:
flower, imbricate-spiked on: one side of: a flattish rachis. .
GuiumeEs keeled, pomtless, somewhat unequal. PaLEz.
pointless and awnless, the lower larger, boat-shaped. STa- |
MENS 3.—Low diffusely-branched and creeping perennials,
with short flutiish leaves, and usually) digitate spikes. at-the naked.
summit of the flowering culins.
C. Dactryton, Pers. Dog’s-tooth Grass:
Spikes digitate, 8 to 5; palew smooth, longer than the blunt rudinrent-
Sandy. waste places; introduced. July, Aug. Oulm creeping, a feot or mores
Wong, prostrate. Stigmus dark purple.
17. ELEUSINE, Gert. Cras-Grass. Yarp-Grass:.
Gr. Eleusin, the town where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshipped.
SPrKENeEtTs sessile, 2 to 6-flowered, with a terminal ‘naked?
rudiment. GLUMES membranacecous, pointless, shorter than.
the flowers. PALE membranaceous, awnless and pointless, |
the. lower ovate, keeled, larger than the upper: STAMENS 3. .
a AN a te an a 4 aS ————
AA a casos
GRAMINES.
PrricarP free from the val seed.— Low annuals, with fal’
leaves, und digitate or clustered 1~sided spikes.
K.. Inprea, Geert. Dog’s-tail Grass. Wiregrass.
Culms branched at the base, ascending, flattened; sprtes 2 to ©; spikelets about -
5-flowered. ¥:
Yards and cultivated hae introduced. July—Nov. Culm 9 to -18 inches.
leng. Leaves distichous, linear, somewhat pubescent. Spikes usually 2 to 4, 2.
suches long, greenish.
4 18.. TRICUSPIS, Beauv.
Lat. tricuspis, three-pointed; alluding to the lower palez.
SPIKELETS nearly terete, 8 to 12-flowered, the terminal:
fiower abortive. GuuMeEs shorter than the flowers. Lower.
PALE® bifid at the apex, and tricuspidate by the projecting
keel and marginal nerves, the base villous: STAMENS 3..
Srremas dark purple, plumose. — Leaves acuminate ; sheaths
bearded at the throat. Panicle compound, spreading ;- ‘the spikelets
purplish, often racemed.
T.. SESLERIOIDES, Torr: Tall Red-top.
Panicle loose, spreading; branches flexuous, smooth; spikelets ovate-lanceolate,.
5:to 6-flowered, nearly terete, shining. = :
Sandy fields. Aug. Per. Culm 3 to 5 feet:high, erect, smocth. Leaves long,..
flat, nerved. Panicle very large, at. length spreading and pendulous, usually-
purple.
~
19. DACTYLIS, Linn. OrcHarp Grass. ~
Gr. daktylos, a-finger; in allusion to the form of the spike.
SPIKELETS 2 to 7-flowered, crowded in one sided clusters,.
forming a branching dense panicle. GLUMES unequal; the-
larger keeled, mucronate ; the lower 5-nerved, with a fringed
keel; upper bifid. Sramens 3. Sticmas plumose.—Pe--
rennials, with keeled leaves, and contracted glomerate panicles.
D. GLoMERATA, L. Rough Orchard Grass.
Rough and rather glaucous; leaves broadly linear; branches of = panicle naked:
at the base; spikelets 3 or 4-flowered.
Fields-.and meadows; introduced from Europe. June. Culm 2.t0 3 feet high, .
erect. Fanicle glaucous. Good for hay.
20. KCiLERIA..
* ¥n honor of . Keler; a German botanist.
SPIKELETS compressed, 2 to..7-flowered.. GiumEs 2;.
shorter than the flowers;. the lower much narrower, keeled.
PRALEA membranaceous, unequal ; the lower acute or obtuse,
unawned or. with.a short awn. below. the tip; the upper. 2-.
ee ee | a ="... i sl a ee
a ee
GRAMINEE. 417
keeled. Stamens. 8. Srytzes very short.—Ferennials,
with simple and tufted culms, often downy sheaths, and contracted
or spike like panicles.
Sec. 1. Keteria proper:—Spielets 3 to 7T-flowered, crowded in a dense and‘nar-
row. spike-like panicle. ;
1. K. ertstata, Pers. Crested Keeleria.
Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted at the base ; spikelets 2.to 4-flowered ; lower
palea acute, often mucronate-pointed.
Dry grounds or hills. June. Culm 20 to 30 inches high, smooth, leafy to one--
halfits height. Leaves flat,.erect, pubescent, 2 to-3. inches long. Sheaths smooth
or downy..
Sec. u. REEOULEA, Kunth.—Spixeleis usually 2-Howered, and. with an abortive-
rudiment or pedicel, in a contracted or slender panicle.
2. K. Pennsytvanica, DC. Pennsylvanian Keeleria..
Panicle long and slender, rather loose, the racemose branches somewhat elonga--
ted; wpper glume obovate, barely obtuse; lower palea rough.
Moist woods and meadows. May,June. Culm about 2 feet high, simple. Leaves>
short, fiat. Panicle £to § inches long, very slender with yellowish-green spikelets, .
Waries with a larger and‘fuller panicle, with the aspect of Cinna.
21. MELICA, Linn. Merie-Grass..
An old name from melt; honey.
SPIKELETS 2 to 5-flowered, the 1 to 3. upper flowers im-
perfect and dissimilar, convolute around each other. GLUMES:
usually large, 2-valved, unequal, the upper 7 to 9-nerved.
PaLea membranacecous, unarmed. STAMENS 3. SrTiIG-
MAS branched plumose.—Leaves flat and soft. Panicle sim-
ple or sparingly branched,
M. speciosa, Muhl. Showy Melic- Grass.
Smooth ; panicle loose, erect, with a few spikelets on each branch, each spikeles:
containing 2 perfeet flowers and a stalked rudiment composed of 3 abortive ones:
glumes and palea very obtuse.
Bich soil: June. Per. Culm3-to4 feet high. Spikelets 14 inch long.
22. BRIZA, Linn. QUAKING GRASS.
Gr. brizo, to.nod or hang down; alluding to the pendulous spikelets;
SPIKELETS many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped. GLUMES:
roundish, unequal, purple. Pate. inflated; lower one-
cordate at base, embracing the upper, which is.nearly round:
and much shorter. SraMens 3. Stiemas branched plu-
mose. GRAIN flattened.—JZeaves flat. Panicle loose, with.
the large and-showy spikelzts often drooping on delicate sprkelets.
B. mepia, L. - Common Quaking Grass.
Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5 to 9-flowered, heart-shaped;
when old.
Meadows; naturalized. June. Per. Culm 3 to 4:feet high,
GRAMINE A.
23. GLYCERTA, R. Brown. AMANNA-GRASS.
Gr. gluker os, sweet; alluding to the Ce: LER grain.
SPIKELETS mostly terete, long, linear, mang-flowered 5:
RACHIS jointed. GLuMES 2, membranaceous, nearly equal,
pointless. PaLez somewhat chartaceous, ‘nearly equal,.
naked, the lower rounded on the back, strongly 7-nerved,
the upper 2-keeled. SrameEns 8 or 2. Sriamas decom-
pound. Gratin oblong.—LPerennial smooth marsh-grasses,.
witth simple culms fiom running root-stocks, fiat i and nearly:
entire sheaths ; the (gee Ni loose and open.
1. G. ruurrans, R. Brown. Common Manna grass.
Panicle 1-sided slightly branched ; spikelets 7 to 18-flowered, appressed; lower:
palee oblong, obtuse. :
Shallow water, common. June, July. Culm thickish, 2 to 15 feet high, from a
creeping. root. Zeaves short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 12 to 16.
inches long, slender, partly concealed in the upper sheath.
2. G. oprusa, Trin. Obtuse-fowered Manndgeae
Panicle dense, narrowly oblong; spikelets ovate, 6 to 7-flowered; glumes seariouss-
lower palee ovate, obtuse, the upper as-long when old.
Swamps, rare. Aug., Sept. Culm stout, 1 to 2 feet high, very leafy. iis
linear, long, smooth. Punicle sto4 inches long, many-fowered.
8. G. ELONGATA, Trin. Long- -panicled Manna-grass.
Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated, somewhat Lsided, recurving; the branch--
es appressed, bearing the 3 to 4-flowered spikelets nearly to the base ;, lowe palea-
oblong-ovate, obtuse, rather longer than the upper. :
Wet woods, common. Jnly.. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, simple, Leaves 1 foot or-
more long,rough. Punicle 1 foot long. Spikelets pale, with short pedicelled fowers. .
4, G. NEeRVATA, Trin. Nerved Manna-grass.
_, Panicle diffuse, loose, ihe branches capillary, at length drooping; spikelets very
numerous, ovate oblong, 8 to 7-flowered ; palew oval, obtuse, nearly equal in length. _
Moist meadows, common. June. Culm erect, 1 to3 fect high. Leaves rather-
Yong, narrow-linear, fat, smooth. Fanicle large, broad and open, often purplish. .
24. POA, Linn, Mazapow:-crass. SPEAR-GRASS..
An ancient Greek name for grass.
SPIKELETS ovate or oblong, compressed, few-flowered, in;
an open panicle. GLUMES 2, mostly shorter. than the flow-.
ers. PALE# nearly equal, mem branaceous, awnless, often.
with a villous web at the base; the lower one keeled or con--
cave; upper one 2-keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. STIGMAS.
plumose. GRAIN oblong.—Grasses, with tufted culms,
smooth usually flat and soft ake: and the panes an oom
or. contracted panicles.
oe GRAMINES. 419
1. P. annua, L. Low Spear-grass.
‘Culms spreading or decumbent, flattish ; panicle short and broad, often 1-sided,
at length spreading; spikelets crowded, very short-pedicelled, 3 to 7-flowered.
Cultivated and waste grounds, very common. April—Oct. Cuims 3 to 8 inches
‘high, very smeoth. Leaves lance: linear, short, bright brown.
2. P. punGcENS, Nutt. Vernal Spear-grass.
Culm compressed ; panicle somewhat simple, spreading ; spikelets lanceolate, 3 oF
4-flowered, crowded at the extremeties of the branches ; flowers rather obtuse.-
Rocky places. April, May. 'Per. Culm stoloniferous from the base, 1-to 2 feet
Ahigh. Leaves very short, cuspidate, the radical ones long, linear, those of the culm
usually 2, lanceolate, very short.
3. P. serorina, Ehrh. fed- top.
ulm erect, smooth ; panicle diffuse, elongated, at length somewhat nodding at
the top, the branches mostly in pairs ; spikelets numerous oryate-lanceolate, 2 to 4
flowered ; glumes lanccolate, sharp- pointed.
_ Banks of streams and wet meadows, common. June, July. Per. Culm 2 to3
feet high. Leaves narrow-linear, flat, smooth. P.nicle 6 to 10 inches long, the
‘branches mostly whorled. ae green, or often tinged with = purple.
4. P. prarensis, L Spzar-grass. Meadow grass.
Culms from a creeping base, and with the sheaths smooth; panicle pyramidal,
somewhat crowded, the branches Sega in fives, aan spikelets 3 to 5-
flowered, oblong ovate} flowers acut
Fields and meadows, h Root
‘creeping. © Culm 2to 3 feet high. Leaves keeled, linear;abruptly acute, deep green,
the Jower very long. Highly prized as a pasture grass.
5. -P. compressa, L. Blue-qrass. Wire-grass.
Calm much flattened, ebHquely ascending; panicle contracted, somewhat i.
sided; spiielets 4 to 9-flowered, flattened; jlowers linear-elliptical, rather obtuse,
hairy below on the keel. 4
‘Fields and pastures, common, introduced. June, July. Pek: Root creeping
extensively. Culin 12 to 18 inches high. Zeaves short, binish, smooth.
6. P. conrerta, Ell: Clustered Meadow Grass.
Culm erect, geniculate; panicle termital and axillary, erect; spiielets about 8-
flowered, compressed ; flowers clustered, smooth.
Meadows, rare. Shweinits. Per. Culm 2 to3 feet high. Leaves smooth, serra”
date on the margin. JPunicile 4 to 8 inches long.
25. —ERAGROSTIS, Beauv.
An early name, probably from era, the earth, and Agrostis.
SPIKELETS 2 to 70-flowered, nearly asin Poa, exce pt that
the lewer palea is.but 3-nerved, not webby at the base, and
athe apps is persistent on the rachis for some time after the
rest of the flower is fallen —Cu/ms often branching : leaves
Uinear, Srequently sanelate, and the ligule bearded. Panici¢
various.
S penbiont E. priosa; ally Pilose Epagrostis:
Panicle loose, ample, with capillary branches,-al! but ike lower scattered and
Se
naked in the axils, compound ; sprcelets 5 to 12- flowered, neely, lanl ——-
flowers ovate acutish.
Sandy soil. Aug. Ann. Culms 5 to 12 re at high, tufted. Leaves ‘flat o or in-
volute, bearded with long hairs at the throat. Spikelets Yq to % inch long, pur-
plish. *
2. E. cAPpILuARis, Nees. Capillary E, ag
Panicle expanding, very compound, delicate; the axils pe 83
to 4fiowered, on eae capillary pedicels. (Poa capillaris, L.) "
Dry sandy places,common: August. Ann. Cvlins 12 to 18 fide high, tufted.
Zeaves linear. flat, the sheaths fringed with long hairs. Punicle 8 to 18 inches
long, much branched.
5. EH. sPECTABILIS, Gray. Showy LHragrostis.
Panicle divergently spreading, the rigid branches reflexed with age, and a beard-
ed tuft in the principal axils; spiielets oblong or linear 7 to 10 or 15-flowered ; flow-
ers ovate, minutely ciliate. (P. spectabilis, Pursh.)
Sandy fields. Aug, Sept. Ann. Culm and long leaves rigid, mostly smooths
lower sheaths often downy. Panicle 1 to 2 feet long, with purplish spikelets.
(26.. FESTUCA, Linn. Fescvz-Grass.
An ancient Latin name.
SPIKELETS oblong, 3 to many-flowered; the flowers not
webby at the base. “GLUMES unequal, méstly keeled. Pa-
LEA chartaccous or almost coriaceous, roundish on the back,
acute, mucronate or awned at the summit, the upper mostly
adhering at maturity to the inclosed grain. STAMENS most-
ly 38. SriaMas simply-p!umose.—F lowers and leaves rather
dry and kaursh. Spikelets panicled or racemose.
1. F. evatior, L. Tall Fescue- Grass.
Panicle branched, loose, rather spreading; spikelets crowded, 4 to 6 flowered; low-
er pale nearly pointless; flowers cylindric.
Moist meadows and pastures. June. Per. Culm 3to 5 feethigh. Leaves broad
linear. 9 to 15 inches long. Punicle 6 to 10 inches long, mostly nodding. Spikelets
24 inch long. Introduced.
2. FF. pRATENSTS, Hudson. Meadow Fescue- Grass.
Punicle simple, or sparingly branched; spikelets 5 to 10-flowered; lower pales
‘barely acute.
Fields and meadows, common, naturalized. June, July. Per. Culm 2 to 3 feet
high, without a creeping base. Leaves broad-linear, nerved, smooth, rough on
the margin. Punicle 4 to 8 inches long, somewhat one-sided. ;
3. F. nutans, Willd. Nodding Fescue- Grass.
Panicle of several slender and spreading branches, mostly im pairs, drooping
wwhen old, naked below, bearing near their extremity a few ovate 8 to 5-flowered
Bpikelets; flowers ovate oblong, rather obtuse, close tezetker.
Rocky and open woods. July. Per. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, naked above. “Teowes
Droadly-linear, acuminate, dark green, often rather hairy. Panicle few-flowered.
4. F. nupra, L. Red or Creeping Fescue- Grass.
Punicle one-sided, erect, spreading; spikelets semawhat terete, 5 or 6-flowersd ;
Powers longer than their awns. ’ > on %
~
GRAMINE&. 421
Dry soils. Jume. Pet. Root extensively creeping. Culm 12to 18 inches high,
erect. Leaves long pubescenton the upper side. Punicle contracted. Introduced.
i
So BROMUS, Linn. BroMe-Grass. CHEat.
Bromos, a name given by the Greeks to a kind of-oats.
SPrKkELETs oblong, 5 to many-flowered, panicled. GLUMES
unequal, membranaceous, the lower 1 to 5-nerved, the upper
3 to 9-nerved. Lower rae bifid at the apex, and usually
awned a little below the tip; upper 2-keeled, at length ad-
hering to the groove of the oblong or linear grain, Sra-
MENS 3. SriGMAs simply plumose.—Coarse grasses, with
large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened at the apex.
1. B. omratus, L. Ciliate Brome-grass.
Punicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at length divergent, droop-
ing; spikelets 7 to 1i2-flowered; lower glume 1-nerved; flowers oblong-lanceolate,
tipped with an awn, lg to 3% their length; wpper pake bristly-ciliate; the lower
silky, with appressed hairs near the margins. (B. Canadensis, Michz. B.pube-
seens, Muhl. B. purgans, L.)
River banks and moist woodlands. July, Aug. Per. Culm 3 to 4 feet high.
Leaves large, 144 to 4% inch wide smooth or somewhat hairy; the sheaths often
hairy or densely downy near the top. Variable as to its pubescenee, &c.
2. 3B. secaninus, L. Cheat. Chess.
Punicle spreading, the drooping peduncles but slightly branched; spikelets oblong
ovate, turgid, smooth, of 8 to 10 flowers overlapping each other, mostly lenger
than the awns; lower glumes 5-nerved; upper 7-nerved.
Cultivated grounds, common in grain-fields. June. Ann. Culm 2 to 3 feet
hith, with swollen and pubescent joints. Leaves broad linear, hairy above. Pani-
_ ele 4 to Ginches long. Introduced from Europe. This troublesome grass is very
common in wheat fields, especially when the grain is injured by frost; which has
given zise to the common, but mistaken idea, that wheat is changed into this plant.
3. B. mouuis, Lb. Soft Brome-grass.
Panicle erect, close, compound; spikelets ovate, flattish, the flowers closely im-
bricated, downy, as long as the awn.
Fields and pastures, sparingly naturalized. Zune. Biennial. Culm 1 to 2 feet
high. Leaves very soft, pubescent. PunricleSto4dinches long. Spikelets nearly
erect, 5 to 10-ilowered.
4. B. arvensis, L. Field Brome-grass.
Panicle erect, spreading; spikelets lanceolate, compressed, 7 to 8-flowered ; flower
imbricate, compressed, smoothish, about as long as the straight awn.
Fields and meadows. West Chester. Darlington. June, July. Ann. Culm
about 2 feet high, smooth, with dark-colered pubescent joints. Leaves lance-
Jimear, hairy on both sides. Punicle slender, spreading, at length drooping.
ee 28. UNIOLA, Linn. SPriIke-cRass.
An ancient name of some grass. ,
SPIKELETS compressed, many-flowered; one or more of
the lower flowers sterile, and consisting of a single pale.
U2 |
422 | GRAMINER.
Guumes keeled. Pate of the perfect flowers 2; lower
one boat-shaped; upper smaller, doubly keeled. STAMENS
mostly 1.— Upright perenniuls, in tufts fro ©)
stocks, with broad leaves and large spikele Z
U. wartiroria, Michx. Broad-leavec
Spikelets on slender pedicels, drooping in an ample lo
10 to 15-flowered; flowers nearly. a oe a ovate-lanceolat
what falceate; stamen 1. +
Mounidins and shaded banks. Aug. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, “Son hat branch-
ang. Leaves flat, nearly 1 inch wide, Punicle 1 foot long, loose. Si tkelets 1 inch
long and }4 inch wide. ;
‘
blong-ovate,
ninate, some-
\ 29. PHRAGMITKHS, Trin. Rexp.
» c 5 be aw c :
Gr. phragmites, growing ‘in, or forming hedges,
‘SPIKELETS 3 to 7-flowered; FLOWERS surrounded by a
tuft of hairs, all 3- androus-and perfect, except the lowest,
which is either neutral or with a stugle stamen, and naked.
-GiuMEs 2, lanceolate, unequal. PALEw very unegual ; the
lowest one elongated, acuminate; the upper 2- keeled.
StyLEs long.— Tall and stout perennials, with numerous
broad leaves, and a large terminal panicle.
P. communis, Trin. Common Reed Grass.
Panicle \oose, diffuse when old ; spiielets 3 to 5-flowercd. (Arundo Phragmites, Lb)
Edges of ponds and swamps. Aug., Sept. Culm 9 to 1z feet high, very leafy,
with numerous joints. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, ‘linea ar-lanceolate, flat, glaucous,
Panicle very large, loose. The largest grass in the Northern States; resembling
Broom-corn at a distance.
30. TRITICUM, Linn. WaHeat..
‘The classical name.
SPIKELETS 3 to many-flowered, single at each joint, and
placed with the side against the rachis. GLUMESs transverse,
nearly equal and opposite, herbaceous, nerved. ‘Paez
lanceolate; the lower one concave, acuminate or awned at
the summit; the upper one flattened, bristly-ciliate on the
nerves, free or adherent to the grooves of oe grain. STA-
MENS 3.—Flowers spiked.
Sze. 1, Aq@RopyruM, Gert. Perennials. Spikes 2-ranked ; gamed acute oF
pointed. as
1. T. repens, L. Couch-grass. Quitch-grass. ¥
ae
Rootstecks ereeping extensively; spikelets 4 to 8-flowered; glumcs 6 to 7-
rachis rough on the angles; awn none, or very short.
Pields and meadows, naturalized and troublesome. June—Aug. Culm 1 ‘to 3.
‘feet high, Leaves fat, roughish or hairy above, lancelincar. Mpiks 3 to 6 inches
GRAMINER, 423
2. T. cantnum, L. Awned Wheat-grass..
Root fibrous, not creeping; spikelets 4 or 5-flowered; glumes 3-nerved; rachis
Bristly on the edges; awn ldnger than the smooth flower.
Woods and bank troduced. July. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves flat, rough-
ish on both cs
Sec. 1. . per. Annuals. - Glumes ovate-oblong and. ventricose boat:
Culm round, smooth, with vs eternarie a ott inflated; stipules truncate ;
spike parallel, somewhat <+-sided; sptelets crowded, broud-oyate, about 4-flowered ;
awns of the upper palez generally longer than the flowers. Annual and Biennial.
This is the most valuable plant of the order, and is sane cultivated. Many.
Farieties are known to farmers.
92. LOLIUM, Linn. DARNEL.
- : The ancient Latin name..
SPEKELETS many-flowered, solitary, and placed edgewise:
en the continuous rachis. INNER GLUME mostly wanting.
Lower PALE lanceolate, mucronate or with a short bristle
at the tip; upper one 2-beaked.— Spike simple: rachis not
jointed. |
1. L. perenne, L. Common Darnel. Rye-grass.
Glume much shorter’ then the spikelet; os 6 to 9, awnless, sometimes awn-
pointed.
Meadows and fields; naturalized. June. Per. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth.
Leaves iance linear, smooth, shining. Spikelets 12 to 20; alternate, forming aspike
about 6inches long. A good pasture grass.
2. Li. TemuLentum, L. Bearded Darnel.
Glume fully equalling the 5 to 7-flowered spikelet; awn longer than the flower.
Old fields. July. Ann. Culm about 2 feet high, terete. eaves lance-linear,.
rough on the margins. Spiiclets mach compressed. The seeds are said to be
poisonous. Introduced from Europe.
32. ELYMUS, Linn. Lyme-erass. Winn RYE.
re Gr. Eiymos, a Lull, also an ancient name for some grain.
SPIKELETs 2 to 4 at each joint of the rachis, all ferttle;.
each 2 to 7-flowered; the uppermost flower imperfect.
GLUMES nearly side by side in front of the spikelets, rarely
“wanting. PALE coriaceous, the lower rounded on the
back, usually awned at the apex.—Rye-like grasses, with
aple spikes.
1. E. Virarinicus, L. Wild Rye.
Spike rigidly upright, dense and thick, on a short peduncle usually included in
the sheaths; spikelets 2 or 3 together, 2 or 3- flowered, smooth, short-awned; glumes
lanceolate, strongly nerved.
4294 _ GRAMINEE.
River banks. Aug. Per. Culm 2 to 3 feet nee smooth. Leaves broadly linear,
fiat, rough, deep green. Spike 3 to 5 mches long , stiffly erect, thick.
9. E. Canavensis, L. Canadian Lyme-grass.
_ Spike rather loose, curving, on an aera peduncle ; spikelets mostly in pairs of
8 to 5 long-awned rough or rough-hairy Bowers glumes — uae agteieeed, sig
with short awns,
River banks, in rich soil. Aug. Per. Root creeping. Culm 3 to 4 feet high,
erect. Leaves broad-linear, fiat, “somewhat, rough. Spike 6 to 8 inches long, at
length nodding. A variety = elaucifolius of Muhl .) is pale or glaucous through-
out, with spreading awns 1/4 inch long.
3. E. Hystrix, L. Bottle- fase Grass.
Spike erect, loose; the epeebanir spikelets 2 or 3 together, early deciduous from
the joints, abeut 3-flowered; flowers smoothish, or often rough-hairy, tipped with
an awn. thrice their length.
Moist woodlands, common. July. Per. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, erect, smooth..
Eeaves broad-linear. flat, and with the sheaths smoothish. Spike 4 to 6 inches long,
at length spreading:
4, HK. stTRIATUvs, Willd. Striated Lime-grass.
Spike erect; spikelets in pairs, 2-flowered, awned, hispid ;. aa linear, nerved,
awned, nearly as long as the spikelets. %
Shady woods, June, rare. Per. Culm 8.to 12 inches hike erect, striate. Leazges
lanceolate, acuminate, rough above; sheaths smooth. Leaves somewhat spreading.
33. HORDEUM, Linn. Baruey.
The ancient Latin name.
SPIKELETS I-flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment on
the inner side, 3 at each joint of the rachis, the lateral ones
usually imperfect. GLumers side by side in front of the
spikelets, slender, awn-pointed or subulate. PALEm 2, the
lower with a long awn, the upper 2-keeled, obtuse. Sra-
MENS 3.—NSpike dense, simple, the rachis often seperating
into joints. .
1. H. vuiaare, +. Common Barley.
Culm smooth, 2 to 3 feet high; leaves lance-linear, keeled, nearly smooth ; sheath ¢
auricled at the throat; spike thick, about 3 inches long; spikelets all fertile, 1-
flowered, with an awn-like rudiment at the apex of the upper palex ; glumes col-
leteral; flowersin four rows. Ann. Extensively cultivated. May.
2. H. pisticnHum, Lb. Fwo-rowed Barley.
Galm 2 to.3 feet high; leaves lance-linear, scabrous above; sheaths auricled at
the throat; spike 3 to 4inches long, linear, compressed:; lateral spikelets abortive, -
awnless; fryit arranged, in two rows. Ann. more common in cultivation than
the former species. d
34. AIRA, Linn. Harr-erass.
An ancient Greek name for Darnel.
SPIKELETS 2-flowered, in an open diffuse panicle. GLUMES:
2, unequal, about as long as the flowers. PatEm® thin and
EE
GRAMINEE. 495
membranaceous, the lower one awned on the back below
the middle, 3 to 5-nerved, STAMENS 3.
¥. A. Fiexvosa, L. Common Hair-grass.
Puniéle loose, ‘spreading, trichotomously branched; branches smoothish, flex-
uous; flowers scarcely longer than the glumes; lowsr pulee slightly 2-toothed.
Dry rocky or sandy places,common. June. Per. Culm.1 to.2 feet high, slender,
from small tufts of setaceous involute leaves. Punicle whitish, the lower branch-
es somewhat whorled.
9. A. cmsprrosa, L. Pafted. Hair- -gr ass.
Panicle pyramidal or oblong; lower palew eroded-4-tcothed at the truncate apex ;
. @wn straight, short.
Wet places. June, July. Per. Culms 2 to 3 feet high, in close tufts. Leaves -
flat, linear, roughish. Puxnicle dul purplish, the branches somewhat whorled.
3. <A. precox, Ll. Larly Hair-grass.
Panicle small, oblong, somewnat spiked; lower pulee with 2 awl-pointed tips;
awa twisted, inserted below the middle, longer than the fiowers.
Sandy fields. June. Culms 3to4 inches high, tufted. Lezves short, smooth,
setaceous. Junicle few-flowered, greenish.
30. SECALE, Linn. Rye.
Sprkeners solitary on the teeth of the rachis, 2 or $-
flowered ; the 2 lowest flowers fertile, sessile, opposite ; the
upper one abortive. GLUMES awl-shaped, opposite, shorter
than the flowers. Lower Pate® with a very long awn ;
5 often bifid at the apex. Svaes abortive, hairy.
S. Cerzarn, L. Rye.
Culm hairy beneath the spike, 4 to 6 feet high; Teaves lance- oe rough-edged
rough above, glaucous; spike about 5 inches long, linear, compressed; pales
smooth; awns scabrous-ciliate, long. Ann. or Biennial. June. The rye has long
been culliivated and may be considered naturalized.
36. TRISETUM, Persoon..
Lat. tris, three, and-seta, a bristle.
SprKeLets 2 to several-flowered, usually in a contracted’
panicle. LOWER PALE compressed-keeled, awned below
the sharply 2-cleft or 2-pointed apex :—otherwise nearly as.
in Aira.
~]. panustre, Torr: Meadow Prisetum.
Smooth ; panicle rather long-and narrow, lcose, the branches capillary; spicelete
flat; glumes rather unequal, shorther than the 2 smooth lanceolate flowers; lower
alee ending in 2 setose teeth.
Wet meadows, rare. May—July. Per. Cul lender 2to3feet high. Leaves
fist, lance-linear, vo* 3 inches long. Spikelets as white, tinged with green,
‘
i+
: GRAMINES. -
_. 81. DANTHONIA, DC. Waitp Oat-arass.
In honor of Jf Dantkoins, a Rreneh botanist...
SprxenEts 2 to 10-flowered ; the upper flower often im-.
perfect. GLUMEs nearly. equal, mostly longer than the:
flower. PatE@.hairy at the base; lower one 2-toothed at
the summit, with a twisted awn between the teeth. opp
one obtuse, entire.—F'lowers in a spiked panicle. . —
TD. spicata, Beauv. Wald Oats..
Panicle simple, raceme-like, rather. 1-sided; spikelets few, appressed; 7-flowered ;:
lower palew broadly-ovate, loosely hairy on. the back, abouti % the length of the:
awn.
Dry and: sterile or rocky soil. July. Gulms tufted, 1 to 2 feet high, ak.
Eeaves short somewhat inyolute-awl-shaped; sheaths bearded at the throat.
83. AVENA, Linn. Oat.
The classical Latin name.
SPYKELETS 3: to many-flowered, panicled, commonly large:.
Frowers rather remote, the upper ones often imperfect..
GLUMES loose and membranaceous, nearly equal. PALEAE:
2; the lower one bifid at the summit, with along twisted
awn on the back below the tip. Stamens 3. GRAIN
oblong-linear, grooved on one side.— Panicle compound,
loose..
t. A. satrva, L. Common Oat:
Gules 2 to 4 feet high; leaves linear-lanceolate, veined; rough, with loose atriate-
siieaths; stipules torn; panicle loose; spikelets pedunculate, pendulous, 2-flowered
palee somewhat. cartilaginous, closely embracing the grain. Ann. A highly. im<
portant grain..
2. A. srerints, L. Animated Oat:
Stem 8 to 4 feet high, and with the leaves smooth, the latter long, acute, flat 3-
spikelets 5-flowered; outer flowers and awns hairy, tnner flowers riilcligs Ann...
From Barbary. Cultivated as acuriosity. The awns are 2 inches long, geniculate:
and.twisted .more-or less according tothe state of. the atmosphere.
=
39. HOLOUS, Linn, Sorr-crass:
An ancient name, of obscure application..
SPIKELETS 2 of 3-flowered: in a. contracted panicle, poly-
gamous. GLUMES: herbaceous, somewhat boat-shaped, mu--
eronate.. Jsowest flower: neutral, small and, abortive, or
obsolete ; the middle one perfect, 3-androus, awnless ; the:
upper one staminate only, 3-androus, bristle-awned. towards
the tip.
ee
— a > al
GRAMINEZ:. 497°
H. tanatus, L. Velvet-grass. White Timothy.
Soft-downy, pale ;:panicle oblong; upper glume mucronate under the apex; awn
of the staminate flower recurved.
Moist meadows. June. Per. Root fibrous. Culm 18 inches high. Leaves 2 to.
5 inches long, flat. Glwmes pubescent, whitish or tinged with purple. Introduced:
from Europe. :
40. ANTHOXANTHUM, Linn. VERNAL-GRASS,
Gr. anthos, flower, and zanthos, yellow 3 from-the color-of the spikes,
SPIKELETS 3-flowered, the two lower flowers- neutral and
each consisting of a single awned pales; the upper flowers.
perfect, of 2 paleze, diandrous, nearly equal, short, awnles.—-
Panicle contructed or spike-like.
A. oporaATuM, L. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass.
Panicle spiked, the spikelets spreading ;-one of the neutral flowers with a. ben$
awn near its base, the other short-awned below the tip.
Meadows and woods, completely naturalized. June—Aug. Per. Culm about s.
foot high, erect. Zeaves short. Panicle 1 to 2 inches long, yellow or brownish:
when mature. Very fragrant when about.half dry. a
41. PHALARIS, Linn. Canary-Grass. BissoNn-GRAss..
Gr. phalos, shining; in allusion to the smooth palez:
SPIKELETS 3-flowcred ; the two lower flowers mere neutral:
rudiments at the base of the perfect one, which is flattish:.
awnless, of 2 shining paleze, shorter than the equal boat-
shaped glumes. Stamens 3.—JLeaves broad, fiat. Punicle-
dense and spike-like..
P. anunpinaces, L. Reed Canary-grass. Ribbon-grass:.
Panicle more or less branched, clustered, a little spreading when old; glumes:
-obtusely keeled; palee unequal; abortive flowers hairy.
Swamps. July. Aug. Per. Culm-2to 5 feet high, erect, alittle branching:
Eeaves deep green, sometimes variegated with white, when it is the “ Ribbon-grass’””
ef. the gardens. Punicle 2 to 4 inches long.. ;
42. PANICUM, Linn. Panic-Grass.
An ancient Latin name. ~
Sprxetets 2-flowered, naked. Guumes 2, unequal, meme-
branaceous, concave. LOWER FLOWER. of 1 or 2 pales.
staminate or neutral, membranaseous. UPPER FLOWER per=-
fect, closed, with-2 paleze; inclosing the free and grooveless:
grain. STAMENS.3. STIGMAS plumose, usually purple.—-
Spikelets panicled, racemed, or sometimes spiked, not tne-
solucrate.. |
a
2 |
~ @RAMINER,
Sec. 1. Dierrarra, Scop. Finger-Grass. Spikelets crowded, 2 or 3 together in
simple and mostly l-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes.— Annuals
1. P. SANGUINALE, L. Finger-grass. ~ Crab-grass.
Spikes 4 to 15, digitate- gee Spikelets oblong, downy-margined ; -upper glume
shorter than the flower.
Cultivated grounds, everywhere naturalized. Aug.—Oct. Culm 12 re 18, inchs
: high, spreading from the tufted base, then upright. Leaves linear- lanceolate, and
ith the sheaths rather hairy: Spies and oftem the leaves purplish. \
2. P. euaBRuM, Gaudin. Smooth Finger-grass.
Spikes digitate, somewhat alternate, spreading; snikelets ovoid, rather hairy;
upper glume nearly equalling the flower. 24
Sandy fields. -Aug., Sept. ulm 6 to 12‘inches high, La apacaci: s ti or spreading.
Spikes mostly 3 (2 to 6), akout 2 inches long. 2.
3. ~P. rinirorMs, L. Slender’ Finger-grass:
Spikes 2 to 8, alternate and approximated, thread- -like ; are all distinctly
pedicelled, oLlong, acute; lower glume none.
Dry sandy soil. Aug. Culms extremely slender, 1 to 2:feet high. Zeaves nar-
row, 1 to 2 inches long. Spikes mostly 3,1 to-2 inches-long; rachis rough, fiexuous.
Sze: u. Panicum proper. Panic-Grass. Spikelets scattered, awnless.— Mostly
;
perennials.
4. P. anceps, Michx. wo-edyed Punic-grass.
Fanicle contracted, pyramidal; spikelets ovate-lanccolate, pointed, a little curved;
upper glume T-nerved; neutral jlowers 4 longer than the perfect, of 2 paleze.
Wet soil. Aug. Culms flat, upright, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves linear- “laponolaees
1, to 2 feet long, 14 to % inch wide, smoothish.
5.. P. acrostorprs, Spreng. <Avgrostis-like Panie-grass.
Panicles terminal and often lateral, pyramidal; spikelets racemose. crowded and
1-sided, on the spreading branches, ovate-oblong, acute, purplish; upper glume 5-
nerved, longer than the neutral flower, with 2 hited
Wet meadows. Aug. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, flattened, upright. Leaves ‘long
and with the sheaths smooth, tufted. Panicle 4 to 8 inches long, mostly dark
purple.. \
6. P. pronireruM, Lam. Proliferous Ponteaee
Smocth throughout; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal;
spikelets appressed, lance-oval, acute; lower glume broad, 14 to \% the length of the
upper; neutral flower little longer than the perfect one, of a single palez. =
Wet meadows and marshes. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culms thickened, succulent,
branched, ascending from a procumbent base. Leaves 8 to12 inches long; sheatha
Sattened.
7. P. caprouare, L. Hair-stalked Panic-grass.
Punicle pyramidal, capillary, compound and very loose, with slender straight
pranches, reflexed when old.; spzkelets scattered on long pedicels, oblong,. pointed ;
tower glume half the length of the Alngle paleze of the neutral flower. _
Sandy soil and cultivated fields,common. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culm upright, ~
eften branched at base and forming a tuft. Leaves. flat, broad, and with the
flattened sheaths hairy. unicle often purplish.
8. P. Latironium, L. Broad-leaved Panic-grass.
Panicle terminal, a little exserted, simple, pubescent ; spikelets oblong-ovoid,
qgowny; lower glume ovate, not 14 the length of the many-nerved upper one; sterva
Seower mostly with 3 stamens.”
es
» > a. . —— —-
- £ ,
F .
.: ages
- Set
. = re
.* =
= ow ik AMIN Ee 429
by ee ie eg
Moist woods and thickets, common. June, July. Culm 1 to 2 fect high, smooth,
the joints and margins of the smooth sheaths bearded with soft woolly hairs.
Leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base, often 1 inch wide.
Punicle 2 inches long, with downy branches.
9. P. cLANDEsTINUM, L. Hidden-flowered Panic-grass.
wWSheaths hispid, enclosing the short lateral panicles; spikelets ovoid, pubescent,
the lower flower neutral, with 2 pales.
Low thickets and river banks. Aug. Culm 1 to 3 feet high, very leafy to the
top. at length producing appressed branches. Zeaves oblong-lanceolate, from a
heart-clasping base, very acuminate. Punicles terminal and lateral, the former
wholly concealed in the leaves, exserted, or ona long peduncle. Anthers and stig-’
mas purple. ;
10. P. microcarron, Muhl. Simall-pointed Panic grass.
Punicle soon exserted, very many-flowered, narrowly oblong; spikelets long,
ovoid, smoothish; lower glume orbicular, very small.
Thickets. July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, the joints and. the orifice of
the throat of the sheaths bearded with soft woolly hairs. Leaves broadly lanceo-
late, rough-margined, brist!y-ciliate. . Punicle 3.to 7 inches long.
41. P. pavcirtornuM, Ell. Small-flowered Panic-grass.
Panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovate hairy or smoothish
spikelets ; lower glume 14 to 4 the length of the upper one.
Wet meadows and copses. June, July. Culm 1 to2 feet high, at length much
branched and reclining, roughish. Leaves lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long, 4 to 14
inch wide, faintly 9-nerved, hairy or smooth, fringed on the margin.
12. P. picuotomum, L. Variable Panic-grass.
Panicle small, lateral, nearly simple; spz/:elefs minute, on long peduncles, obo=
void, mostly pubescent; lower glume lg the length of the upper; lower flower
neutral, the upper palez minute.
Moist meadows and woods. July—Sept. Culms 8 to 20 inches high, at first
mostly sinmzple, bearing a more or less exserted compound spreading panicle, 1 to 3
inches long. Leaves lanceolate, flat, the radical tufted ones, ovate-lanceolate, very
short, thickish. Punicie changing its form, often purplish. A very variable spe-
cies, embracing P.nodiflorum, pubescens, laxiforum, and nitidum of Zam. BP.
barbulatum and ramulosum of Michz.
13. P. DEPAUPERATUM, Muhl. Few-flowered Panic-grass..
Punicle simple, contracted, few-flowered, often over-topped by the narrowly
linear upper leaves; spi/celets oval-obovate, commonly poinied when young; lower
glume ovate, 14 the length of the 9-nerved upper one.
Dry woods and hills, common. June. Culms simple or branched at the base,
forming close tufts, 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves short, becoming longer abovye,
narrow-linear, hairy beneath. Funicle- 4 to T inches long. . Varies with the leaves
often involute.
-J4. P. verrucosum, Mubl, Warty Panie-grass.
Smooth; panicle capillary, widely spreading, few-flowered; spikelets oval, acute,
warty-roushened, dark green ; lowe7: glwme 14 the length of the upper one.
Sandy swamps. Aug.,Sept. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, branching and spreading,.
yery slender, naked above. eaves narrow, smadoth, spreading.
15. P. Crus-catui, L. Barnyard-grass.
Spikes alternate, crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed.
lower palee of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length.
Wet places, near barn-yards. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, terete,
smooth, stout, branching from the base. Leaves lanceolate, 14 inch or more wide,.
sough-margined. Spikes 1 to 3 inches long.. :
ety
ae
43: SETARTA, Beauv" see are
R
Lat. seta, a bristle; in allusion to the a spikelets,
SPIKELETS 2-flowered, invested with am involuere of 2 or
more bristles. Guomes 2, unequal, herbaceous. LowER:
FLOWER abortive; PAZEZ 1 or 2, herbaceous. Upper
BLOWER perfeet ; PALER carti ilaginous. —Annuals, with lin-
or lanceolate fiat leaves, and the in florescence in a dense spiked
anicle or apparently a cylindrical spike. >
1. S. VERTICILLATA, Beauv. ough. Bristle -9TASS.
Spike subverticillate, cylindrieal, somewhat interrupted; brisiles short; pale of°
the perfect flower roughish-punctate.
Naturalized near dwellings. July. Culm about 2 feet. high, smooth. Leaves:
lanceolate; acuminate, rough on the margin. Spi/ce 2 to 3inches long, green.
2. §. auauca, Beauv. Bottle-grass.
Spike cylindrical, very dense; bréstles 6 to 11 in-a cluster,
spikelets; perfect flower transversely wrinkled,
Very common in stubble. July, Aug. Culnv2'to3 fect high: Leaves lanceolate,.
hairy at base. Spite 2!to 4 inches long, tawny or orange-yellow.. Introduced.
a
1 longer than thes
3. S&S: viripis; Beauv: "Green Foxtaitl. Fiery 2 A
Spike nearly cylindrical, more or less compound; bristles few in a cluster, longer
than the spikelets; perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted..
Cultivated grounds, common. July, Aug. Culm 2 to 8 feet high, ereet. Leaves
linear, fiat, roughish. Spike 2 to 3 inches long, green. ;
4, §. Irauica, Kunth. Jtalian Bristle-grass. pais 4
Spike compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nodding; bristles 2.9 or 3 in Be:
cluster, either longer or shorter than the spikelets. 7
Wet grounds, sparingly naturalized and sometimes cultivated under the eof
Billet or Bengal Grass. Cuim+feet high. Spire 6 to-9 inches ae yellowish
purplisk.. 3
44... TRIPSACU)S 1, Linn. SESAME-GRASS.
Gr. tribo, to rub; perhaps-in allusion to the. polished fertile spikes.
Monecious. STERILE SPIKELUTS above, in pairs on each:
joint of the rachis, collateral, 2-flowered: FLOWERS each
with 2 paleze. Fertibe sPIKELETS solitary, as long as the
joint, 2-flowered'; the flowers. with. 2 pales; the outer or
lower flower neutral, the inner or upper one fertile. Sry Es:
united: STIGMAS very long, hairy, purple. -AIN ovoid,
free—Oulms stout and tall. Leaves broad and flat. Spikes:
axillary and terminal, seperating into joints at maturity.
JT. DAcTYLoIDES, L. Sesame-Girass. Gama-Grass.
Spikes 2 or 3 together at wn: summit, and solitary from the upper sheaths.
Meadows. July, Aug. Per. Culm erect or oblique, 4 to, 6 feet high, Leaves:
Jarge, often 3 feet long, linear-lanceolate, smooth beneath, r rough above, _ Spikes:
#to. 8 inches long. -
- SRAMINER. sai 431
E
Sai ANDROPOGON, Linn. BEARD GRASS.
Gr. @ner, aman, stdbagon 5 beard, in allusion to the hairy flowers.
SPIKELETS in pairs upon each joint of the slender rachis,
spiked or racemed. Lower FLOWzR staminate or neutral,
the glumes and palea very minute or wanting. UPPER FLOW-.
=©R perfect. GLUMES awnless. PALEA 2, “shorter than the .
lumes ; lower one mostly awned. STAMENs 1 to 3. GRAIN
,, ae se and rough perennial Grasses, with lateral or —
terminal spikes commenly clustered or digitate, the rachis hairy or
plumose bearded.
1. <A. Furcatus, Muhl. Forked Beard- Grass.
Spikes digitate, tly in threes or fours; lower flower staminate, awnless; aun
~of the penfect tomes eat
Sterile soils, com Sept. Culm 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves flat, the lower very
dong. Spikes 3 inches long, 3 to5 at the naked summit of the culm.
“2. A. scopariws, Michx. Purple Beard- Grass.
Svil-es‘simple, lateral and termiral, pedunculate, in pairs; lower flower neutral,
wawhed ; glumes of the perfect flower smooth ; aw twisted.
Old fields and roadsides. Aug. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, slender, with many pan-
: a branches. Leaves flat, hairy. Sptkes on. a flexuous raehis, often pau:
8. A. Vireinicus, L. © Virginian Beard-Grass.
Culm flatiish below, sparingly short-branched above; sheaths smooth; spices Zor
33 tozether in distant appressed elusters.
‘Sandy soil. Sept. Culms about 3 fect hich, somewhat tufted. Zeavesa foot or
wns 3 Spikes 1 inch long, partly concealed in sheaths.
> 4
Eg - 46. SORGHUM, Pers. Broom-Cory.
ae
3
:
er
j
cf
7 The Asiatic name of a eultivated species.
_ Sprxerets 2 or 3 together on the branches of an open
panicle, the lateral ones sterile or often reduced merely to
their pedicels; the middle or terminal one only fertile, its
glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless. PALE
#3, the upper one awned. STaMENs 8.
5 ro NUTANS, Gray. Indian Grass. Wood Grass.
Panicle n oblong, rather crowded, the perfect spikelets at length droop-
dng, clothed near the base with fawn-colered hairs, shorter than the twisted awn
sterile spikelets small and very imperfect, or reduced to a mere plumose -hairy ped-
icel.
Dry soil. Aug. Per, Culm simple, 2%05
late, glaucous. Punicle 6 to 12 inches long
and shining. %
2, S. saccnaratum, L. Broom Corn.
-Culm 6 to 10 feet high, thick, selid with pith; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, pu-
Descent at ‘base; panicle large, difuse, with long verticillate at length drooping
high, terete. Zeaves linear-lance-
the spikelets bright russet brown
432 GRAMINER, |
Vacs glumes of the perfect pele hairy, persistent. Ann. From the East
Indies. Much cultivated. _ :
3. S. VULGARE, I.. indie Milter.
An annual from the East Indies, is rarely culti vated ‘a8 a curiosity, or for the
secd for food for Bealiny: “|
vie
%
‘
At: ZEA, L. Inpran Conant ¥ a
_ Gr. Zao, to live ; the seeds conteibiiting eminently to the support of life.
Moneecicus. STAMINATE FLOWERS in terminal paniculate
racemes : SPIKELETS 2-flowered : GLUMES 2 , herbaceous, ob-
tuse, subequal: PALEA mcmbranaceous, awnless, obtuse.
PIsTILLATE FLOWERS lateral, axillary, on a spadix enclosed —
in a spathe of numerous bracts : SPIKELETS 2-flowered, 1
flower abortive : GLUMES 2, very obtuse: PALEA awnless : :
sTYLE |, filiform, very long, pendulous. SEED esse Ae
Z. Mays, L. Maize. Indian Corn.
ies Sica with aerial roots ; culm erect 5 to 15 feet high, chansailetl on
one side, leafy ; leuves lance- linear, entire, 2 to3 feetlong. Annual. Native of —
warm latitudes of America. Very extensively cultivated throughout the temper
and torrid zones. Varicties numerous. f
“4s. COIX, Linn. Jon’s Tear.
Koig; a palm-leaved tree.
STAMINATE FLOWERS, in remote spikes ; GLUMES 2- sown
ered, awnless. STYLE 2-parted. SEED covered I the
bane: like calyx. *
C. LAcHRYMA, L. Job’s- Tear. fe.
Culm semi-terete above; flowers naked; fruit ovate. June. Ann. A curious .
grass, ofl.n cultivated for its seeds, which much rescan}le beeds.
‘ADDITIONS.
To OapEr 39. ROSACEA, after Dalibarda, page 103, add
Taise III. Fragarima#.—The Strawberry Tribe.
POTENTILLA, Linn. Crnqun-rorn. -Five-Frncer.
Lat. potens, in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues.
Catyx deeply 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets at the sinuses, ap-
pearing 10-cleft. Psrats 4 or 5, roundish or inversely
heart-shaped, deciduous. STAMENS numerous. ACHENIA
many, collected in a head on the hairy receptacle-— Herbs,
or rarely shrubs, with compound feomy and solitary or cy-
mose flowers.
* Leaves palmate: leaftets 3 to5° flowers yellow.
1. P. Canapensis,L. Common Cinque‘foil or Five jinger. :
Hairy or pubescent, -oouinbent and ascending, producing runners; peduncles
axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; leaflets 5, oblong or obovate-wedge-form, cut-toothed
D1 wa ds the apex ; petals longer than the calyx.
Fai Dry fields, among grass, very common. April—Oct. Per. Stemg at length 12
018 inches long. Leaves white villous when young. Flowers. -yellow. A very
_ Variable species, embracing several varieties. War. 1.Fumrba‘is a dwarf early
‘3 Raweeos state in sterile soil. Var. 2. SIMPLEX is a:taller and greener state, with
~ slender ascending stems, (P. simplex, Michx.)
2. P. arngentea, L. Silvery Ciagque-foil.
. a ileas ascending, cymose at the summit, many-flewered, white-woolly ;
5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute
Imargius, green above, silyery-white-woolly beneath; petals longer than the calyx.
- Dry barren fields. June—Sept. Per. Stems 4 to 1 inches long, somewhat
woody at base, at length. with slender branches. Lea/lets 144 to 3ginch by 14, with
2 or 3 slender spreading téeth om~each side; upper ones linear entire. 2’lowers
small, yellow.
.
3.. PR. Norveaioa, L. Norway Cinque-foil.
Hairy, “ereet, forked above, many-flowered; leaflets 3, obovate-oblong, coarsely
cut-serrate ; calyx longer than tha petals;. achenia wrinkled or ribbed.
Old fields and pastures. July—Sept. Ann. or Bien. Stem 1 to 2 feet high,
hirsute, at length more or less branched. ower leaves on petioles 1 to 4 inches
long. Flowers pale yellow, in leafy corymbs at the top, and: < on long solitary pe-
duncles below.
"* * Leaves odd-pinnate: flewers yellow.
4. P. areura, Pursh. Close-flowered Cinque-foil.
Stem erect, tall and stout, brownish-hairy, clammy towards the summit; leatcs
pinnate, the lowest 7 to 9, the upper 3 to 7-foliate; leaflets oval or ovate, incised or
doubly serrate, downy underneath ; flowers cymose-clustered.
Rocky hills and banks. July. Per. Stem mostly simple, . 2 to 4 feet-high.
Radical leaves 1 foot or more long. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, 24 a8 wide, sessite-
Flowery about 34 inch in digmeter, yellowisb-white.
V2
= a es
«
rar (oss anigepai or ca peas Sin ggad ss
jemeabungre a
atitieety aie teeter nciten ae tee
434 | ADDITIONS.
5. P. FRUTICOSA, L. - Shrubby Cage: “te
Stem erect, very much branched, bushy ; leaves pinnate; leaflets ! 5 to 7,-crowded,
-@ ‘long-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially bensath; sites lanceolate, a :
fi vers numerous, terminating the branchlets.
Margins of ewamps, rare. June—Sept. A shrub 2 to 4 feet high, witl th . ed
bark. and numerous branches. numerous, on ‘ehort petioles. a
numerous, large, yellow. Cultiy
+a
FRAGARIA, Totten. ‘STRAWBERRY.
‘Lat. fragrans, fragrant; on account of its perfumed ruit.
‘CaLyxX concave, deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of
alternate exterior segments or bracte es. Pxrats 5, obcor-
date. SrAMENs numerous. Sryxes deeply lateral. Re-
‘CEPTACLE in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming _
pulpy and whitish or scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenia,
seattered over its surface. fe perennials, with runners, —
radical 3-foliate leaves, a8, ¢ and white cymose flowers on scapes.
1. te ViRGINIcA, ] zhrh. Wild ‘Strawberry.
Leaflets broad-oval, smoothish above, the lateral ones. distinetly petioled : pe
“d neles mostly shorter than the leaves; achenia imbedded in the Beenly pitted
-o oid receptacle.
Banks and rocky places. April, May. Fruit in June, July. FPetioles radic al,
2 to 6 inches long, with spreading hairs. a coareely — x bi m
long, 3% as wide. ae
as Wk ESC A Ling rome" Strawberry. ve
Leaflets folded, thin; peduncles us
y loager than the leaves; achenta eupers=
-¢ial on the conical or hemispherical re sceptacle (not suak in nee
Fields and meadows, common. April, May. Fruit June, July. Stolens te 4
“creeping several feet. Numerous varieties are cull
To Onper 35. RHAMNACES, tr Misa Tadd
- CEANOTHUS, Linn. New jute TEA.
_An ancient Greek name applied to this. genus.
‘Catyx 5-lobed, the lower part adhering with the ole
‘the upper seperating across in fruit. PxrTALs hood-form,
on slender claws. HiLAMENTs elongated. _ Fruir 3-lobed,
dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe.—Shrubby
plants, with entire leaves, and small white flowers in little
wmbel-like clusters, which are crowded in dense panicles or
corymbs at the summit of naked flower branches me 4
C. AMERICANUS, L. New Jersey Tea. ‘Red. roo,
Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, downy hese often heart-
shaped at the base; common peduncles elongated, nearly leafless. ie ‘sf
Dry woodlands and fence-rows, common. Jaly. An anidhgit ut S feat
high from a dark red root, with downy branches and nemercus small fowers, dn
ipretty pete clusters. he thy,
‘ . Le q
a ee
< ae . » a » .
ry aaa fe
a ‘ SERIES If :
~ CGRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
‘ ni, PLANTS destitute of proper flowers (stamens and pistils),.
and producing spores, instead :of seeds..
| re Crass: Ili, ACROGENS:.
Cryptogamous plants with a distinet axis (stem and’
Uranches), growing from the apex only, containing woody
~ fibre and vessels, (especially dacts), and: usually with: dis--
tinct foliage.
Oapen 134. EQUISETACER,—Horsetail Family.
Leaftess plants, with rush-like hollow and jointed stem: awising from runniag
reotstocxs, tex minated by the fructification in the form of @ cone or spike, wihie’s iz”
sompased of shieli-shiped stalced scales, bearing the apore-cases undsr neasth.—Con--
' wypriees only the genus Equisetum. . (Fig. 1.) | ys
ae
7 a: _, “Ea
_Fiz.1. Sunrmit of the stem of Equisetam sylvaticum;-a, part of the axis cf
_ te cone of fructification; 6, som2 of the fruit bearing organs, magnified; c, a
seperate thece more magnified.
¥ Wiz. 2. Polypolium vu'gare; a, & division (pinna) of Schizza pusilla, showing
the sessile spirangia occupying its lower surface; b, one of the sporangia more
° *
= - ri e t uk
7
mek
b
.
4
—— eer —= ? - —- = :
436 FILICES.
EQUISETUM, Linn. Horseram. Scourin@ Russ.
The ancient name, from equus, horse, and seta, bristle.
Spore-cases (sporangia, thecw) 6 or 7, adhering to the un--
der side of the angled shield-shaped scales of the ‘spike, 1-
celled, opening down the inner side and discharging the
numerous loose spores. To the base of’ these spores are ~
attached: 4: thread-like and elub-shaped* elastic. filaments
(elaters), which roll up:elosely around them when moist;
and uncoil when dry.—Stems simple, or with whorled
branches, and furnished at the joints with toothed sheaths.
* Fertile ee simple, discolored, appearing before the sterile ones.
1: H. arvenss, L. Field Hoxse-tail.
Sterile stema 10 to. 15. inches-high, smoothigh, 12 to 14-furrowed, producing~
ascending sharply 4 (3 to 5)-angled long branches, with 4 herbaceous lanceolate
pointed teeth ; sheaths of the fertile stems 8 to 15 inches high, roMipte, large and
loose; spikes oblong, obtuse.
Damp places, common. April, May.
** Fertile stems at length branched, bearing the fructification with the branehes.
2. E. sytvarieum, Li. Wood Horse-taitl.
Sterile and fertile stems 12 to 18 inches high, abeut 12-furrowed, bearing nus
merous whorls of compound “racemed branches ; ‘sheaths loose, with 8 to 18 rather
blunt membraneous teeth, which are more or less united; those of the branches
bearing 4 or 5, ofthe branchlets 3, lance-pointed divergent. teeth; apike oblong.
Wet shady places. June, duly.
3. EH. tiMosum, L. Snooth Swamp Horse-tatl.
Stems tall, 2 to 3 feet high, smooth, slightly 14 to 16-furrowed, usually produeing -
upright simple branches after fructifivation’; ; sheaths appressed, rather short, with
dark-brown and acute rigid short teeth; spike oblong, scarcely am inch ic
Borders of swamps and ponds. June, July.
£€% Stems simple or branched only at base; evergreens...
4. KE. nyemarz, L. Scouring Rush. Shave-grass-
Stems steut and stright, 2 to 8 feet high, 14 to 26-furrowed, the ridges reugh
with 2 rows of minute tubercles; sheaths close, whitish, with the top and bottom:
black, with awl-shaped black teeth, which soon fall away, leaving @ bluntly crepaley: |
ma rein; spike ovoid, blackish.
Wet banks, commen, well known for its use in scouring. June, July.
5. HK. VARIEGATUM, Schleicher: Variegated Horse-tart.
Stems ascending, 6 to 12 inches long, simple from a branched and tufted bese, &
te ¥-furrowed, the ‘ridges rough, with 2 rows of tubercles wehich are seperated es
a sccondary furrow; sheaths enlarged upwards, greem variegated with black
ahove; fi the teeth persistent, obtuse, tipped with a deciduous bristle; epiles ovoid: -
biackishi
Wet sandy plaees.
OrprerR 1385. FILICES.—Jerns:
Keafy plants, with'the leaves (fronds) usually rietng from pr ostrateo forr esrects -
rootatocks, mostly seperately rolled up (circinate) in the bud, and g om the -
reins of their wer surface or along the margins, the simple sru hich
corsisis of 1-celled spore-eases (sporangia), opening in verious ways hatg
ing the.aumerous minute spores. (Fig. 2.) ie test 4s
FILICES. ais
? 7
Sux ¢ orpEx I. POLYPODINEZ. ee Redes. =r
Sporangia collected ‘in dots, lines,. orvariously: shaped :
elusters (sori) on the back or margins of:the frond or its di-
vision. rut deéts (sori) often curved, at least when young, .
by.a membrane called the crvolucre, or properly the (ndustum.
1: POLYPODIUM, Linn. Poryropy.
Gr. polus, maryp,)end pous, foot; from the numerous fert-like branches of the
root-steck.
Fruit pots round, naked, variously or irregularly seat--
tered over the back of the fat and expanded leaf-like frond.
Veins simple, forked or pinnate, free.—ool-stall:, often:
covered with wool-like chajyand with tufted branches.
* Fronds simply and deeply pinnatSid; evergreen : Jrisit-dois large.
1. P. vuncare, L. Common Polypodly.
Fronds oblong, smooth, and green on both sides, 6 to 10 inches High: the di
¥isions linear obiong, obtuse, minutely and obscurely toothed.:
Rocks, common. July.
3? Froads-2 pinnatifiads (ricnguler, anneal s Si uteduts min ute,
: = 4 = es =]
2. P. Pueaorrenis, L.. Beaca’ Polypody:
Sicik eysringly chaffy ard downy: Sram d+ trinmgalar. in:outine, Jonger then «
broad, 3 10.6 inebee Jong. hairy on the veloe; jiimate limear-lanceolate, closely
approximated, the lowest pair deficxed uid stendmyg forwards: their divisions
linesr-oblong. obtuse, entire, each bearing about 4 frait-dots towards the base aud \
mear the margin:
Tamp woods, common. July. Rootstecks slender, blackish.-
3. P. nexagonoprereM, Michx: Winged lulypody.
Stalk emmoth; frend broadly triangular. the base 6 to @ inches broad. ususpily
exceeding the length; pinne rather distant, the lower of the lanceolate divisions +
toothed, decurrent and forming 9 conspicuous wing to the rachia.
Moist woods. Jnly. Seri very small, in 1 to 3 rows.
#2% Fronds ternate, the primary Qivisions twice pinnate. -
4. P. Dryopreris, L.. Three-branched Polypody..
“Statle slecder and brit Ye, smooth:6 te 12 inenes high; fronds smeoth; pale. Ligh *
green, 4 to 6 inches wide; the 8 principal divisions widely spreading, the ultimate:
ones oblong. oltuse, nearly entire: fruit-dols marginal, finaliy in consact.
Deep rocky woods, common. July. Sort small, light brows.
2. PTERIS, Linn. Brake.
Gt cleren, 2 Wing, on accountof the-prevalent pinnate fronds.
Favtr- pots linear, confluent laterally in a line which
ns of ‘the frond, the ae ae pee fixed at
:
with a central midrib. wa gt
438 | FILICES.
TY. P. aquimina, L: Common Hgks. 2
Frond ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk, 1'to 2 feet, the Sttany:
fpreading branches 2-pinnate; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, the upper undivided, .
the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobts, margined all round -
with the indusium..,
gaelic stony hills, common everywhere. Atg. Whole frond2:to 3 feet
wi e.
ee ae ATROPURPUREA, L., Purple-stalked Brake..
Stalk of the simply or seomewhat doubly pinnate pale frond 6 to 9 inches high,.
dark purple and shining; pinne or their 3 to 7 divisions below, oblong or linear,
entire, obliquely, truncate pr heart-shaped at,the stalked: base. -
Jaimestone rocks, rare.. July. Frond 4 to 8 inches long, grayish-green.
32, ADIANTUM, Linn:, Marpen-narr..
Gr. adianéos, dry ; its surface repelliug moisture.
_ FRurr-pors. roundish or crescent-shaped, oceupying the
edge of the lobes of the frond, the indusium appearing as a,
refilexed edge of it and bearing the sporangia on its under
side on the free ends of several simply forking veins. _ Mxp--
RIB none, or. lateral.— Stalk-and rachis black:end polished...
A: PpEDATUM; Ix ~=Common-Maidenhair.
Frovd forked-.at the summit of the upright slender sta!k, ’ to 16 inches high,
the forks pedately branching from one side into several slender spreading divi--
sions, which bear numerous short-stalked pinn ules.
Rich, moist woods, common. July. A‘delicate and-most graceful Fern.
4) CHEILANTHES; Swartz: Lrp-Ferm
¥. chetlos, a lip, and anthos, a flowery, in allusion to the form of the indusiam:,
favlt-pots roundish, solitary or contiguous on the mar--
gins of the lebes; the usual, kidney-shaped. indusium | fixed:
to the margim:at.the point where the sporangia arises, free
along the inneredge, each. receiving but one (direct and free) *
vein or veinlet.—Frands.2.or. 3-pinnate,..the pinnules or. lobes. —
Pi
CG. vestira, Willd? Hairy Chniten tame
Fronds 2-pinnate, hairy, all over. 6 to9 inches high; pixnzles shorty pinnatifid, aie
the lobes roundish; stipe and rachis hairy. oe
Shady rocks. J uly. Fern. covered: with‘iong brownish’hairs.. x
“oe
ms
5. WOODWARDIA; Smith: - i
In honor of Thomas J. Woodward, an English botanist,
Ervuit-pots oblong or linear; approximate. or contiguous, ;
parallel to the midrib on either side. InpusIUM fixed to-
the outer margin of the veinlet, free on the side next thes i
naidrib.—Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate. .
: FILICES. 439"
1. W.ANGusTI¥OLIA, Smith. Narrow-leaved Woodwardia.
Sterile fronds 1 foot high, thin, bright green, deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate .
serrulate divisions; the fertile simply pinnate; pinne contracted; linear, with only.
i row of cross veins, bearing the fruit-dots as near the margins as the midrib.
Bogs, rare. Aug.-
2. W. Virarnica, Willd. Virginian Woodwardia.
Sterile and fertile.fronds simitar, 2 feet hich, pinnate;-pinmgae lanceolate, pin- -
natifid, with numerous oblong lobes; frutt-dote contiguous or eonfluent with age, .
making a row on each side-of the midrib, both of the:pimnve sad. the lobes.
Swamps, not.rare. July. |
6° CAMPTOSORUS, Link.. WaAtkine Farn..
Gr. kamptos, bent, and soros, for fruit-dot.
Froir-pons linear or oblong, irregularly scattered on the.
| reticulated veins of the simple. frond, which. form mostly.
_ hexagonal meshes, variously diverging, inclined to approxi-
mate in pairs by their free margins, especially those of thas
secondary reticulatiens, or.to-become confluent attheir ends, ~
forming crooked. lines..
ee
G.. RHIZCPHYLLUS, Link. Walking Léaf! Walking Fern:,
Fronds evergreen, growing in tufts, spreadingor procumbent, 4 to 9 inches leng,.
Hanceolate from an auricled heart-shaped base. entire or wavy on the margin,
tapering above into a slender prolongation like a runner. which often roots at the
apex giving rise to new-fronds: and -these.in turn to ethers; henes the, common:
mame. (Asplenium rhizophy!lum,.Z.)
Shaied meist rocks, neax Lewisburg, rare. _ July. -
7. ASPLENIUM, Linn. SeLRENWORT. ie
Gr: a, privative, and splene, the.gpleen ;. from its supposel ramedial properties.
Fruit-pors linear -or-oblong,- oblique, seperate, not in~
pairs, all attached lengthwise:to the upper side of the sim--
pl2,.ferked or pinnate, free veins; the indtisium opening =
_ along the side towards the midrib or axis of venations:
s ‘ * Frond pinnate-pinnatifid, or pinnaitjtd.
e oly sé. PINNATIFIDUM, Nutt. Pranatifid Spleeawort. .
.
_ Ponds 3 to 6 inches long, diffusely spreading, lanceolate, pinnatifid, sometimer »
pinnately parted.nearthe base, tapering above into a slender prolongation, wita-
the apex sometimes rooting; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, eu toothed or nearly ,
entire, the midrib evaneseent by forking below the apes. -
Cliffs below the Schuylkill and Wissahicken, near Philadelphia. Nutt, very-
rare. July. |
2. AS THELYPTEROIDES, Michx. Thelypteris-like Spleen-~
wort.
Fronds pinnate; pinne deeply pinnatifid; linear-Janceolate, § to 6 inches long: --
‘approximated oblong fruit-dote.
_ Bich woods, notrare. July, A handsome.pale-green and smooth Fern. ..
1 aie Frond pinnate...
the lobes oblong, obtuse, minnutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 8 to 6 pairs of 4
he te ot eee
a ee =.
3. A. TRICHOMANES, I.. Common Rock Spleenwort. .
Fronds in dense sprending tufis,-3 to 8 inehes high. linear in outline, pinnate; °
pinne numerous. roundish-ontong or oval, 44 inch long, nnequal-sided, obliquely
wedge-truncate at the base. attached by a narrow point; the thread-lixe stalk and |
zechis purple-brown and shining.
Rocky open woods, common. Aug. Tay
4° A. epenzum, Ait. Ebony Spleenwort.. Bs
Fronds upright. 8 to 18 inches high, pinnate, lance-linear in outline: penne % ©
to I inch long, numerous, lanceolate. or the lower oblong, slightly & Fthe-shanad,
finely serrate. sessile, the dilated hage anricled on the upner or both sides of the -
elongated midrib; stalk and rachis blackish-purpte and shining. « i
Rocky open woods; comnzon. AUD . ; ws
f
98* Bond bipinnaie: ; Se
; : ad : - o 4 > , s,
5. A: MonTANUM, Willd. Mountain Splecnwort.' — —
: Fronds 3 to 5 inches high, bright gr-en. ovate-lanceolate or triangular-ohion? im >
tie outline, pint 26; pnre ovzic, 3 toT j arted (or the upy er barely cleft), cut-toc th:
e@: wetns forking from a mitrib.
Mountain rocks, Allegheny mountains; and ‘Bethlehem, rare. July. Racha
fren; stalk brownish: - =,
6. A. Firrx-remtxa; R. Brown: Female Spleenwort. |
Frond 2-pinnate, 1 to 8 fest hizh, smooth, oblong or lanceolate in outline; pinme
Janceolate. numerous; the narrowly oblong pinnules confluent on the rachis bra
rsrrow margin. sharply plonatifid-toothed; frudt-dots oblong, ab first straight, 4+
fe#S naire on each pinnule: u
Mclset woods, common. July. Stipé tawny. .
8. DICKSONIA, L’Herit..
In hinor of Juimes Dickson, an English eryptogamous botani-t.
os ,
ae ‘ . .
Fruit-pots small, globular, marginal, each place
apex of a free vein or fork, enclosed in-a reeirve
cup-shaped or 2-lipped ‘sac, which consists of a reflexed or*
‘lobe r tooth of t} } ited by its edgas-
changed lobelet or torth of the front united by its edges.
with those of a nearly similar proper indusium, which is:
fixed along its base on-the inner sidé; receptacle elevated... .
globular.
‘ D. punctinonuna, Hook. Harry Dicksonia.
Minntely glandularand hairy; fronds 15 to 29 inches hich, ovatetanceolate +
end pointed in outline, pale green and very thin, with strong stalks rising from ~
siender extensively creeping rootstock, pinnate; pinn@ lanceolate, twice pinnatifid *
and cut toothed. the lobes oblong; 77 wit-dols minute, usually one at the: upper’
m«rein of each icte. ie:
Moist shady places, common; odereus. July. .
4
9. CYSTOPTPERIS, Bernhardi. Brapper-Fern. .
Gr. kustis, a bladder, and pteris, Fern, from the sac like indusinm.
Faurr-pors roundish, borne onthe middle of a straight
fork of the free yeins. Inpusrom oblong-kidney-shaped, .
hood-like, attached by abroad inflated base un the inner °
side partly: under. the feuit-dot, opening free. at the outer,
>
PILICES. 44>
side towards the apex of the lobe; somewhat jagged.— Tu/ft=
ed Ferns, with slender and delicate 2 to 3-pinnate fronds, |
having cut-toothed lobes.
1. C. BuLpirera, Bernh. Bulbous Bladder Fern.
Frond lanceolate, elongated, 1 to-.2 feet long, 2pinnate; pimne lanoe-oblong, -
pointed, horizontal, 1 to 2 inches long: rackis often bearing bubblets underneath, -
wingless; pinnules crowded, oblene, obtuse,.toothed or pinnate.
Shaded moist rocks,common. July.
2: C. FRAGILIS, Bernh. Weak Bladder-Fern.
Frond oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 8 inches long, besidé the stalk which is about the.
geme length, 2 or 5-pinnate; the pinne@ and ninnules-ovate or lanceolate in outline,
irregularly pinnatifid or cut-teothed, mostly acute, decurrent on the margined or-
nged rachis.
Bhaded cliffs, common: yery:variable. July.
“s
- :
19. WOODSIA, R: Brown: aia
Dedicated to Joseph Wooe:, an English botanist.
Faurr-pots globular, borne on the back of simple forked’
_ free veins. INDUSIUM tkin, attached by its base all aroun?
the receptacle, open or early bursting througk at the top or-
entre, the orifice or edge irregular or jaggod, and usually:
eut- fringed with long hairs whieh involve the sporangia.—-
Small and tufted pinnately- divided Ferns.
1. W. optrusa, forr: Obtuse Woodsia.
Prendé to 12 inches hich, broadly-Ianczolate, minutely glandu'ar-hairy, pinnate; -
pIane ra remote, triapgutar-ovate,or obiéag. l-inch-or more Jong. bluntish, .
Pinnately d: ptnnules oblong, very obtuse. ‘rénately pinnatifid-toothed. with
a single smooth fruit-dot on each rounded minutely toothed lobe near the sinus; -
sts)k and rachis a little chaffy.
Rocky banks and cliffs. July.
@. W. Invensis, R. Brown. Ollong-leaved Woodsta.
Frond 2 to 4 inches long, 1 inch wide. smoothish and green abeve, oblong-lancec= -
late, thickly clothed underneath as well eas the staik with rusty bristlelike cha, .
pinnete: pinne crowded. oblong, obturne, sessile, pinnately parted, the-numerona:
erowded yrnnules oblomg obtuse, obscurely crenate, the frwit-dots near the margin-
somewhat confiuent when old.
Mxposed rocks frequent. June.
11. DRYOPTERIS, Adans., Schott. Woop-Frrr..
Gr. drus, an oak, or tree in general, and pleria, Fern; growicg in woods.
FRvIT-poTs round, borne on the back or near the apex of.
the simple and free pinnate veins or their forks. IxpusIUM
flattish, round-kidney-shaped at the sinus, opening round the:
margin.— Fronds | to 3-pinnate, of thin or thinnish texture.
* Fass simple and straight or simply forked.
1. D. Tueryrreris, Gray.
Frond pinnate, Janccolaie in outlin®; the horisental pre gredualiy aim! n’ab
*
img in length frcm teer ibe Lase to the apex, sessile, lMnsarlanceolste, deeply-pim- -
| — , FILICES. ee
atifid, the margins stronzly revolute i in fruit: ‘veins Taostly forked, insta th .
erowded fruit-dots near the middle. (Polypodium Thelypt. Z.)
Harshes.common. Aug. Stalk 1 foot-or more long; the fruit-dots soon. cover=-
3 ing the whole, contracted lower 5 irface of the pinnae... |
2. OVEBORACENSIS ; Gray. 4
Frond pinnate. oblong-! ceo slate in outline, tapering below frem the lewer~
pinne heing eradvally shorter and bent downwards: lobes flat. broadly eblong .
with mostly simple veins, bearing scattered fruit, s near the margin.
Swamps and moist thiekets, common. July. Frond pale green.
®® Fronds verging to 3- -pinnate, ae. 2 2-pinnate, tre pinnadey. enna
3. D. InTERM EDTA, Gray. iin =
Frond ovate-ohlong in outline. 1 to 2 feet long, rmooth, bright green; pinneules=
ehlens- linear Eee herizontsl, crowded, the lower deeply pinnatifia into linear- -
eblong olituse lobes which are sharply cnt toothed. the upper cut-pinnatifid ore
inetsed ; frutt-dots sparse: indusium frimged with stalked oe at its margin.
Very common, on hillsides in woods. Jaly. ba ®
4, D. ortstatay Gray. +
Frond linear-olilong in ovt-line, 114 3 to ave inches long, very long-stalked: prara-
short. triangularollong, from a ee heart--haped bare, acute, mostly ale ~
ternate, deeply pinnatifid: prmnules & to 13 pales oblong, very obtuse, finely eer-
rate or cut-toothed; jruzt-dots as near the midrib-as the margin, large‘aiten cons:
: fuaent. {
’ Swamps, &c.,common. July. Variable... F & : 4
5:, D. MARGINALE. [6
Frond 2-; innate, evate-ohiong in outline. 1 {2 feat long: ninne oprorite, lance--
Clute from a bLioed acest sessile Lase; pipaeules Dieng, | “cbiure, ¥3 inch or Dere~
} lone. crowded, obturcly, crenate-tootiicd: frudt-dets eonspicucus, near the margin;
4
aendusium. smooth, . an
Recky hillsides and revites in moist weeds, very common. ‘July. .
&
: ue
Sts-ORDER ct OSMUNDINE AL >
, Sporangia variously collected, destitute of any proper~
: i a way tna ; } $37} ; ows
ing ieuls opening; lengthw . & regulars
: ing, cellular-reticul ated, opening, lengthwise by. a gulay
i slit: st
7
12. LYGODIUM, Swarts. Crime ina FEnys
Gr. lugodes, flexils. .
. Fronps twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously
. Jobed divisions in pairs, with free veins, fruit-bearing on
at :
scperate contracted divisions or spike-like “Tobes. one side of
which is covered with seale-like hooded indusia imbricated in-
2 ranks, fixed by its lower edge, each inclosing.a single spo-~
rapgium, orrarely a pair.
I. PALMATA, Ewarts. Lalmate Climbing Ferm: a
Very smooth; studks slender. fexile.snd twining. 1to3 feet leng, from slender ©
ranning root-stocka: its short alternate branches or petioles deeply 2-forked. each
ferk hearing a round heart- shaped palmately 5 to 7-lobed sterile frondlet; fertile
Jrondlets above, all contracted and soveral times forking, fermings ecmpound ter-;-
minal panicle.
Shaded. moist banks... July. .
ee Feit 443
*... 18. OSMUNDA, Linn. Fuoowsrtnc Fern. ~
Oumunder, a Saxon name of Thor, @ celiic divinity.
SporANcrs globose, short-pedicelled, naked, entirely cov-
ering the fertile fronds or pinn (whieh are contracted to the
mere rachis,) thin and reticulated, not striate-rayed at the
‘apex, opening by a slit into 2 valves acrogs the apparent top.
Spores green.— Fronds-tall and upriyht, from thickened root-
stocks, 1 to 2-pinnate; the veins sorking and free. §
1. O. Cuaytontana, L. Clayton’s Flowering Fern.
Frond pinnate, 16 to 24 inches long, linear-oblong ia outline; pinne mostly
Opposite piunatifid, 2 or 3 of the central pairs contrazted into pinnate clasters of
dark brown spore-cases.
-Low wet grounds, common. June. |
2, ©. sprcrapitis, Willd. Showy, Rioterintt Fern.
Very smooth, pale, 2 to 4 feet high; sterile pinnules 20 or more, lance-oblong,
rather oblique but not auricled at the base; 2 inches loag; the foriile forming en
:oblong racemose panicle at the summit of the fronds.
Swumps, common. July.
2. @: crnnamomed, L. Cinnamon Fern.
Sterile frond pinnate, smooth oe A full grown; pinne elongated, pinnatifid;
segments ovate-oblong, entire; fertile frend bipinante, usually central less mu-
merous than the sterile, with tue pinnz much smailer, and covered with dense
~clusters of cinnamon-colored spore-cases.
Swamps and low places, vey common. May.—Growing-in large bunches, 2 to @
feet Lizh, at length4or 8 feet.
14 BOTRICHIUM, Swarts. Pocibtan
Gr. bortus, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the fruitful fronds.
SPORE-CASES subglobose, Il-celled, 2-valved, distinct,
smooth, sessile along the margin of a. compound pinnate ra-
-ehis, opening transversely. INDUSIUM nene. SPORANGIa
sessile, clustered but distinct.
B. Virernicum, Swarts. Virginian Moonwort.
Somewhat hairy, 10 to 20 inches hish; sterile frend above the middle, broadly
-triangular ia outiine, spreading, 6 to -12 inches wide, termately divided to the base,
5. gsile, thin; the braucies pinnate; pinne pimnuately parted; pinnules lance oblong,
out pinnatitid or sharply tooched ; Srucifcation 2-pinnate.
Rich woods, common. July.
Sup-orper Ji. OPHIOGLOSSEA.
\
Sporangia spiked, closely sessile, not reticnltictl ‘opening
by a transverse slit.— fronds strar ight, never rolled in the bud.
: OPILTOGLESSUM, Linn. ADDER’S-TONGUE
Gr. ophis,& serpent, and glossa, tonge.
Sony. CASES roundish, smooth, closely packed in 2 rauks
LYCOPODIACER. _ Se ing
“on the simple terminal spike, opening transversely. Spores
ij “copious, sulphur color.
"O. “VULGATUM, ‘L. Common Adder’s-tongue.
Sserile frond terne about the middle, ovate-oblong; obtuse; sessile, about 3 inches
; kong, shorter than the spike: reot fibrous.
Moist woods, very rare. June.
Onver 136. LYCOPODIACEAE. —Clud-Moss-Fern.
Low planis, usually of Moss-lilce aspect, with the solid and oft :
, ; MMoss-like aspect, wit) {ten woody stems thickly
wee ed rie ade or’ tancedtate persistent and simple ledves bearing the
=2 to 4- spore-cases ‘sessile in “their axils ; chi rep i
ma r awtls ; chiefly represented by the typical
4 3 mo 4-
~
B Fig. 3. Lycopodium, nearly of the natural size; a,a leaffrom the spike’ éf
fructification, with the: sporecases in its axils, and spores falling-out; b, a group of -
four spores magnified; c, the seme separated.
Fig. 4. A Moss (Polytrichium) of the natural size; a,a magnified theca, from
swhich the lid or operculem,-,:has been removed, showing the peristome; c,’3 por-
‘tion of the outcr and inner peristome highly magnified.
LYCOPODIUM, L., Spreng. Crius-Moss.
Gr. lukos, a wolf, and pous, foot; from no obvious recémblanee,
SporE-casks of only one kind, coriaceous, flattened, usually
‘kidney shaped, l-celled, apcning by a transverse line round
se
#: ’
><
i
'
“™
se!
5
LYCOPODIACE. 445
the margin, thus 2-valved, discharging the subtile spores in
the form of a very eopieus sulphur-colored inflammable pow-
der.— Perennials, with evergreen 1-nerved leaves, imbricated
or crowded in 8 to 16, rarely in 4 ranks.
* Spore-cases scattered in the axils of the'dark green leaves.
1. L. tucrmum, Michx. Shining Club-Moss.
Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches asce nding, 6 to 12 inches high;
deaves widely spreading or reflexed, linear-lanceolate, acute, minutely toothed.
Cold damp woods. Aug. eaves long, dark green and shining.
** Spore-cases borne enly in the axils of the upper (bracte al) leaves, thus forming
_ spikes or aments.
2. L. ALopEcuROIDES, L. Fox-tail Club-Moss.
Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout; the sterile branches recurved-pro-
umb-nt and creeping; the fertile of the same thickness, 6 to 20 inches high; leaves
narrowly linear awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle-
d@o0thed below the middie; those of the cylindrical spike with long bristly tips.
Pine barrens and swamps. Aug., Sept. Stems with the dense Jeaves 44-inch
@hick; the comose spike with its longer spreading leaves 3{ to 1 inch ‘thick.
3. L. DENDROeIDEUM, Michx. Ground Pine.
Stems upright, 6 to 9 inches hich, from a subterranean creeping rootstock, sim-
“ple below, and clothed with lance-linear acute entire leaves, appressed-erect-in 4 to
6 rows, bushy-branched at the summit; the crowded branches spreading, fan-like,
Srith the lower row of leaves shorter and the lateral spreading,—in var. OBSCURUM
“appearing flat from the leaves’of the upper side being also shorter and appressed.
Moist woods. Aug. Remarkable for its tree-like growth. Sypexes solitary, or 2
fo 3, cylindrical. -
4. L. cuavatum, L. Common Club-Moss.
Stems creeping extensively, with similar ascending short and very leafy ‘branch-
es; the fertile terminate] by a-slender peduncle 4 to 6 inches long, bearing about
2 or 3 (rarely 1 or +) linear-cylindrical spikes; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incuryed-
$preading, lisht sreen, tipped as also the bracts witha fine bristle.
Dry woods, common. July.
5. L. compLranatum, L. Flattened Club-Moss. -
Stems extensively creeping (often subterranean), the erect or ascending branches
#eyeral times forked above; branchlets equal, crowded, spreading, somewhat fan-
like, flattened, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in
4 ranks, with decurrent-united bases, ‘the lateral rows with slightly spreading
tooth-like tips,. those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrow, wholly ap-
«pressed ; peduncles slender, bearing 2 to 4 cylindrical spikes.
“Dry woods and copses, common. July.
2. SELAGINELLA, Beauv., Spring.
Name a diminutive of Selago.
Fructification of two kinds, 1-celled, some filled with
minute powdery matter, and opening at the apex; others
containing 1 to 4, rarely 6 globose angular grains ; the latter
either intermixed with the former in the same axils, or soli-
tary in the lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike.
1. S. rupestris, Spring. Small Rock Club-Moss.
“Much branched in close tufts, 1 to 3 inches high; leaves densely approased ints
+
446 ANOPHYTES AND THALLOPHYTES.
—.
0;
bricated, linear-lanceolate, comose and witha grooved keel. minutely ciliate, bris-
tle-tipped; those of the strongly 4 angular spike rather broader; the sorts of Spores
in the same axils. ‘
Exposed rocks, common. Grayish-green, resembling a rig ic M
2. S. apus, Spring. JMéoss-like Sulaginella
Stems tufted and a creeping, much branched, flaccid
membranaceous, 4ranked; those of the latcral rows spreading horizontally, ovate-
oblique, mostly. obtuse ; the other much smallez, appressed, acuminate; those of
the short spikes nearly similar ; lat ger spore-cases at the lower Wee of the spike.
Low shady places. July, Aug.
1387. The Order HypRopreRipEs consists of aquatic cryp-
togamous plants of diverse habits, with the fructification borne
at the base of the leaves, or on submerged branches, con-
sisting of two kinds of organs, ef dubious nature, contained
im indehiscent, or irregularly bursting involueres, (spore-
€cTps).
ANOPHYTES.
ANOPHYTES. Vegetables composed of parenchyma alore,
with acrogenous growth, usually with distinct foliage, some-
times the stem and foliage is confluent into a frond. They
embrace the following orders: Mvuscr and HeEpaticeam,
(with four sub-crlers Licciacew, Anthocerotece, Merchantiacee
and Jungermanaiacce. )
138. The Order Muscr'(Mosses, Fig. 4,) consists of low
tufted plants, always with a stem and distinct (sessile) leaves,
producing sporecases which mostly open by a terminal lid,
and contain simple spores alone.
139. The Order Heparicez (Liverworts, Fig. 5,) con-
‘sists,of frondose or Moss-like plints, of a loose cellular tex-
ture, usually procumbent, and emitting rootlets from beneath;
the calyptra not seperating from the base, but usually rup-
turing at the apex; the capsule not opening by a lid, con-
taining spores, usually mixed with elaters which consists of 4
thin thread-like cells, containing one or two spiral fibres,
vuncoiling elastically at-maturity,
THALLOPRYTES.
Vegetables composed of parenchyma alone, or of con-
geries of cells or even of seperate cells, often vaguely com-_
bined in a thallus, never exhibiting a marked distinction —
into root, stem, and foliage, or into axis and leaves. Vruc-
tification of the most simple kinds consisting of sporules- or
sporidia.
THALLOPHYTES. 447
Fig. 5. Fruit-stalk with a portion of the foliage of: Jangermannia, magnified tos
show its entire cellular structure ; a, one of the tubular spireliy-marked celis fron:
the fruit; 6, the spiral threads which result from its disruption. =
Fig. 6. a, a stone upon which a Lichen (Permeliia conspersa) is growing :.4,
CiaConia coccinnea, bearing ils fri ctiication in rounced ted masses on the edges off
@ raised cup.
140. The Order Licnenes (Lichens, Fig. 6,) form the
highest grade of this lowest series.. They consist of flat ex-
pansions, which are rather crustacecus than foliaceous, grow-.
ing on the lark of trees, cn the surface of rocks, and on the
grcurd, to which they cling by their lower surface. The
fructification is in cups, or shields, (APOTHECIA) resting an
the surface of the thallus, or more or less immersed in its
substance, or clse in powdery spots scattered over the surface.
Fig.7. Agaricus cempertress, Edible Musbreom in its various stages; a. Arci,
fyrm the interior of Spharia resella. containing spc ru’es highly magnified. Fig. &
4 Mculd (Pennicillum glaucum); b, Bread-mould (Mucor). Loth highly magnified.
Y 141. The Order Pune, (Mushrocms, Moulds, &c., Fig.
i, &,) ecrsists of yarasitic fowerless jlauts, either living
eyin iid erwirg their ncwislment from livirg, though,
—
\y
, = des lest
—— THALLOPHYTES.
- more commonly from lan gusta plate and animals, or
y “
else appropriate the organized matter of dead and decaying
animal and vegetable bodies. Bust, smut and mildew, (Fig.
8,) are examples of the former, and mushroom, puff balls,
&c., of the latter. Fungi (Fig. 7,) are entirely destitute of
foliage and green matter, (chlorophyll,) which appears to be
essential to the formation of organie out af inorganic matter.
142. The Order CHARACE& (Chara Family,) consists of ©
a few aquatie plants, which have all the simplicity of the
lower Algse, in ecllular structure, being composed of simple
tubular eells, placed end to end, and often with a set of —
smaller tubes applied to the surface of the main one. Their
fructification eonsists of two kinds of bodies (shown in Fig. —
9,) of which the smaller is probably a mass of antheridec,
of curicus stracture, while the upper and larger is a spore
earp formed of a budding cluster of leaves, wrapped around
a nucleus which is a spore or, sporangium. aes
148. The next vast Order or rather. Class, ALGEm, con-
aists mostly ef aquatic plants. Although they rise to forme —
more simultatisg the higher. grades of vegetation, and there-
fore should have been placed before the Fungi, yet, as they —
descend tothe very lowest point of the scale, they have beem
placed the last in the series.
une
Gt
Fig. 9. Branch of the ccmmon Chara, nearly the natural size; a, a portions, ©
aguified, showing the lateral tubes inclosing a central one; also a spore, invested
by aset of tubes twisted spirally around it, and with an antheridium borne at ite.
base; b, a portion cf the Jeteral tubes more highly magnified. : a
Fig. 10. a,summit of the frord of Fucus vesiculosus; b, one of the contained.
globules; ¢, spores and jointed filements of which the globules are ecmposed ; dy
Genium glaucum, of Lhientcrg, who thinks it a congeries of animalcules, while
itis described as en Alga by Meycn; e, Euastyum Crux-Melitensis; 7, Meridiom,
circulare ; g, Ecbinella fabellate, perbepe a group of animalculcs..
THALLOPHYTES. L4G
144. The highest forms of the Algze are the proper Sea-
weeds, “sume of which have stems of enormous lengths,
and fronds that rival in expansion the leaves of the Palm.”
“Others again are so minute as to be invisible, except in
masses to the naked eye.’”? From those we descend by suc-
eessive gradations to simple or branching cells placed end to
end, such as the green Confervus of our. ponds, and many
marine forms, in which the organs of. vegetation and fructi-
fication become at length perfectly indentical, both reduced
to mere cells, and finally as the lowest term of possible vege-
tation we have the plant reduced to a single cell, conaining
granular matter which gives rise to new ones each of which.
at the destruction of its mother cell becomes an independent-
minium plant, and repeats in turn the same process.”
+145. “The lowest group of the Algee, called DiatomMacm
resents peculiarities of the most striking resemblance to
those of animals, so that they are claimed at the same time
wo 5 the Zoologist as well as the Botanist. We see not how.
they are to’be seperated from the vegetable kingdom, espe-_
eially if they evolve oxygen gas as they aresaidto do. Buty.
wherever the line be drawn, in reaching the borders of the
vegetable kingdom, we make the closest possible approach _
to the lowest Beane ef the animal creation !”
[
‘
23°
| ERRATA...
Generic description of Nasturtium on page 29 shouid read.—Ped nearl y terete, £c.,
see Class 14, Tetradynamia, Order 2, Siliquosze, in Analytical Tables.
On page 36, 3d line, after Cleome for on, read or.
Page 73, 6th line, from Euonymus for-5-sided, read 4-sided.
Page 87, for Lespedza, read Lespedeza.
Page 103, 2nd line from bottom, for stick, read disk.
Page 112, 4th line after Decoden, for starnens I5, read stamens 10.
Page 22C, 4th line after Chimaphila, for stamens 19, ead stamens lf
Rage 232, 2nd line after Tecoma, for 6toothed, read 5-tcothed.
Pege 281, 4th line after Datura, for petioled, res plaited.
BOTANICAL NAMES.
INDEX
"Phe names of the Orders and Sub-orders are in SMALL CAPITALS, the-Ganera and
St o-genera in Roman, and the Synonymes in Itulic.
PAGS.
Abies
Abietinese
Abrotanum
#Adsinthium
Abdatiion
Acalypha
| AcCANTHACS&
Acor
ACERACEAB
Aceétosella
Achilléa
Acnida
Aconitum
ACROGAN3
Aciaéa
Actinomeris
Adenorachis
Ad Antum
Adlaimia
Ad)nis
Aischynémene
ZEésculus
Agive
AGLUMACZOUS ENDO-
GENS
Agrim)dnia
A ;rostis
Agropyrum
aira
Alétris
A'\GSAE
Alisma
ALISMAC23
ALISMEAE
Allium
Alnus
Aloines
— Alopecdirus
Alsinese
‘Althéa
Alfssum
Amalinchier
AMARANTHACZEA
Amaranthus
“A MARYLLIDACEB
Amar fllis
Amberboa
Ambrosia
Amidnthium
Amorpha
Am pelopsis
Amphicarpa
-Awphiotis
448,
PAGE.
AMYGDALEAE 96 ASPARAGER
Am fgdalus 99 A3parazus
ANACARDIACZS 67 AsPH DELsze
Anagalis ‘223 Asphodeius
ANAGALL:DZ8 228 Aspléenium
Anchadsa 279 Aster
Aadrdmeda 213 ASTEROIDS
ANDROMEDZ 212 Astragalus
Andropdzon 431 Atheropdzon
Anemone 2 Atropa
ANGlOsPerMoUS Exo- Avena
GEN3 1 Avicularia
ANONACEE 14 Azalea
ANOPUYTES 416
anthemis 1387 BAiLsaMiFLuzs
Anthéxanthum 427 BaLsaMiNAvER
Antsnparia 191 Baptisia
ANTIRRHINIDEX 235 Barkirea
Antirrhinum -236 Bartsnia
Anychia 54 Batatus
APsTALOUS EXOGENOUS Bénzoin
PLANTS 96 BeRBERIDACER
Apbylion 232 Berberis
apios 82 Beta
Apium 13) Betula
Apléctrum 30” BeTULsceR
APSLYNAC(B 289 Bidens
Apocfuum 289 BiGNONIACER
A:QUIFOLIACE 221 BiGgNoNesR
Aquifolium 222 Bidttia
Aquilégia 8 Blephilea
arabis _ 30 Blitum
ARACER 345 Bochméria
Ardlia 142 Boltdnia
ARALIACER 142 Botrichium
Archémora 138 BoraqginacEs
Archangélica 154 Boraro
Arenaria 52 Brachyel}trum
Arethisa “B61 Brasénia
Argemone 21 Brassica
Aristida 414 Briza
Aristolochia 297 Bromus
ARISTOLOCHIACES -297 Broussonétia
Arinéria 225 Buchnéra
Armeniaca OT Bupletrum
..THICa 195 Baixus
Artemisia 190
rum 345 CADoMBACRS
..sarum 297 Cacalia
ASCLEPIADACES 290 CacTacE%
Asclépias 290 CasLALPINEE
ascyrum 45 Calamagrostis
Afi iS Caléndule
Paik.
374
ie
‘
-
*
452 INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES.
PAGE.
*Célla 349 Chrysosplénium * 120 Grrmacex
Calliastrum 162 Cicer = Cypripedium
Callistephus 170 CicHORACEAE { 20) Cyperus.
‘CALLITR:CHACES 313 Cichdrium 200 Cystipteris
Callitriche 314 Cicita 126 -
Calopdgon 351 Cimicifuga 11 Dictylis
Caitha _ 7 Cinna 411 Dahlia
CaLYCANTHACES ‘t11 Circea 116 Dalibirda
‘Calycdnthus 111 Cirsium 196 Danthonia
Calystégia 277 CisTACEAE 49 Dipbne
Camelina 26 Cladium 402 Datdcus
Campinula 208 Claytdnia 56 Datira
CCAMPANULACEE 208 Ciématis 2 Decoden
‘Camptosorus 439 Cledme 36 Delphinum
CAMPYLOSPERME 140 Cléthra 215 Dentaria
Canna 364 Clintodnia 76, 207 Desmddium
Cannabis 336 CiinopodJium 253 Dianthus
CANNABINEZ 336 Cnicus 193 Dianthéra
CANNACEE 864 Cochlearia 26 Dicéntra
CaPPARIDACER 35 Celosperme 141 Dicksonia
Gaprifoliam $45 Cdiz €52 DicotyLepons
“Okpsélta 25 Coliitsia 237 Diervilla
‘Cépsicum 281 Collinsenia 252 Digitalis
‘Cardamine > 31 Comandra aie Diosedtea
Cardiospérmum 70 Commeil}na 2 DioscoRzEAcEz
Cirex 403 CoMMELLYNACEE 302 Diospyros
Carpinus 325 Comptonia 32148 UMACEAE
‘Carthamus 199 ComposItz 155 Dipiopappus
Oarum 138 CONIFERZ 339 DipSacZaz
Carya . 319 Cdonium 141 Dipsacus
CARYOPHYLLACER 47 Conoclinum 188 Diptericanthus
Cassandra 214 Conophdlis 231 Direa
‘Cassia 91 Convailaria ei7 Dodecatheon
“CaSsLe 94 Convélvulus 278 Drasocéphalaum
‘Custinea $23 CONVOLVULACEE 277 Drosera
‘Castilléja 245 Coptis 8 DioseRAcEz
Catandnche 206 Coprosmanthus o12 DRYADEAE
Catalpa 233 Corallorhiza 357 Drydpteris
Cataria 255 Coreépsis 182 ‘Dulichium
Cauulinia 350 Coriandrum 142
Cedronélla 255 CORNACEE 1i4 EBENACEx
CreLAsTRacsz& 71 Cornus 144 Echinocfstis
“Celdstrus © 72 Corydalis 23 Echinospérmum
Celdsia 802 Corylus 324 Echimodcrus —
Aéitis 812 Cosmauthus 273 bLebinm
+S peretaite 195 Cranizia 182 Kclipto
Cenirdsema §$3 CRASSULACEE 125 ELaTinacez
Cephelinthus 152 Crataégus 108 Hlatina
Cerdstium 51 Crocus 373 Eleocharis
Cérassus 97 Crotalaria 93 Elepbantopus
CERATOPHYLLACEE 813 CRUC.FERZ 24 Kleusine
Ceratophylum 813 CRYPIOGAMIA 435 Eiymus
Ceratoschvenus 401 Cryptoteuia 137 Elodea
-Cércis 94 Cicumis 123 LNDOGENS
Chaeroph#llum 14) Cuctirbita 124 Epigéa
“CHARACEAE 448 CUCURBITACER ‘321 Epilobium
Chamelirium 388 Cunila 252 Epiphégus
Cheilanthes 488 Cuphéa 118 EQuisstTaceAE
Cheiranthus 33 CUPRESSINES 342 Equisétum
Cheliddnium 21 Cupréssus 342 Eragrostis
-Chelone 237 CuPULIFERz 820 Erechthites
UHENOPODIACESe 298 CUSCULINER 279 ERICACEAE
Chenopddium 298 Cuscita 79 ERICINEAE
Chimaphila 220 Cydonia 111 Erigénia
CINCHONER «152 Cynogléssum — 262 Erigeron
Chionanthes Ss 295 CYNAREX 195 Erivcafilon
Chrysdpsis 3% 174 Cynthia 201 ERiocCAULONACES
Chrysinthemum 18) Cynedon 415 Eridphola
+,” _ ”
INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. 453
3 + PAGE «PAGE. ~ PAGE.
* Bridphoruam ~ 400 Hamamelis * 131 Jasminum 294
+ Erysimum - 82 Hededma - 252 Jeffersonia 17
. Erythraea 286 Hédera 143 JUGLANDACEZ 318
~ Erythronium - $382 Hedyotis 153 Jiglans 318
> ESCALLONIE -129 HeEpyYsarEz - 84 JUNCACER ~ 388
. Escholtzia 22 Hedysarum - 84 JUNCAGINER 352
. HUONYMEAE . 72 HELIANTHES 384 Jincus 389
Eudnymus 73 Helénium » 186 Juniperus 343
» FUPATORIACER 157 HELIANTHES 178 Justicia 234
Eupotorium 159 Heliinthemum AO! 53
Euphorbia 215 Helianthus 180 KAlmia ~ 217
» EUVUPHORBIACER 315 Heliopsis 179 Keeléria *5416
EButoca 273 Hellévorug =12 Krigia =. 201
OGENS 1 Helonias - $88 Kubnia 158
Helxine 305
Faba 80 Hemianthus ~ 241 LABIAts ~ 2A9
Fagopyrum 806 Hemicarpha 397 Lactica - 204
agus _- 324 Hemocorailis 377 Lagenaria - 124
Fédia 154 Hepatica 3 Lamium 261
~ Festica 420 HePatTicER 446 Lappa 198
‘Filago 192 Heracleum 134 Lapathum 806
Fm ces 436 Herpéstis - 240 Laportea 337
Fimbrist}lis 400 Hésperis 34 Larix 341
‘Fleerkia 66 Heterénthera 391 Lathyrus 78
Feeniculum ii leuchéra 127 LAURACEAE 307
Fraxinus 5 Hibiscus 58 Laurus 308
Fragaria i34 Hieraceum 202 Lavéndula 2
~ Frittillaria 383 Hippuris 118 Léchea 41
‘Fumaria 24 H@MODORACZAR 367 Lédum 218
FuMARIACER 22 Hollcus 426 Leérsia 408
“ FuNG 447 Hordeum 424 LEGUMINOSE 77
‘Funkia ~.378 Hottonia 229 Lémna 848
‘ HOrrTonipaR 229 LemMNACEE 348
* Galactia * 82 Houstonia 153 Lentago 149
Galanthus ~ $66 Hudsonia 41 LENTIBULACES 230
* Galatélla * 166 -Hamulus 336 Leodntice 17
* Galedpsis ~. 262 Hyacinthus 380 Leéntodon 201
- Galium 151 Hydrangea - 180 Leontrus 261
_ Gatra 115 HyYDRANGEAR £130 Lépachys 180
* Gaulthéria 212 Hydristis 7 Lepidium 26
DP eylussacia 210 Hydrocityle 131 Leptendra 243
Gentiina 287 HYDROCHARIDACEAE 354 Lespedéza 97
GENTIANACES 285 HYDROPHYLLACEAL 271 Leucéanthemum 188
“GERANICER 62 Hydrophyllum 271 Leucdjum 367
Geranium 62 HyDRopreripEs ~ 446 Lidtris oY
Gerardia ~ 244 Hyoscyamus - 281 LicHEnES 447
Géum 102 HYPERICACAE 43 LIGULIFLORAE 200
* Gillia 276 Hypéricum 44 Ligastrum 294
Gillénia - 100 Hypophorum 403 LILIACEAE 374
*Glechoéma - 256 Hypoxis 366 Lilium 381
Gleditschia 95 Hyssdpis -~ 265 LIMNANTHACEAR 66
“GLUMACEZ * 395 Limosélla 241
= Guumaczous EnpogEns 395 Iberis 97 LINACEAE 61
|< Glycéria -418 Ilex 222 Linaria 236
| + -Gnaphalium 191 Llysanthus . 241 Lindernia 241
ag - 302 Impatiens 64- Linnaéa, 148
; 293 Inula 175 Tinum 61
362 Ioddnthes 30 Liparis 356
= 408 Ipomea 278 Lippia 249
: 240 Ipomépsis 277 Liquidamber 333
GROSSULACEZ 119 Inmacez 368 Liriodendron 14
Gymnadénia 359 Iris 368 Listéria 863
| * G@yMNosPERMOUS Exo- Tsaénthusg 249 Lithospérmum 267
GENS 9 Isatis 28 Lobélia : 206
© Gynandropsis 35 Isnarda 116 LosELIaAcEaR 206
: Itea 129 LoGANEAE 163
= HALORAGER 116 Lolium 423
ELACES 131 JasMinacaas 294 Lonicera ~a4§
M4
~ 404
arty
ot.
INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES.
PAGE. Ww RAGE. se bi
LowICEREAE 145 Myosdtis 268 PAssirLoRaCcea
Lophanthus 256 Myrica 26 Pastinaca
LoRANTHACBAE 811 MyricsceaE 326 Paulonia
» Loreas 89 Myriophyllum 117 Pedicularis *
Ludwigia 115 P _ Peltandra
Lunaria 27 Na&bulus 202 Penthérum
_ Lupinus 93 Nalapacaaz 350 Pentstémon
. Lisula 889 Naias 850 Pérsiea
Lychnis * 50 Narcissus 866 Péarsicaria
“Lycium _ 284 Nardésmia 161 Petfnia
‘Lycoptrsitwm #$$ 283 Nasturtium 29 Phacédlia
Lycopopls0Bal 444 Negainda 70 PHANOGAMTA
Lycopodium 444 NutUMBlA0gAB 18 Phaiaris
. Lycépsis _ 267 NelQmbium 18 Pharbitis
Lycopus - 251 NemopAnthes 223 PHASKOLEAR
Lyefdium | #42 Nemdphila 273 Phaséolus
LyOnia 214 Népeta (255 PHILAbeLPoaa
Lysimachia 227 Nicandra 282 Philadelphus
LUT HBACH AB 112 Nicotiana 280 Phiéum
Nigélla 13 Phidx
Maclira $36 NxrcTAGINACEAB 802 Phragmites
Magnolia 13 Nymphexa 18 Phryma
MaG@noLiacsaB 138 NYMPHABACHSZ 18 Phyllinthus
Maijanthemum 876 Nuaphar 19 Physalis
Maius 110 Nyssa 809 Physostégia
Maiva 657 Nyssacha 809 Phytolacca
MALVACEa 6T PHYTOLACGACEa
ats 856 Obolaria 289 Pilea
Maria. 214 Oc}mum 264 Pimpinéla
Marrdbium $63 Cénothéra 114 Pinus
Martynia 233 OLEACER 294 Pisum
Marita 187 OnoGRACEs 113 PLANTAGINAGH
Maithiola 34 Onopérdon 198 Plantago
Mecon6psis 20 Onosmddium 267 PLaTANACE
Medéola 874 OPHl0GLOssBa 443 Platanthéra
Medicago 92 Ophioglossum 443 Platanus
MELANTHIBAE ‘886 Opulus 150 Plichia
BMelanthium 386 Optutia 119 PLUMBAGINACEAE
Melampyrum 247 ORCHIDACER 356 Pda
MELASTOMACES “111 Orchis -858 Podophfllum
Mélica 4iT Origanum - 251 PoposTEMACES
Melildtas 92 Ornithogalum 878 Podostémum
Melissa 258 OROBANCHACER 231 Pogénia
Mvldthria - 122 Orobanche . 231 -Polanysia
. MeNIgpERMACES 15 Oréntium 847 PoLEMONIACER
Menispérmum 15 Orthomeris » 166 Polemdnium
Méntha 250 ORTHOSPERMR - 131 Polydnthos
Menyanthus 288 Osmorhiza - 140 PoLyGonacexZ
Menziésia 215 Osmainda 443 Polygala
Mertensia 269 OSMUNDINER , 442 PoLYGALACEA
Mikania 158 Ostrya -325 Polygopitum
Microéstylus 336 OxXALIDACAE 638 Polygonum ¢
Mimulus 239 Oxalis 63 Polymnia 176
Mirabilis 802 Oxydendron 214 PoLyperatous HxogENs 1
Mitchélla 152 Oxycoceus 212 Potypopinza 437
Mitélla 128 Oxytripolium 106 Polypédium . 437
Moliaigo 53 PoMEsS — 108
Momordica 23 Peednia 12 Pontedéria 391
Monarda 253 Panax 143 PonTEDERIACER 391
MONOOTYERBONS 345 Panicum 427 Populus 3382
MONOPETALOUS EXOQENS145 Papaver 21 Portulaca _ 56
Monotropa 221 PAPAVERACRA 20 PoRTULACACES ct)
MonoTROPZAE 220 PaPILIONACKA TT Potentilla 433
- Moreag 334 Pardinthus 870 Potérium — 102 |
Morus 335 Parietaria 338 Primula ao 226 | .
Muhlenhbérgia 412 Parnassia 43. PRIMULACEA — - 226 |
. Mulgédium £04 PARNASSIEG 43 PRIMULEe » 226 7,
Musoi 4i6 Passifidra 12] Prinoides 222 |
ae
*
> ce
af
INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. 435
: PAGE. 4 - PAGE. PAGE.
~» Prinos a 222 SsvRURACER: : 313 Tagetes 184
*Prosartes 385 Saurtrus 313 Talinum 5T
> Proserpinaca 117- SaxiFRAGACED =» 126. Tanacétum 189
Prunélla 259 Saxifraga 127 Taraxicum 203
_ Pranus 96 SAXIFRAGER ‘127 TaxInez 344
» Ptélea 67 Scabidsa 155 Taxddium 343
’ Pteris 437 Scheuchseria 853 Taxus 344
P teréspora 220 Schélera 392 Tecdma 233
Pulmonaria 71 Schwalbea * 246° Tephrdsia 90
Pycndnthemum 257 Scirpus 398.-Tetiicrium 264
“ Pyreeus 396 Scleranthus ~ §5° Thalictram 3
Pyréthrum 189 Scléria 402 THALLOPHYTES 446
Pyrola 219 SoROPHULARIACE 235 Thispium 335
Pyréleae 218 Scutellaria 259 Thiadspi 3
¢ Pyrularia -310 Séeale 425. Thunbérgia 235
- Pyrus 109 Sédum 125 Thaja 312
Selayinella 445 THyMELEACES 303
Quamoclit 279 Senécio 194 Thymus 258
Quércus 32) SENICIONOIDES 76 Tiarélla 128
_ ~ Sericocérpus 169 Tilia 61
- RANUNCULACER ' 1 SEsaMea 233 TILIACE# 60
Rantinculus 4 Setaria 430 Tilled 125
Raphanus 33 Sicyos 122 Tipularia 303
ReboGlea 417 Sida 60 Tradescintia 393
' Beséda 36 Silene 47 Tragopogon 205
RHAMNACES 73 SILENEX 47 Trichelost}lus 4090
Rhamuus ‘73 SiLicuLos# 25 Trichddium 411
Rhéum 307 SILIQUOSz . 28. Trigophorum 399
Bhéxia 111 Silphium iT Trichéstema 263
RAINANTHIDES 241 Sinap s 32 Tricispis 416
- Bhododéndron 217 Sis¥mbrium 31 Trientalis 2
Bhododra 215° Sisyrinchium 369 Trifolium 93
Raeopora 215 Sium 137 ‘Lrigléchin 352
Rhas 67 SMILACES 71 TRiniuiAces 73
Rhynchéspora 401 Smilaeina 375 Trilliam 37
~ Ribes 119 Smilax 372 Tridsteum 147
318 SoLaNAcEg 280 Tripsacum 439
89 Solanum 283° Trisétum - 425
“105 Sdlea 40 Triticum 422
96 Solidago 171 Tréllius 8
RosacEz#, proper ~99 Sdnchus 205 Trop oLAChs 65
Rosemariuus 265 SopHOREs 93 Tropaclum 65
> RUBIACES 150 Sorbus 110 TuBoLIFLORA 156
Rubus i 103 Sorghum 431 Talipa 383
; Budbéckia 179 Sparginiam 349 TuLIPACER 381
| Ruellia * 234 Spartina 414 ‘PussILAGINER 161
Rimex 806 Specularia 209 Tussilagco 161
Spérgula 54 Typha 348
. Babbatia 285 Spergularia 55 ‘LYPHACE® 348
Sagina 53 Spigélia 154
Sagittaria 354 Spirzwa 99 Udora 354
SALICACER 329 SPIREZ 99 Utmacez 311
Salix 329 Spiranthus 362 Ulmus 311
Salvia 254 Spordbotus 410 UMBELLIEER 131
SAMBUCER 148 Stachys ~ 262 Uniola > 42
Sambieus 148 Staphylea 72 Urtica 337
SAMOLER 229 STAPHYLER 72 Usricacns 334
Samdlus 229 Statice 225 Urticer 337
Sanicula 133 Stellaria 51 Uyularia 384
Sanguinaria 20 SweLbaTa 151 Uvorarrz 384
Sanguisdrba 101 Stipa 413
SANTALACES 310 Streptérus 385 Vaccine 310
SAPINDACER 70 Stylosanthes 88 Vaccinium 210
Saponaria 48 Symphoricarpus 147. VaLERIANACER lot
» Sarracén 19 Symphytum 266 Vallisnéria 355
.- SARRACN 19 Symplocaérpus 346 Verdtrum 387
» Sassafr 308 Syringa 295 Verbaéscum 235
» Sabareja, - 209 Verbena « BSY
Sa Set
2456
INDEX TO COMMON NAMES.
MB se. E
a PAGE.
~ WERBENACER 247 ViTaAcEs
- Verbesina ~ 186 Vitis
~ Vernonia 156
* YERNONIACER | 156 Waldsteinia
’ Verdnica - 242 Wistaria
Vibarnum 149 Woodsia
Vicia - 77 Woodwaria
Vicikg 17
Vilfa ' 410 Xanthium
~ Vinca 290 Xerdinthemum
_ Viola 37 Xylosteum
% VFioLacks ~ 36 XYRIDACES
. Fiscum ~ S11 Xjris
“=O>>) 6 Gece
INDEX
PAGE. “Pace
~ 74 Yaeca a
44
Zannichéllia 356
' 103 Zanthoriza i
83 ZANTHOXYLACER ' 66
‘441 Zanthoxylum 66
438 Zapania 249
Zéa 452
178 Zinnia 183
*200 Zizia 186
146 Zizanie — ABE
393
394
COMMON NAMES. ~~
; PAGE. PAGE. PAGS.
~ AcAnthus Family 234 Aster, Tribe ' 161, 162 Blite 299
+ Adam and-Eve 357- Avens - 102 Brake 4387
“Adams needle 384 * _Bloodwort 20
“Adders-mvouth 356 Bald Cypress 343 Bloodwort Family -—«- 867
AdJler’s-tongue 443 Balm 258 Blue-curls 263
ay 101 Balsam 64 Blue-eyed-grass 369
Aider 328 Baneberry 10 Blue-grass 419
~ Alexanders 136 Barberry 16 Blue-hearts 244
tes ~ Almond 99 Barley ° 424 Bog-rush 389, 402
- Almond Family 96 Barn-yard-grass . 429 Borage, B. Family 266, 270
* Aloe 865 Battonia 287 Bottle-brush-grass 424
Amaranth 300 Basil ~ 258 ,264 Bow-wood 336
‘Amardiuth Family 800 Bastard Toad-Flax 310 Box-wood 318
Amar fllis 365 Bayberry 826 Bracted Bind-weed 277
» Amarfllis Family 365 Bay Family -: 307 Bramble, Br. Tribe 101, 103
» American aloe 365 Bean Tribe “ 81 Bresic 34
6 Brooklime 242 Beard-grass ° 431 Bristle beard-grass 416
« Broomrape 231 Beard-tongue 238 Bristle-grass 430
ae Centaury 285 Beak-rush 401 Brook-weed 229
“ Cowslip 227 Beech 324 Broom-corn “431
ce Laurel 217 Beech-drops = 231--Broom-grass 421
“Anise 139 Beet 300 Broom-rape, Br. Fa-
- Apple Family 108 Bellflower Family 208 mily 231, =
Apple of Peru 282 Bellwort, B. Family 2884 Buck-bean
arbor Vitz 842 Bent-grass 411 Buck- -thorn, B. Far
Arethisa 361 Bermuda-grass 415 mily 73
‘Arrow-Arum 846 Bignodnia Family 233 Buckwheat Family 303
“ Grass Family 352 Bindweed Family- ~277 Bug-bane li
“Grass 352 Birch Family 8327 Bugle- weed 251
“ Head 354 Birds-nest ~ 220, 221 Bugloss 266, 270
- Arum 846 Birth-root 873 Bul-rush 39
- Arum Family 345 Birthwort Family 297 Burdock
“ Asarabacca 297 Blackberry-Lily 370 Burr Mary-gold
Ash 295 Black-grass 390 Burr-reed ;
“Asparagus Tribe 374 Bladder-nut 72 Bush Honey-suckle
on ©
Aspen
Asphodel
a Ssphodel Tribe
332 Bladder Fern
“817 Blazing-Star
449
878 Bladderwort, B. Family 230 Button-bush
888
9 Butter-cup
Button Snake-reot
7
x
—— 2 Ni ae ll : 4
INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 457
PAGE. > PAGE. PAGE,
- Button-wood 318 Crowspur - 233 Filbert 324
: Crown Imperial - 383 Finger-grasg 428
Cabbage 34, 346 Cucumber-root - 874 Fir 340
Cactus Family 118 Cud-weed 191 Fireweed 192
Calamus 3847 Cut-grass 408 Flax 61
Calopigon 861 Cypress, C. Family 342 Fleabane 107, 173
Calico-bush 217 Cypress Vine >:279 Flowering Ferns 443
* Canary grass 427 Flower-de-Liuce 368
Cancer-root 281, 282 Daffodil 366 Flowering Plants 1
- Candy-tuft 27 Daisy : 188 Flewerless Plants 435
Caraway 138 Dandelion ~ 203 Fly Poison 387
Cardinal-flower ‘206: Darnel 423 Fog-fruit 249
Carrion-flower 3872 Day-flower oe Forget-me-not 268
Carrot 133 Day-Lily 377, 813 Four-o’clock 302
Catmint 255 Deadly Night-shade 284 Fox-glove 239, 245
_ Cat-tail Family 348 Dead Nettle 261 Fox-tail 409, 430
Cat-tail Flag 348 Devils-bit 388 Fox-tail-grass 409
Cayenne Pepper 284 -Diclytra - 23 Fringe-tree 295
Celendine 21 Dielytra 23 Frog’s-bit Family 354
Centaury ~ 285, 286 Dittany 252 Fumitory 24
’ Chaft-seed 246 Dock 306
Chamomile 187 Dodder, D. Family -279 Gale Family 826
Cheat + 421 Dog-bane, D. Family 289 Galingale 895
Cherry 97 Dogs-tooth-grass 416 Gall-ofthe-earth 205
Chess 421 Dogs-tooth-violet 382 Gama-srass 430
Chestnut 3823 Dragon-head 256, 261 Garlic 379
Chick Pea 80 Dragon-root 346 -Gentian,G. Family 285, ze)
« Chick-weed, Ch. Fa- Drop-seed-grass 410, 412. Germander 264.
_ mily 50, 51 Duck-wéed, D. Family 348 Giant Hyssup 256
' Chives 380 Dutchman’s Pipe 297 Ginseng 143
Cicily 140 Dutchman’s Breeches 23 Globe Amaranth 302
Cinchona Family 152 Globe-fiower 8
Cinnamon Fern 443 Ebony Family 223 Golden Alexanders 136
. Gives 380. EHel-grass 355 « .. Aster 174
: Cleavers 151 Elder, H. Tribe 148 ‘ & » Club 347
Climbing Fern 442 Kiecampane 175 ec Rod: 174
~ Climbing Fumitory 24 Hlephant’s-foot 156 Gold-thread as)
* Climbing Hempweed 158 Elm, H. Family 3811 Gonolobus ~ 293
Clintonia 207,376 Enchanters. Night- Gooseberry 120
- Club Golden 347 _ shade 116 Goose-foot, G. Family ret
~ Club-Moss 444 Fvening Prim-rose 114 Grass Family
~ Club-rush 398 Everlasting 191 Great Burnet v1
Clover-tre ‘oil 90 Hye-bright .207 Greek Valerian 276
~ Cockle-burr 178 Green Violet 40
~ Cockscomb 302 False Dragon-head 261 Grien-brier 372
' Columbine 8 “< Flax -« 26 -Gromwell 267
Célchicum Family 386 “ Gromvwell 267 Ground Cherry 282
Col ot 16 “ Hellebore 387 « Laurel 213
Co 266 * Indigo 90, 93 -* Love 273
Cor ot 357 «60* 0S“ Jessamine 284 « nut 82
Coriander 142 “* Nettle 338 “Pine 445
» Corn-salad 154 © Qrchis 359 Groundsel,G. Tribe 176, 194
* Cord-grass 414 ** Pennyroyal 249
’ Cotton grass 400 ‘ Pimpernel 241 Hairgrass 411, 424
~~ Cotton-rose -192 “ Rice » 408 Hawkbit 201
~ Cotton-thistle 198 ‘ Rocket ; 30 Hawkweed 202
* Cowbane 138 Solomon’sSéal 3875 Hawthorns 108
Cow-parsnip 134 “ Sun-flower 186 Hazelnut 3%
* Cowslips 226,227 ‘- Wintergeen 219 Heal-all 259
* Cow-wheat 247 Fearin-grass 411 Heath Family 210, 212
* Crab-grass 415, 428 Feather-foil, F. Tribe 229 Hedge Bind weed 277
Crane-bill, Cr. Family 62 Feathergrass 413 -* hysup 240
* Crane-fly Orchis 358 Fennel 139 “-- mustard 31
~ Cress - 29 Fern 326,327 nettle 262
*-Crocus ~ 70 Ferns 436 Hellebore 387, 12
= Crow-foot, Cr. Fa- Fescue-grass a Hemicarpha 397
_ mily 1, 4 Fever-few 189 Hemlock 126, 141
<-Crown-beard 186 Figwort, F. Family 285, 237 -Hemlock spruce ~ #48
ae
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f
ieee
tg
458
PAGE.
INDEX TO COMMON NAMES.
Hemp 336, 299 Lavende ” 26L ae
Hemp Family ? 336 Laurel z am ae opal -
emp-nettle 262 Leat blossom 161, 317 OP eageE sie: =
Hemp-weed 153 Leadwort Family 935 66 gringe *
Henbane 281, 282 Leatherwood 808 M ae a
Herdsgrass 410,411 Leek 880 ienes se =
Llickory . ‘319 Lettuce 204 avec co
ly, H. Family 221, 222 Lichens “MT Mallen” 338
58 Lilac «295 Malicin Pi “is
137 Lily 874 Mushr _* rs
a od gd 381 Musk Melon cr
9. Lily-of-the- vhf
16 Li =. the a valley a Mustard 32
336 Linc a 7
Hop-hornbeam 325 tegen, Es aly a i ae stating =
Horebousn 261, 263 Lip-Fern 458 Rotana 4
Tale 325 Liverleaf < he ae
oraed Pondweed 250 Lizard’s- 4
Horned Rush 401 Tabalia cans. = NiebEiee a
Hornwort, H. Family 315 Locust 89 Saran a ee
Horse-balm 252) Loose Strife 227 Nan a4
-- nettle 283 Lopseed 218 male 3
* chestnut 1 Louse wort 246 Nook -
“mint ; Lungwort 269, 271 rae ee ea
ae, Tiere Family 303 _bupine “ 93 Oak 320
a tongue ‘ 7 9
Hyacinth i . oe 33 Oat os rs
Hyssup 265, 356 3 Ofioutl ail
' Madd i 5 3
Indian bean 253 Maide ay wae = a) ‘8 Orebaa oa He
* chickweed 63 Mallow, M. Family 57 Orpi ge 128
“© cucumber-root 161,574 Manna-giass '418 foe a8
* corn 121, 452 Maple 69 fee Pie. 50
“ fig 119 Mare’s-tail “118 Onn 179 ae
“¢ grass 431 Marigold -184, 185, 199 $ ie
s* hemp 290 Maxjoram pai vol Pxo
« mallow 58 Masnolia 13 Painted ri3
« millet 432 Mandrake 16 Painted Ippmopeis” ST
«° pine,I.Family 220,221 Méngel-Wurtzel 300 Paln Ghai 318
“ piantain 195 Marsh Marigold 7 Bear a ys
« reed, I. Family 364 Marvel-of vera 303 Pa 5 3
® rice 409 ; Dad Bameond 7
«c turnip - 3545 "a6 P: ety i
Tris Family 508 187 Pars 4 134 137
Tron weed 156 'B lit Partridee Berg eae
Iron wood Pe Sweet 99 P: ion gees at
lvy 143“ Rue 3 Patni 38
Melilot 92 Pea al "eh
Jamestown weed 281 Melon 124 Peach 98
Japan day lilies 378 Mermaid-weed 117 Pear ' 19
Jasmine, J. Family 294 Mezcreum 309 Pearlwort Sada
Janne re Mignionette 36 Pellitory’ 338
s tear 32 Miifoil i il F
Jonquil 366 Miikweed 290 Seaie Gis 33
7 udas Tree at an Milk-wort 76 Pesaivnegal:
uniper 7343 Milk Pea 82 Pennywort 131,1385,137,289 .
June berry 109 Lae Vetch i Gd Phen sweet a
Kidneybean : 81 Missletoe 311 ay 28
Kings spear 278 Mist-fiower 158 Peppetinint 250
epee r ote ahah fa 1z9 Periwinkle 290
c 3 Monkey Flower 3 si Tree 2
Monk’s-hood “10 Preaaihate ye 713
. oe emg Tea 212 Moon-seed 15 oe sam 7
_Lauies Tresses 862 Moony ;
Lady’s Slipper 863 Ricaieg Glory 2 9G rer 33 Hepes 1s
Larch 341 Moss Pink 275 Rear oe
- Learkspar 9 Motherwort 261 Pie 8.9
4 ti
; PAGE.
‘Pine-drops | a
221
_ Ad
“154
362
41
894
Pp iceclws 220
Pitcher Plant 19
Plantain 224
Pleurisy-root 292
Pium 96
Poison Hemlock “141
Poison Oak 68
_Poke-weed + 803
~Polypody ' ABT
Pond Lily AQ
--Pond-weed » Bd1
Poor-man’s Weather- Side-saddle Flower 20 © Sultan 196
29 Silk-weed 290 © William 49
832 Skull-cap 259 Sycamore 304
21, 22 Skunk Cabbage 346 a - 180
279, 283 Snail 92 :
Prickly Ash 66 Snake-head 237 Tamarack $42
Prim or Privet 295 Snake-root «HU, 78, 297 Tanzy Ts9
Primrose - 226 Snap-dragon 236 Tape-grass 355
Prince’s Feath 301 Sneeze-weed 187 Teasel, T. Family 154, 155
Princé’s Pine 220 Snow-ball 150. Thin-grass 411
Puccoon 20 <“ berry FAS" Thistle, Th. Tribe 195, 194
Pumpkin 124 “ drep 366 Thorn 108
Pursiane 06 Bike 367 Thorough-wax 138
Putty-root | 308 Snowy Campion 47 Thorough-wort 159,160
Soapwort - 48 .Thread-foot 314
~~ Quaking Grass 417 Solomon’s Seal “375. Thrift 225
_ «~Qgeen of the Prairie 100 Sorrel 63, 306 Thyme 258
- Queen Margaret 170 Sorrel Tree * 214 Tickseed 182
“Quince ' 211° Sow Thistle 205 Tiger-flower 370
q ; Spanish Needles --185 Timothy 409, 427
“Raddish 33 Spear Grass ~ 418 Toad-filax 236, 310
«Ragged Robin » 50 Spearmint 250 Tobacco 280
Rag-weed 1i7 Speedwell , 244 Toothwort 28
Raspberry - 104 Spicewood 308 Treacle Mustard 82
Rattle-box 93 Spiderwort 86; 393 Trefoil 90
Rattle-snake Plantain 262 Spikenard 142 Trefoil Shrubby 67
Red-bud 94 Spike-grass 21 Trillium Famil 7 373
Red Osier ~144 Spike-rush - 897 Triple-awned-Grass 414
Reed — - 422 Spindle-tree =73° Trisetum 425
_ Rhubarb 307 Spleenwort ' 439 True Lily Tribe 381
- Ribbon-grass 427 Spring Beauty 56 True Colchicum Family 386
-Riverweed | 314 ““ Cregs 31. Trumpet Creeper 232'
- Robin’s Plantain 467 Spruce "340 “ - Flower 232
Rock Rose 40. Spurge - 815 Tuberose 381
a 33, 84 Spurrey 54 Tulip-tree 14
BR 105 Squash 125 “ Tribe, Tulip 381, 383
89 Sqaaw- root - 231 Tupelo, T. Family 309
50 Squirrel-corn 23 Turtle-head 238
217 Star-fiower 227 Turnip 345
265 Star-grass 367 Tway-blade 356, 363
1i7 Starry Campion - 47: Twig Rush 402
425 Star-of-Bethlehem 378 Twin-leat 17
410 Starwort 162 “ Flower 148
St. John’s-Wort' 44 Twist-stalk 386
18 St. Peter’s-Wort* 45 Two-winged Acanthus 234
199, 370 St. Andrew’-Crosg 45
254 Steeple-bush 100 Unicorn 388
52 Stick-seed 269 <c” Root 388
205 Stickwort §1 “Plant 232
INDEX TO COMMON NAMES
220 Sarsaparilla
Sassafras
Saxifrage
Savory |.
Scorpion Grass
Scouring Rush
Scratch ‘Grass
Sedge
Seed-box
Self-heal
Seneca Snake-root
Senna
Sesame-Grass
Shad berry
Shepherd’s Purse
Shinleaf
Sieklepod
Sida
PAGE.
142 Strawberry
808 Strawberry Blite
127 Straw Flower
265 Succory
268 Sumach
436 Sundew
305 Sundrops
403 Sunfiower
116 Susan Block-aaa
259 Sweet Alyssu
76 Brier A
94 “°“ Cicily
430 ss Fern ; % 2
109 « lag
25 “ Gale Family 326
219 “ Gum, S. Family 333
30 “© Pepper bush 215
60 “ -Scented Shrub 111
: PAGE.
| * Valerian 276 - * .Milfoil 188 Winterberry . 222
Vegetable Oyster 206 * * --Oats » 409 “* ~ Cress! . 29
ft Venus’ Looking-glass 209 “ Parsnip ji 137 “ green’ =
4 Vernal Grass 427 “ Pimpernel, W. Wire-grass ;
; Vervain, V. Familf 247 Tribe 229 Wolt’s-bane 10:
L Vetch, ¥. Tribe 7 “. Plantain, W. Fa- Wood Fern 441
Veichiing 78 » Mily 352,353 Wood Grass 431
t - Vine, V. “Fami ly ship “. Rice 409 «6 as 411
ia Violets 37,383 Shield 1] © Rush 389
Virgin’s Bower 2 © Star-grass . 392“ Sorrel, W. Family 63
. Virginia Specdwell 244 © Starwort 814, 392. -Wool-grass 399
ii Viper’ s Bugloss 266 ‘.. Weed 304
‘4 ; = Willow 234 Xyris 303
Vike Robin 373 §* Wort 46
> Walking Bern A390 Wax...’ , 138 Yam, Y, Family... 871
> Wall Cress 30 Wheat 423 Yam Root = > BTL
Wail lower’ _33 White Grass 408 Yard Grass ; 415
Wauinat 318 Whortle-berry 212 Yarrow ; 188
eh ater Arum 3406 Wild Oats 426. Yellow-eyed. eau - 894.
Fox-tail 409 * Rice 409 & Root i ES
“ Hemlock 136 “© Rye 423 «& Water-lily; “AQ
«& Iiemp 299 Willow 329 Yew, ¥. feeral BAL
« Hore-hound ~ 4) 257 “ ..Herb 113 Yucea B8t
« Leat, W. Family 271 Wind Flower £2
7 6 Lily - 18 Windsor Bean 80
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4
FLORAL DICTIONARY.
A: represented by the Apple leaf. Belvidere ; ‘I declare against you.
Acacia; Platonic or Chaste Love. Bellwort; Gracefulness.
“Acaria (Yellow); Concealed Leve. Bee-Ophrys; Error.
“Achilea Millefolia; War. - B.tony ;-surprise.
African Marygold; Vulgar Minds. Bilberry; Treachery.
‘JAsrimony; Thankfutnesa. , Birch; Gracefulness.
Almond Tree; Indiscretion—Heed'ess- Bindweed; ILumility.
_. Almond-Laurel: Perfidy. {ness. Bird-Cherry; ILope.
Aloe; Misplaced Devotion. Bird’s-Font Trefvil; Revenze.
Althea Frutex; Persuasion. Black Poplar; Courage.
_ .Alyssum (Sweet): Worth beyond beauty. Biack Thorn ; Difficulty.
-Amaranth ; Immortality. Blatdernut-Tree; Frivolous amusements.
Amaryllis; Haughtiness—Pride. tood-Root; Flattery’s smile.
Ambrosia: Love returned. Bie2-bottle Centaury; D:licacy.
Ameriean Cowslip ; You aremy Divinity. B:ue-flowerel Greek Valerian; Rupture.
American Elm; Patriotism. x Blue Canterbury Bell; Constaney.
-American Linden; Matrimony. Blue-eyed Grass; m-+ekness.
_American Starwort; We'come toastran- Biue Flag: A message.
Anemone; Your Frown I defy. [ger. Blue Lobelia; Purity of heart.
-Anemone (Field); sickness. Sonus Henricus; Goodness.
Anemone (Garden) ;. Forsaken. “Borage; Biuntness‘or Rou shness of Man-
Anemone (Wood); Forsake me net. “Box; stoicism. . fmers.
Auvelica; Inspiration. -Beambie ; Envy.
“Apecynum; Falsehood. Branch of Currants; You please ail.
Apple-Blossom; Preference--Fame speaks Branch of Thorns; severity—Rigor.
«him great and good. Broken Straw ; Dissensioa—Rupture.
Arbor Vite: While I Live. “Broom; Mirth—Neatnegs.
Arrow-Ilvead; Calm repese. Bryony; Prosperity.
Arum, or Wake-Robin; Ardor. Bugloss;‘ Falsehood.
A Roseleaf: I will not trouble you. Bud of a White Rose; A heart ignorant
Asclepias; Cure for the Icartache. Burdock; Importunity. [of Love.
Ash; Grandeur. - Bundie.of Reeds with their Panicles; Mu-
‘Ash-leayed- Trumpet-Flower; seperation. Butter-cups; Ingratitude. (sie.
Aspen-Tree; Lamentation. Batterfly-Ophrys; Gayety.
Asphodel ;-My regrets follow you to the Butterily-Weed; Let me ge.
Auricula; Painting. (Grave.
Azalea; Your blush has won me. C; Cherry Leaf.
Cabbage; Profit.
RB; Beach Leaf. Calla (Ethiopica); Feminine Modesty.
Pachelor’s Button; I with the Morning’s Calycanthus; benevolence.
Love have oft made sport. Camellia Japonica; beauty and Eleganee.
Balloon Vine; You are puffed up. Camomile; Energy in Adversity.
Bahn of Gilead Fir; Healing—a Cure. Campanula; Gratitude,
Balm (Gentle); Pleasantry. -Candy-Tuft; Indifference.
Balsam; Impatience. Canterbary Bell (Blue); Constaney.
Ralsam Fir; Always emiling. Cardamine ; ‘Patérnal Error.
Barberry; sharpness—sourness. Catesby’s Starwort; Afterthought.
Basil; Hatred. Cardinal’s Flower; Distinction.
Bayberry; Instruction. Catalpa-Tree; beware of the Coquette.
Bay-Leaf; I change but in dying. Catchily; snare.
Bay-Wreath; Rewaid of Merit. Cedar of Lebanon; Incorruption.
Beech: Prosperity. Cedar-Tree ; strength.
Bellflower (Blue); Constancy. Checkered Fritillary; Persecution.
Bellflower (Carpatic); I Love my Moun- Cherry-Tree; Good Eiucation.
tain Home. cherry-Blossom; spiritual beauty.
A2
ee
462 FLORAL DICTIONARY.
Chestnut-Tree; Do me Justice.
China-Aster; Variety.
China or Indian Pink; Aversion.
China or Monthly Rose ; beauty ever new.
Chinese Chrysanthemum ; Cheerfulness
under Adversity.
Cinquefoil; Parental Love.
Cistus, or Rock-Rose; Popular favor.
Circa; fascination.
Clematis; ; fillial Love.
Clove-Gillyflower; Dignity.
Cobcea; Gossip.
Cock’s Comb; singularity.
coltsfoot; Justice shall be done you.
Columbine; Folly.
Common Cactus, or Indian Fig; I burn.
Common Fumitory; spleen.
Common Reed; Complaisance.
Convolvulas Mijor, Hxtingdished Mopes.
Convoivuius Minor; Night.
Corchorus; Impatience of Absence.
Corn; Riches.
Cornelian Cherry-Tree; Durability.
Coreopsis; Love at first sizht.
Coriander; Concealed Merit.
Coronilia ; success crown your Wishes.
Cowslip ; Pensiveness.
Cowslip American; You are my Divinity.
Cowslip American White; Angelic Pu-
Cranberry ; Hardiness. [vity.
Cranesbill Geranium;
Creeping Cereus; LL rror.
Crocus; smiles—Cheerfulmess.
Cross of Jerusalem; Devetion.
Crowfoot-Bulbous; showy but not wel-
come.
Crown Imperial ; Majesty and Power.
Cuckoo-Pink; Ardor,
Cyclamen; Dif lence,
Cypress; Mourning.
Cypress and Marygold; Pespair.
Cypress-Tree; Death and Eternal sorrow.
Cypress- Vine; My alfections cling to you.
D; Dandelion Leaf.
Daffodil; Deceitful Hope.
Dablia; "Heartless beauty—instability.
Daisy ; Innocence.
Daisy (Garden); I partake your seuti-
ments.
Daisy (White); I will think of it.
Damask Rose; Freshness of Complexion.
Dandelion ; Oracle.
Daphne Quora; sweets to the sweet.
Darnel, or Ray Grass; Vice.
Dew- Plant; A serenade.
Dead Leaves : sadness.
Dittany; Birth.
Dodder; Baseness.
Dog’s tooth Violet; Youthful Affection.
Dragon-Plant; snare.
Dried Flax ; Utility.
Dutchman’s Breeches; Domestic Happi-
Dntchman’s Pipe; singularity. |[mess.
E; Epigea Leaf.
Ebony ; Hypocrisy.
Elder ; Zealousness.
Elu ; Dignity.
Eachanter’s Nigutshale, fasvination—
Witchcraft.
Eadive; fruzality.
Eupatorium:; Delay.
Evergreen; Poverty.
Fivergreen-Thorn ; solace in iit
Everlasting; Never-ceasins 5 Reimombrance
Everlasting Pea; Lasting’ Pleasure.
F; Fir Leaf.
Fennei ; strength.
Fern; sincerity.
Fera (Fiowering); Revery.
Fig; Argument.
Fi; Tree Prolific.
Filbert; Reconciliation.
Fir; Time. y
Fir-Lree; Elevation. ;
Flax; I feel your Kindness. E
Flax-leav-d Goldly-Locks; Lardiness. '
Flora’s Bull; Youare without Pretensioa.
Flower of an our; D:itcate b:a ity. |
Frowering Reel; Contil*nce in Heaven. ©
Forzet nant; Trae Love. |
Fox glove; I am not changed— they
wrong me.
Frankinecnse; The Incense of a frithful
Fraxinella; fire. [Ueart.
Freuch Honeysuckle; Rustic beauzy.
Frenvh Maryzold ; Jealousy.
Fringed Geutian; A late bat waleome
Guest.
Frinuge-ree ; beauty i in smiles.
Froz-Ophrys} Disgust. _
Fall-blown Helantiue ; simplicity.
Fullers’ 'Feasel; Austerity.
G; Grass.
Garden Chervil; sincerity.
Garden Marygold; Uneasiness.
Garden Ranunculus; You are rich in At
tractieus.
Garden Sage; Esteem.
Garland of Roses; Reward of Virtue.
Gentiana Fritillaria; Virgin Pride.
Geranium (Sorrowful); Molancholy ‘api-
Giily-Fiower; Lasting bewnty. [rit.
G.ory- Blower; ; Glorious beauty. ;
Goat’s Rue; Keason.
Golden Cows=lip; Days of Childhood.
Golden Rod; Precaution.
Goosefoot; Goodness.
Grape (Wild); Reckless Mirth,
Grass; Utility.
Grass Pink (Callopogon); Smitie on me
still.
Great Bindweed ; Dangerous Insinuation:
Gueider Rose; Winter or Age.
TI; Hazel branch.
Harebell; Delicate and lonely as this
Flower.
Hawkweed; Quicksigtedness.
Hawthorn; dope.
Hazel; Reconciliation.
Heath; solitude.
Helenia; Tears. a
Heliotrope; Devotion.
Hellebore; Culumny.
;
:
FLORAL DICTIONARY.
Hemlock; You will cause my Death.
Hemlock-Spruce ; Honor..
Henbane; Imperftction.
Hepatica; Confidence.
Hibiscus ; Delicate beauty.
Hickory ; Glory.
Hoarhound: frozen Kindness.
Holly ; Am I forgotten?
Hollyhock ; fecundity.
Honesty : Ticnesty.
Honeysuck! e; bond of Love.
Honey: -kle (Chinese) ; Love unsought.
Hop; Injustice.
Hornbeam ; Deena:
H: aree-Chestnut: Luxury.
idortensia ; You are cold.
Hicustonia: Content.
Ifundred-leaved Rose; Graces.
Hyacinth; Grief.
Hydrangea ; boaster.
I; Ivy Leaf.
Iceland Moss: Health.
Tee-Plant: Your Locks freeze me.
Tadian Cress; Resisnation.
Indian Jasmine; 1 attach myself to you.
Innocence; Inno: ence. ~
Ipomopsis Painted; A gay belie.
J: Jessamine Leaf.
Jxcob’s Ladder: Come down to me. ‘
Japan Rose; beauty is your only Atirac-
tion.
Jessamine. or Jasmine; Amiabil:ty
Jessamine (Virginian); soul of my soul.
Jonquil ; Desire.
Judas-Tree; Unbelief.
Juniper; Prvtection.
Justicia; The Perfection of female Loye— fi
jiness.
K ; Kine’s Pear.
Kenn dia; Mental beauty:
King-Cup; I wish I was rich.
L: Locust Leaf.
Laburnuom: Pensive beauty.
Lady’s S:ipper; Win me and wear me.
Larch; Boidness.
Larkspur; Levity.
Laurel; Glory.
Laurustin us ; I die if neglected..
Lavender: Distrust.
Lead Plant; tranquility.
Leather-flower ; Piexibility.
Lettuce ; Coidhearted.
Lichen ; solitude.
Lilac; first Emotion of Love..
Lilae (White); Youth.
Lily of the Vulley; Return of Happiness.
Lime or Linden-Tree; Conjuzai Love.
Live Oak: Liberty.
Lobelia (Red); splendor.
Locust; Vicissitude.
London-Pride ; Frivolity.
Boose Strife; a kiv. =
Lotus-Flower ; silence.
Bove ina Mist; Perplexity.
: Beoveina Puzzle; Embarrassment.
; Moss. ose:
463
Love lies a-Bleeding; Hopeless, not Heart-
Lucerne; Life. [less.
Lungwort Biue; Heavenly Aspiration.
Lupine; Voraciousness.
Lupine Wild; Ch leave me not to die
alone.
Lychnis; Religious Enthusiasm.
Lythrum; Protection.
M; Mint Leaf.
Madder ; Calumny.
Madwor: (Rock): T anquility.
Meiden-Hair; Discretioa—secreey.
Ri me Plenty.
Mz erless and Proud.
Mattow; Mid or sweet Disposition.
Manchiace!-Tree: Fa:schood.
Mandrike; Rarity.
Mapte; Reserve.
Marj.-ram biush:s.
Mar-hm:liow: Humanity.
Marvel of Peru; Timidity.
Maryzotd: Inqui etude.
Mitrimony Vine; Counuliui
May Rose; Precocity.
Mo:dow Reanuty: beauty in Romanee.
Meadow-Rue; A baim for a broken heart.
"olin: Pe
Ties.
M-adow-Saffron: My best days-are past.
ow Sweet ; Uselessness.
Mercury; wood ness.
Mise ey anthemum : Tdleness,
M Zer : Love in a snow-wreath.
Micha 2s Daisy ; Varewell.
sei ms eyes Your Qualities surpass
ur presence softens mz
itiveness. fpain.
e: By sarma: unt all Difficulties,
4 oun fi rrit.
ry Wort; oes insiont Friendship.
uk’s Toad; Knisb&Frrantry.
AL sonwort: $ Forget fi ulness.
Moschatel We ak but winning.
Mose (Putt « f); Maternai Love.
Moss Pink; Fraternal Love.
Pleasure without Alloy.
Mossy Saxifrage; Maternal Love.
Motherwort:; secret Love.
Mountain Ash: Prudence,
Mountain- Fringe; Yoware my supporter.
Mounitsin Laurel ; my country’s glory.
Mou-ee Har Chick we: ed; Ingenious sim-
Moving Piant; Avitation. i plicity.
Mulberry-Tree (White); Wisdom.
Mu! berry-Tree (Black); I will not sur-
vive you.
Mushroom ; suspicion.
Musk-Crowfoot; Weakness.
Musk-Rose; Capricious beauty.
Myosotis. or Mouse- Ear; Forget-me-not.
Myrtle; Love.
N; Nightshade Black-Tower.
Narcissus (False); Deiusive Hopes.
Narcissus (Poet’s) ; ; Egoti-m.
Nasturtium; Patrioti .
Nettle; Cruelty.
Night-blooming Jessamine; Love's Vigil
464 FLORAL DICTIONARY.
Night-blooming Cereus: Transient beauty It; Rose leaf.
Nightshade (bitter-sweet) ; truth... Ragged Robin; wit.
Nosegay ; gallantry. Ranunculus; you are radiant with
Red Bay ; love’s memory, [charmes..
©; Oak leaf. Red Mulberry; wisdom.
Oak; hospitality: Red Shanks ; patiemee,
Oats: the witching soul of music—hess. Rest.-Harrow: obstacle,
Oleander; beware. Rhododendron; dangers -
Olive ; peace. . Rocket; rivalry.
Orchis; a belle. ; Rock Rose; -fadifg and transitory. -
Orchis Pink ;-seclusion. = beauty.
Orchis Yellow; your aspirations are high. Jrose (Wild) ; simplicity. -
Orange- Flowers: chastity. Trose (Acacia) ; elegance.
Orange-T ree; generosity. . Rosebud: youthfal charms,
Osier: frankness. Roses (A Garland of): reward of virtwe.-
Ox-Kye; Obstacle.. Rosebay : dignity in misfortune.
Roschay. Willow Herb; celibacy.
YP: Peach leaf. - Rose Campion; you are without pretem--
Painted Cup ; you are proud: _ sion.
Valm; victory. Rose (White); I am worthy of you.
Vansey, or Heart’s-Ease; think of-me. Fosc mary ; remembrance.
Parsley ; entertainment—feasting. Rose scented Geranium; ‘preference. .
Passion-Flower; religious faith. Rudbeckia; justice.
Patience Dock; patience. Rue: grace or purificatisa.
FI'asque Flower; you-are without preten- Bush; docilitys.
Haulonia ; a foreigner. [sion.
Trea; an appointed meeting. S: Sage leaf!
P-ach-Blosson ; I-am yourcanptive..- Saffron-Flower; excess is dangerous..
Poernyroyal; flee away. Saffron-Crocus; mirth.
Teony 3 bashful] shame. Sage 3 estecm.
Pepper- Plant 3 satire. : Sardony; Irony.
T'oriwinkle: sweet remembrance. €cabius: unfortunate attacliment.
}Yersimoen; bury me amid nature’s heau- Scariet Fuchsia; taste.
Persicaria; restoration. [lies Scarlet Ipomoea, or Indian Jasmine;-Ii
Leruvisn ile sliotrope ; I trust in thee. attach myself to you:
Theasant’s-Fiye. or Pics Adonis;-sorrow- Scotch Fir: elevation.
ful remembrance. Fensitive Plant; timidity:
Vhlox; unanimity. Serpentine Cuctus: horrors
Pimpernel; assignation. Scrvrice Tree; prudence.
line; -pity, Shaking Saintfoin ; agitation.
Pinc-Apple; you are perfect: Siberian Crab-Tree-Diossom ; deeply in--
Hink: lovely ana pure affection: teresting.
Viane-Tree (Wid); independence. Fide-saddls Flower Pi irple); eccentricity. .
Folemonium; a declaration of war. Fidesaddle Flower ; will you pledge me?
Poiyanthus ; confidence. Silve r Fir; elevaticn.
Pomegranate ; fcolish ness: Skul] cap ; madness:
joond Lily White; elcqguexce—the fairest Sinall Bindweed; obstinacy. .
of the fair. ; &mall White Violet; candor and: inne-
Yend Lily Yellow (Nuphar); mueh infe- cence. :
rior. Suapdragon; You sre dazzling, but dam--
Yoppy; consolation of sleep.. gerous: ‘
Jictato; bencficence. Snowball; thoughts of heaver:
I'rsirie Rose ; beauty without-excellence. £nowdrop ; consolation.
Prickly Pear; satire Solomon’s Ses] (Small); mystery.
Pride of China; discussions. Solomon’s Seal (Large); Tet my name be
Lrimrose; early youth... ep graven cn ame heart.”
Primrose (Evening) ; inconstaney~ Sorrel; witill-timed. |
l'rinces’ Pine ; my affections are fixed: Southern-Wood; jest or bantering. -
Privet; prohibition. Spanish Jasmine: sensuality.
}'ulmonaria Blue; heavenly aspiration. Speedwell; fidelity.
Purple Clover ; provident. Spider Ophrys ; skill—adroitness.
Pyramidal Bell- Flower; gratitude Epiderwort ; transient happiness.
l’vrus Japonica; fairies fire. Spindle-Tree ; your image is engraver:
on my heart..
Q; Quince blozsom. - Spiked Speedwell; resemblance.
Qusmoclit; busybody.. Spire Hpdericum Frutex ; uselessnesss.
Queen’s Rocket; you are the Queen of Spring Beauty ; can you love.
soguetiea.. Squirting Cocumber; critic. =
Si. John’s-wort ;.superstitious poet ad
ST
gee ea
SENTIMENTS.
Btar of Bethlehem; the light of our
Faith—follow me.
Stock, or Gillyflower; lasting beauty.
_ Stonecrop; perseverance.
Stramonium (Common); disguise.
Strawberry ; perfect excellence.
Striped Pink; refusal.
Sumach; splendor.
Sunfiower; smile on me still:
‘S£wallowwort; medicine.
8 vamp Pink ; the blush of modesty.
8 veet-Brier, or Elangtime; poctry.-
§ weet Flag; fitness. .
Sweet Pea; delicate pleasure.
Sweet Sultan; felicity.
Sweet-scented Tussilage; you shall haye
justice.
Sweet Violet; modesty.
Sweet- William: craftiness,
Sycamore ; woodland beauty. -
Syringa ; memory.
T; Tanzy leaf.
Tamarisk; crime.-
Tansy ; resistance.
Teasel ; misanthropy.
Ten-Week’s-Stock ; promptituda:
Tuistle ; austerity.
Thorn-Apple; deceitful charms. .
brift; sympathy.
Throatwort; negtected beauty.
Thyme; activity.
Trailing Arbutis; you have won my af-
fections. P
Tremella Nostoc; resolve the riddle.
Trillium ; solitary musings..
Truffle; surprise.
Tiser-Fiower, fur oneamay pridé befriend
Tree of Life; old Age. ; [me.
Tuft of Mcss; Maternal Love.
Tnlip; decleration of love.
Jurnip. charity.
Twin-Fiower (Mitchella); we are united.
V; Violet leaf.
Valerian (Red); accommodating dispnsi-
Various-colored Lantana; rigor. [tion..
Verbena; sensibility.
Vernal Grass ; poor, butshappy..
Vervain; enchantment: -
Venus’s Car; fly with me.
Venus’s Flytrap; have I caught:you at
last. :
Venus's Looking-Glass; flattery: .
Vine; intoxication.
Violet ; modesty.
465:
Violet, pedate ; I cannot forget.
Virgin’s Bower; artifice,
Virginia Spiderwort; momentary happi-
nese. py:
Volkamenica Japonica; may you be kap--
W.; Willow leaf.
Wall-Flower; fidelity in-adversity.
Wall-Speedwell ; fidelity..
Water-Lily ; eloquence.
Walnut; intellect.
Walking-Laaf; how came you here?
Water Lily (White); elognence—the-
fairest of the fair.
Watermelon; buikiness.
Water-Star; beauty combined with piety: ~
Wax-Plant ; susceptibility.
Wax-Myrtie; I willenlighten you.
Weeping-Willow ; melancholy.
Wheat; ri. hes. .
White Lily ; purity and modesty...
White Mullein; good nature.
White Oak; independence.
White Pink; taleut.
White Poplar; time.
White Poppy; sleep of the heart.
Wiite Rose; silence.
White Rose (Dried); déath preferable to»
loss of innocence.
White Rosebud; the heart that knows:
vet love.
White Violet; candor.
-Wild or Dog Rose; simplicity.
Wild Indigo: highly eolored.
Willow; forsaken.
Willow Herb; pretension.
Wintergreen; send me an answer.
Winter-Cherry ; deception.
Witch-Huzel; a spell.
Woedbine; fraternal love.
Wood-Sorrel; joy.
Worm-wood; Absence. -
¥V.; Yarrow leaf.
Yarrow ; war.
Yellow Carnation; disdain,
Yellow-Day-Liiy ; coquetry,
Yellow Gentian; ingratitude.
Yellow Ivis; flame. :
¥ellow Phlox (Hrysimum); false bearted?.
¥ellow Rose; infidelity.
Yew ; infidelity.
7; Zizia flower.
Zinuia; Absence.
SENTIMENTS.
Rose:-—Ivy:— Hyrtle.
To Beauty Friendship, and Love.
. Jasmine.—Strawberry.—Tulip,
Your. amiability, and the excellence of your character, have compelled Metis dja.
clare my love.
SEN TIMEN TS.
Primrose —Honeysuchkle.— Harygold..
Ee not too early entangled in ibe chains of Love, or yours wili bea Nife of inquietude:.
Forgei-me-not.—Cypress.— Pimpernel.
Forget me not, for, alas! we may never meet again.
Scarlet Geranium—Scarlet Ipomea.—Laurustinus.
In preference, I attach myself to you, but shall die if neglected.
Balsam.— White Dotsy.
Be not impaticut, I will think of it.
Myrtle.—Sweetbr ier —Lucern.
Love is the poetry of life.
Blue Violet.—Daisy.— Apple-Blossom.
Your modesty and innocence secure you the preference.
Crown Imperial and Turl’s Ccp Lilies.—Lily of the Valley.
¥ou have the power to restore me to happiness.
Pansies.— Broom.
My heart would be at ease, if my so.itude were blest with your scciety..
Mignionet'e.— Heliotr ope.—Pint-. :
Your qualities surpass your chsrms; I .vve ycu wiih a pure and devoted love:.
Purple and Feliow Iris — Hawthorn.
i.send you & message of love on ihe wings of. hope..
Rene
B. M. EVERE ART,
West Chester, Pa.
1888,
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